Germany

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Western EuropeApplies 2024–2030Source: National Biodiversity Strategy 2030

1. Overview

The National Biodiversity Strategy 2030 (NBS 2030) is the German government's updated national biodiversity strategy and action plan, developed in response to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 [§7]. The governing coalition committed in its 2021 Coalition Agreement to update the strategy "with action plans, specific targets and measures, enshrine it in binding provisions and strengthen the associated scientific monitoring" [§7]. The final draft was presented to Federal Cabinet in December 2024, following a public consultation that generated more than 900 comments and 80 position statements [§8].

The NBS 2030 sets 64 national commitments* across 21 action areas, each with specific indicators attached to enable ongoing measurement [§9]. These commitments span domestic conservation, restoration, pollution reduction, agricultural transformation, climate-biodiversity integration, and international cooperation. The strategy also articulates a 2050 Vision** in which "species diversity and landscape quality will have significantly improved and attained a good status in all habitats in Germany" [§9].

All measures fall within the province of the Federal Government and are subject to a competence reservation and a funding proviso — being "viable only if responsibility to fund them lies with the Federal Government and they are financed from within the relevant ministerial budget or policy area" [§7]. Implementation proceeds through two consecutive action plans: the first covering 2024–2027, the second 2027–2030, with a formal mid-course assessment in 2027 [§9].

Germany's NBS 2030 is one of the most granular NBSAPs submitted, with 64 quantified or directional commitments across 21 action areas — but every measure is explicitly constrained to federal competence and existing ministerial budgets, and the strategy contains no aggregate cost estimate or dedicated finance envelope.

Sources:

§7 — The National Biodiversity Strategy 2030 – launching into effective action
§8 — The NBS 2030 development process
§9 — Internal design/composition of the NBS 2030 > Structure of the NBS 2030

2. Ecological Context

Germany's terrestrial landscape is dominated by two land uses: more than half is agricultural land [§69] and over 32% is forested [§60]. Left to natural processes, approximately 90% of the country would be covered in forest; centuries of exploitation reduced forest cover to just over 10% by the 18th–19th century before reforestation efforts brought it to its current extent [§60]. Germany sits at the heart of Europe's beech country and bears responsibility for the continent's beech forests [§60].

Of approximately 36,000 assessed species and subspecies, 29% are categorised as threatened with extinction or already extinct in Germany — comprising 32% of plants, 23% of fungi and lichens, 37% of vertebrates, and 32% of invertebrates [§4]. Decline is especially marked among insects: almost 34% of the nearly 14,000 assessed insect species are threatened or extinct [§4]. The 2017 Krefeld Entomological Society study presented evidence that total flying insect biomass declined by approximately three quarters since 1989, confirmed by additional studies in other EU member states [§4]. Between 1980 and 2011, wild bee numbers fell by about 42% [§4].

Agricultural landscapes are the primary pressure zone. Among bird species characteristic of open landscapes, 70% are considered vulnerable, with a further 13% near threatened [§4]. Intensive farming has resulted in "a creeping disappearance of species and habitats that depend on low-intensity land use," compounded by larger farm units and removal of field margins, hedgerows, and field copses [§69]. Almost 70% of Germany's Habitats Directive habitat types are in a poor or bad condition [§4], and almost two in three biotope types are under threat [§4].

In the Alps, the average temperature has risen by almost 2°C in the last 100 years — compared with a global rise of around 0.8°C — with effects on species migration, glacier retreat, and acute risks including water scarcity and landslides [§118]. Coastal and marine biodiversity faces pressure from nutrient contamination alongside intensive use for shipping, fisheries, renewable energy expansion, and port installations [§102].

Conservation successes include the total area of nature conservation areas and national parks increasing from 3.2% to 4.6% of land area between 2000 and 2020 [§6], organic farming reaching 11.2% of agricultural land in 2023 [§6], and species recovery contributing to the return of wild cat, grey seal, wolf, beaver, black stork, white-tailed eagle, and little owl [§6]. None of the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets were fully achieved, and the majority of Germany's own NBS 2007 targets had not been achieved by 2020 [§6].

Sources:

§4 — A. Introduction > Biodiversity – the disappearing web of life
§6 — A. Introduction > Nature in crisis – previous efforts are not enough
§60 — Action area 7: Forests
§69 — Action area 8: Agricultural landscapes and food
§102 — Action area 10: Coasts and seas
§118 — Action area 12: High-altitude mountains

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

With 64 national commitments across 21 action areas, the NBS 2030 is one of the most granular NBSAPs submitted. Of these, approximately 18 are measurable commitments with quantified thresholds and deadlines; the remainder are directional aspirations specifying intent without defined thresholds. The commitments are presented below grouped thematically.

Species protection (Commitments 1.1–1.3)

The strategy commits to reversing declines in wild species and intraspecific diversity by 2030, with population status "significantly improved" and regional extinction risk "minimised" by 2050 [§18]. Directional aspiration. A dedicated insect commitment (1.2) sets the number of insect species with deteriorating Red List short-term population trends to "at least remain stable" and the decline in insect biomass to be "stopped" by 2030 [§22] — a measurable commitment tracked through existing Red List methodology and biomass monitoring. The Insect Protection Act and amended Plant Protection Ordinance, adopted in 2021, are the principal instruments [§24]. A third commitment addresses alien species management, targeting "substantially reduced" introduction and spread [§26]. Directional aspiration. GBF Targets addressed: 4, 6.

Protected areas, connectivity, and wilderness (Commitments 2.1–2.4)

Germany commits to 30% protected areas on land and at sea by 2030, with one third under strict protection, in line with the EU Biodiversity Strategy and the GBF [§29]. Measurable commitment. A second commitment requires that at least 30% of Habitats Directive and Birds Directive species and habitats with unfavourable status in 2019 reach favourable status or an improving trend by 2030 [§31]. Measurable commitment. A functioning cross-regional biotope network is to cover at least 15% of Germany's land area by 2030, secured through legal protection under section 21(4) of the Federal Nature Conservation Act [§33]. Measurable commitment. Wilderness areas are to reach at least 2% of Germany's territory by 2030, up from approximately 0.6% [§35]. Measurable commitment. GBF Targets addressed: 1, 3.

Ecosystem restoration (Commitment 3.1)

Germany commits to contributing on "an appropriate scale" to the EU Nature Restoration Regulation target of effective restoration on at least 20% of EU land and sea areas by 2030, aligning with the GBF target of 30% of degraded ecosystems [§39]. Directional aspiration — the EU-level percentage is quantified, but Germany's own contribution is deferred. Peatland restoration receives separate quantified treatment (see Commitment 9.4). GBF Target addressed: 2.

Soil and land use (Commitments 4.1–4.2)

Daily land take is to be reduced to less than 30 hectares per day by 2030, down from approximately 52 hectares, with net-zero land take by 2050 through circular land-use management [§45]. Measurable commitment. The good biological condition of soils is to be "comprehensively defined" by 2030 [§43]. Directional aspiration. GBF Target addressed: 1.

Agriculture and food (Commitments 8.1–8.9)

This action area contains the strategy's densest cluster of measurable commitments. Organic farming is to reach 30% of agricultural land by 2030 [§82]. Measurable commitment. The risk and use of synthetic chemical plant protection products is to be cut by 50% relative to 2011–2013 [§84]. Measurable commitment. Food waste is to be halved relative to 2015 [§80]. Measurable commitment. Nitrogen surplus reduction aims for 70 kg N/ha/yr "as a first step" [§86] — a directional aspiration given the hedged language. Commitments on farmland biodiversity status [§72], landscape features [§74], sustainable food value chains [§76], sustainable diets [§78], and biotechnology precaution [§88] are directional aspirations. Key instruments include the CAP eco-schemes, the Commission on the Future of Agriculture recommendations, and the federal animal husbandry reorganisation programme launched in 2024 [§70][§71]. GBF Targets addressed: 7, 10, 16.

Inland waters, floodplains, and peatlands (Commitments 9.1–9.4)

Watercourses are to gain 10% more natural floodable area by 2030 relative to the 2021 baseline [§97]. Measurable commitment. All natural and near-natural peatlands are to be protected, with at least 70% at good conservation status by 2030 and 25% of currently drained peat soils rewetted by 2050 [§99]. Measurable commitment. The National Peatland Protection Strategy, adopted in November 2022, contains 49 goals and 117 measures centred on rewetting, with annual greenhouse gas emissions from peat soils to be reduced by at least 5 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalent by 2030 [§101]. The Blue Belt programme carries out nature restoration along federal waterways and their floodplains [§94]. Commitments on inland water status [§92] and watercourse passability [§95] are directional aspirations. GBF Targets addressed: 2, 8.

Forests (Commitments 7.1–7.4)

Forest cover is to increase by 10,000 hectares through climate-stable, semi-natural forests, without converting high-nature-value open landscapes [§65]. Measurable commitment. At least 5% of forested area — or 10% of publicly owned forests — is to be left to natural development [§67]. Measurable commitment. Forest species diversity [§61] and climate resilience [§63] commitments are directional aspirations. GBF Targets addressed: 10.

Coasts and seas (Commitments 10.1–10.3)

Restoration measures are to cover at least 20% of the exclusive economic zone, territorial sea, and associated river basins by 2030 [§106]. Measurable commitment. Good environmental status under the MSFD [§104] and sustainable marine resource use [§108] are directional aspirations. GBF Targets addressed: 2, 3.

Pollution reduction (Commitments 15.1–15.4)

The area of sensitive ecosystems where nitrogen levels exceed critical loads is to be reduced by 50%, and nitrogen emissions from all sources reduced by 50%, by 2030 [§137]. Measurable commitment, with explicit reference to GBF Target 7. Plastic inputs [§139] and light pollution [§141] commitments are directional aspirations. GBF Target addressed: 7.

Climate and nature-based solutions (Commitments 13.1–13.2)

The Federal Action Plan on Nature-based Solutions for Climate and Biodiversity contains 69 measures across ten fields of action, serving as Germany's key LULUCF instrument [§125]. The commitment to "significantly advance" NbS is a directional aspiration [§123]. GBF Target addressed: 8.

Economy, finance, and consumption (Commitments 16.1–16.5)

Businesses are to align strategies, reporting, and financial flows with the GBF by 2030, operating within the CSRD/ESRS framework [§146]. Biodiversity criteria are to be incorporated into federal public procurement "in suitable cases" [§146]. The 2024 Annual Economic Report included a biodiversity indicator for the first time [§143]. All five commitments are directional aspirations. GBF Targets addressed: 14, 15, 16, 19.

International cooperation and supply chains (Commitments 20.1–20.5, 21.1–21.2)

Germany commits to advocacy on ABS, DSI, the Cali Fund, and Cartagena Protocol obligations [§175][§177]. All commitments are directional aspirations. GBF Targets addressed: 13, 17, 20.

Sources:

§18–§88 — Action areas 1–8
§92–§108 — Action areas 9–10
§123–§152 — Action areas 13–16
§169–§182 — Action areas 20–21

4. Delivery Architecture

The NBS 2030 links to over 20 national strategies and five EU-level instruments [§11][§12]. The principal named instruments include:

Conservation and restoration. The National Species Recovery Programme funds species action plans for marine and terrestrial species, supplemented by compensation payments from wind turbine and power line operators [§20]. The National Peatland Protection Strategy (49 goals, 117 measures) centres on voluntary participation and financial incentives for peatland rewetting [§101]. The Blue Belt programme restores federal waterways and floodplains through a joint Federal Environment and Transport Ministry mandate [§94]. The National Natural Heritage initiative has placed approximately 164,000 hectares of federally owned land — former military sites, the Green Belt along the former East–West border, and former lignite mining areas — permanently at the disposal of conservation [§166].

Climate-biodiversity integration. The Federal Action Plan on Nature-based Solutions (69 measures, ten fields of action) is the primary LULUCF instrument [§125]. The Federal Defragmentation Programme reestablishes habitat connectivity fragmented by the road network, deploying green bridges and crossing aids [§164].

Agriculture. The CAP eco-schemes and agri-environment-climate measures form the "green architecture" for agricultural transformation [§70]. The Organic Strategy 2030 supports the 30% organic farming target. The Insect Protection Act and amended Plant Protection Ordinance anchor the insect biomass commitment in legislation [§24].

Urban biodiversity. The Federal Biological Diversity Programme funds urban greenery under the Stadtnatur master plan and supports municipalities in creating biodiversity strategies [§115].

Legislative framework. The Federal Nature Conservation Act provides the legal basis for biotope network protection (section 21(4)) and protected area management. The EU Nature Restoration Regulation requires Germany to submit a National Restoration Plan by 2026 [§39].

At the subnational level, 15 of 16 federal states have developed their own biodiversity strategies or comparable action plans [§186].

Sources:

§11–§12 — Links to other strategies and processes
§20, §24 — Action area 1: Protection of species
§70 — Action area 8: Agricultural landscapes
§94, §101 — Action area 9: Inland waters, floodplains and peatlands
§115 — Action area 11: Cities and settlements
§125 — Action area 13: Climate change
§164, §166 — Action area 19: Transport infrastructure and federal property
§186 — Cooperation with the federal states and municipalities

4a. Germany's Phased Delivery Model and Federal Constraints

Two structural features distinguish Germany's delivery architecture from most NBSAPs: a two-phase action plan model and an explicit competence reservation.

Two-phase implementation. Rather than a single action plan for the period to 2030, the NBS 2030 splits implementation into Action Plan 1 (2024–2027) and Action Plan 2 (2027–2030). The 2027 assessment evaluates target achievement via indicators and reviews progress on measures, pointing out "both successes and room for improvement" [§185]. Its findings feed directly into the second action plan, enabling "purposeful course-correction on a shorter timeframe" [§184]. Preparation for the next NBS update, to take effect after 2030, begins during the second action plan's runtime [§184].

Competence reservation and funding proviso. All measures are explicitly viable only where responsibility lies with the Federal Government and financing comes from within the relevant ministerial budget [§7][§184]. This constraint reflects Germany's federal structure, in which the 16 federal states retain substantial competence over land use, nature conservation, and spatial planning. The strategy acknowledges that "without them, it will be impossible to combat biodiversity loss effectively" [§186].

Federal-state-municipal coordination. Of the 16 federal states, 15 have developed their own biodiversity strategies; the sixteenth is being drafted [§186]. The Kommbio alliance (Kommunen für biologische Vielfalt), founded in 2012 with 60 municipalities, now comprises more than 400 municipalities, cities, and districts representing over 32.7 million people — 39% of Germany's population. All members have signed the Biodiversity in Municipalities declaration. As of 2024, Kommbio receives institutional funding of €500,000 annually from the federal budget [§186].

Sources:

§7 — The National Biodiversity Strategy 2030 – launching into effective action
§184 — Further developing the NBS 2030, its action plans and follow-up strategy
§185 — Review and reporting
§186 — Cooperation with the federal states and municipalities

5. Monitoring and Accountability

Assessment of NBS 2030 implementation rests on two pillars, with priority given to "unbureaucratic implementation" [§185].

The first pillar reviews target achievement. The strategy's indicator set makes it possible to "transparently and quantitatively measure progress towards most of the targets" [§185]. The indicator set is undergoing further development, with the aim of maximising use of existing data and digitising and automating data collection and analysis [§185]. Multiple indicators in Annex I are flagged as "to be developed" or "currently not measurable" — including the financial-sector biodiversity indicator [§209] — indicating the monitoring infrastructure is not yet complete.

The second pillar examines implementation of measures. Annual updates are gathered from the responsible ministry for each measure, enabling corrective steps while the current action plan is in effect [§185].

Formal assessments are scheduled for 2027 and 2030. The 2027 assessment informs the second action plan; the 2030 assessment evaluates target achievement and provides insight into progress toward the 2050 Vision [§185][§9].

The National Monitoring Centre for Biodiversity serves as the institutional anchor for nationwide monitoring, comprising standardised, systematic, and long-term surveys involving all ministries and stakeholders [§56][§57].

For the CBD, Germany is due to submit its seventh national report by 28 February 2026 and its eighth by 30 June 2029, compiled via the CBD online reporting tool separately from national assessments [§185].

Stakeholder engagement continues through the NBS dialogue platform (biologische-vielfalt.de), the National Forum, and forums for federal states, associations, young people, municipalities, business, science, and civil society [§189][§190].

Sources:

§9 — Structure of the NBS 2030
§56–§57 — Action area 6: Digitalisation, data and research
§185 — Review and reporting
§189–§190 — Dialogue with stakeholder groups / NBS dialogue platform
§209 — Annex: indicators/metrics > Action area 16

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

The NBS 2030 contains no aggregate cost estimate, no dedicated funding envelope, and no specific currency amounts for biodiversity spending. The strategy treats finance through the lens of mainstreaming biodiversity into existing financial decision-making — natural capital accounting, corporate reporting, public procurement, and financial-sector transparency — rather than through a dedicated mobilisation target or quantified resource gap [§143][§150][§152].

Commitment 16.5 commits to continuing "established and effective funding programmes for the conservation and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems," refining them and developing new measures as appropriate [§152]. The annex confirms that aggregate annual public expenditure on biodiversity is tracked as an available indicator, though no figure is stated [§209]. The strategy notes that at the EU level, no separate funding instrument for nature conservation exists; funding is drawn from agricultural, structural, cohesion funds, EMFAF, and the LIFE programme [§153].

The financial-sector biodiversity indicator (Commitment 16.4) is explicitly flagged as "currently not measurable" [§209]. The strategy does not articulate a national position on the GBF Target 19 resource mobilisation figures ($200bn/yr or $20bn/yr). No subsidies are identified as biodiversity-harmful, and no phase-out timeline is provided.

The only specific currency amount in the NBS 2030 is the €500,000 annual institutional funding for the Kommbio municipal alliance [§186].

Sources:

§143–§153 — Action area 16: The economy, financial flows and consumption
§186 — Cooperation with the federal states and municipalities
§209 — Annex: indicators/metrics > Action area 16

7. GBF Target Coverage

Target 1: Spatial planning — Addressed

Germany commits to reducing daily land take to less than 30 hectares per day by 2030 (from approximately 52 hectares), with net-zero land take by 2050 through circular land-use management. A functioning cross-regional biotope network on at least 15% of land area is to be legally secured by 2030 under section 21(4) of the Federal Nature Conservation Act. The National Restoration Plan, required under the EU Nature Restoration Regulation, is due by 2026. Indicators include daily land-take rate and functional biotope-network area share.

Target 2: Ecosystem restoration — Addressed

Germany commits to contributing on "an appropriate scale" to the EU Nature Restoration Regulation target of 20% of EU land and sea areas by 2030, aligning with the GBF target of 30% of degraded ecosystems. Peatland restoration receives separate quantified treatment: all natural peatlands protected with 70% at good status by 2030, and 25% of drained peat soils rewetted by 2050, delivered through the National Peatland Protection Strategy (49 goals, 117 measures). Coastal/marine restoration covers at least 20% of the EEZ and territorial sea. Indicators include peatland conservation status, rewetted area, and GHG emissions from peat soils.

Target 3: Protected areas (30x30) — Addressed

The strategy commits to 30% protected areas on land and at sea with one third under strict protection by 2030. Natura 2000 conservation status is to halt deterioration, with 30% of species and habitats at unfavourable status in 2019 reaching favourable status or improving trend. A biotope network on 15% of land area and wilderness on 2% of territory (up from 0.6%) complement the protected-area commitment. Indicators include area under protection, strict-protection proportion, Habitats Directive status, and wilderness area share.

Target 4: Species recovery — Addressed

The National Species Recovery Programme, run by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, funds species action plans for marine and terrestrial species, partly through renewable energy compensation payments. The Red List of native livestock breeds identifies 59 of 83 native breeds (71%) as threatened (October 2024). A dedicated insect commitment sets the number of species with deteriorating short-term population trends to at least remain stable and biomass decline to be stopped, backed by the Insect Protection Act. Indicators include Red List trends, insect biomass, and livestock breed endangerment status.

Target 5: Sustainable harvest — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 5 was not identified in this NBSAP.

Target 6: Invasive alien species — Mentioned

Commitment 1.3 calls for effective management to "substantially reduce" the introduction, establishment, and spread of alien species by 2030, with strategies for conflict minimisation regarding naturally returning species. No standalone invasive alien species management programme is described.

Target 7: Pollution reduction — Addressed

Nitrogen emissions from all sources are to be reduced by 50% by 2030, with explicit reference to GBF Target 7. The area of sensitive ecosystems exceeding nitrogen critical loads is to be reduced by 50%. Pesticide risk and use is to be cut by 50% relative to 2011–2013. Plastics inputs are to be "significantly reduced," with the Single-Use Plastics Fund Act creating extended producer responsibility. Light pollution receives a separate commitment. Indicators include critical-load exceedance area, nitrogen emissions, pesticide-use index, and dark-sky landscape share.

Target 8: Climate and biodiversity — Addressed

The Federal Action Plan on Nature-based Solutions (69 measures, ten fields of action) is the primary LULUCF instrument. The strategy commits to advancing NbS to jointly address biodiversity loss and climate change and achieve Federal Climate Change Act section 3a targets. Federal climate measures are to be designed as nature-friendly as possible. The strategy flags carbon dioxide removal technologies as a potential source of conflict with biodiversity. Indicators include LULUCF sector emissions and NbS implementation progress.

Target 9: Wild species use — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 9 was not identified in this NBSAP.

Target 10: Agriculture / forestry — Addressed

The strategy sets a 30% organic farming target by 2030, a 50% pesticide reduction relative to 2011–2013, and a food-waste halving relative to 2015. Forest cover is to increase by 10,000 hectares, and 5% of forest area (or 10% of public forest) is to be left to natural development. The CAP eco-schemes and the Commission on the Future of Agriculture recommendations provide the agricultural policy framework. A federal animal husbandry reorganisation programme launched in 2024. Indicators include organic farming share, pesticide-use index, food waste volume, forest area, and natural-forest-development share.

Target 11: Ecosystem services (NbS) — Addressed

The strategy commits to ensuring that the value of natural capital finds "greater expression" in annual economic reports and political decisions. The 2024 Annual Economic Report included a biodiversity indicator for the first time. The National Welfare Index supplements GDP for prosperity measurement. Ecosystem accounts are under development at the Federal Statistical Office. The Federal Action Plan on NbS serves as the primary delivery mechanism.

Target 12: Urban biodiversity — Addressed

The Federal Biological Diversity Programme includes a funding priority for urban greenery under the Stadtnatur master plan. Municipalities receive support for creating biodiversity strategies. Commitment 11.2 calls for all residents to have urban greenery "within walking distance" by 2030. The Kommbio alliance encompasses over 400 municipalities representing 39% of Germany's population. Indicators include urban green-space area and municipal biodiversity strategy adoption.

Target 13: Genetic resources / ABS — Addressed

Germany advocates for efficient multilateral ABS rules, open access to DSI, and implementation of the CBD multilateral mechanism for equitable benefit-sharing. At the national level, measures are being developed to motivate DSI users to share benefits fairly. The strategy includes specific positions on the Cali Fund — supporting private-sector incentives while opposing taxes or charges — and on avoiding duplicate requirements across ABS instruments. The Cartagena Protocol was ratified via a dedicated national act in 2003.

Target 14: Mainstreaming — Addressed

The NBS 2030's 21-action-area structure reflects a whole-of-government approach, with all ministries called on to integrate biodiversity into their programmes. Businesses are to align strategies and financial flows with the GBF by 2030. Biodiversity criteria are to be incorporated into federal public procurement. The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are referenced as the conduct standard. The 2024 Annual Economic Report's inclusion of a biodiversity indicator is identified as a milestone.

Target 15: Business disclosure — Addressed

Businesses are to align strategies, reporting, and financial flows with the GBF and reduce negative biodiversity impacts by 2030. The strategy references the CSRD/ESRS framework for tracking corporate sustainability reports that include biodiversity effects. A "temporary nature" concept is to provide legal certainty for voluntary conservation measures on development sites. Indicators include the number of CSRD reports addressing biodiversity and the number of corporate biodiversity transition plans.

Target 16: Sustainable consumption — Addressed

Food waste is to be halved relative to 2015 (against an 11-million-tonne annual baseline). Biodiversity considerations are to be incorporated into environmental certification, labelling, and footprint calculations in the European internal market. Germany's consumption footprint is to be reduced by 2030. The strategy references sufficiency-oriented lifestyles and improved product-lifetime information.

Target 17: Biosafety — Addressed

Germany commits to continuing its obligations under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Implementation Plan adopted at COP-MOP 10 in 2022. No genetically modified organisms have been cultivated in Germany and none have been released since 2012; the GMO cultivation indicator is suspended. New indicators on monitoring plans and GMO imports are under development.

Target 18: Harmful subsidies — Mentioned

The strategy does not contain a specific commitment on identifying or reforming biodiversity-harmful subsidies. The closest measure is the call to replace CAP direct payments with financial support for farmers' environmental and climate efforts, in line with the Commission on the Future of Agriculture's recommendations. No subsidies are named as biodiversity-harmful and no phase-out timeline is provided.

Target 19: Finance mobilisation — Mentioned

The strategy addresses financial-sector transparency (Commitment 16.4) and continuation of public funding programmes (Commitment 16.5), but does not articulate a national position on GBF Target 19 resource mobilisation figures. The financial-sector biodiversity indicator is flagged as "currently not measurable." No aggregate budget or mobilisation target is included.

Target 20: Capacity and technology — Addressed

Germany commits to international responsibility for coordinating biodiversity and climate goals in negotiations. The strategy calls for extensive measures in international cooperation for knowledge sharing and capacity development, and advocates for multilateral development banks to support global public goods. The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration is implemented nationally through a coordination office, recognition competition, and scientific advisory board. Effects of Germany's domestic measures on the Global South are explicitly noted.

Target 21: Data and information — Addressed

The National Monitoring Centre for Biodiversity is to further develop and expand nationwide monitoring by 2030, with the involvement of all ministries and stakeholders. The NBS dialogue platform provides public access to implementation progress. Several Annex I indicators are flagged as still "to be developed," reflecting monitoring infrastructure gaps. Corporate reporting under CSRD/ESRS will generate additional biodiversity data.

Target 22: Inclusive participation — Mentioned

The NBS 2030 describes engagement with nature conservation associations, municipalities, federal states, young people, and the academic community during its development. The ongoing dialogue process includes forums for various stakeholder groups. The strategy does not include specific provisions for indigenous peoples, gender-responsive approaches, persons with disabilities, or other marginalised groups beyond a general reference to youth.

Target 23: Gender equality — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 23 was not identified in this NBSAP.