Indonesia

1. Overview

The Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (IBSAP) 2025–2045 was signed in Jakarta in June 2024 under the Ministry of National Development Planning (Bappenas), with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry acting as CBD National Focal Point [§15, §19]. It succeeds IBSAP 2015–2020 and is harmonised with the National Long-Term Development Plan (RPJPN) 2025–2045, the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2025–2029, and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (hereafter GBF) [§15, §19].

Rather than mirroring the GBF's 23 targets, Indonesia organises its plan around three goals, 13 strategies, 20 National Targets (TN 1–20), and 95 action groups [§15, §97]. The country describes the GBF as a "flexible framework" translated into IBSAP according to national needs, priorities and capabilities, "without being burdened by numerical targets contained in the KM-GBF" [§19].

Indonesia's NBSAP refers to its headline pledges as "National Targets" (TN 1–20) and uses "Goals" for three domestic groupings. This page uses "national commitment" for the TNs to avoid confusion with the 23 GBF Targets, and lower-case "national goal" for the three domestic groupings (reserving "GBF Goal" for A–D). "Action group" refers to Indonesia's grouping of activities under each TN. The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework is abbreviated as GBF throughout.

Goal 1 strengthens ecosystem integrity and resilience (6 strategies, 7 TNs, 38 action groups); Goal 2 optimises sustainable utilisation (4 strategies, 5 TNs, 25 action groups); Goal 3 strengthens governance and means of implementation (3 strategies, 8 TNs, 32 action groups) [§16–18]. The plan is aligned with Law Number 32 of 2024, which amends Law Number 5 of 1990 on the Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems, expanding conservation beyond Nature Reserve Areas, Nature Conservation Areas, and marine conservation areas to include Preservation Areas [§18]. Mainstreaming is mandated by Presidential Instruction Number 1 of 2023, which directs 19 Ministries/Institutions. A Biodiversity Management Index (IPK) has been formulated as a main development indicator at national and regional levels across all 38 provinces [§15, §19]. The IBSAP will serve as a 20-year guideline and will be reviewed and updated every five years, supported by companion documents including a monitoring, evaluation and reporting guideline; communication and outreach guidelines; a Biodiversity Financial Plan; and the IPK Guideline [§18].

IBSAP 2025–2045 is a 20-year plan with 20 national commitments translating the GBF into Indonesia-specific terms — explicitly declining to mirror GBF numerical targets. It pairs a composite Biodiversity Management Index embedded in national development planning with a costed financing need of IDR 70.69–75.53 trillion/year against current spending of less than IDR 10 trillion.

Sources:

• §15 — Executive Summary
• §16–18 — Goals 1, 2, 3
• §19 — Foreword (Minister of National Development Planning/Bappenas)
• §97 — National Goals, Strategies, and Targets

2. Ecological Context

Indonesia is described as the world's second megabiodiversity country, an archipelagic state with a land area of 1,919,440 km², a sea area of 3,110,000 km², a coastline of 108,000 km, and 17,504 islands [§29, §53]. Its position on the Circum-Pacific "ring of fire" and bisection by the Wallacea, Weber, and Lydekker biogeographic lines produces seven terrestrial ecoregions (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Bali-Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua) and 18 marine ecoregions [§29, §54]. Indonesia contains 4 of the world's 25 marine biodiversity hotspots and sits at the centre of the Coral Triangle [§29].

The NBSAP identifies 22 types of natural ecosystems with 98 types of natural vegetation, from marine to nival (snow) zones above 4,200 m in the Papua ecoregion [§29, §54, §78]. Indonesia holds 36% of the world's tropical peatlands and is identified as the highest mangrove species diversity in the world, with 46 mangrove species [§69, §80]. Reported global shares include 9.70% of flowering plants, 14.50% of mammals, 18.60% of birds, 8.90% of freshwater fish, 16.00% of marine fish, 38.90% of marine mammals, 56.56% of reptiles, and 10.54% of corals [§29]. Endemism is highest in Maluku, Papua, and Java for flora, with Sulawesi reporting the highest terrestrial faunal endemicity at 733 species [§82]. Between 2017 and 2022, 246 new animal species were described in Papua — the highest of any ecoregion [§81].

The NBSAP identifies direct drivers of biodiversity loss as land and sea use change, overexploitation, climate change, pollution, and invasive alien species [§30]. The Red List Index for Indonesia declined from 0.85 in 1993 to 0.75 in 2020; 15,336 species are recorded on the IUCN Red List, including 200 Critically Endangered animals, 380 Endangered, and 691 Vulnerable [§45]. Under a Business as Usual scenario, habitat area is predicted to decrease from 80.30% in 2000 to 49.70% by 2045 [§30]. In 2023, Indonesia experienced forest and land fires covering 1,161,192 hectares [§46]. More than 50% of Indonesian National Parks are reported as affected by invasive alien species [§50]. The Sea Water Quality Index stands at 85 (good), while the inland Water Quality Index is in the medium category at >50 [§49].

Biodiversity is identified as the second largest supporting sector of the Indonesian economy; in 2023 the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector contributed 12.57% of GDP [§29]. In 2021, 36.70% of around 9,400 villages located around forest areas were categorised as poor, and around 4.00% of Indonesia's poor population live in coastal areas [§48]. The NBSAP states that Indonesia has utilised only 3.00% of the total existing potential of its biodiversity [§52].

Sources:

• §29 — Indonesia as a Megabiodiversity Country
• §30 — The Crisis of Biodiversity Loss
• §45 — Challenges > Biodiversity Loss
• §46 — Challenges > Changes in Land and Marine Use
• §48 — Challenges > Communities' Dependency
• §49 — Challenges > Environmental Pollution
• §50 — Challenges > Invasive Alien Species
• §52 — Challenges > Suboptimal Utilization
• §53, §54 — Geographic framing; Ecosystem Diversity
• §69 — Peat Swamp Forest Ecosystem
• §78 — Nival Ecosystem
• §80 — Flora Diversity
• §81 — Fauna Diversity
• §82 — Endemicity

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

IBSAP 2025–2045 defines 20 national commitments (TN 1–20), grouped under three national goals and mapped to the GBF in Appendix 1 [§97, §203]. The vision is "Living in harmony with nature for the continuity of all life forms in Indonesia," with five guiding principles: sovereignty, fairness, prudence, systematic and measurable management, and participation [§94–96]. To keep the section navigable, commitments are presented by domestic goal grouping.

Goal 1 — Ecosystem integrity, species, and genetic diversity (TN 1–7)

TN 1 — Spatial planning for high-biodiversity-value areas. Delivered through the National Spatial Plan (RTRWN, PP 13/2017), which allocates at least 30% of national area to protective functions, and Strategic Environmental Assessment (KLHS) under PP 46/2016 [§100]. Four indicators set cumulative 2045 targets: 167.50 million ha of natural ecosystems mapped, 154.64 million ha retained as protected functions, 100% spatial plan area validated through KLHS, and ecosystem threat status identified for all 167.50 million ha [§100]. Measurable commitment — maps to GBF Target 1.

TN 2 — Restoration, rehabilitation, and reclamation. A single indicator aggregates terrestrial, peat, mangrove, and post-mining restoration at 500,000/550,000/600,000 ha/year (2025/2030/2045) against a 2020 baseline of 579,297 ha and 2023 achievement of 481,917 ha [§105]. Linked to the FOLU Net Sink 2030 commitment. Measurable commitment — maps to GBF Target 2.

TN 3 — Protected areas and the "30x45" initiative. Three indicators: extent of protected areas (51.14 → 57.14 Mha by 2045); marine protected and preservation areas (8.96% → 10% by 2030 → 30% / 97.5 Mha by 2045); and effectively managed units (170 → 663 by 2045), assessed via METT (terrestrial) and EVIKA (marine) [§110]. Community-managed areas under customary governance are framed as OECM contributions. Measurable commitment — maps to GBF Target 3.

TN 4 — Species and genetic diversity. Indicator: national Red List Index held at ≥0.75 through 2045, using IUCN global data pending a national methodology [§113, §114]. Eight action groups cover human-wildlife conflict, ex situ conservation, Assisted Reproductive Technology (Sumatran rhino, Javan bull, anoa, clouded leopard, Sumatran tiger), and plant germplasm holdings at the Bank Gen Pertanian. Directional aspiration (targets prevention of further decline rather than recovery) — maps to GBF Target 4.

TN 5 — Invasive alien species. Indicator: number of prioritised IAS controlled (no numeric trajectory), delivered under Law 21/2019 on Quarantine, Ministerial Regulation P.94/2016, and Ministerial Regulation 19/2020 on harmful fish species [§118, §119]. Directional aspiration — maps to GBF Target 6.

TN 6 — Pollution. Four indicators: Water Quality Index (54.59 → 76.41); Sea Water Quality Index (78.84 → 82.12); 70% reduction in plastic waste leaked to the ocean against 2018 baseline, held constant 2025–2045; and pesticide-use intensity (in development) [§124]. Measurable commitment (with one interim sub-indicator) — maps to GBF Target 7.

TN 7 — Climate and biodiversity. Indicator: total GHG emission reduction in forestry/land, agriculture, and coastal-marine/fisheries sectors rising to 1,334,508,846 tCO2eq by 2045 against a 2020 baseline of 597,880,000 tCO2eq [§128]. References Indonesia's NDC (29%/41% by 2030) and FOLU Net Sink 2030. Measurable commitment — maps to GBF Target 8.

Goal 2 — Sustainable use (TN 8–12)

TN 8 — Sustainable use of biological resources. Five indicators: fish stocks within biologically sustainable limits capped at ≤80% MSY; harvest quota utilisation ≤100%; economic value of sustainable use (in development); 1,320 community groups using traditional knowledge held flat through 2045; and food-waste generation rising from 2.01 to 35.25 million tonnes by 2045 (projection, not reduction) [§133]. Directional aspiration (several sub-indicators capped or in development) — maps to GBF Targets 5, 9, 16.

TN 9 — Sustainable silviculture, agriculture, and aquaculture. Indicator: business units verified as sustainable (46.43% in 2023 → 70% by 2045), baseline from ISPO implementation, integrated with SVLK forestry certification and CBIB aquaculture practices [§137]. Measurable commitment — maps to GBF Target 10.

TN 10 — Sustainable use of ecosystem services. Single indicator — quantified economic value of ecosystem-services utilisation — in development [§141]. Four action groups cover valuation, disaster risk reduction, carbon economic value in conservation areas, and nature-based tourism. Interim commitment — maps to GBF Target 11.

TN 11 — Urban green and blue open space. Indicator: share of urban area as green and blue open space rising from <20% (2023) to 30% by 2045 [§146]. Measurable commitment — maps to GBF Target 12.

TN 12 — Access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources and traditional knowledge. Two indicators (both in development): number of ABS agreements and economic value from genetic-resource utilisation, building on Indonesia's ratification of the Nagoya Protocol through Law 11/2013 [§150, §151]. Includes development of Digital Sequence Information (DSI) systems under CBD COP 15 Decision 15/9. Interim commitment — maps to GBF Target 13.

Goal 3 — Governance, knowledge, and finance (TN 13–20)

TN 13 — Science, technology, and innovation. Indicator: biodiversity-related innovations and technologies rising from 25 (2023) to 550 (2045) [§155]. Measurable commitment — maps to GBF Target 20.

TN 14 — Biosafety. Two indicators: bioprospecting-derived biotechnology applications utilised (30 → 70 by 2045); genetically engineered products with biosafety certification (8 in 2023 → 100 by 2045). The 2023 achievement is below the 2020 baseline of 17 [§158]. Measurable commitment — maps to GBF Target 17.

TN 15 — Biodiversity data integration. Indicator: nodes integrated into the Indonesian Biodiversity Clearing House (BKKHI) rising from 0 to 22 by 2045 [§161]. Measurable commitment — maps to GBF Target 21.

TN 16 — Mainstreaming. Four indicators: ministries integrating IBSAP (17 → 60 by 2045); local governments (38 → 552); share of local governments with Local IPK ≥0.5 (47% → 80%); and non-government actors integrating IBSAP (→ 156 by 2045) [§166]. Grounded in Inpres 1/2023 mandating 19 ministries. Measurable commitment — maps to GBF Target 14.

TN 17 — Inclusive participation. Two indicators: provinces engaging customary and local communities, women, youth and persons with disabilities (13 → 38 by 2045); and customary and local communities in participatory management (718 → 768 by 2045) [§169]. Measurable commitment — maps to GBF Targets 22 and 23.

TN 18 — Private and financial sector transparency. Indicator: share of companies and financial institutions reporting on biodiversity (6.91% in 2023 → 80% by 2045), calculated against PROPER Green/Gold ratings [§173, §174]. The 2023 achievement is below the 2020 baseline of 7.77%, reflecting denominator growth. Measurable commitment — maps to GBF Target 15.

TN 19 — Finance mobilisation. Two indicators: (19a) APBN ministerial allocation for biodiversity (<1% → >1% by 2030); (19b) innovative financing proposals followed up, held flat at 50% through 2045 [§177]. Implementation is estimated to require IDR 70.69–75.53 trillion per year. Measurable commitment (19a) / directional aspiration (19b) — maps to GBF Target 19.

TN 20 — Incentive reform. Indicator: 1 positive-incentive policy each by 2025, 2030, and 2045 [§180]. Anchored in Ecological Fiscal Transfer through TAPE/TAKE schemes. Directional aspiration (flat policy count) — maps to GBF Target 18.

Sources:

• §94–97 — Vision, Mission, Principles, National Goals
• §100, §105, §110, §113–114, §118–119, §124, §128 — TN 1–7
• §133, §137, §141, §146, §150–151 — TN 8–12
• §155, §158, §161, §166, §169, §173–174, §177, §180 — TN 13–20
• §203 — Appendix 1: IBSAP Goals and Indicators

4. Delivery Architecture

Conservation legislation and international instruments

The foundational framework is Law Number 5 of 1990 on Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems, updated in 2024 through Law Number 32 of 2024, which expands the conservation category set to include Preservation Areas [§18, §36, §190]. Supporting instruments include Law 41/1999 (Forestry), Law 18/2013 (Forest Destruction), PP 7/1999 and PP 8/1999 (wild species preservation and utilisation), PP 28/2011 (as amended by PP 108/2015) on Nature Reserve and Nature Conservation Area management, PP 26/2020 (rehabilitation), and PP 23/2021 (Implementation of Forestry) [§190]. Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation 106/2018 classifies 904 protected species [§113]. Indonesia has ratified the CBD (Law 5/1994), Cartagena Protocol (Law 21/2004), and Nagoya Protocol (Law 11/2013), and earlier CITES (1978) and Ramsar (1991); it signed the BBNJ Agreement in 2023 [§31, §150, §190].

Spatial planning and protected areas

Spatial planning runs through PP 13/2017 (National Spatial Plan), PP 21/2021 (implementation), and PP 32/2019 (Marine Spatial Planning), with KLHS mandated by PP 46/2016 [§99, §100, §190]. By 2022, designated Protected Areas totalled 80.59 million hectares. Management effectiveness uses METT for terrestrial and EVIKA for marine protected areas [§110].

Marine and fisheries

The "30x45 initiative" targets Marine Protected Areas covering 30% or 97.5 million hectares by 2045, paired with the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries blue-economy programme: MPA expansion, quota-based measurable fishing (allowable catch at 80% of MSY), sustainable aquaculture, coastal and small-island management, and marine plastic reduction [§43, §133]. Indonesia has 11 marine Fisheries Management Areas (WPPNRI) and 14 inland WPPNRI-PD [§31]. Fisheries regulation is anchored in Law 45/2009 and PP 11/2023 and 29/2023 implementing Law 21/2019 on Quarantine [§190]. Aquatic species classification (KP Ministerial Decrees) sets 28 Fully Protected and 13 Limited Protection biota; management effectiveness is tracked through EPANJI [§113]. Coral bonds are in development with the World Bank [§177].

Forestry, restoration, and land use

Sustainable forestry is delivered through the Legality and Sustainability Verification System (SVLK), Sustainable Forest Management (PHL) reported via SIPUHH, and Forest Management Units (KPH) at the local level [§137]. Social Forestry designations, including Customary Forests, covered 108,576 hectares by 2022 [§169]. The National Wetland Management Strategy sets mangrove rehabilitation targets through 2045 [§105]. The High Conservation Value Area of the Putri River–Mount Tarak–Mount Palung Landscape (12,918.13 ha) is an orangutan corridor managed through multi-stakeholder arrangements under West Kalimantan Governor Decree 718/DISHUT/2017 [§37].

Agriculture and genetic resources

The Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) standard (Presidential Decree 44/2020, Minister of Agriculture 38/2020) mandates comprehensive economic, social, and ecological assessment [§137]. Good Fish Cultivation Practices (CBIB) are required for aquaculture business licences (Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation 10/2021) [§137]. PP 48/2011 governs Animal Genetic Resources; PP 14/2004 covers Plant Variety Protection; PP 56/2022 addresses Communal Intellectual Property (KIK); and Presidential Regulation 54/2023 governs herbal medicine [§190]. Biosafety operates under PP 21/2005 through the Indonesian Biosafety Clearing House [§158].

Subnational multi-stakeholder management

Customary arrangements include the Sasi practice in eastern Indonesia and the Panglima Laot approach in Aceh under Aceh Qanun 10/2008 [§36]. Collaborative management at the Gili Matra Aquatic Tourism Park (KKP, University of Mataram, Pokmaswas, Gili Air Women's Group, COREMAP-CTI) supports coral reef restoration [§36]. The State Capital Nusantara (IKN) 2020 Master Plan was accompanied by a KLHS that mapped 140 families, 1,967 tree species, and 33 protected wildlife species, leading to artificial wildlife corridors under Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation 23/2019 [§165].

Sources:

• §18, §31, §36, §37 — Legislation, international ratifications, best practices
• §43 — Blue economy
• §99, §100, §110 — Spatial planning, protected areas, METT/EVIKA
• §105, §113, §118–119, §124 — Restoration, species, IAS, pollution
• §133, §137, §158, §165 — Fisheries, sustainable production, biosafety, IKN
• §169, §177 — Customary Forests, coral bonds
• §190 — 4.2 Regulatory Frameworks

4a. The Biodiversity Management Index (IPK) as the integrating instrument

The Biodiversity Management Index (Indeks Pengelolaan Keanekaragaman Hayati, IPK) is Indonesia's composite national indicator for biodiversity management performance. It is built against the operational definition of biodiversity management as "actions carried out regularly and measurably with the ultimate goal being to maintain the existence of all forms of life on earth, through reducing the threat of biodiversity loss and increasing sustainable use in target locations" [§200]. The IPK scope comprises Threat Reduction (protection, conservation, and restoration at ecosystem, species, and genetic levels) and Sustainable Utilization, expressed on a 0–1 scale and measured annually at national and regional levels [§199, §200].

The IPK is formally embedded as a main development indicator in the RPJPN 2025–2045 and RPJMN 2025–2029 and has been aligned with regional-level development planning across all 38 provinces [§15, §200]. Its variables are aligned with the IBSAP national targets, creating a direct bridge between IBSAP monitoring outputs and national development planning instruments [§199]. TN 16 (Mainstreaming) sets a sub-target that at least 80% of local governments reach a Local IPK of ≥0.5 by 2045, up from 47% in 2023 [§166].

IPK measurements are currently limited to assessment of management efforts and processes by local and national governments; the index is to be extended to capture non-state actor performance [§200]. Monitoring, evaluation, and reporting through the Indonesian Biodiversity Clearing House (BKKHI), coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry as CBD National Focal Point, feeds IPK measurements into the National Report to CBD [§199]. A dedicated IPK Guideline accompanies the IBSAP as a companion document [§18, §201].

Sources:

• §15, §18 — IPK introduction and companion documents
• §166 — TN 16 Local IPK sub-target
• §199 — Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting Frameworks
• §200 — Biodiversity Management Index
• §201 — Companion documents

5. Monitoring and Accountability

The IBSAP 2025–2045 is a living document reviewed, adjusted, and updated every five years [§34]. The country encourages IBSAP 2025–2045 to be legally binding to increase stakeholder commitment and have an integrated monitoring and evaluation system, responding to identified lessons from BAPI 1993, IBSAP 2003–2020, and IBSAP 2015–2020: lack of binding legal basis, non-optimal institutional arrangement, and monitoring mechanisms not effectively implemented [§35]. Indonesia reported 94% of indicators "on track" in the Sixth National Report to the CBD Secretariat [§35].

Institutional coordination

Implementation is mandated through Presidential Instruction Number 1 of 2023 on Mainstreaming Biodiversity Conservation in Sustainable Development, which names 19 ministries and institutions as duty-bearers, including the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs and Investment, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Bappenas, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, BRIN, Ministry of Public Works, and Ministry of Home Affairs [§166, §190]. Under the RPJPN 2025–2045, biodiversity management is a Development Program under "Indonesia Emas 45: Environmental Quality," with IPK as a main indicator; Regional Long-Term Development Plans (RPJPD) must be harmonised with the RPJPN [§184].

Five institutional strengthening directions are identified: strengthening governance and policy making; institutional capacity building; inclusive governance through polycentric processes; acceleration of implementation quality; and data and information support through an integrated biodiversity system [§185–189].

Monitoring, evaluation, and reporting

Monitoring is coordinated by a BKKHI working group under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry as CBD National Focal Point, with IBSAP indicator outputs fed into both national reporting and the CBD National Report through an interconnected online system [§199]. The companion document set comprises Biodiversity Status in 7 Ecoregions, Guideline of Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting; Guideline of Communication and Outreach; Biodiversity Financial Plan; and Guideline of Biodiversity Management Index [§201]. The Communication, Education, and Public Awareness (CEPA) framework uses the Source-Message-Channel-Receiver-Effect (SMCRE) model and references KM-GBF sub-chapter K [§201].

Sources:

• §34, §35 — Implementation period; review and evaluation
• §184–189 — Institutional Frameworks
• §190 — 4.2 Regulatory Frameworks
• §199, §201 — Monitoring and CEPA frameworks

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

IBSAP 2025–2045 estimates annual implementation costs at IDR 70.69–75.53 trillion, against Biodiversity Budget Tracking of IDR 9.85 trillion in the 2022 state budget (APBN) and biodiversity spending of less than IDR 10 trillion per year [§177, §191, §192]. IBSAP 2015–2020 had required IDR 167.91 trillion (USD 10.83 billion) over five years, with 70% allocated to the predecessor conservation and restoration target [§35].

TN 19 tracks (19a) APBN ministerial allocation for biodiversity rising from <1% to >1% by 2030, and (19b) innovative financing proposals followed up, held flat at 50% through 2045 [§177]. TN 19 aligns with GBF Target 19 headline indicators D.1, D.2, and D.3 [§179].

Closing an 85% biodiversity finance gap

The IBSAP's signature financing move is to reorder sources so that private funding becomes primary, followed by public–private partnerships, with public funding last, a transition "from the funding to a financing concept" intended to close the approximately IDR 60+ trillion/year gap between need and current spending [§192]. Six prioritised strategies are set out: innovative financial solutions; institutional strengthening; private funding through blended finance; bioeconomy development; expanding international access including through the GBFF; and incentives and disincentives [§192].

Thematic bonds and instruments. Indonesia issued Asia's first SDGs bond in September 2021, raising EUR 500 million (USD 584 million) and winning the Best Bond Award 2021 [§177]. Green bonds grew from USD 49 million in 2017 to USD 52.1 million in 2022. The first blue bonds were issued in 2023 in the Japanese bond market [§177]. Coral bonds are being developed with the World Bank. The IBSAP lists 13 innovative financing solutions for development in Indonesia: Biodiversity Fund and Financing Hub, Project Finance for Permanence, Green/Blue Bonds, Bioprospecting, ABS, Biodiversity Impact Fund, Biodiversity Investment Prospectus, Ecological Fiscal Transfer, Faith-Based Fund/Religious-Based Funding, Nature-Related Disclosure, Biodiversity Credit, Debt for Nature Swap, and Crowdfunding [§192].

Ecological Fiscal Transfer. At the regional level, EFT is implemented through the Ecological-based Provincial Budget Transfer (TAPE) and Ecological-based Regency Budget Transfer (TAKE) schemes, with Central Java Governor Regulation 61 of 2023 presented as a replicable model [§181]. TN 20 targets 1 implemented positive-incentive policy each by 2025, 2030, and 2045, and references existing tax holidays, tax allowances, and VAT incentives developed for GHG reduction as precedents [§180].

Private-sector transparency. TN 18 sets company and financial institution biodiversity reporting rising from 6.91% (2023) to 80% (2045), measured against PROPER Green/Gold ratings [§173, §174]. The regulatory stack comprises Law 40/2007 on Limited Liability Companies, PP 47/2012 on Social and Environmental Responsibility, and OJK Regulation 51/2017 on Sustainable Finance, which requires financial service institutions to prepare Sustainable Financial Action Plans and annual Sustainability Reports addressing ESG risks; KKKS oil and gas contractors must prepare Environmental Baseline Assessment documents [§173].

Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF). Indonesia can access the GBFF, launched August 2023 as a GEF trust fund with an initial USD 200 million contribution in December 2023 [§193]. Allocation rules reserve 36% plus 3% for least developed countries and small island developing states, channel 25% through GEF partner financial institutions, and target 20% of the portfolio by 2030 for indigenous peoples and local community initiatives [§197]. The associated global financial target is USD 20 billion/year by 2025 and USD 200 billion/year by 2030 [§194].

The IBSAP is to be supplemented by a dedicated Biodiversity Financial Plan as a companion document [§18, §201].

Sources:

• §18, §35 — Companion documents; IBSAP 2015–2020 costs
• §173, §174, §176 — TN 18 transparency
• §177–180 — TN 19, TN 20
• §181 — EFT/TAPE/TAKE
• §191, §192 — Funding needs and strategy
• §193, §194, §197 — GBFF

7. GBF Target Coverage

GBF Target 1 — Spatial planning. Addressed through TN 1. The National Spatial Plan (RTRWN, PP 13/2017) allocates at least 30% of national area to protective functions, and KLHS under PP 46/2016 is mandated for national and regional spatial plans. Four cumulative indicators target 167.50 million ha mapped and 154.64 million ha retained for protected functions by 2045, with 100% of spatial plans KLHS-validated. The State Capital Nusantara (IKN) Master Plan is showcased as a mainstreaming exemplar.

GBF Target 2 — Ecosystem restoration. Addressed through TN 2. A single indicator aggregates terrestrial, peat, mangrove, and post-mining restoration at 500,000/550,000/600,000 ha/year by 2025/2030/2045, linked to FOLU Net Sink 2030. The 2023 achievement (481,917 ha) is below the 2020 baseline (579,297 ha).

GBF Target 3 — Protected areas (30x30). Addressed through TN 3, with the distinctive "30x45" framing: a 30% / 97.5 Mha marine protected area target by 2045 and an interim 10% by 2030, paired with terrestrial Preservation Areas (57.14 Mha by 2045) and 663 effectively managed units by 2045. Management effectiveness is tracked through METT (terrestrial) and EVIKA (marine). Community-managed areas under customary governance are framed as OECM contributions.

GBF Target 4 — Species recovery. Addressed through TN 4. National Red List Index held at ≥0.75 through 2045, using IUCN global data pending national methodology. Coverage extends to Assisted Reproductive Technology and bio banking for Sumatran rhino, Javan bull, anoa, clouded leopard, and Sumatran tiger, plus germplasm holdings at Bank Gen Pertanian (10,785 plant accessions).

GBF Target 5 — Sustainable harvest. Mentioned. Coverage is distributed across CITES implementation (Presidential Decree 43/1978), PP 8/1999 on wild species utilisation, Law 21/2019 on Quarantine, and blue-economy quota-based fishing at 80% of MSY. No dedicated national commitment quantifies overexploitation reduction.

GBF Target 6 — Invasive alien species. Addressed through TN 5. Indicator: number of prioritised IAS controlled. Anchored in Law 21/2019, Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation P.94/2016 (terrestrial IAS lists), and Regulation 19/2020 (harmful fish species). More than 50% of National Parks are reported affected by IAS. No numerical reduction commitment is set.

GBF Target 7 — Pollution reduction. Addressed through TN 6. Four indicators: Water Quality Index (→ 76.41), Sea Water Quality Index (→ 82.12), 70% reduction in marine plastic leakage against a 2018 baseline held constant to 2045, and pesticide-use intensity (in development).

GBF Target 8 — Climate and biodiversity. Addressed through TN 7. Indicator: total GHG reduction across FOLU, agriculture, and coastal-marine/fisheries sectors reaching 1,334,508,846 tCO2eq by 2045, framed by the NDC (29%/41% by 2030) and FOLU Net Sink 2030.

GBF Target 9 — Wild species use. Mentioned. Coverage is embedded in ecosystem-services and customary-community strategies rather than a dedicated indicator. Customary Forests (108,576 ha by 2022) and 35 inventoried Customary Law Communities facilitated by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries serve as the principal vehicles.

GBF Target 10 — Agriculture and forestry. Addressed through TN 9. Business units verified as implementing sustainable production rise from 46.43% (2023) to 70% (2045). Integrates SVLK (forestry), ISPO (palm oil, mandatory under Presidential Decree 44/2020), and CBIB (aquaculture, mandatory under KKP Regulation 10/2021).

GBF Target 11 — Ecosystem services (NbS). Addressed through TN 10. Single indicator on quantified economic value of ecosystem-services utilisation, currently in development. Four action groups cover valuation, disaster risk reduction, carbon economic value in conservation areas, and nature-based tourism.

GBF Target 12 — Urban biodiversity. Addressed through TN 11. Urban green and blue open space rises from <20% (2023) to 30% (2045). The IKN case provides a flagship urban-planning example; no systemic city-level commitments beyond the open-space indicator.

GBF Target 13 — Genetic resources / ABS. Addressed through TN 12. Two indicators (both in development): ABS agreement documents and economic value from genetic-resource utilisation. Operationalises the Nagoya Protocol (Law 11/2013) with complementary instruments including PP 56/2022 on Communal Intellectual Property and development of DSI systems under CBD COP 15 Decision 15/9.

GBF Target 14 — Mainstreaming. Addressed through TN 16. Four indicators track ministries (→ 60), local governments (→ 552), share of local governments with Local IPK ≥0.5 (→ 80%), and non-government actors (→ 156) integrating IBSAP by 2045. Grounded in Inpres 1/2023 naming 19 ministries as duty-bearers, with IPK embedded in RPJPN/RPJMN. The Adiwiyata School programme has engaged more than 27,000 schools.

GBF Target 15 — Business disclosure. Addressed through TN 18. Company and financial institution reporting rises to 80% by 2045, measured against PROPER Green/Gold ratings. Regulatory stack: Law 40/2007, PP 47/2012, and OJK Regulation 51/2017 on Sustainable Finance, with EBA documents required for KKKS oil and gas contractors. The 2023 achievement (6.91%) is below the 2020 baseline (7.77%), reflecting denominator growth.

GBF Target 16 — Sustainable consumption. Mentioned. Addressed obliquely through the circular economy as a growth driver under RPJPN 2025–2045 and through consumer-facing SVLK/ISPO/CBIB certification. No food-waste reduction indicator is set; TN 8 records food waste generation as rising to 35.25 Mt by 2045.

GBF Target 17 — Biosafety. Addressed through TN 14. Two indicators: biotechnology applications from bioprospecting (30 → 70) and GE products with biosafety certification (8 in 2023 → 100 by 2045). Operates the Cartagena Protocol (Law 21/2004) through PP 21/2005 via the Indonesian Biosafety Clearing House. The 2023 achievement (8) is below the 2020 baseline (17).

GBF Target 18 — Harmful subsidies. Mentioned. Covered only from the positive-incentive side through TN 20, which targets 1 implemented positive-incentive policy each by 2025, 2030, and 2045, delivered through Ecological Fiscal Transfer (TAPE/TAKE), illustrated by Central Java Governor Regulation 61/2023. No identification inventory, phase-out timeline, or quantified harmful-subsidy reform commitment is set.

GBF Target 19 — Finance mobilisation. Addressed through TN 19. Two indicators: APBN biodiversity share (<1% → >1% by 2030) and innovative financing proposals followed up (held flat at 50%). Need is quantified at IDR 70.69–75.53 trillion/year against current spending below IDR 10 trillion, with the funding strategy reordered to private > PPP > public. Thirteen innovative instruments are named, including the first Asian SDGs bond (EUR 500 million, 2021), first blue bonds (2023), coral bonds in development with the World Bank, Debt for Nature Swap, Biodiversity Credit, and Faith-Based Funding. GBFF access is explicit.

GBF Target 20 — Capacity and technology. Addressed across TN 13, TN 14, TN 15, and TN 16. TN 13 targets biodiversity innovations rising from 25 to 550 by 2045. Institutional capacity building, data infrastructure (BKKHI, NBIN, InaBIF, SIDAK, SIDAKO, SMART RBM), citizen-science platforms (Burungnesia, Kupunesia, GoARK), and GBFF access via GEF-8 STAR anchor capacity and technology transfer.

GBF Target 21 — Data and information. Addressed through TN 15. Indicator: BKKHI integrated nodes rising from 0 to 22 by 2045. BKKHI is coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry as CBD National Focal Point and bridges ministerial systems (SIDAK, SIDAKO) with citizen-science and research platforms. IPK outputs feed into CBD National Reporting.

GBF Target 22 — Inclusive participation. Addressed through TN 17. Two indicators: provinces engaging customary and local communities, women, youth, and persons with disabilities (13 → 38 by 2045); and customary and local communities in participatory management (718 → 768). Customary Forests (108,576 ha by 2022) and the Global Youth Biodiversity Network Indonesian Chapter are recognised vehicles. GBFF allocates 20% of the portfolio to indigenous and local community initiatives by 2030.

GBF Target 23 — Gender equality. Mentioned. Gender is folded into TN 17 through Action Group 17.3 on participation of women, youth, and persons with disabilities, with the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection (Kemen PPPA) as a lead entity. No standalone gender indicator and no women's land or resource-rights commitment are set.