Côte d'Ivoire

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Sub-Saharan AfricaApplies through 2025Source: Stratégie et Plan d'Action National pour la Biodiversité

Translated from French

This NBSAP was submitted before the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (December 2022). Target mappings are inferred and were not part of the document's original scope.

1. Overview

Côte d'Ivoire's Stratégie et Plan d'Action National pour la Biodiversité sets out the country's framework for conserving and sustainably managing biological diversity under a national vision extending to 2025. The strategy articulates 21 national commitments*The NBSAP uses objectif for its 21 headline commitments; this page uses "national commitment" to distinguish these from GBF Goals and Targets. organised under six strategic orientations, all with a 2020 target horizon nested within the longer vision statement [§7, §76].

The six strategic orientations** function as thematic pillars: safeguarding natural environments and their services; preserving species and genetic diversity; strengthening conservation infrastructure; valorising and sustainably using biodiversity; citizen mobilisation and knowledge dissemination; and strengthening national coordination and international cooperation [§76].

**Côte d'Ivoire organises its 21 national commitments under six orientations stratégiques (strategic orientations), which function as thematic pillars.

Of the 21 national commitments, seven contain quantified thresholds with deadlines (measurable commitments), while fourteen specify intent and direction without quantitative targets (directional aspirations). The NBSAP documents 17,343 species across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and describes a protected area network of over 6.4 million hectares [§7, §59]. It contains no aggregate budget, no currency-denominated line items, and no GDP-share allocation for biodiversity [§170, §176].

The strategy predates the Kunming-Montreal GBF. All target-alignment presented on this page is editorial, not official.

Côte d'Ivoire's NBSAP is a pre-GBF strategy with a 2020 action horizon set within a 2025 vision. It is organised around the country's own structure of six strategic orientations and 21 national commitments rather than the 23 GBF Targets, and contains no costed implementation budget.

Sources:

  • §7 — Executive Summary
  • §76 — Table No. 3: Objectives of the NBSAP
  • §59 — Conservation System > Protected Areas
  • §170 — Implementation of the Strategy > Strategy for mobilising financial resources
  • §176 — List of Tables

2. Ecological Context

Côte d'Ivoire sits within the Upper Guinea biodiversity hotspot. Its terrestrial ecosystems range from dense hygrophilous and mesophilous forests to pre-lagoonal savannahs and open woodlands, traversed by four major rivers — the Cavally (700 km), Sassandra (650 km), Bandama (1,050 km), and Comoé (1,160 km) [§12, §13]. The marine environment includes a continental shelf of approximately 10,000 km², a 550-km coastline, and a lagoon complex covering roughly 1,200 km² along the eastern coast [§14]. Six Ramsar wetlands are designated: the Sassandra-Dagbego complex, Fresco-Port Gauthier, Grand Bassam, Ehotilé Islands National Park, Nganda Nganda classified forest, and Azagny National Park [§15].

The recorded biological inventory comprises 17,343 species: 12,647 terrestrial (5,413 plants, 6,019 invertebrates, 1,215 vertebrates) and 4,696 aquatic [§16]. Endemism is notable — 62 plant species are Ivorian endemics, with additional "Sassandrian" species whose distribution centres on the hygrophilous forests between the Sassandra and Cavally rivers [§17]. Three amphibian species (Phrynobatrachus plicatus, Bufo daniedae, Kassina lamottei) and nine mammal species are reported as endemic [§16].

The country's ecological situation is defined by the scale and speed of forest loss. Forest cover extended across 12 million hectares in 1960 (46% of national territory); approximately three million hectares remain [§46]. Of 2.5 million hectares of classified forests in the forest zone, 40–50% are degraded into crops, fallow, and agricultural mosaics [§48]. Eighty-two fauna species are listed in IUCN threatened categories — 1 amphibian, 59 birds, and 22 mammals — and 26 vascular plant species have disappeared or are found only exceptionally since 1960 [§19, §18].

Wildlife exploitation is extreme. An estimated 36.5 million wild mammals (120,000 tonnes carcass-equivalent) were slaughtered in 1996, with 56% in the savannah zone [§36]. Hunting has been officially closed since 1974, yet the bushmeat and ivory trade persists — and ammunition shops remain authorised [§44]. Invasive aquatic plants — water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water fern (Salvinia molesta), and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) — have invaded lakes and lagoons, with at least 16 invasive alien plant species suspected in total [§41]. Twenty-five percent of agricultural pesticides reach aquatic environments [§50].

Ecosystem services underpin rural livelihoods: approximately 1,500 medicinal plant species, 120 wild food plant taxa, and 60 commercial timber species are in use [§31, §32, §33]. A study of the National Centre for Floristics arboretum — an artificial forest created in 1973 in urban Abidjan — found a carbon stock of 189.67 tC/ha, with sequestered CO₂ valued at 3,547 to 16,552 euros depending on carbon markets [§38].

Sources:

  • §12 — Main types of ecosystems > Terrestrial ecosystems
  • §13 — Main types of ecosystems > Inland water ecosystems
  • §14 — Main types of ecosystems > Marine and coastal ecosystems
  • §15 — Main types of ecosystems > Wetlands
  • §16 — Species Diversity
  • §17 — Endemic Species
  • §18 — Vulnerable, Rare or Endangered Species
  • §19 — Regarding the fauna
  • §31 — Provisioning Service > Timber and Service Wood
  • §32 — Provisioning Service > Medicinal Plants
  • §33 — Provisioning Service > Wild Food Plants
  • §36 — Bushmeat and Animal Trade
  • §38 — Regulating Service
  • §41 — Invasive Alien Species
  • §44 — Poaching
  • §46 — Logging
  • §48 — Agriculture
  • §50 — Pollution

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

The 21 national commitments are presented below grouped by strategic orientation. Each entry includes the GBF Target mapping, delivery instruments, measurability classification, and indicators where cited.

Strategic Orientation 1 — Safeguarding Natural Environments

National commitment 1: By 2020, at least 50% of ecosystems and habitats in rural areas are protected to ensure biodiversity conservation [§78].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 1 (spatial planning), Target 3 (protected areas)
  • Instruments: Environmental impact assessment integration, spatial planning at the design stage, territorial planning tools for decentralised authorities
  • Measurability: Measurable commitment — quantified threshold (50%), defined deadline
  • Indicators: None specified

National commitment 2: By 2020, 50% of inland water, marine, and coastal ecosystems are protected [§82].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 3 (protected areas), Target 8 (climate and biodiversity)
  • Instruments: Marine protected area establishment at five identified sites; climate change adaptation strategy for biodiversity; long-term observation systems
  • Measurability: Measurable commitment — quantified threshold (50%), defined deadline
  • Indicators: None specified

National commitment 3: By 2020, priority ecosystems and habitats are restored and preserved [§85].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 2 (ecosystem restoration)
  • Instruments: Legal classification of priority sites, habitat restoration, ecological monitoring; three named priority sites for restoration: Marahoué National Park, Mount Péko National Park, Abokouamékro wildlife reserve
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — no quantified threshold for "priority" or extent of restoration
  • Indicators: None specified

National commitment 4: By 2020, at least 50% of invasive alien species are controlled [§88].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 6 (invasive alien species)
  • Instruments: Quarantine facilities, early detection system, pathway monitoring (tourism, maritime transport, agriculture, horticulture, pet trade), eradication/control/containment measures
  • Measurability: Measurable commitment — quantified threshold (50%), defined deadline
  • Indicators: None specified

Strategic Orientation 2 — Preservation of Species and Genetic Diversity

National commitment 5: By 2020, the situation of nationally protected species has improved and their disappearance is halted "to the extent possible" [§93].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 4 (species recovery)
  • Instruments: Population reinforcement, updated national species inventory, intensified large mammal monitoring
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — "to the extent possible" removes a firm threshold
  • Indicators: None specified

National commitment 6: By 2020, safeguarding measures are implemented for 100% of priority species [§97].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 4 (species recovery)
  • Instruments: Priority species defined by ecological criteria (umbrella, keystone, characteristic species) and social criteria (flagship, economic importance); surveillance systems for priority species
  • Measurability: Measurable commitment — quantified threshold (100%), though "priority species" list is not fixed
  • Indicators: Spatio-temporal population trends for priority species [§100]

National commitment 7: By 2020, the state of genetic diversity is known and sustainable conservation measures are taken [§102].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 4 (species recovery), Target 13 (genetic resources / ABS)
  • Instruments: Genotypic characterisation of native species, on-farm breeder identification via rural extension agents (ANADER), reconstitution of ex situ collections lost during the 2002 sociopolitical crisis. The cotton programme has regenerated 82 genotypes and produced 600 gossypol strains as part of this reconstitution effort [§102].
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — no quantified threshold
  • Indicators: None specified

Strategic Orientation 3 — Strengthening Conservation Infrastructure

National commitment 8: By 2020, 100% of ecosystems and habitats are represented within a viable network of protected areas [§107].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 3 (protected areas)
  • Instruments: The existing network comprises 231 classified forests (4,198,000 ha), 8 national parks (1,732,100 ha), 6 nature reserves (339,630 ha), and 16 botanical reserves (198,418 ha) [§59]. Five sites identified for marine PA establishment. The strategy proposes incorporating 6,702 sacred forests (36,434 ha) into the conservation network. The Voluntary Nature Reserve mechanism (Law No. 2002-102) enables private protected areas.
  • Measurability: Measurable commitment — quantified threshold (100%), defined deadline
  • Indicators: None specified

National commitment 9: By 2020, 100% of protected areas are managed effectively [§111].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 3 (protected areas)
  • Instruments: Ecological corridor creation (Marahoué–Taï for elephants, Banco–Azagny for primates), restoration of degraded PAs, integration into local development plans, climate adaptation strategy for parks and reserves
  • Measurability: Measurable commitment — quantified threshold (100%), though "effectively" requires operationalising
  • Indicators: None specified

Strategic Orientation 4 — Valorisation and Sustainable Use

National commitment 10: By 2020, agricultural activity is economically viable, socially acceptable, and respectful of biodiversity [§119].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 10 (agriculture / forestry), Target 14 (mainstreaming)
  • Instruments: The Programme National d'Investissement Agricole (PNIA) — a $4 billion agricultural investment plan whose Component 6 targets rehabilitation of national forest cover to "ensure and maintain 20% coverage necessary for competitive agriculture" [§119]. Sustainable farming practices, integrated pest management, buffer zones between plantations and watercourses.
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — three qualitative conditions, no quantified threshold
  • Indicators: None specified

National commitment 11: By 2020, forest exploitation is compatible with biodiversity objectives [§123].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 10 (agriculture / forestry)
  • Instruments: Nature-oriented silviculture, forest certification (initiated in two classified forests), involvement of forest owners, strengthened regulation enforcement (SODEFOR)
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — compatibility is not quantified
  • Indicators: None specified

National commitment 12: By 2020, fishery resources are exploited with regard for stock renewal [§126].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 5 (sustainable harvest), Target 10 (agriculture / forestry)
  • Instruments: Preservation of breeding grounds, responsible fishing practice dissemination, strengthened surveillance. Industrial landings declined from 34,279 tonnes (2000) to 19,379 tonnes (2004) [§126].
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — no harvest level or stock threshold specified
  • Indicators: None specified

National commitment 13: By 2020, mining and petroleum development does not hinder biodiversity objectives [§131].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 14 (mainstreaming)
  • Instruments: Environmental impact assessment, mine-site restoration enforcement (legally required but compliance is a concern), monitoring personnel training
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — "does not hinder" is not quantified
  • Indicators: None specified

National commitment 14: By 2020, a sustainable management system for medicinal plants and other uses is in force [§134].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 9 (wild species use)
  • Instruments: Management framework for approximately 2,000 plant and animal species harvested for therapeutic, culinary, or daily use
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — "sustainable" is not defined quantitatively
  • Indicators: None specified

National commitment 15: By 2020, sustainable management of bushmeat and wildlife is ensured [§138].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 5 (sustainable harvest), Target 9 (wild species use)
  • Instruments: Standard assessment methods for wildlife populations, data collection on harvesting levels and commercialisation, CITES species identification training
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — no harvest ceiling or population threshold
  • Indicators: Population data, harvesting levels, bushmeat consumption, species commercialisation [§140]

National commitment 16: By 2020, biodiversity supports poverty-reduction initiatives [§142].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 9 (wild species use), Target 11 (ecosystem services)
  • Instruments: Identification and restoration of ecosystems generating resources and jobs; diversification of organism valorisation beyond the dozen forest species currently used by industry
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — no quantified threshold
  • Indicators: None specified

National commitment 17: By 2020, access to genetic resources, knowledge, and practices is governed by benefit-sharing mechanisms [§147].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 13 (genetic resources / ABS)
  • Instruments: Nagoya Protocol accession (unreserved), national ABS clearing-house under Article 14, legislative protection of traditional knowledge holders' rights
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — binary (mechanisms exist or not) but no quantified outcome
  • Indicators: None specified

Strategic Orientation 5 — Citizen Mobilisation and Knowledge

National commitment 18: By 2020, communication, awareness-raising, and education actions reach 70% of targets [§150].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 20 (capacity and technology), Target 21 (data and information)
  • Instruments: Communication and dissemination plan, NGO partnerships, Biological Diversity Erosion Control Unit
  • Measurability: Measurable commitment — quantified threshold (70%), defined deadline
  • Indicators: None specified

National commitment 19: By 2020, operational research teams are mobilised for biodiversity [§156].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 20 (capacity and technology), Target 21 (data and information)
  • Instruments: The NBSAP lists 14 specific taxa lacking taxonomic specialists — Viruses, Bryophytes, Lichens, Fungi, Pteridophytes, Algae, Protozoa, Reptiles, Amphibians, Annelids, Polychaetes, Avifauna, Terrestrial Molluscs, and Large Mammals. Measures include a competitive fund for researcher training and a national cartography of biodiversity [§156].
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — "operational" and "mobilised" not quantified
  • Indicators: None specified

Strategic Orientation 6 — National Coordination and International Cooperation

National commitment 20: By 2020, biodiversity policy is based on pertinent regulation and effective institutions [§161].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 14 (mainstreaming), Target 20 (capacity and technology)
  • Instruments: Legislative revision, new legislation for biodiversity damage reparation, targeted legal training for enforcement personnel, field presence reorganisation
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — qualitative conditions
  • Indicators: None specified

National commitment 21: By 2020, international cooperation for biodiversity is continuous and effective [§166].

  • GBF Target mapping: Target 20 (capacity and technology)
  • Instruments: Concerted management of transboundary ecosystems (Mount Nimba, Diambarakro), MEA synergy platform, common reporting indicators
  • Measurability: Directional aspiration — qualitative
  • Indicators: None specified

Sources:

  • §59 — Conservation System > Protected Areas
  • §76–§166 — Strategic Orientations 1–6 and Objectives 1–21 (as cited individually above)
  • §100 — Surveillance System for Priority Species
  • §140 — Monitoring and surveillance system for exploited species

4. Delivery Architecture

Legislation. The Code de l'environnement and Code de l'eau (both 1996) require environmental impact assessments for projects affecting protected areas [§56]. Côte d'Ivoire has ratified or acceded to the CBD (1994), CITES (1994), the Bonn Convention on migratory species (2000), and the Nagoya Protocol [§56, §148]. Law No. 2002-102 establishes the Voluntary Nature Reserve (RNV) mechanism for private protected areas [§107].

Conservation agencies. The Ivorian Office of Parks and Reserves (OIPR, established 2002) manages national parks and reserves. The Forest Development Corporation (SODEFOR, established 1992) manages classified forests. The Wildlife Directorate and Nature Protection Directorate (1991) handle species management. The National Centre for Floristics (CNF, 1973) maintains botanical research and ex situ collections [§56].

Research institutions. The National Centre for Agronomic Research (CNRA) consolidates the former Forest Institute and Savannah Institute. University-based research is anchored at Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Nangui Abrogoua University, and INP-HB [§56].

Programmatic frameworks. Biodiversity objectives are embedded within the National Environmental Action Plan (PNAE), the Forestry Master Plan, and the Framework Programme for Protected Area Management [§57]. The National Development Plan addresses biodiversity as a central issue. The World Bank's Country Environmental Profile recommends an ecological compensation mechanism, and the African Development Bank's Country Strategy Paper (2013–2017) identifies environment as a principal dialogue point [§57].

Ecological corridors. Two priority corridors are identified: the Marahoué–Taï corridor for elephants and the Banco–Azagny corridor for primates. The NBSAP notes that the existing PA network, while covering most of the territory, "is not sufficiently dense to ensure the ecological continuum indispensable for the existence and development of several species" [§112].

Information systems. A national biodiversity database is planned covering species, threatened species, genetic resources, and ecosystems. The Clearing-House Mechanism (CHM) is to serve as the primary data-sharing platform, with a separate ABS clearing-house under the Nagoya Protocol [§154, §149].

Sources:

  • §56 — Regulatory and Institutional Level
  • §57 — Programmes and Plans
  • §107 — Objective 8
  • §112 — Objective 9 > Biological corridors
  • §148 — Objective 17 > Nagoya Protocol
  • §149 — ABS Clearing-House
  • §154 — Information system on biological diversity

4a. Sacred Forests and Traditional Governance in the Conservation Network

Sacred forests appear in three distinct contexts across the NBSAP — as a mechanism for expanding the protected area network, as a governance model for traditional knowledge under access and benefit-sharing, and as a vehicle for community participation in conservation.

The NBSAP identifies 6,702 sacred forests totalling 36,434 hectares and proposes their inclusion in the national conservation network [§107]. These sites are described as having appreciable habitat conservation value and species richness. The governance design is structurally distinctive: management responsibility is to remain with ritual leaders and traditional authorities, while administrative monitoring is permitted alongside [§107]. This arrangement differs from most PA governance models, which transfer management authority to state agencies or co-management bodies.

The sacred forest mechanism connects to the NBSAP's approach to traditional knowledge more broadly. The strategy commits to identifying traditional knowledge contributing to conservation and sustainable use, and to developing legislative and regulatory texts protecting the intellectual property rights of local communities [§147]. The role of ritual leaders in sacred forest governance is presented as one expression of a broader principle: that community-held knowledge and practices deserve protection and institutional recognition within the conservation framework.

The NBSAP also frames sacred forests within its broader participation commitments, calling for the active involvement of populations in the management of priority conservation sites and for mechanisms to restore and use traditional knowledge while protecting holders' rights [§147, §112].

Sources:

  • §107 — Objective 8 > Sacred sites
  • §112 — Objective 9 > Population involvement
  • §147 — Objective 17 > Traditional knowledge

5. Monitoring and Accountability

Oversight. Implementation oversight is assigned to the National Council for the Protection of Nature (Conseil National de la Protection de la Nature), which provides scientific and technical opinions and may be consulted on draft biodiversity legislation. The Council coordinates nature protection conventions and multilateral agreements, functioning as a consultation platform between focal points, and supports the National Agency for Sustainable Development [§172].

Monitoring and evaluation. Monitoring is assigned to the Coordination Platform for Nature Protection Conventions and Multilateral Agreements on Biological Diversity. The NBSAP states that monitoring ensures "actions are proceeding as planned, that resources have been allocated and used accordingly, and that deadlines are met," while evaluation assesses "the effects and impact of actions" [§173]. No specific reporting cycle or dates are stated.

Indicator framework. The NBSAP calls for defining national standards for inventories and monitoring based on indicators [§159] but does not list specific indicators, baselines, or reporting schedules. The strategy proposes using forestry engineers and agronomists already stationed in the regions — trained in data collection on "certain protected species and/or species indicative of environmental change" — rather than dedicated survey campaigns, acknowledging that "it is unrealistic to envisage exhaustive data acquisition" [§159].

Institutional diagnosis. A 2014 assessment quoted in the NBSAP finds that the institutional framework is "characterised by the multiplicity of stakeholders and by recurrent restructuring," with overlapping mandates across ministries and "insufficiency and/or absence of a monitoring and evaluation mechanism for actions carried out under the convention" [§169]. The strategy proposes legislative revision, targeted enforcement training for Water and Forestry agents, police, customs, judges, and prosecutors, and a coordination platform with adequate resources for MEA implementation [§162, §163, §164].

Sources:

  • §159 — Regular collection of reliable data
  • §162 — Effective regulatory framework
  • §163 — Institutional support
  • §164 — MEA coordination
  • §169 — Implementation of the Strategy
  • §172 — Coordination of stakeholders
  • §173 — Monitoring and evaluation

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

The NBSAP contains no aggregate cost estimate, no currency-denominated budget for biodiversity activities, no percentage-of-GDP allocation, and no named bilateral funding agreements [§170, §176]. The finance architecture is a statement of mobilisation intent rather than a costed implementation plan.

The resource mobilisation strategy rests on three pillars: projection of necessary resources, marketing of planned actions, and development of partnerships with new resource providers [§170]. Domestically, the strategy envisions public funding complemented by innovative revenue from polluter-pays and beneficiary-pays principles. Externally, it identifies the GEF, French GEF (FFEM), GIZ, and EU as potential partners but notes "the absence of effective strategies for capturing resources" from these sources as a major handicap [§165].

A foundation for protected areas has been established but "is not currently in a position to fund the sector" [§115]. The NBSAP identifies the possibility of creating additional dedicated funds and establishing partnerships with the business community [§165].

The $4 billion PNIA referenced under national commitment 10 is an agricultural investment plan, not a biodiversity budget. Its Component 6 ties forest cover rehabilitation to agricultural competitiveness [§119].

The strategy calls for eliminating subsidies and incentive measures that "may hinder the achievement of biological diversity safeguarding objectives," noting that while such measures are "greatly appreciated, some of these measures are liable to generate perverse effects detrimental to biological diversity" [§79].

The NBSAP predates the GBF; GBF Target 19 (finance mobilisation) is not referenced.

Sources:

  • §79 — Sectoral and Cross-cutting Policies
  • §115 — Protected area management capacities
  • §119 — Objective 10 > PNIA
  • §165 — Adequate resources
  • §170 — Strategy for mobilising financial resources
  • §176 — List of Tables

7. GBF Target Coverage

Target 1 — Spatial planning. Mentioned. The NBSAP calls for integrating biodiversity into spatial planning from the design stage of development projects, compensating unavoidable losses, and promoting biodiversity tools among territorial planners. Protected areas are to be incorporated into the planning of decentralised authorities. However, no quantified spatial planning target is stated, and the measures remain principles rather than a dedicated programme.

Target 2 — Ecosystem restoration. Addressed. National commitment 3 commits to restoring and preserving priority ecosystems and habitats by 2020. Three specific protected areas are named as restoration priorities following the sociopolitical crisis: Marahoué National Park, Mount Péko National Park, and Abokouamékro wildlife reserve. The strategy links ecosystem restoration to poverty reduction through mangrove spawning grounds and non-timber forest products. Mine-site restoration is legally required but identified as unenforced. Measurability: directional aspiration.

Target 3 — Protected areas (30×30). Addressed. National commitments 8 and 9 commit to representing 100% of ecosystems within the PA network and managing 100% of protected areas effectively, both by 2020. The existing network covers over 6.4 million hectares. Five sites are identified for marine PA establishment. The strategy proposes incorporating 6,702 sacred forests (36,434 ha) with traditional governance. Two priority ecological corridors are named: Marahoué–Taï (elephants) and Banco–Azagny (primates). Three World Heritage sites are designated: Comoé National Park, Taï National Park, and Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve. Measurability: measurable commitment (100% thresholds).

Target 4 — Species recovery. Addressed. National commitments 5, 6, and 7 address species recovery and genetic diversity. The NBSAP reports 82 fauna species in IUCN threatened categories and 26 plant species that have disappeared since 1960. Priority species are defined by ecological and social criteria. The strategy treats reconstitution of genetic collections lost during the 2002 crisis as urgent — the cotton programme has regenerated 82 genotypes. Measurability: commitment 6 is measurable (100% of priority species); commitments 5 and 7 are directional aspirations.

Target 5 — Sustainable harvest. Addressed. National commitment 15 commits to sustainable bushmeat and wildlife management by 2020. The NBSAP documents the bushmeat paradox documented in the ecology section and calls for standard population assessment methods, harvest data collection, and CITES identification training. National commitment 12 addresses fisheries harvest. Measurability: directional aspiration.

Target 6 — Invasive alien species. Addressed. National commitment 4 commits to controlling at least 50% of invasive alien species by 2020. Three aquatic invasive plants are named. The strategy structures control around prevention (quarantine, pathway monitoring), response (early detection, tiered eradication/control/containment), and awareness. The polluter-pays principle is applied to IAS damage. Measurability: measurable commitment.

Target 7 — Pollution reduction. Addressed. The NBSAP identifies that 25% of agricultural pesticides reach aquatic environments and prescribes measures including polluter-pays enforcement, buffer zones between plantations and watercourses, water and soil quality monitoring, and promotion of integrated pest management and organic agriculture. No standalone pollution target with a quantified threshold is stated.

Target 8 — Climate and biodiversity. Addressed. The NBSAP cites a temperature increase projection of 3°C over 100 years and identifies cascading effects on biodiversity — bush fires, insect outbreaks, phenological shifts, new invasion windows. Priority measures include a biodiversity climate adaptation strategy, long-term monitoring systems, and adaptation of the PA network. The CNF arboretum carbon stock (189.67 tC/ha) is quantified with financial valuation.

Target 9 — Wild species use. Addressed. National commitments 14 and 15 address medicinal plants, bushmeat, and broader wild species use. The NBSAP documents 1,500 medicinal species, 120 wild food taxa, and 60 timber species. It notes that only approximately 12 of 70+ exploitable forest species are industrially used and calls for diversification research. Wild species management is linked to poverty reduction for populations near protected areas.

Target 10 — Agriculture / forestry. Addressed. National commitments 10, 11, and 12 address agriculture, forestry, and fisheries respectively. The PNIA ($4 billion) embeds a 20% forest cover target within its agricultural investment programme. Forest certification has been initiated in two classified forests. Industrial fisheries landings declined from 34,279 tonnes (2000) to 19,379 tonnes (2004). Measurability: directional aspirations.

Target 11 — Ecosystem services (NbS). Mentioned. The NBSAP adopts the ecosystem approach as a guiding principle and discusses carbon sequestration, watershed protection, and integrated watershed management. However, these references remain at the level of principles and diagnostic observations rather than a dedicated nature-based solutions programme.

Target 12 — Urban biodiversity. Mentioned. The NBSAP acknowledges urbanisation as a threat and identifies Banco National Park (3,000 ha) as an urban green space in Abidjan. The CNF arboretum is cited for urban biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. No dedicated urban biodiversity programme is articulated.

Target 13 — Genetic resources / ABS. Addressed. National commitment 17 commits to governing access to genetic resources through benefit-sharing mechanisms by 2020. Côte d'Ivoire has unreservedly acceded to the Nagoya Protocol. A national ABS clearing-house is planned under Article 14. The strategy commits to legislative protection of traditional knowledge holders' rights, linked to sacred forest governance.

Target 14 — Mainstreaming. Addressed. Sectoral integration is a named guiding principle of the strategy. The NBSAP calls for integrating biodiversity into spatial planning, environmental impact assessment, and sectoral budgetary allocations. The PNIA's 20% forest cover target within agricultural investment illustrates cross-sectoral mainstreaming. Multiple sectors are addressed: agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining, urban development, and transport.

Target 15 — Business disclosure. Mentioned. The NBSAP recommends incorporating biodiversity into private enterprise reporting instruments and adopting voluntary measures for enterprises generating significant threats. These recommendations do not constitute a monitoring, assessment, and disclosure framework — no supply chain transparency, biodiversity risk reporting, or mandatory disclosure mechanisms are referenced.

Target 16 — Sustainable consumption. Content addressing GBF Target 16 was not identified in this NBSAP.

Target 17 — Biosafety. Addressed. The NBSAP prescribes case-by-case environmental and socio-economic impact studies before any GMO introduction, a monitoring system for transgenic plant impacts, ex situ conservation of local varieties as insurance against GMO displacement, and training for managing unofficial introductions. Genetically modified fish are addressed separately, with measures for strengthened import controls and identification of transgenic specimens. GMO use in agriculture has not been confirmed but precautionary measures are prescribed.

Target 18 — Harmful subsidies. Content addressing GBF Target 18 was not identified in this NBSAP.

Target 19 — Finance mobilisation. Addressed. The NBSAP includes a dedicated three-axis mobilisation strategy (resource projection, action marketing, new partnerships) and identifies polluter-pays and beneficiary-pays principles as domestic revenue instruments. The protected areas foundation is established but not operational for funding. The strategy acknowledges the absence of effective strategies for accessing GEF and bilateral funds. No aggregate budget or costed plan is provided.

Target 20 — Capacity and technology. Addressed. National commitments 19 and 20 address research capacity and institutional strengthening. The NBSAP names 14 taxa lacking taxonomic specialists and proposes a competitive fund for researcher training. Institutional fragmentation across multiple ministries is identified as a structural obstacle. Cooperation with Japan has partially addressed OIPR equipment deficits. The strategy calls for rationalised MEA reporting through common indicators.

Target 21 — Data and information. Addressed. The NBSAP commits to a national biodiversity information network built on the CHM, covering species, threatened species, genetic resources, and ecosystems. A separate ABS clearing-house is planned. Standard methods for wildlife population assessment and fisheries monitoring are called for. Both deep-sea and artisanal fishing surveillance systems are identified as under-resourced.

Target 22 — Inclusive participation. Mentioned. The NBSAP addresses participation of local communities through traditional knowledge mechanisms and sacred forest governance, and calls for active stakeholder involvement including NGOs and the private sector. Strategic Orientation 5 addresses citizen mobilisation. However, women, youth, and marginalised groups are not addressed as distinct participation categories.

Target 23 — Gender equality. Content addressing GBF Target 23 was not identified in this NBSAP.