Target 20: Capacity and technology

Generated: 2026-04-18T02:11:07Z

Landscape

Of the 69 countries providing Target 20 data, 62 explicitly address capacity and technology — the highest explicit-coverage count of any target in this set, with no country returning a not_identified classification. Country responses cluster along three recurring axes: human resource and institutional training; technology transfer naming remote sensing, artificial intelligence, and drones; and scientific cooperation frameworks. A fourth strand, traditional knowledge, runs alongside the scientific track in francophone Africa and South America. The international dimension divides along income lines: donor countries such as Japan, Canada, the Netherlands, and Denmark present programmes of official development assistance and bilateral technology transfer, while recipient countries frame the same target as an institutional deficit requiring external provision. Several NBSAPs — including those of Zambia, Nigeria, and Côte d'Ivoire — carry national target dates of 2020, language carried over from an earlier planning cycle. Across the set, the vocabulary of technology transfer is converging, with remote sensing, AI, and drones appearing in plans from Bhutan, Tunisia, Rwanda, and the Netherlands alike, while implementation scope ranges from a single transparency committee to multi-axis programmes with itemised budgets.

Variation

Domestic versus international orientation. Australia, Luxembourg, and Slovenia describe capacity-building directed exclusively at domestic institutions and professionals; Japan, Canada, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Austria present programmes directed at developing countries, with specific financial envelopes, named instruments, and partner country lists. Austria commits to funding thirty annual scholarships in sustainable, biodiversity-oriented land management for students from developing countries, and to continuing support for higher education institutions in partner countries through OEZA (Austrian Development Cooperation) university networks — alongside a domestic counterpart: anchoring biodiversity topics in the training of engineers, architects, economists, lawyers, and medical professionals.

Quantification. Plans range from verbatim GBF mirror text — the United Kingdom's target reproduces the global formulation without added metrics — to enumerated output indicators with documented baselines. Burkina Faso sets a target to increase the cumulative number of technologies, methods, and innovations developed in environmental and agricultural sciences from 12 in 2021 to 62 by 2030. Mauritania commits to training 10,000 farmers in agroecology techniques and 4,000 fishers — 80 percent artisanal — in sustainable and ecosystem-friendly fishing techniques by 2030. Japan's bilateral commitment reaches 12,000 officers across 48 organisations in developing countries.

Technology specificity. Some plans name broad categories — "modern technology," "advanced technologies" — while others enumerate platforms and instruments. Thailand itemises DNA technologies, camera traps, acoustic recording devices, citizen-science applications, drones, satellite technologies, and artificial intelligence within a single target. Bhutan's indicative capacity-building list includes CRISPR-Cas9 detection. Indonesia names three citizen-science platforms — Burungnesia, Kupunesia, and GoARK — as components of its biodiversity clearing-house architecture. Iran identifies implementing a National Programme for the Development of Artificial Intelligence — "in compliance with the 7th FYDP, based on Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution approvals" — as a capacity-building action under its Target 20 sub-target. Tunisia commits to training local competencies in drones, sensors, and data analysis software and to encouraging innovation and start-ups in biodiversity conservation hosted in technopoles and incubators, with explicit inclusion of young people, women, and persons with disabilities.

Traditional knowledge as a capacity dimension. In francophone Africa — Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad, and Benin — and in South America — Brazil and Paraguay — the documentation and transfer of traditional knowledge appear as a parallel track to scientific cooperation, with discrete actions, indicators, and responsible bodies. This framing is absent or marginal in European and East Asian plans.

Institutional anchoring. Several plans propose new bodies as delivery mechanisms. Malaysia commits to establishing and operationalising the Malaysia Biodiversity Centre by 2030 as a key indicator of progress under this target. Vanuatu plans both a Research Authority under the Ministry of Climate Change and a biodiversity laboratory, with construction already under way. Lebanon commits to developing a spin-off incubation and acceleration programme fostering collaboration between the private sector and research centres on biodiversity-derived products and services. Other plans rely on existing institutional structures.

Budget transparency. Madagascar provides a four-axis breakdown totalling USD 10.2 million, with USD 5.3 million allocated to research partnerships as the single largest component. Rwanda allocates USD 2.8 million. Eritrea budgets USD 1.52 million with action-level cost breakdowns. Cameroon targets at least 300 published datasets on a national digital platform and at least 40 agreements and memoranda of understanding for knowledge and technology exchange, against a baseline of approximately 10 to 20 dispersed datasets. Most plans in the set provide no financial estimates for this target.

Standouts

Japan's NBSAP carries the most numerically specific bilateral delivery commitment in the set. Under Action-oriented target 5-5, "the government commits to reinforcing systems in at least 48 central/local government organisations in developing countries and training 12,000 officers by 2030 on natural environment conservation. Support is channelled through JICA, the Satoyama Initiative and the International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative (IPSI…)." This sits alongside a documented track record: the Japan Biodiversity Fund has supported NBSAP development in 149 countries across 87 projects, and the International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative — 283 member organisations across 73 countries — carries a 2030 target of 400 organisations across 100 countries.

Canada frames its Target 20 contribution as a financial architecture. The NBSAP states that "Canada has committed over $1.65B in biodiversity-related official development assistance for 2021-2026. Priority actions include implementing Canada's $350M International Biodiversity Program (2023-2026)." An additional provision sets an aspirational target of 20 percent of the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund for Indigenous-led initiatives in developing countries.

Bhutan approaches this target from the receiving end, and the national consultation assigned it the highest weight of any target in the plan. The NBSAP records that "this target received the highest total priority score in the national consultation prioritization exercise, indicating consensus that enhancing implementation capacity is the foremost priority." Bhutan's indicative capacity-building list runs to 12 interventions, including CRISPR-Cas9 detection among the named technology-training priorities.

Sudan documents capacity-building as a structural condition of its entire NBSAP. Chapter 11 states that "152 actions (50% of the total 304) are of a capacity building and development nature," organised across three categories: awareness raising and training; policies, strategies, plans, and legislation; and structures, institutions, systems, and equipment.

Eritrea's NBSAP provides one of the set's most granular staffing inventories. The plan records that "The FWA has only 2 master's holders, about 10 BA/BSc holders, and about 15 diploma holders among approximately 1,700 personnel" of the Forestry and Wildlife Authority. The named expertise gaps span taxonomists, population biologists, ethno-botanists, GIS specialists, molecular biologists, and wildlife veterinarians; human capacity-building is costed at USD 500,000 of a total USD 1.52 million budget.

The Netherlands presents the most structurally elaborated donor plan in the set. Among its documented activities: "Over the past ten years, 16 international Erasmus+ projects with a biodiversity theme have been carried out by Dutch knowledge institutions, with a total budget of EUR 7 million." This sits within a broader architecture that includes NLBIF as a GBIF knowledge hub, co-leadership of the Biodiversa+ internationalisation programme, 14 UNESCO chairs, the SAIL platform of seven knowledge institutions, attaché networks at 60 embassies serving more than 80 countries, and the National Space Office's remote-sensing support programme for developing countries.

Analysis

Near-universal explicit coverage coexists with wide variation in implementation specificity. Most NBSAPs commit to "strengthening capacity" without specifying who delivers training, how progress is measured, or what the baseline is. Rwanda is unusual in making this absence explicit: its plan documents that no consolidated metrics on capacity-building and biodiversity-related technology transfer exist in Rwanda, naming the gap before setting its headline indicator.

The vocabulary of technology transfer has converged across income levels — remote sensing, artificial intelligence, and drones appear in plans from Bhutan, Tunisia, Rwanda, and the Netherlands alike — but the directionality inverts. Donor plans position these tools as exports or co-investment vehicles; recipient plans position them as unmet needs requiring external provision. The same terms describe both sides of a transaction that GBF Target 20 is designed to facilitate.

Traditional knowledge is framed in part of the set not as an object of conservation but as a capacity asset. Chad, Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Benin, and Paraguay treat documentation and transfer of traditional knowledge as a parallel track to scientific cooperation, with discrete actions, indicators, and named responsible bodies — a structural positioning that differs from its treatment in most European and East Asian plans, where it appears as a secondary or absent consideration.

Several plans document a structural asymmetry between biodiversity richness and data infrastructure. Colombia's NBSAP records that "the regions with the greatest biodiversity richness and threats (Caribbean, Pacific, Orinoquía, Amazon and Insular) are those with the fewest information and data systems." Sudan's finding that half of all 304 NBSAP actions are capacity-building in nature suggests that for some parties to the Convention, this target is not one priority among many but the precondition for implementing the rest.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Afghanistan	Afghanistan will seek to strengthen capacity-building and development, access to and transfer of technology, and promote development of and access to innovation and technical and scientific cooperation for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and strengthening scientific research and monitoring capacities.	The NBSAP commits Afghanistan to seeking to strengthen capacity-building and development, access to and transfer of technology, and to promote development of and access to innovation and technical and scientific cooperation for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and strengthening scientific research and monitoring capacities. Action 20.1 states that Afghanistan will ensure that opportunities for capacity building, technology-transfer, and scientific cooperation are open, transparent, and clearly communicated (by 2030, NEPA responsible, with Ministry of Education and Ministry of Higher Education as cooperators). The indicator is a report on trainings and on technologies transferred and received by Afghans.
Argentina	Develop training, projects and lines of action on education for biodiversity and its sustainable use from a comprehensive perspective. Improve the quantity and quality of training offerings (promoted by official bodies) for both formal and non-formal settings.	National Target 22 commits to developing training, projects, and lines of action on education for biodiversity and its sustainable use from a comprehensive perspective, and to improving the quantity and quality of training offerings promoted by official bodies for both formal and non-formal settings. This maps to KMGBF Target 20's focus on capacity-building and technology transfer. Axis 2 (Knowledge and Management of Information on Biodiversity) provides the foundational framework. The rationale identifies information gaps regarding national biodiversity, fragmented and unsystematised primary information, and difficulties in transferring knowledge from the scientific sector to management. It notes that transfer activities are undervalued in the merit system of institutions such as universities and CONICET, whose principal impact factor is international peer-reviewed publications. Law No. 26,899 on Institutional Digital Repositories of Open Access is cited as a step forward, establishing the National Biological Data System, National Marine Data System, National Digital Repository System, and National Genomic Data System. Biodiversity monitoring objectives (2.5.1–2.5.6) call for coordinating monitoring actions among government bodies, scientific institutions, and local populations with emphasis on participatory monitoring strategies; creating training instances on participatory monitoring; and strengthening monitoring mechanisms with emphasis on threatened species and environments. Theme 3 (Awareness, Outreach and Education) references the Comprehensive Environmental Education Law (No. 27,621) and calls for training of public administration staff on the value and strategic role of biodiversity. Pathway 3 of the Ecological Restoration component specifically addresses capacity-building and environmental training in restoration. Training in sustainable agricultural practices (4.1.B.13–15) adds a production-sector dimension.
Austria		The strategy addresses capacity-building and scientific cooperation through global engagement, education and research. Internationally, it foresees support for projects that catalyse more effective application of funds, including for technology transfer and capacity building; continuation through OEZA (Austrian Development Cooperation) of strengthening institutions of higher education and support for local expertise within the framework of networks between universities in Austria and partner countries; 30 annual scholarships outside OEZA channels in sustainable, biodiversity-oriented land management for students from developing countries; migratory bird partnerships with developing countries; implementation of capacity-building projects in developing countries on precautionary-critical handling of GMOs; and translation of the main results of biodiversity assessments into German for politics, economy, media and the public. Nationally, under education (§9.2), the strategy foresees identification of educational institutions and development of offerings for competence-building on biodiversity topics in training and retraining (vocational schools, apprenticeship training, educational institutions with a focus on horticulture and landscape architecture, agriculture and forestry); anchoring biodiversity topics in all relevant curricula and in initial, continuing and further training of educators; expansion of training courses in species knowledge, taxonomy and recognition of ecosystem interrelationships, and in crop plant diversity, genetic resources and organic breeding; development of a programme for seed sovereignty; strengthening of nature experience and outdoor learning; anchoring of specific biodiversity topics in training of engineers, architects, economists, lawyers and medical professionals; strengthening the training of data stewards, data curators and data scientists; and development of educational offerings in adult education centres (Volkshochschulen). Under research (§10), Austria's planned participation in European research infrastructures (within ESFRI), such as eLTER-RI or DiSSCo, is supported by the responsible ministries to the extent possible; the Austrian consortium Open Scientific Collections Austria (OSCA) is identified as the platform for digital inventorying of natural-science and geoscience collections and digitisation of priority parts, benefiting from DiSSCo4 (an EU project with participation of the Natural History Museum Vienna).
Belgium		The NBSAP addresses capacity-building, technology transfer, and scientific cooperation across multiple objectives. Objective 7 calls for improving and communicating scientific knowledge on biodiversity, noting gaps in key disciplines such as taxonomy and ecology and the need for open access to biodiversity data. The Strategy states that the Belgian Government provides increasing support and funding to research and training to improve knowledge and capacity-building for biodiversity in developing countries. Under Objective 8, operational objective 8.1 calls for including biodiversity and ecosystem services in educational programmes across all levels, from primary school through universities and outside the school system. Under operational objective 11.4, Belgium commits to encouraging partner countries to integrate biodiversity into their development plans, with attention to policy dialogues leading to budget support decisions. Operational objective 15.4 commits to supporting developing countries to enhance institutional, national, administrative, and managerial capacities. The Belgian Clearing-House Mechanism plays a partnering role to assist national CHMs in developing countries. Under SM4, Belgium ensures that technology transfer activities are highlighted and information shared with the CBD Secretariat.
Burkina Faso		The NBSAP dedicates EO 3.2.2 (Resource mobilisation is increased) and its sub-actions to capacity building and institutional strengthening. The logical framework targets a cumulative increase in technologies, methods, and innovations developed in environmental and agricultural sciences from 12 (2021) to 62 by 2030, and the percentage of stakeholders involved in biodiversity preservation whose capacities are strengthened from 0% (2024) to 35% by 2030. The Ministry's recruitment plan implementation rate is targeted at 100%, and the equipment plan implementation rate at a minimum of 80% per year over 2025–2030. Human resources strengthening actions include training officers in anti-poaching operations, recruiting water and forestry officers, supporting degree-level training for biodiversity officers, and developing a capacity-building plan. Material capacity strengthening covers construction of a multipurpose room for herbaria and a gene bank with energy autonomy, refurbishment of specimen cabinets, and acquisition of computing equipment for herbarium management. The existing resource base is documented: 290 vehicles, 888 motorcycles, 1,071 desktop computers, 339 laptops, 726 printers, drones, and GPS devices — though many are described as increasingly non-functional with insufficient communication equipment and internet access lacking in most ministry structures. Technology transfer is addressed through TFP partnerships, implementation instruments (including a technical and scientific cooperation plan to be developed), and the National Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (NP-BES) established with WASCAL through the CABES project. DSI training and sequencing awareness sessions represent a specific technology transfer action.
Benin	Strengthen capacities and promote innovation as well as technical and scientific cooperation for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.	The NBSAP addresses capacity-building and technology through a dedicated section (5.2) covering institutional, technical, and cross-cutting needs, as well as through programmatic elements. Technical needs are dominated by the data production–quality–use chain. IFN2 (the second National Forest Inventory) documents a demanding framework in terms of methodology, collection, and quality assurance, and the NBSAP states it must align with this standard because without reliable and repeated data, trend assessment and priority arbitration remain fragile (§98). The training plan is designed as a continuous framework rather than one-off workshops, drawing on the IFN2 operational example of structured skills development with thematic training and a capitalisation workshop oriented towards ecological/dendrometric monitoring (§101). Five training blocks are specified, including Block 5 on gender, youth, social data and inclusion, which covers disaggregated data collection methods, gender-biodiversity indicators, and inclusive facilitation (§106). Programme 3 includes SO3.3 on strengthening national capacities on digital sequence information (DSI), with protocols, training, information, and coordination (§84). National objective 1 in the monitoring framework aims to harness new ICT to strengthen conservation and biodiversity protection efforts. National objective 21 aims to strengthen capacities and promote innovation as well as technical and scientific cooperation, with headline indicators covering ecosystem services, monetary/non-monetary benefits, and international/national public and private financing for biodiversity (§127). Complementary indicators include financing mobilised for capacity-building, technology development and transfer, and the number of scientific cooperation projects training biodiversity-related actors (§127).
Brazil	Strengthen, by 2030, the development, training, capacity-building, access, exchange and transfer of technology, and promote the advancement and access to innovation and national and international technical and scientific cooperation related to biodiversity. This will be achieved through the identification, promotion, implementation and monitoring of programmes, projects and activities focused on scientific and technical cooperation, the promotion of traditional and ancestral knowledge, and the adoption of appropriate methodologies and strategies for the conservation, management and sustainable use of sociobiodiversity.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 20, committing to strengthen by 2030 the development, training, capacity-building, access, exchange, and transfer of technology, and to promote the advancement of and access to innovation and national and international technical and scientific cooperation related to biodiversity. Implementation is through the identification, promotion, implementation, and monitoring of programmes, projects, and activities focused on scientific and technical cooperation, promotion of traditional and ancestral knowledge, and adoption of appropriate methodologies and strategies for the conservation, management, and sustainable use of sociobiodiversity. The Academia Workshop brought together 30 academic institutions and produced recommendations on long-term biodiversity studies, enhanced benefit-sharing mechanisms, monitoring climate change impacts on native species, and nature-based solutions. Participants recommended creating dedicated research and outreach funds, regulating university credit mechanisms, and allocating federal budget resources. The Biodiversity Research Programme (PPBio), established within MCTI in 2004, and the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Synthesis Centre (SINBIOSE), created under CNPq in 2018, are identified as existing institutional capacity. Synergies are cited with SDGs 17.6, 17.7, 17.9, 17.16, and 17.18.
Bhutan	By 2030, strengthen capacity building, promote technology transfer, and facilitate technical and scientific cooperation	Bhutan's National Target 20 states: "By 2030, strengthen capacity building, promote technology transfer, and facilitate technical and scientific cooperation," aligned with KMGBF Target 20. This target received the highest total priority score in the national consultation prioritization exercise, indicating consensus that enhancing implementation capacity is the foremost priority. Four strategies are identified: enhancing knowledge and understanding of biodiversity conservation, enhancing technical capacity of stakeholders, promoting access to and transfer of technology, and facilitating technical and scientific cooperation. Actions include developing and implementing a CEPA Plan and a Capacity Development Action Plan; identifying and adopting the best available technologies; establishing a technology hub for information exchange; and instituting a networking forum for scientific cooperation and partnerships with institutions in the region and beyond. Three supporting tables provide indicative lists: 13 targeted awareness programs (covering ABS, NLUZ, IAS, pollution, biosafety, citizen science, gender, SCP); 12 capacity-building interventions (covering IAS detection, climate change impacts, gender mainstreaming, GMO detection/CRISPR-Cas9, economic valuation, urban planning, biodiscovery research); and 3 scientific cooperation priorities (networking forums, institutional partnerships, regional knowledge sharing). The Clearing House Mechanism, housed within DECC, serves as a platform for NBSAP implementation reporting.
Belarus	Enhancing the level of scientific knowledge about the current state of biological diversity; promoting the development of innovations; increasing the effectiveness of the development of interdisciplinary technologies and research programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity; strengthening research capacity and monitoring of benefit-sharing in accordance with international instruments governing access to genetic resources.	The strategy's objective 18 is explicitly mapped to KMGBF Targets 20 and 21 and commits to enhancing the level of scientific knowledge about the current state of biological diversity; promoting the development of innovations; increasing the effectiveness of interdisciplinary technologies and research programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity; and strengthening research capacity and monitoring of benefit-sharing in accordance with international instruments governing access to genetic resources. The state governance chapter identifies the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (NAS) as the institution responsible for scientific support in the field of biodiversity conservation, monitoring of flora and fauna, integrated monitoring of ecosystems in SPNAs, monitoring of peatlands, and coordination of scientific activities in genetic resource management and genetic engineering safety.
Canada		Canada has committed over $1.65B in biodiversity-related official development assistance for 2021-2026. Priority actions include implementing Canada's $350M International Biodiversity Program (2023-2026), the $241.8M contribution to the Global Environment Facility eighth replenishment (2022-2027), and the Nature-based Solutions and Biodiversity Co-benefits component of the International Climate Finance Program (over $1B of a $5.3B envelope). Canada provides technical assistance via Free Trade Agreements, bilateral Memoranda of Understanding on environmental cooperation, and scientific/technical cooperation between federal departments and foreign counterparts. The new Global Biodiversity Framework Fund will allocate a 20% aspirational target for Indigenous-led initiatives in developing countries. The Indigenous Peoples Partnering for Climate initiative aims to foster partnerships between Indigenous Peoples in Canada and in developing countries to build climate resilience. ECCC works collaboratively with domestic NGOs in several Latin American countries to build capacity in scientific research, monitoring, conservation outreach, and education for the protection of migratory birds. Canada leverages its GEF Council seat to advocate for capacity-building support to Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States. The federal government may explore supporting and sharing information on KMGBF implementation with international partners and strengthening collaboration between stakeholders.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	By 2030, scientific research, innovation, monitoring and value-added capacities in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services are developed and strengthened, supported by enhanced technical and scientific collaborations, the application of effective mechanisms for access, application, use, acquisition and local adaptation of technologies, and North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation, while identifying, securing and valorising the traditional knowledge, practices and innovations of Indigenous Pygmy Peoples and local communities, in accordance with national legislation.	Objective 20 commits the DRC to developing and strengthening scientific research, innovation, monitoring and value-addition capacities in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use by 2030. The objective is supported by enhanced technical and scientific collaborations, mechanisms for access, use, acquisition and local adaptation of technologies, and North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation. Traditional knowledge, practices and innovations of Indigenous Pygmy Peoples and local communities are identified, secured and valorised in accordance with national legislation. The estimated budget is USD 5 million.
Republic of the Congo	Target 21/20: By 2030 at the latest, ensure that knowledge, the scientific basis and technologies associated with biological diversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its decline, are improved, widely shared, transferred and applied, particularly within the framework of South-South, North-South and triangular cooperation.	National Target 21/20 commits by 2030 to ensure that knowledge, the scientific basis and technologies associated with biological diversity — its values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its decline — are improved, widely shared, transferred and applied, particularly within the framework of South-South, North-South and triangular cooperation. Result A5O21R21 contains five actions: incorporation of traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of CLPAs within the framework of implementing the CBD (2028); capacity building of public actors, civil society organisations and the private sector in technology transfer, research and innovation (2028); completion of the inventory and list of traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of CLPAs of interest for conservation and sustainable use, as well as their sustainable customary use (2028); capacity building of CLPAs on traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of interest (2028); and improvement of biodiversity management using available national funds (2027). Indicators include number of consultations and experience-sharing events on protection and conservation of biological diversity; number of awareness-raising workshops on good practices; number of capacity-building workshops for public actors, CSOs and private sector; number of CLPA capacity-building workshops; and amount mobilised for biodiversity improvement from available national funds. Responsible bodies include ministries for indigenous peoples, the environment, forests, primary and secondary education, technical education, cooperation, public-private partnership, and research institutes. Section 7.1.4 of the NBSAP describes capacity building as crucial for the monitoring system, applying to continuing education, on-the-job training for IPLC, local institutional development, and deepening competencies in biological diversity and environmental statistics production — including integration of economic and environmental accounting standards.
Côte d'Ivoire	By 2020, operational teams of researchers are mobilised for biological diversity. By 2020, the policy for safeguarding biological diversity is based on pertinent regulation and effective institutions.	The NBSAP dedicates Objective 19 to mobilising operational research teams for biodiversity by 2020, acknowledging that knowledge remains relatively limited despite decades of research. The strategy identifies a deficit or absence of taxonomists as a critical gap, naming specific taxa lacking specialists: Viruses, Bryophytes, Lichens, Fungi, Pteridophytes, Algae, Protozoa, Reptiles, Amphibians, Annelids, Polychaetes, Avifauna, Terrestrial Molluscs, and Large Mammals. Measures include fostering vocations, mobilising resources through a possible competitive fund, training specialists in ecosystem functioning and ecosystem service assessment, and developing a cartography of biodiversity. Research priorities span basic phylogeny research, taxonomy inventories, ecological research on biodiversity function, systematic study of conservation and restoration, and genetic analysis of interspecific diversity. For protected area management, the strategy identifies insufficiency of financial, material, and human resources as a major obstacle, noting that basic strategic tools such as management plans are lacking. Cooperation with Japan has addressed part of the equipment deficit at OIPR, but qualified human resources remain in demand. Strategic Orientation 6 addresses institutional strengthening, noting that the institutional framework is fragmented or absent on certain issues outside parks and reserves, and that implementation of multilateral agreements is hampered by lack of synergies between focal points. The strategy calls for optimising synergies across MEAs through inventorying mutual obligations, mapping common measures, rationalising reporting through common indicators, and establishing a working platform.
Chile	IV.32: By 2028, the modalities and pathways for capacity-building for the various relevant actors in the dissemination and implementation of the NBS are strengthened and promoted, through different mechanisms such as those provided by the Escazu Agreement. IV.33: From 2026 onwards, capacities are strengthened at the national level for public professionals involved in matters related to the implementation of the NBS targets	The NBSAP establishes two national targets for capacity-building. National target IV.32 commits to strengthening and promoting modalities and pathways for capacity-building among relevant actors for the dissemination and implementation of the NBS by 2028, including through mechanisms provided by the Escazu Agreement. National target IV.33 requires that from 2026 onwards, capacities are strengthened at the national level for public professionals involved in matters related to the implementation of the NBS targets. The OECD review cited in the NBSAP identifies the need to prioritise investment in research and data collection and to establish a specialised workforce. Linked instruments include the NDC, the National Landscape Restoration Plan, the National Protected Areas Action Policy, and the Gender Equality Strategy INDESPA.
Cameroon	Promote cooperation, sharing, transfer and development of technologies as well as scientific research programmes in favour of sustainable biodiversity management.	The NBSAP includes a dedicated Capacity Building, Scientific and Technical Cooperation, and Technology Transfer Plan as one of the related plans for NBSAP implementation. This plan addresses the need to consolidate the technical skills of public administrations, modernise observation tools, strengthen analytical capacities, and structure scientific cooperation at national and regional levels. It places particular emphasis on strengthening the National Permanent Committee on Biodiversity, training sectoral stakeholders in ecological monitoring methodologies, biosafety, access and benefit-sharing, and the green economy. The plan encourages networking among universities, research centres and national laboratories to capitalise on available scientific data and make it accessible to public decision-makers. Priority technologies for transfer include advanced remote sensing, environmental alert systems, ecological modelling tools, and integrated databases. The approach also aims to strengthen South-South cooperation, particularly within the framework of regional initiatives of the Congo Basin and continental organisations. In the action plan tables, Objective 13 commits to promoting cooperation, sharing, transfer and development of technologies as well as scientific research programmes in favour of sustainable biodiversity management. Action 13.1 calls for developing multi-stakeholder partnerships between researchers, the private sector and the public sector. Activity 13.1.1 targets at least 50 workshops/seminars and at least 20 cooperation agreements (up from approximately 8 to 12 workshops and 1 to 3 agreements). Activity 13.1.2 calls for making operational the national digital platform for sharing biodiversity-related data, targeting at least 300 published datasets (up from approximately 10 to 20 dispersed datasets). Activity 13.1.3 targets at least 40 agreements/MoUs signed and registered at national level for knowledge and technology exchange (up from approximately 5 to 10). Activity 13.1.4 targets at least 60 applied research programmes/projects supported (up from approximately 8 to 12). The institutional framework includes the National Platform of the Science-Policy Interface on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (PN SPBES, established 2017), which ensures the reliability of data sources, approves analytical methods, involves key stakeholders in national assessments, and validates all national assessments on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The Steering Committee for the Clearing-House Mechanism of the CBD (established 2021) is responsible for resource mobilisation for institutional capacity building, information dissemination, and identification of national biodiversity information sources. The BES-Net Initiative is noted among existing programmes, providing capacity building, scientific support for decision-making, and knowledge capitalisation.
China		The NBSAP addresses capacity-building, technology transfer, and scientific cooperation through multiple Priority Actions. Priority Action 25 on scientific research and talent development calls for strengthening basic scientific research and equipment development in biodiversity conservation and restoration, species breeding, invasive alien species prevention, effectiveness assessment, and biotechnology environmental safety. Scientific and technological infrastructure is to be optimised, with open sharing of scientific data and research equipment. A dedicated professional talent training programme covers taxonomy, conservation, assessment, convention compliance, and science popularisation, with development of biodiversity-related disciplines and faculty. Online and offline exchanges, training, advanced study, and competitions are specified. For international technology transfer and cooperation, the plan commits to joining with relevant countries and international organisations for scientific research, technical exchanges, and talent development on frontier biodiversity issues. The Kunming Biodiversity Fund is to support developing countries in capacity building and research and development and international transfer of relevant technologies. The South-South Countries 'Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation Cooperation Programme' promotes cooperation in pilot demonstrations, capacity building, and biosafety. The Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition includes cooperation on biodiversity conservation. Priority Action 24 on smart biodiversity governance addresses technological modernisation, applying new-generation information technologies (remote sensing, Internet of Things, cloud computing, artificial intelligence) for biodiversity conservation. Priority Action 4 addresses public awareness and education with training programmes for biodiversity conservation.
Colombia		The NBSAP diagnoses significant capacity disparities: the regions with the greatest biodiversity richness and threats (Caribbean, Pacific, Orinoquía, Amazon and Insular) are those with the fewest information and data systems, while the Andean region has the greatest number. Regional environmental authorities play a crucial role in the collection, management and analysis of biodiversity data. The Plan identifies as a priority the strengthening of regional state and non-state actors so they can develop efficient information management with methodological criteria and standards for interoperability with national systems. The monitoring chapter (§170) flags as pressing the need to invest resources to consolidate available data on uses and benefits derived from biodiversity, biotechnology, bioprospecting, restoration effectiveness, sustainable production, participation mechanisms and wild-species populations; to strengthen monitoring systems for continental water and marine-coastal ecosystems; to balance information between forested and non-forested ecosystems (savannahs, páramos); and to strengthen knowledge of protocols, standards, data policies and information-technology infrastructure in regions with the least information. Caribbean and Insular regional recommendations call for increased human resources in corporations and territorial entities, technical and administrative capacity-building at the departmental level, and strengthening of technical, scientific and monitoring capacities. The Pacific Region's strengths include empowered groups of women and young people with specialised environmental training, bioprospecting practices, knowledge exchange between communities and development of the pharmaceutical industry. Community monitoring initiatives from ONIC (Sistema de Monitoreo Territorial), OPIAC (Sistema de monitoreo para la Amazonía), and the Indigenous Navigator are identified as capacity assets. The Action Plan framework also covers capacity actions via Target 20 (knowledge development) alongside Targets 15, 16, 17, 18 in the biodiversity-economy cluster.
Czechia		The Strategy addresses capacity-building, scientific cooperation, and technology transfer through multiple objectives. Insufficient capacity is identified as a systemic pressure, including insufficient material and financial support for biodiversity research, financial underestimation of monitoring, and limited institutional capacity for international engagement. Action Objective 9.2 strengthens international harmonisation of biodiversity monitoring, with measures to ensure active Czech involvement in pan-European habitat monitoring systems and use of European Space Agency data (Measure 9.2.1, ongoing), secure GBIF membership for AOPK ČR (Measure 9.2.2, 2030), and participate in cross-border activities on light pollution (Measure 9.2.3). Action Objective 10.2 secures financial and human resources for regular monitoring, species data collection, biodiversity indicators (including genetics), habitat mapping, and protected area status evaluation. It explicitly commits to strengthening citizen science potential in biodiversity monitoring. Action Objective 10.4 funds science and research, education, awareness-raising, and international cooperation. Specific measures include ensuring sufficient allocation for applied research within the TAČR Environment for Life 2 Programme, securing financial resources for training professionals and government employees, supporting educational programmes including integration of biodiversity topics into formal education, and securing resources for participation in international biodiversity projects including European programmes (LIFE, Interreg, Horizon). The Strategy also notes that the Czech Republic provides development aid through Foreign Development Cooperation, implemented by the Czech Development Agency, and that biodiversity protection in target countries should continue to be an integral part of this aid.
Germany	Up to and beyond 2030, Germany will assume international responsibility regarding the coordination and implementation of biodiversity and climate goals, particularly in the form of constructive interventions by the German government on these matters in international negotiations.	The NBS 2030 addresses international capacity-building and cooperation through Target 20.3, committing Germany to assuming international responsibility for coordinating and implementing biodiversity and climate goals, particularly through constructive interventions in international negotiations, up to and beyond 2030. The strategy states that in all areas of international cooperation, extensive measures are to be undertaken to jointly advance biodiversity conservation and climate action through ambitious political targets, dialogue between partners, funding programmes, knowledge sharing, and capacity development. Germany advocates for multilateral development banks to do more to nurture global public goods like the climate and biodiversity. The strategy also notes the need to consider effects of Germany's domestic climate measures on other countries, particularly in the Global South. The 2050 vision emphasises that international cooperation is crucial to maintaining biodiversity, noting that biological diversity and the causes of biodiversity loss can often only be understood and managed in the international context, making it vital to share knowledge and experience at the international level. The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration activities in Germany include a national coordination office under the Federal Environment Ministry and the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, a competition recognising restoration projects, regular public events, a scientific advisory board, and a national online platform (www.undekade-restoration.de) operational since 2022. The NBS dialogue platform (www.biologische-vielfalt.de) serves as the central information portal for NBS implementation, fostering stakeholder dialogue and providing visibility for participation channels.
Denmark		The NBSAP addresses capacity-building and technology transfer primarily through international development cooperation. Denmark supports the CBD secretariat with DKK 14 million in 2023-2026, directed at strengthening capacity building in developing countries and among indigenous peoples, including guidance on revision of NBSAPs and support tools for implementation of the new global nature goals. Since 2014, Denmark has maintained strategic sectoral partnerships involving cooperation with authorities of selected countries in areas such as water and circular economy/waste. DKK 120 million has been allocated for 2023-2026 for these partnerships, operating in Kenya, Indonesia, China, South Africa, India, Morocco, Thailand, and Ethiopia. The main focus is capacity building through exchange of experience on regulation, implementation, guidance, and enforcement. The government has increased the framework for cooperation between Danish authorities and sister organisations in developing countries by DKK 50 million in 2024, to a total of DKK 313 million. Denmark also provides grants supporting capacity building for phasing out fossil fuel subsidies in India, Indonesia, and South Africa through the International Institute for Sustainable Development. The Annex 2 overview links support for nature and biodiversity through development aid, the Agreement on a Green Denmark, cooperation with authorities, and the UNEP contribution specifically to Target 20.
Egypt		The NBSAP treats capacity building as a cross-cutting issue in Section 31. Areas covered include: training programmes for workers in environment-related ministries (Ministry of Environment and local environmental associations) on reserve management, threatened-species conservation, and environmental sustainability; development of university and research-centre capacity in biodiversity research; international cooperation with UNDP and other organisations for technology transfer; improvement of environmental laboratories and field research facilities; and training of reserve staff on ecological-habitat management and threatened-species conservation. Recommendations include establishing specialised training centres, incorporating biodiversity into educational curricula, strengthening inter-ministerial coordination (Environment, Agriculture, Water Resources and Irrigation, Higher Education), allocating permanent budgets for training, encouraging applied scientific research, and using modern technology such as satellites and AI to monitor environmental changes. Challenges include limited financial resources, shortage of specialised expertise, and weak coordination between government, private sector, and civil society. The NBSAP also endorses awareness-raising campaigns in schools, universities, and media; strengthened topic integration into academic curricula; training of government cadres and local communities in environmental monitoring; and support for research institutions developing innovative biodiversity-protection techniques. Annex 4 reproduces KMGBF Target 20 on capacity-building, technology transfer, and South–South, North–South, and triangular cooperation.
Eritrea	Target 10: By 2030, the capacity of institutions dealing with biodiversity conservation is strengthened and scientific technology based and traditional knowledge related to biodiversity enhanced and generated knowledge shared, accessed and applied.	Eritrea's National Target 10 commits to strengthening the capacity of institutions dealing with biodiversity and enhancing science-based and traditional knowledge by 2030, with a total budget of USD 1,520,000. The NBSAP documents capacity gaps across all relevant institutions. The FWA has only 2 master's holders, about 10 BA/BSc holders, and about 15 diploma holders among approximately 1,700 personnel. There is a stated need for taxonomists, population biologists, ethno-botanists, GIS specialists, molecular biologists, forest rangers, botanists, wildlife experts, ecology and biodiversity conservationists, wildlife veterinarians, foresters, wildlife scouts, landscape engineers, environmental policy analysts, and M&E specialists. The Regulatory Department of MoA also faces equipment shortages. The action plan includes developing capacity needs assessment methodology (Action 10.1.1, 2026), identifying institutional and human capacity gaps (Action 10.1.2, 2026-2027), developing and implementing human capacity-building programmes (Action 10.2.1, 2026-2030, USD 500,000), strengthening national infrastructural capacity (Action 10.2.2, USD 200,000), and providing on-the-job training to public sector staff such as rangers and extension agents (Action 10.2.3). Community-level training covers crop landraces and indigenous animal breeds (Action 10.2.4) as well as terrestrial and marine biodiversity conservation (Action 10.2.5). Institutional strengthening includes establishing Environment Units in relevant ministries per Proclamation No. 179/2017 (Action 10.3.1, 2026), conducting workshops to assess and improve the national biodiversity management programme (Action 10.3.3, 2027 and 2029), and forging partnerships with regional and national research institutions (Action 10.3.4, 2027-2030).
Spain		The NBSAP addresses capacity-building and scientific cooperation through several instruments. The Biodiversity and Science Strategy, adopted 20 December 2022, promotes interdisciplinary knowledge and applied research for management and sustainable use of natural heritage through collaboration with science and research actors. It identifies knowledge generation needs for effective biodiversity policy and promotes research in priority areas, ensuring improved access to knowledge and its utilisation in management. Participation in the Horizon Europe programme is to be pursued for research on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The National Parks Network Research Programme continues. Citizen science is to be complemented by exchange of information from different sources and promotion of current information technologies. For international capacity-building, the Ibero-American Network of Directors-General of Biodiversity is to be re-established before 2023 to facilitate cooperation, information exchange, and technical capacity-building. Bilateral agreements on biodiversity are to be promoted with France, Portugal, and Morocco, including technological tools for information exchange. Cross-border coordination for conservation of Iberian biodiversity is to be strengthened. Collaboration with third countries sharing migratory species ranges is to be increased. Spanish cooperation is to contribute to preparation and implementation of national biodiversity strategies by third countries, in fulfilment of CBD commitments. Cooperation for sustainable development in biodiversity with non-EU regions and countries is to be promoted. Spain's presence in international scientific-technical programmes is to be strengthened. A permanent training programme is planned for the Network of Specialist Environmental Prosecutors and SEPRONA. Advisory, training, and innovation systems in EAFRD are to contribute to sustainable management objectives. Central Government biodiversity staff are to be doubled by 2030.
European Union		The strategy addresses capacity building, research, and knowledge transfer across several dimensions. The future Horizon Europe programme is to include a long-term strategic research agenda for biodiversity with increased funding, including a science-policy mechanism for research-based options for ratcheting up biodiversity commitments. Horizon Europe Missions on climate adaptation, healthy oceans, climate-neutral cities, and soil health and food are to contribute to filling knowledge gaps. A new Knowledge Centre for Biodiversity is to be established in 2020 in cooperation with the European Environment Agency, tasked with tracking and assessing progress, fostering cooperation between climate and biodiversity scientists, and underpinning policy development. The Commission is to promote partnerships, including a dedicated Biodiversity Partnership, to bridge science, policy, and practice. For education, a Council Recommendation on education for environmental sustainability is proposed for 2021, with guidance for schools and support materials for teacher-training programmes. A new Skills Agenda is to focus on training and reskilling of the workforce for the green economy transition. The new governance framework is to support administrative capacity building, transparency, stakeholder dialogue, and participatory governance. Internationally, the EU is to step up support to partner countries and launch the NaturAfrica initiative to protect wildlife and key ecosystems while offering green-sector opportunities.
Gabon	Increase capacity-building, technology transfer and scientific and technical cooperation for biodiversity	Gabon's National Target 20 aims to increase capacity-building, technology transfer, and scientific and technical cooperation for biodiversity. The strategic action is to establish a capacity-building committee for biodiversity. The key indicators are a regulatory text establishing the committee and at least 3 partnerships signed. Responsible stakeholders are MEEC, the Ministry of Scientific Research (MRS), and laboratories. The NBSAP references several existing institutions that support this target: CENAREST (National Centre for Scientific and Technological Research), IRET (Institute of Research in Tropical Ecology), IRAF (Institute of Agronomic and Forestry Research), and AGEOS (Gabonese Agency for Space Studies and Observation), which uses remote sensing for monitoring forest cover and tracking ecosystems. The monitoring and evaluation system includes a Biodiversity Information System connected to a national database, with international biodiversity indicators serving as the basis for developing national indicators.
United Kingdom	The UK will strengthen capacity-building and development, access to and transfer of technology, and promote development of and access to innovation and technical and scientific cooperation, including through South-South, North-South and triangular cooperation, to meet the needs for effective implementation, particularly in developing countries, fostering joint technology development and joint scientific research programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and strengthening scientific research and monitoring capacities, commensurate with the ambition of the goals and targets of the Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF).	The NBSAP sets UK target 20, committing to strengthen capacity-building and development, access to and transfer of technology, and promote development of and access to innovation and technical and scientific cooperation, including through South-South, North-South and triangular cooperation. The target specifies fostering joint technology development and joint scientific research programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and strengthening scientific research and monitoring capacities, commensurate with the ambition of the GBF. The background section (§2) also provides relevant context, noting the NBSAP reflects the UK's commitment working across England, Scotland, Wales, overseas territories and crown dependencies.
Equatorial Guinea	By 2030, strengthen and develop national capacities in the field of biotechnology, with special emphasis on access, transfer and application of technologies, oriented towards the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.	National Target 19 of the ENPADIB (corresponding to global Target 20) commits, by 2030, to consolidate a national system for capacity strengthening in biotechnology applied to biodiversity, promoting open access to scientific information, international cooperation, technology transfer and human resource training to support research, conservation and the sustainable use of biological resources. Implementation conditions include publication, systematisation and dissemination of available data and information related to biotechnology and biodiversity; facilitation of reciprocal access to biodiversity databases between Equatorial Guinea and recognised international institutions; and development and implementation of scientific and technical cooperation agreements on biotechnology with partner countries and international organisations. A budget line of USD 3,000,000 is attached in §246 for inter-institutional collaboration strategies and the exchange of experiences. Degree of alignment is MEDIUM (dependent on sustained investment, international cooperation and progressive development of national capacities).
Hungary		The NBSAP addresses capacity-building and scientific cooperation through Objectives 17, 18, and 19. Objective 17 commits to strengthening research on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity (Target 17.1), including setting research priorities, prioritising support for research to help implement EU legislation, and investigating drivers affecting natural and near-natural ecosystems. Target 17.2 calls for reviewing the National Biodiversity Monitoring System in line with EU and international obligations, increasing citizen science involvement, and ensuring systematic storage and availability of monitoring data. Target 17.3 commits to making scientific results available for evidence-based policy decisions and disseminating results in accessible form. Objective 18 addresses education and professional training through Target 18.2, which includes making research results available to practitioners, enhancing information transfer between scientists and conservation professionals, developing a green education package for students and teachers of all ages, and launching teacher training courses on incorporating biodiversity into curricula. Objective 19 covers international cooperation, including participation in IPBES, involvement in the European Biodiversity Partnership, and maintaining expert consultation with the Visegrád Four and other neighbouring countries.
Indonesia		Capacity-building and technology transfer are addressed as cross-cutting institutional frameworks and through several national targets. §186 (Institutional capacity building) commits to enhancing the capacity of agencies/institutions, strengthening local government roles, and improving human resource capacity to formulate policies and regulations on biodiversity management. §189 (Data and information support) commits to an accurate and integrated biodiversity data and information system and technology support for data exchange. TN 14 (Biosafety, §158) strengthens governance capacity, facilities and human resources for biosafety/biosecurity, including Professional Certification Bodies (LSP) and the National Professional Certification Agency (BNSP). TN 15 (§161) integrates the Indonesian Biodiversity Clearing House (BKKHI), National Biodiversity Information Network (NBIN), InaBIF (BRIN), SIDAK (Kemenhut), SIDAKO (KKP), SMART RBM and citizen-science platforms Burungnesia, Kupunesia and GoARK, with a target of 22 nodes integrated into the BKKHI by 2045 (2 in 2025, 7 in 2030). TN 16 (§166) mandates 19 ministries/institutions under Presidential Instruction 1/2023 and a Local Biodiversity Management Index covering capacity of local governments. International cooperation is articulated via GBFF access and the GEF-8 STAR allocation (§197). The NBSAP also references South-South, North-South and triangular cooperation via the KMGBF Target 20 global framing. Bank Gen Pertanian, ICABIOGRAD/BBPSI Biogen and institutional capacity for assisted reproductive technology (Sumatran rhino, Javan bull, anoa, clouded leopard, Sumatran tiger) represent concrete technology-transfer infrastructure.
India	Strengthen capacity development, access to and transfer of technology, and promote access to and development of innovations and technical and scientific cooperation through South-South, North-South and Triangular Cooperation.	India's NBSAP commits to strengthening capacity development, access to and transfer of technology, and promoting scientific and technical cooperation through South-South, North-South, and Triangular Cooperation. The headline indicator references the number of countries that have taken significant action to promote capacity-building, technology development and transfer, and scientific cooperation (20.b), with component indicators on total funding to promote development, transfer, dissemination, and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies for developing countries. Eight national indicators are tracked: trends in Human Resource Development training/capacity building at local and community levels (20.1); numbers of State Biodiversity Board, BMC, Panchayati Raj Institution, line department, and related personnel trained (20.2); documentation of awareness meetings, workshops, seminars, and conferences for various target groups (NGOs, CBOs, academicians, youth, Mahila Mandals) in regional/local languages (20.3); trends in MoUs signed between scientific, educational, user agencies, and industry for development of innovative technology (20.4); trends in technology developed and transferred (20.5); number of active portals documenting biodiversity-related information (20.6); number of start-ups developing technological solutions for sustainable biodiversity management (20.7); and trends in funding for promoting environmentally sound technologies through South-South and Triangular Cooperation (20.8). Lead agencies include ICFRE, National Biodiversity Authority, State Biodiversity Boards, Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy, Wildlife Institute of India, IIFM, NIRDPR, State Institutes of Rural Development, State Forest Training Institutes, Department of Science and Technology, and many others.
Iran	Strengthen capacity-building and development, access to and transfer of technology, and promote development of and access to innovation and technical and scientific cooperation, including through South-South, North-South, and triangular cooperations, to foster joint technology development and joint scientific research programs for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and to strengthen scientific research and monitoring capacities for effective implementation of the goals and targets of Iran NBSAP3.	A sub-target following NT-19 commits to strengthening capacity-building and development, access to and transfer of technology, and promoting development of and access to innovation and technical and scientific cooperation, including through South-South, North-South, and triangular cooperation, to foster joint technology development and scientific research programmes for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. Three actions are listed (one incomplete). The first calls for implementing a National Programme for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in compliance with the 7th FYDP, based on approvals from the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, aiming to support a reliable and sustainable AI transformative ecosystem and provide technical, social, ethical, and legal knowledge and infrastructure. The second calls for investing in capacity building programmes to train researchers, policymakers, and other stakeholders in DSI, facilitating knowledge exchange with international experts and supporting DSI-related education at universities and research institutions. The DSI challenges section further identifies needs for infrastructure investment, partnerships with international research institutions for training programmes, and adoption of international standards such as GDPR and Fair Information Practices as a basis for DSI data protection.
Iceland		The NBSAP addresses capacity-building and scientific cooperation under Guiding Principle F1. The policy identifies that few people have specialist expertise in biodiversity matters in Iceland and that the renewal of people with university education in these fields is a considerable challenge. It calls for strengthening prerequisites for systematic knowledge acquisition including robust human capital, professional expertise, access to necessary infrastructure (equipment and technology) and funding. The policy calls for substantially strengthening research and monitoring, including public funding for projects and dedicated programmes through the Icelandic Centre for Research (Rannís). Individuals and institutions are to be assisted in obtaining international grants for biodiversity research and monitoring. Iceland's recent formal membership in IPBES is noted, upgrading from observer status and gaining voting rights. The policy emphasises international cooperation and references advice sought from organisations such as ICES and BirdLife International. Iceland's obligation to support biodiversity in developing countries is acknowledged in the introduction.
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030	Action-oriented target 5-5: Promote international cooperation utilizing Japan's knowledge and expertise.	Action-oriented target 4-1 addresses environmental education, and Chapter 5 addresses science, technology and international cooperation. Domestically, the government will promote Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), biodiversity content in school curricula under MEXT, environmental education facilities (nature schools, Japan Nature Conservation Foundation sites), and professional training for rangers and certified environmental counsellors. Research capacity is strengthened through MEXT-supported research institutes (including the National Institute for Environmental Studies), the National Museum of Nature and Science, and university-based biodiversity research. Internationally, Japan has supported 149 countries in NBSAP development and implemented 87 capacity-building projects through the Japan Biodiversity Fund (§5061). Under Action-oriented target 5-5, the government commits to reinforcing systems in at least 48 central/local government organisations in developing countries and training 12,000 officers by 2030 on natural environment conservation. Support is channelled through JICA, the Satoyama Initiative and the International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative (IPSI, 283 members across 73 countries, target 400 members across 100 countries by 2030).
Lebanon	NT 23: Strengthen capacity-building, joint scientific research programs for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and scientific research and monitoring capacities.	National Target 23 commits Lebanon to strengthen capacity-building and joint scientific research programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, as well as scientific research and monitoring capacities. Progress is tracked through an adapted Headline Indicator 20.b measuring the strengthening of capacity-building and joint scientific research programmes by percentage increase in budget, a binary indicator on whether a biodiversity capacity-building budget has been allocated to relevant ministries, and a binary indicator on whether the Clearing-House Mechanism is fully operational and actively used to consolidate biodiversity-related studies and reduce duplication of work. A linked National Action (NA 23.3) commits to ensuring the resources to revive and sustain the CHM, while NA 23.4 commits to developing a spin-off incubation and acceleration programme fostering innovative products and services derived from scientific research and establishing a system to promote collaboration between the private sector and research centres. Capacity-building requirements are also embedded throughout the action plan–for example training on spatial planning, nutrient management, species identification for law enforcement, ABS and DSI, SEA, marine-litter mitigation and agrobiodiversity.
Lesotho	By 2030, Science-based knowledge, and technologies relating to biodiversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied	Lesotho's National Target 15 commits to improving, widely sharing, transferring, and applying science-based knowledge and technologies relating to biodiversity by 2030. The indicator focuses on the extent to which citizenship education and education for sustainable development, including gender equality and human rights, are mainstreamed in national education policies, curricula, teacher education and student assessments. The NBSAP II review under NT20 notes that collaborations between scientific and IKS (Indigenous Knowledge Systems) holders have been established, that research on medicinal plants has been undertaken by academic institutions, and that biosafety projects including MCP ICLT and NBF have been implemented. Capacity building actions are embedded throughout the NBSAP's action plans rather than concentrated in a single strategic initiative. These include capacitating PA staff on fire management and core PA management (NT7), training stakeholders on sustainable agricultural practices (NT3), building capacity for IAS control and phytosanitary requirements (NT4), training on biosafety detection and monitoring (NT9), and capacitating the National Focal Point on Nagoya Protocol implementation (NT12). The National University of Lesotho, Lesotho Agricultural College, and other academic institutions are named as supporting institutions across multiple targets. Detailed action plans specifically for National Target 15 were not included in the briefing sections available.
Libya	By 2030, develop and implement national, sectoral and local capacity-building programs with regard to technology transfer and scientific research, with a focus on the negative effects of biotechnology on biodiversity and human health, as well as how to control and reduce those effects.	The NBSAP addresses capacity building and technology transfer primarily through national Target 17, which commits to developing national, sectoral, and local capacity-building programmes for technology transfer and scientific research by 2030 with a USD 15 million budget. Priorities include modernising research governance laws and intellectual property frameworks (by 2024), integrating biodiversity research gaps into university and research centre plans, developing international scholarship programmes for biodiversity research, and establishing a national competition to encourage biodiversity-related scientific research. The agriculture section identifies capacity-building needs in detail: individual skill development (language, communication, participatory approaches), knowledge building on priority topics (water, gardening, post-harvest processing, marketing), implementation through higher education programmes and farmer field schools, and organizational capacity through human resource development strategies. The section notes that youth and women in the agriculture sector need opportunities beyond local production of traditional goods. The aquaculture section describes that a Department of Aquaculture was established at the Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Tripoli in 1996 to assist in training workers.
Madagascar	By 2030, decision-making, action and results related to biodiversity are improved through capacity development, technical and scientific cooperation, technology transfer and innovation	The NBSAP commits that by 2030, decision-making, action and results related to biodiversity are improved through capacity development, technical and scientific cooperation, technology transfer and innovation. Four strategic axes structure nine actions, with estimated financial needs of USD 10,208,825 (12.65% of Programme 3), allocated as: institutional strengthening and development of stakeholders' technical capacities (USD 2,468,222); encouraging the adoption of technological and innovative solutions (USD 2,099,333); partnerships on research, capacity building, innovation and technology (USD 5,346,032 — the largest component); and sustainable financing of research, technology, innovation and capacity building (USD 295,238). Institutional strengthening improves technical and institutional competencies of key stakeholders through consolidation of capacity-building strategies, inclusive programmes, and establishment of certification and labelling systems. Technology and innovation adoption promotes use of drones, remote sensing, Conservation AI and software, creates a favourable legal and institutional framework, and facilitates stakeholder access to innovations for monitoring, management and valorisation of natural resources. Partnerships develop national and international collaboration (South-South, North-South, triangular) to strengthen research and technical capacities, foster knowledge sharing and valorise scientific results. Sustainable financing establishes stable mechanisms (mixed funds, adapted legal frameworks, innovative sources) targeting high-potential and moderate-risk projects. Training programmes, certifications, labelling systems and facilitation of access to locally adapted technologies support an inclusive and equitable approach.
Marshall Islands		Sub-target 3.20 addresses building scientific, technical, or research capacity and systems, delivered through SOE (State of Environment) reporting and research partnerships. Binary indicator 20.B (Research and Technology) tracks action to strengthen capacity-building and access to technology and innovation. RMI EPA is the data lead, with EPA, MIMRA, and MICS as reporting sources. Action 5.i calls for advancing delivery of the long-term strategic framework for capacity-building and development (Decision 15/8) by strengthening institutional capacity, monitoring systems, and interagency coordination. The NBSAP establishes extensive regional engagement for technical assistance and capacity building. GoRMI is directed to engage with CROP agencies including SPC, SPREP, FFA, and others for coordinated technical assistance, policy support, and capacity building (Action 107). MIMRA and MoFAT are to engage with SPC for scientific support and capacity development (Action 108). RMI EPA is to engage with SPREP for regional implementation support (Action 109). Specific capacity-building projects include the Managing Coastal Aquifers Project under SPC (Action 114), the Decision Ready Tools project for coastal and marine spatial planning using earth observation data (Action 115), the Pacific Bioscapes Programme for coral reef fisheries management (Action 116), and the MiCOAST project for community-based fisheries management (Action 117). EPPSO and partners are delivering the Women and Youth Skills Empowerment Project under ADB (Action 87f). The 7th National Report identified monitoring and technical capacity gaps across ecosystem extent tracking, genetic diversity monitoring, water-quality monitoring, and standardized indicator reporting. The NBSAP acknowledges that addressing these gaps requires incremental investment in equipment, human resources, technical standards, and data-management systems.
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030		The NBSAP dedicates its third strategic axis (Axis C) to capacity building, awareness-raising, and education. This axis addresses both the lack of awareness among decision-makers at central and regional levels and the need to strengthen education at all levels. Action C.1.1 commits to designing 5 biodiversity and ecosystem sustainability modules for school programmes by 2027. Action C.1.2 targets training 2,500 teachers in biodiversity by 2030. Action C.2.1 commits to 50 biodiversity awareness events co-created with NGOs (at least 3 per Wilaya) by 2030. Action C.2.2 develops a training programme for government officials on CBD themes by 2025, and C.2.3 trains 100 local practitioners and decision-makers in the Wilayas by 2026. Action C.3.1 trains 10,000 farmers in agroecology, C.3.2 launches 5 awareness campaigns in 5 Wilayas by 2027, and C.3.3 trains 4,000 fishers (80% artisanal) in sustainable techniques by 2030. Axis E actions (E.1.1–E.3.2) on data centralisation, partnerships, and monitoring are also tagged to Target 20.
Malta		Capacity building and institutional strengthening appear across multiple national targets and actions. National Target 17 commits that by 2030, audience-targeted programmes on communication, education, and public awareness (CEPA) are expanded to cover a wider range of biodiversity-related topics, ensuring residents have relevant information, awareness, and capacities for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature. Action 16.4 strengthens intersectoral cooperation by improving direct communication channels and setting up inter-institutional cooperation agreements and committees. Actions 21.3-21.4 strengthen environmental liability aspects by 2027 and render compliance and enforcement more effective through relevant plans and information about enforcement actions. Action 1.3 supports Natura 2000 site management through systems for training and information sharing. National Target 19 commits to collecting and making accessible quality data and information for effective biodiversity management. The Concluding Remarks list capacity building and development, knowledge generation, management and sharing, and technical and scientific cooperation, technology transfer and innovation as enabling conditions.
Malaysia	By 2030, Malaysia's capacity to implement the Policy and other biodiversity conservation agreements has been significantly strengthened	Malaysia's NPBD Target 16 commits that "by 2030, Malaysia's capacity to implement the Policy and other biodiversity conservation agreements has been significantly strengthened." Target 16 has five actions: 16.1 strengthen coordination and decision-making at national and state levels; 16.2 improve capacities of government agencies; 16.3 strengthen the roles of the legislature and judiciary in biodiversity conservation; 16.4 establish and position centres of excellence to coordinate research, management, and capacity building, with a Key Indicator that by 2030 the Malaysia Biodiversity Centre (MBC) has been established and operational; and 16.5 develop biodiversity-related human resource capacities in specialised fields such as taxonomy, wildlife veterinary sciences, and botany. Action 5.3 commits to leverage remote sensing (Earth-observation satellites, LiDAR) for forest planning and reporting—the policy's main technology-transfer provision. Target 2 Action 2.5 complements through establishing partnerships between the private sector, local communities, and academia; strengthening the national Clearing-House Mechanism (CHM) for information sharing; and establishing a network of specimen and record depositories through collaboration between the Natural History Museum and the Malaysia Biodiversity Centre. The Ministry in charge of biodiversity and forestry is the lead; partners include MBC, JPSM, DWNP, DOE, FRIM, state agencies, JPA (Public Services Department), and IPTA/IPTS. The policy does not set a quantitative technology-transfer or scientific-cooperation metric.
Namibia	Capacity-building, technology transfer and scientific cooperation are enhanced to support effective biodiversity conservation and sustainable ecosystem management	National Target 20 commits that capacity-building, technology transfer and scientific cooperation are enhanced to support effective biodiversity conservation and sustainable ecosystem management. Programme 31 addresses systemic capacity (policy coherence, cross-sector coordination), institutional capacity (clearer mandates, organisational performance), technical and operational capacity (systems, tools, data), and individual capacity (skills, leadership). Responding to the BIOFIN Policy and Institutional Review and the GIZ biodiversity policy analysis, it prioritises practical measures for alignment and coordination rather than large-scale institutional reform. Operational capacity strengthening emphasises ministries, agencies, regional councils and community-based institutions, and includes practical training for conservancies, local authorities and community-based stakeholders. Technology transfer prioritises locally relevant, cost-effective solutions embedded in institutional systems. Scientific cooperation is strengthened through collaboration between universities, research institutions and government, with support for joint research, science–policy dialogue and regional/international exchange. The Primary Implementation Instrument is the National biodiversity capacity development plan (to be developed). Activities include conducting a comprehensive National Biodiversity Capacity Needs Assessment (building on BIOFIN PIR and GIZ policy review) and developing a National Biodiversity Capacity Development Strategy aligned with NBSAP 3 and GBF Target 20.
Nigeria	By 2020, the capacity of key actors is built and gender mainstreaming carried out for the achievement of Nigeria's biodiversity targets.	National Target 14 states: "By 2020, the capacity of key actors is built and gender mainstreaming carried out for the achievement of Nigeria's biodiversity targets." Actions include determining and prioritizing capacity building needs for government agencies, NGOs, and local communities to implement the NBSAP (Action 14.1, BDCP, 2015–2020); developing training guides and modules for prioritized capacity building needs (Action 14.2, NGO, 2015–2020); and building capacity of government officials and individuals for prioritized NBSAP implementation needs through meetings, seminars, and conferences both locally and internationally (Action 14.3, Development Partners, 2015–2020). The monitoring matrix targets at least 10 beneficiary institutions with strengthened capacity by 2020 (from a baseline of 2 in 2015). The Capacity Development Plan (§65) provides a detailed matrix of capacity needs and actions across seven core capacity areas: development and maintenance of protected areas, research and monitoring, biodiversity rehabilitation, multi-sectoral consultation, integration of biodiversity across sectors, data collection for emerging issues, and biodiversity financing. Specific actions include strengthening PA enforcement with state and local governments, creating train-the-trainers programmes, developing strategic planning templates for research institutions, establishing management systems for performance monitoring, lobbying for better biodiversity legislation, creating coordination mechanisms at all government levels, and developing a curriculum on biodiversity financing. The Technology Needs Assessment identifies 22 technologies for NBSAP implementation, of which 6 are prioritized: management of community forest and protected areas; operation of gene banks; sustainable utilization of biodiversity; isolation of indigenous cultivars for in-situ conservation; management of unique land forms (wetlands, arid zones); and networking, data management, monitoring, and spatial analysis. Required actions include creating enabling legal environments, establishing gene bank centres, sensitization programmes, establishing conservation centres, creating buffer zones for wetlands, and training on data management and spatial analysis.
Netherlands		The NBSAP presents a detailed programme of capacity-building, scientific cooperation, and technology transfer activities, with a pronounced international and North-South orientation. The Netherlands frames innovation as an indispensable track for achieving societal goals. The Ministry of LVVN stimulates innovation by strengthening existing structures and policy, in collaboration with young entrepreneurs and innovative parties, and actively invests in research and development with a focus on effective partnerships within the Kingdom, in Europe, and internationally. In global data cooperation, the Netherlands is a member of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and maintains NLBIF as a corresponding Dutch knowledge hub. NLBIF supports the mobilisation and exchange of biodiversity data through workshops, training, helpdesk services, and project financing. Through GBIF, the Netherlands participates in the EU-funded Biodiversity Information for Development (BID) programme, which stimulates capacity-building around biodiversity data in Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Islands. The Netherlands maintains a national focal point for the Clearing House Mechanism under the CBD through the website biodiversiteit.nl, and provides support to Grenada and Palau in this area. On global capacity-building initiatives, the Netherlands was a member of the IPBES Taskforce on Capacity Building (2014-2019) and has resumed membership for 2024-2027. The Netherlands is a donor to the Global Environment Facility. It also supports the international activities of the Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment (Commissie voor de Milieueffectrapportage) for capacity- and knowledge-building around environmental impact assessments in developing countries. In transnational research, the Netherlands serves as co-lead for the internationalisation of the Biodiversa+ programme, which stimulates international cooperation in biodiversity research. The Dutch Research Council (NWO) operates the WOTRO Science for Global Development programme, a cross-domain initiative financing research into inclusive global development and sustainable solutions for challenges in low- and middle-income countries. NWO also stimulates international participation through the Money Follows Cooperation initiative. Seven Dutch knowledge institutions united in the SAIL (Stichting Samenwerkingsverband Instituten van Internationaal Onderwijs Landbouwuniversiteit) platform focus on bridging knowledge between North-South, South-South, and North-North. The Netherlands contributes to the global UNESCO network of over 600 chairs and currently holds 14 UNESCO chairs. North-South cooperation in innovation and technology is facilitated through multiple attaché networks: the LVVN attaché network (LAN) operating at economic departments of 60 Dutch embassies and consulates serving more than 80 countries, the water attachés network (IenW), innovation attachés (KGG), and education and science attachés. The Knowledge and Innovation Agenda (KIA) for Agriculture, Water, Food (2024-2027) actively focuses on nature including air, water, soil, and biodiversity. The Dutch development bank FMO stimulates and finances innovation by agrifood SMEs in developing countries. The National Space Office supports remote sensing applications for sustainability challenges in developing countries, including biodiversity monitoring. LVVN will further expand from a mainly multilateral focus to bilateral partnerships with selected countries. In educational capacity-building, the Orange Knowledge Programme of Nuffic awards scholarships to foreign students and supports North-South institutional cooperation. The Association of Netherlands Municipalities operates the International Capacity-Building Programme, including the Inclusive Green Growth for Cities programme. Over the past ten years, 16 international Erasmus+ projects with a biodiversity theme have been carried out by Dutch knowledge institutions, with a total budget of EUR 7 million.
Norway		Capacity-building, knowledge development and technology cooperation run through several instruments. NICFI has supported high-quality national forest monitoring systems in partner countries through UNREDD and FAO; its satellite data programme provides high-resolution, frequently updated satellite images for free to the public and is scheduled for a new phase. Norway participates in the Group on Earth Observation (GEO), with Earth observation data from Copernicus used to measure biodiversity and environmental targets. The Plant Treaty's benefit-sharing fund, supported by Norway, allocates funding for projects ensuring conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources among farmers in developing countries. EEA funds include capacity-building and skills development for public climate and environmental management, digital solutions and data sharing. Domestically, increased use of technology in nature monitoring is under way: remote sensing for palsa mires, artificial intelligence for small rodent monitoring, and open interactive access solutions for monitoring data. The Norwegian Environment Agency leads the Nordic Council of Ministers' four-year programme on nature-based solutions (2021–2024). DFØ provides guidance on green procurements, socioeconomic analyses and circular solutions. Skills development measures are foreseen for continuous forestry methods among forest owners and contractors. The briefing highlights the need for infrastructure and capacity for data processing (Geonorge, research infrastructure, FAIR data), as recommended by the Data Infrastructure Commission and the Nature Risk Commission.
State of Palestine	Target 16. Restructuring entities that are engaged in biodiversity research, education, and conservation and connections between them to be more effective as a conservation network by (among other things) creating channels of communication, joint capacity building, mergers of entities, creation of new entities and NGOs in deserving areas, and management restructuring in the EQA and areas of other ministries related to biodiversity.	The NBSAP commits to substantial research, capacity-building and technology cooperation. The research and capacity-building section identifies a need for institutionalised local, regional and global research collaboration (leveraged by EQA and funders); better-directed, performance-based research funding; utilisation of natural-history museums, herbaria and living collections; reprioritisation towards monitoring biodiversity and sustainability with a staged approach (2022–2027 explorative field research; 2027–2035 ecosystem-services research); developing a centralised research hub linked to the Clearing-House Mechanism; bridging the science-policy gap including via a science–policy–practice trialogue (BESNet, 2021); and significant growth in academic positions and fellowships in biodiversity. The Government's 2020 strategic objectives for higher education include increasing applied research outputs from 782 in 2019 to 1,456 by 2023. The National Agriculture Research Station (NARC) is to be revitalised, with its 2021 structure encouraging participatory research with academia and NGOs and the agricultural strategy 2021–2023 to better address environmental issues following SMART criteria. Goal D, Target 16 commits to restructuring biodiversity research, education and conservation entities; Action 16.2 to increasing capacity-building for government officials; Action 16.3 to developing programmes for training school teachers and professors; Action 16.7 to developing regional and global networking; and Action 16.8 to developing NGOs and introducing branches in poorly served areas. Section 5.4 commits to restructuring human capacity-building, identifying needs in alpha-level taxonomy and conservation experts, and using existing or new programmes flexibly.
Paraguay	By 2030, innovation and technology capacities for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity shall have been strengthened through the implementation of at least three scientific and technical cooperation projects that promote access to and transfer of appropriate technology at different scales.	National Target 24 commits that by 2030 innovation and technology capacities for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity shall have been strengthened through the implementation of at least three scientific and technical cooperation projects promoting access to and transfer of appropriate technology at different scales. The target's interpretation specifies adaptation to different scales and local contexts. The National Target 19 biosafety action plan includes 650 persons trained in biotechnology, technical training of at least 4 institutions, and 6 funded research studies with environmental or health focus (see Target 17). Sectoral line 3.6.7 highlights the need to promote participation of women researchers, community wise women, indigenous peoples and youth in science and technology applied to biodiversity, and to strengthen biobanks and germplasm banks. Youth capacity-building is pursued through GYBN Paraguay (active since 2019), the 2024 workshops with 191 young participants that produced the 'Priorities of Paraguayan Youth on Biodiversity' document, and the 2025 'Youth for the Future of Biodiversity: Advocacy from the Territory' project that gathered 200 young people. Future actions identify forestry-technician training, registration of indigenous forests and training in fire prevention as capacity priorities. Complementary knowledge-system capacities are developed through SIAM under Target 26 (see Target 21).
Rwanda	By 2030, strengthen capacity-building, technology transfer, scientific research, and technical cooperation to enhance biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, and strengthen communication, awareness-raising, education, and monitoring.	The NBSAP sets National Target 20 to strengthen capacity-building, technology transfer, scientific research, and technical cooperation by 2030, and to strengthen communication, awareness-raising, education, and monitoring. Headline indicators track the number of capacity-building programs and adoption of new biodiversity monitoring and conservation technologies. Component indicators cover participants trained and collaborative research projects/publications. The baseline notes no consolidated metrics on capacity-building and biodiversity-related technology transfer actions exist in Rwanda. Past experience under the previous NBSAP identified insufficient capacity building as a key gap, with training programs for communities, officials, and conservation practitioners inadequately funded. Strategic actions include developing Rwanda's 7th national report to the CBD, aggregating training and capacity-building actions annually, enhancing research on climate-resilient and disease-resistant crop varieties, building capacity of regulators and scientists for wetland data management, developing a national biodiversity baseline, facilitating transfer of biodiversity-related technologies, strengthening scientific cooperation at national, regional, and international levels, strengthening biodiversity information systems, developing a public database for researchers and policymakers, enhancing educational practices within protected areas, developing training programs on biodiversity monitoring and conservation, promoting collaboration among researchers and institutions, and strengthening environmental committee capacity. Technology transfer achievements include the Rwanda Biodiversity Information System (RBIS), GIS mapping, remote sensing, wildlife monitoring systems, IUCN's Tech4Nature initiative with Huawei, and the IremboPay electronic payment system for environmental fees. The costing allocates USD 2.8 million.
Saudi Arabia	Developing and building national capacities and supporting scientific research and facilitating access to the latest technologies and best practices available for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.	National Target 19 aims to develop and build national capacities, support scientific research, and facilitate access to the latest technologies and best practices for biodiversity conservation. The NBSAP explicitly aligns this with GBF Target 20. The detailed capacity-building section outlines four priority areas: strengthening capacities through training and development in biodiversity management, monitoring, classification, participatory management, environmental financing, and strategic planning, targeting government entities, the private sector, local communities, and research institutions; facilitating technology transfer including remote sensing, smart agriculture, renewable energy solutions, and water and waste management; scientific and technical cooperation through joint research projects, training programmes, and information exchange networks; and ensuring access to information and knowledge, including traditional knowledge of local communities. The Kingdom invests in modern technologies such as remote sensing and artificial intelligence for environmental monitoring. Plans focus on building human capacities through specialised training in classification, monitoring, and participatory management. Work is underway to establish national platforms for biodiversity information. The Kingdom seeks to support cooperation mechanisms under the Convention's Conference of the Parties. The NBSAP notes that capacity building requires a national strategy and action plan targeting all concerned entities, with action plans for mainstreaming biodiversity in scientific research and directing academic institutions to fill scientific gaps.
Sudan	Improvement of the knowledge and science base on the biodiversity in Sudan, and information sharing mechanisms, through capacity building and development, access to and transfer of technology, access to innovations, technical and scientific cooperation, joint technology development and joint scientific research programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.	National Target 20 addresses the improvement of the knowledge and science base on biodiversity in Sudan, through capacity building and development, technology transfer, access to innovations, and scientific cooperation. Chapter 11 of the NBSAP is entirely dedicated to capacity building, noting that 152 actions (50% of the total 304) are of a capacity building and development nature, categorized as: awareness raising and training (55 actions), policies, strategies, plans and legislations (47 actions), and structures, institutions, systems and equipment (50 actions). Goal D (Invest and Collaborate) totals US$96,930,000, distributed across all 12 biodiversity components. The largest allocations are wildlife at US$35,650,000 (15 actions addressing 10 national targets), forests at US$28,940,000 (15 actions), and pollution at US$5,770,000 (13 actions). Specific capacity actions include programmes for building capacity for rangeland staff (US$300,000, Ministry of Animal Resources, 2025–2030), data collection and database establishment for range and animal agrobiodiversity (US$300,000, Ministry of Animal Resources), and training community members in conservation (US$1,000,000, Forest National Corporation, 2025–2030). The monitoring framework tracks capacity building for biodiversity through numbers of programmes, technology transfers and partnerships for monitoring and safeguarding biodiversity, SMART system operationalization in all parks, percentage of stakeholders receiving training, and characterization and evaluation results for PGRFA.
Senegal		The NBSAP dedicates a full section to capacity building, communication, and advocacy. The capacity building component aims to improve technical expertise through training modules on incorporating biodiversity into sectoral policy development and budget framing, delivered at both ministerial and decentralised levels. Training on green financial engineering is planned to assist in preparing projects eligible for the GBFF, Green Fund, and carbon market. Communities and the private sector are to develop professional models of economic valorisation (ecotourism, wildlife farming, beekeeping, organic agriculture, oyster farming), with support for asserting local and traditional knowledge and creating green labels. The monitoring framework describes the technology architecture: a biodiversity monitoring platform serving as an interactive national dashboard, interconnectable with other national and sub-regional platforms; spatial monitoring in partnership with the Ecological Monitoring Centre (CSE) and research institutes using satellite imagery and GIS to track forest cover, plant biomass, water resources, bush fires, mangrove dynamics, and urbanisation. The evaluation of the previous NBSAP reports modernisation already under way: drones, tracking tags, and SMART software have been deployed for protected area surveillance. Education and communication are positioned as a pillar for transforming individual and collective behaviour. Environmental education in schools and training centres is a priority action, with materials (guides) to be produced and distributed. At the international level, communication aims to strengthen Senegal's leadership and position the country as a model in ecological governance.
Suriname	4.1 The capacity of Suriname's institutions and relevant groups are strengthened for effective management, monitoring and evaluation, technical cooperation, fund mobilizing and science-policy communication of the NBSAP implementation.	National Target 4.1 commits Suriname to strengthening the capacity of its institutions and relevant groups for effective management, monitoring and evaluation, technical cooperation, fund mobilizing and science-policy communication of NBSAP implementation; the financial overview lists Target 4.1 at $1,097,502. The Pathway 4 narrative frames capacity strengthening as cross-cutting and centred on individual (training and education curricula), institutional (clarifying mandates, enabling coordination) and systemic (legislation, enforcement, platforms and mechanisms) levels, and identifies the brain-drain effect from the current economic crisis as a serious challenge. Capacity for science is addressed through Target 4.4 ($6,435,090 — the largest single target line in Pathway 4) on increased scientific research published and linked to national databases. Target 4.1 is the first item in the high-priority targets list (§37). The detailed action table for Target 4.1 was not included in the briefing.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page	By 2030, the country will have strengthened human, technical, administrative and financial capacities to ensure effective restoration and efficient conservation, as well as the sustainable use of biodiversity, through promoting research, science and innovation, fostering the broad and full participation of all sectors, at all levels, and actors of society.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 8: development of institutional and sectoral capacities, including people, especially women and young people, for the restoration, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity by 2030. The country will strengthen human, technical, administrative and financial capacities, promoting research, science and innovation, and fostering broad participation of all sectors and actors of society. The indicator tracks the number of training and education initiatives developed, disaggregated by type of beneficiary, with the baseline referencing one MARN environmental education programme. The estimated cost is $1,690,000 covering MRV development, strengthening of monitoring systems and incentive programmes, and training programmes. Capacity challenges identified include improving institutional and cross-sectoral technical, technological, human and financial capacities; advancing research, biotechnology and bioprospecting; developing capacities for participatory management and leadership (particularly for women, communities and indigenous peoples); and promoting the use of participatory biodiversity monitoring tools. Opportunities include promotion of research and innovation, application of technological innovations and biotechnology, and strengthening local capacities for community climate resilience.
Chad	NO18: By 2030, the knowledge, innovations and traditional practices of indigenous and local communities that are of interest for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, as well as their customary sustainable use, are respected, subject to the provisions of national legislation and international obligations in force, and are fully integrated and taken into account in the framework of the implementation of the Convention, with the full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities, at all relevant levels.	The NBSAP links Global Target 20 to National Objective 18 (NT18): by 2030, the knowledge, innovations and traditional practices of indigenous and local communities that are of interest for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, as well as their customary sustainable use, are respected, subject to the provisions of national legislation and international obligations in force, and are fully integrated and taken into account in the framework of the implementation of the Convention, with the full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities at all relevant levels. NT17 (resource mobilisation) also contributes. The 2011–2020 reference notes weak national capacity for conservation and restoration; the 2030 target is a monitoring mechanism including IP and LC. Measures include a training programme for IP and LC on their rights, sustainable resource management and decision-making processes; promoting and disseminating traditional knowledge through media; training and awareness-raising of decision-makers and conservation stakeholders on traditional knowledge; a programme for documenting and archiving traditional knowledge and practices in collaboration with communities; mobilising funds to support IP/LC knowledge and practices; establishing monitoring systems for traditional-knowledge integration into conservation policies; developing capacities for species conservation in diverse ecosystems; awareness campaigns on the importance of traditional knowledge; establishing new and emerging sciences and technologies for species conservation; capacity-building for young people as species defenders; and a training programme for resource managers on species identification, taxonomy and monitoring. The indicator is the indicator on biodiversity information and monitoring, including traditional knowledge, for management (I1GT20).
Togo	Target 25 : Increase investment in training and strengthening of scientific, technical and technological capacities related to biodiversity, in particular in the fields of ecology, conservation biology and natural resource management	The NBSAP designates National Target 25 under Strategic Objective 5, mapped to GBF Target 20, committing to increase investment in training and strengthening of scientific, technical, and technological capacities related to biodiversity, in particular in the fields of ecology, conservation biology, and natural resource management. The capacity building plan (Table 12 and Annex 2) identifies 14 training areas with budgets, responsible structures, and partners. These include: KBA identification approaches (20 million CFA), anti-poaching and PA surveillance technologies (50 million CFA), private and community PA creation procedures (150 million CFA), marine and coastal biodiversity inventory (60 million CFA), species conservation status assessment methods (50 million CFA), species introduction and reintroduction (60 million CFA), national standards for exotic species introduction (50 million CFA), biotechnological risk assessment (50 million CFA), gender and vulnerable groups integration in conservation (30 million CFA), transboundary biodiversity management (30 million CFA), zoological park establishment (50 million CFA), DSI on genetic resources (50 million CFA), identification of financing harmful to biodiversity (45 million CFA), and financing mechanisms and partner requirements (100 million CFA). Guiding principle (xvi) states that implementation must be based on scientific evidence and traditional knowledge, taking into account the role of science, technology, and innovation.
Thailand	Target 11: Develop capacity and cooperation in technology transfer, including research, through knowledge exchange and fostering academic cooperation both domestically and internationally.	National Target 11 commits Thailand to develop capacity and cooperation in technology transfer, including research, through knowledge exchange and fostering academic cooperation both domestically and internationally. The importance-of-target section (§144) structures the target around four elements: (1) Capacity-building and development — creating an enabling environment for effective operations and strengthening individual and institutional ability to halt and reverse biodiversity loss, by improving knowledge, skills, competencies, and attitudes of policymakers, planners, practitioners, and the public; enhancing organisational capacity through biodiversity governance, cross-sectoral coordination, multi-stakeholder engagement, partnership development, networking, and knowledge management; and strengthening the enabling environment through policy and regulatory frameworks, resource mobilisation, and political support. (2) Access to and transfer of technologies — named categories include geospatial technology, remote sensing, and geographic information systems for spatial planning and biodiversity management; DNA technologies, camera traps, acoustic recording devices, smartphone citizen-science applications, drones, and satellite technologies for biodiversity monitoring; early warning systems and digital technologies for complex data aggregation and visualisation for decision support; and technologies, innovations, and practices of indigenous peoples and local communities used with their free, prior and informed consent. (3) Development of and access to innovation, including artificial intelligence, with investment in research and development. (4) Technical and scientific cooperation for co-creation and exchange of knowledge, data, expertise, resources, technologies, and technical know-how through joint technology development, collaborative scientific research, joint personnel training, and expert exchanges.
Tunisia	By 2030, a framework for cooperation and technology transfer is created and operational	The NBSAP dedicates Objective D7 to strengthening scientific capacities, technology transfer, and cooperation, linked explicitly to KM-GBF Target 20. The national target states: "By 2030, a framework for cooperation and technology transfer is created and operational." The strategy identifies capacity building at individual (knowledge, skills), organisational (institutional framework, regulations), and systemic (policies, legislation) levels. Measure D7.2 strengthens scientific research capacities. Measure D7.3 addresses technology transfer through organising advocacy programmes with partners (D7.3.1), training local competencies in new biodiversity technologies including drones, sensors, and data analysis software with attention to young people, women, and persons with disabilities (D7.3.2), developing predictive modelling tools for climate change impacts (D7.3.3), encouraging innovation and start-ups in biodiversity conservation hosted in technopoles and incubators (D7.3.4), and implementing the Technology Action Plan of the Ministry of the Environment covering conservation agriculture, payment for forest ecosystem services, early warning systems for flood management, and strengthening the information system for marine and coastal zones (D7.3.5). Objective D8 ensures better information circulation through strengthening monitoring mechanisms for biodiversity components (D8.2, including data collection systems, databases on policies, and a network of biodiversity observatories) and awareness-raising, communication, and education (D8.3, drawing from the 2015 National Action Plan on Communication and Awareness-Raising for Biodiversity with 42 planned activities over 10 years, a significant portion of which have not been carried out).
Uganda	5.1: By 2030, knowledge, research and science base relating to biodiversity has been significantly improved, and relevant technologies have been improved, shared and applied.	Strategic Objective 5 — "To facilitate and build capacity for research, technology development, innovation, monitoring and knowledge management" — is mapped to KMGBF Targets 20, 21, and 22 in Table 22. National target 5.1 states: "By 2030, knowledge, research and science base relating to biodiversity has been significantly improved, and relevant technologies have been improved, shared and applied," explicitly corresponding to KMGBF Target 20. Thematic Area 5 identifies strategies including supporting research in strategic areas of biodiversity conservation, building capacity for information management and exchange in taxonomy (recognising the Global Taxonomy Initiative requirement), strengthening the role of IPLCs, and implementing AI and data analytics for enhanced decision-making. Overarching principle 9 states that NBSAPIII will involve application of science, technology and innovation and traditional knowledge. Capacity building is also addressed in the implementation framework (§168), which calls for training on conservation techniques, research methods, and policy development, and for establishing a national training programme for conservation staff on species identification, habitat restoration, community-based conservation, and M&E. Uganda commits to positioning itself strategically to benefit from CBD capacity development and scientific cooperation programmes. Under Thematic Area 2, specific capacity-building activities for biotechnology include assessing national capacities (US$ 80,000), developing skilled human resources (US$ 300,000), and promoting infrastructural development (US$ 400,000).
Viet Nam		The NBSAP addresses capacity-building and technology transfer across two dedicated key solutions. Solution 1 commits to strengthening the capacity of state management agencies for biodiversity, improving coordination among ministries and sectors, enhancing provincial environmental protection units, and providing specialized training for environmental management officials and protected area managers. Solution 4 calls for intensifying scientific research, developing and adopting new technologies for sustainable natural resource use, and effectively applying modern scientific and technological advancements including information technology, remote sensing, and biology in biodiversity management, investigation, monitoring, assessment, and oversight. It also promotes basic research in life sciences and modern taxonomy for species discovery. Solution 6 directs active participation in international treaties and strengthening cooperation in nature and biodiversity management, especially with neighboring countries, including experience exchange with other countries and international organizations. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is tasked with establishing a Partnership Forum for information sharing and cooperation.
Vanuatu		The NBSAP dedicates 13 national-level activities under Target 20 within Strategic Area 5 (Environmental Governance and Knowledge Management). Activities include: integrating biodiversity conservation and sustainable use into school curricula and Vanuatu Skills Partnership programs (EG.01, VUV 8,000,000, medium-term); safeguarding and incorporating traditional knowledge on biodiversity into formal primary education curricula, with a Primary School Resource Pack referenced (EG.02, VUV 4,000,000, long-term, with a TK protection bill under review); conducting a national awareness campaign on biodiversity conservation and sustainable use (EG.03, VUV 3,000,000, medium-term); establishing a Research Authority under the Ministry of Climate Change (EG.04, VUV 1,000,000, medium-term); developing SOPs for the MoCC Research Authority (EG.05, VUV 100,000, medium-term); conducting a research capacity needs assessment to identify biodiversity research gaps (EG.06, VUV 1,000,000, medium-term); establishing a biodiversity laboratory under DEPC, with construction currently supporting this (EG.07, VUV 10,000,000, short-term); integrating scientific and traditional knowledge into capacity development (EG.08, VUV 5,000,000, long-term); preserving and strengthening traditional knowledge on biodiversity use and management (EG.09, VUV 4,000,000, medium-term); formalising the CCA Rangers Program (EG.10, VUV 15,000,000, medium-term, with community monitoring programs initiated in Tafea and Malampa); conducting CCA Rangers training on biodiversity rapid assessment methodologies (EG.11, VUV 5,000,000, medium-term); formally registering CCA Management Committees with VFSC as a donor requirement (EG.12, VUV 500,000, short-term); and researching best IAS control approaches through South-South cooperation (EG.13, VUV 5,000,000, medium-term). Provincial plans include extensive awareness and training activities: Torba will recruit an Environmental Extension Officer; Sanma, Penama, Malampa, and Shefa all plan biodiversity awareness campaigns, CCA ranger training, and IAS management workshops; Tafea plans community police/ranger training, eco-tourism training, and water catchment management capacity building. Target 20 is allocated VUV 61,500,000.
Yemen	By 2030, ensure an adequate scientific base, transfer traditional knowledge, enhance scientific research capabilities, monitoring capabilities, encourage innovations, and enable stakeholders to design, implement, and use advanced technology to conserve biodiversity. Ensure unrestricted access to necessary information, data, and technology for all stakeholders, including community members, involved in biodiversity management and conservation.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 18, aligned to GBF Targets 20 and 21 combined, committing to ensure an adequate scientific base by 2030, transfer traditional knowledge, enhance scientific research and monitoring capabilities, encourage innovations, and enable stakeholders to design, implement, and use advanced technology to conserve biodiversity. The target also commits to ensuring unrestricted access to necessary information, data, and technology for all stakeholders, including community members. Pathway 4, Output 4.2 is dedicated to making information, data, and knowledge available and accessible to decision-makers. The strategy notes significant data gaps due to the ongoing conflict, including lack of species population data, IUCN classification, and forest degradation assessments. Traditional knowledge on ecosystem restoration and conservation is identified as an underutilized resource requiring documentation and sharing. Five strategic actions (ACT 4.6 through ACT 4.10) address: establishing partnerships with local and international research institutions, developing communication strategies for knowledge transfer, building capacity of communities (women, people with special needs, children) on available technologies, researching and documenting traditional practices on biodiversity conservation, and training communities on scientific research with emphasis on women and youth. The capacity building section identifies critical needs at individual, organizational, and community levels, specifying technologies including plant propagation, genetic conservation, water and marine technologies, GIS, and remote sensing. The information and data budget is US$0.3 million.
Zambia	By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied.	National Target 17 commits to improving, widely sharing, transferring, and applying knowledge, the science base, and technologies relating to biodiversity, its functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss by 2020. The strategy identifies inadequate information and data about biodiversity trends as a key national need, noting that without a good knowledge base it is almost impossible to prioritize investment in the biodiversity sector. The M&E framework calls for a national research agenda to be developed by 2016, with financial and other support leveraged through the UNCBD and the Government for research and knowledge management. Capacity building features across multiple targets: training personnel for biodiversity monitoring and analysis; establishing biodiversity observatories in representative ecosystems; building capacity for integrated land use planning; and strengthening fisheries monitoring capacity among key stakeholders. The strategy acknowledges the country may require external support in addressing its data challenges. Research institutions including the Southern Africa Science Services Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Management, and the Zambia Agricultural Research Institute (ZARI) are identified as key stakeholders.
Australia		The NBSAP does not address international capacity-building or technology transfer to developing countries as envisioned by GBF Target 20. However, Goal 3 (Share and build knowledge) commits to building domestic scientific and knowledge capacity. This includes drawing on science, research, monitoring, Indigenous Ecological Knowledge, field practitioners, and citizen scientists. The strategy commits to filling knowledge gaps about Australia's nature and supporting the use of Indigenous Ecological Knowledge in respectful, culturally appropriate, and equitable ways. The data enabler (§30) commits to establishing Environment Information Australia, a Biodiversity Data Repository, and a National Environmental Standard for data. Objective 11 works to enhance access to environmental information and connect First Nations peoples, scientists, policy developers, and land and water managers for well-informed decision-making.
Switzerland		The NBSAP references capacity-building and technology transfer primarily in the context of international cooperation. SBS Objective 9 addresses strengthening international engagement, and the International Cooperation Strategy 2025–2028 identifies biodiversity financing mobilisation as a central objective. SDC, SECO, and FOEN fund international cooperation projects contributing to biodiversity objectives. Domestically, Measure M14 (Optimised management of biodiversity data and information) includes elements of knowledge transfer and capacity development for Swiss stakeholders. However, the action plan does not include a dedicated measure specifically addressing capacity-building, technology transfer, and scientific cooperation for developing countries as framed by Target 20.
Luxembourg		The NBSAP addresses domestic capacity building across several domains but does not frame these actions in terms of international technology transfer or scientific cooperation with developing countries, which is the core focus of KMGBF Target 20. Domestically, the strategy identifies a need for additional human resources across the Nature and Forests Administration, the Water Management Administration, and the Environment Administration, estimating approximately 49 additional staff: 8 for conceptual services, 35 for operational services, and 6 for support services (IT, database management, accounting). Continuing professional training is planned for foresters, farmers, viticulturists, market gardeners, and other food producers, with evaluations and adaptations of existing offerings in collaboration with training actors. Specialised training is also foreseen for architects, urban planners, design offices, technicians, and municipal employees in urban greening and land artificialisation. The strategy establishes integrated advisory concepts for both agriculture and forestry, each involving multidisciplinary adviser teams, operational frameworks, IT tools for data interoperability, and joint enhanced training programmes. A network of "agriculture-biodiversity-water" demonstration farms is planned to train farmers as multipliers for environmentally sound practices. Nature and Forest Centres are to be renewed with master plans, qualified staff, and pedagogical concepts. The national platform for environmental education and sustainable development (EEDD) is to be evaluated and optimised. Luxembourg also commits to joining the European research network "Biodiversa+" and to investing in research on biodiversity, ecosystem services, nature-based solutions, and natural capital to increase the attractiveness of its university hub and research institutes.
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		The alignment analysis identifies Axes 1 (Knowledge) and 5 (Education) as having the greatest direct contribution to Target 20. All axes contribute in different enabling ways, with Axes 5 and 2 presenting the most enabling actions. Axis 5 contains extensive capacity-building actions: training of specialists in conservation and sustainable use (5.1.5), training and professional development of teachers and lecturers in environmental education (5.1.6, 5.1.7), capacities for decision-makers (5.2.4), training of environmental promoters (5.2.5), training of environmental communicators (5.3.3), and inclusive environmental education (5.1.12). From Axis 1, citizen science programmes (1.3.1), tools and capacities for citizen participation (1.3.3), community participatory monitoring (1.3.4), and IT tools (1.4.7) contribute directly. From Axis 6, local technical agencies (6.3.8), self-management capacities (6.3.7), and local and regional coordination mechanisms (6.3.5) also contribute.
Panama		The NBSAP identifies capacity strengthening and technology transfer as one of three key implementation needs alongside financing. The First Biennial Transparency Report 2024 presents these as priority areas for guiding international support. SINAP has been strengthened through ranger training and satellite environmental monitoring technologies. International cooperation partners provide "not only financing, but also technical assistance, institutional strengthening and direct benefits for rural communities." The strategy also references the use of remote sensing and participatory analyses such as the National Mapathon. However, the NBSAP does not present a dedicated capacity-building programme or technology transfer strategy with specific targets.
Sweden		The NBSAP does not provide a dedicated chapter on target 20. Relevant content is distributed: Sweden's research base is described (universities, Formas, Mistra and its BIOPATH programme) as contributing to knowledge development nationally, in the EU and globally. Digitalisation — including AI, satellite data, laser scanning, sensors and eDNA — is cited as improving environmental monitoring and species inventory. Sida works long-term with capacity development for nature conservation and sustainable management of natural resources, and supports countries to develop national biodiversity strategies and climate plans, thereby creating opportunities for domestic resource mobilization; Sida support is stated to contribute to targets including 20. The intergovernmental IPBES platform produces assessments (including the forthcoming Business and Biodiversity Assessment). No quantified targets or new capacity-building commitments specific to target 20 are provided.
Slovenia	By 2025, traditional knowledge, innovation, scientific bases and technologies will be integrated into the preservation of BD.	The NEAP 2020–2030 addresses domestic capacity building for biodiversity conservation but does not contain measures oriented toward international technology transfer or South-South/triangular cooperation. The Strategic Plan's National Objective 10 states that by 2025, traditional knowledge, innovation, scientific bases and technologies will be integrated into the preservation of biodiversity. Measures include improving farmer competencies for biodiversity conservation (10.1.1), implementing research and monitoring defined in the Natura 2000 Management Programme (10.2.1), and promoting the linking of research in biodiversity and climate change and ecosystem services (10.2.2). National Objective 4 commits to improving research and monitoring of biodiversity status by 2030, including establishing monitoring in selected organism indicator groups (4.1.1), carrying out extensive planned monitorings in pilot areas (4.1.2), and promoting capacity building of institutions and individuals involved in biodiversity conservation (4.2.1). Measure 4.2.2 encourages citizen science participation. Table 1 includes education measures: supplementing primary and secondary school programmes with nature protection content (Measures 33–34, 2020–2025), training employees in jobs concerning interventions with nature (Measure 35, 2025 onwards), and training biodiversity conservation services (Measure 36, ongoing).