Australia

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Australia and New ZealandApplies 2024–2030Source: Australia's Strategy for Nature 2024–2030

1. Overview

Australia's Strategy for Nature 2024–2030 is a joint commitment by the Australian Government and all state and territory governments, updating the earlier 2019–2030 strategy to serve as Australia's framework for implementing the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework [§23].

Rather than creating national commitments for all 23 GBF Targets, Australia identifies six priority areas where it concentrates headline pledges, while committing to report against all 23 targets [§4][§69]. These six national commitments* map to GBF Targets 2, 3, 4, 6, 7/16, and 8. They sit within a distinctive architecture of three domestic goals, 12 objectives, and three cross-cutting "enablers of change"† that underpin the entire strategy [§23].

The three domestic goals‡ — connecting Australians with nature, caring for nature in all its diversity, and sharing and building knowledge — are designed as reinforcing loops rather than a linear hierarchy [§23]. Each of the 12 objectives carries progress measures§ for tracking implementation, totalling 55 across the strategy [§64].

‡Australia's three domestic goals are distinct from GBF Goals A–D.

§Australia uses "progress measures"; this page uses "indicator" for cross-country consistency.

The strategy treats its own adoption as a "first step" and commits to completing detailed implementation planning — including defining key terms and building a monitoring and evaluation framework — within 12 months [§62]. It contains no budget allocations or costed implementation plan.

Australia's NBSAP concentrates ambition on six headline commitments — including a standalone zero-extinctions pledge and a 30x30 protected areas target — supported by 55 indicators across 12 objectives, while explicitly deferring implementation planning, baseline-setting, and finance mobilisation to subsequent processes.

Sources:

§4 — This strategy (strategy overview, priority areas, implementation tracking)
§23 — A national strategy (document identity, goals/objectives/targets structure, GBF alignment)
§62 — Goal 3 > Objective 12 > Progress measures (implementation planning commitment)
§64 — Goal 3 > Evaluation and reporting (progress measures framework)
§69 — In summary (goals and objectives detail, GBF target mapping, reporting commitment)

2. Ecological Context

Australia is one of 17 megadiverse countries, supporting between 600,000 and 700,000 native species, a high proportion found nowhere else [§8]. This distinctiveness reflects millions of years of geographic isolation combined with nutrient-poor soils, natural climatic variability, high fire frequencies, and generally flat topography [§8].

The interactions among threatening processes shape Australia's biodiversity challenge. Species facing accelerating climate change require large, genetically diverse populations and connected habitats to adapt or migrate — requirements directly undermined by invasive species and habitat fragmentation [§15]. Close to 3,000 established invasive species — including feral cats, European red foxes, cane toads, rabbits, European carp, chytrid fungus, and buffel grass — compound pressures from habitat loss [§13]. Agricultural land covers 55% of the landscape, with persistent soil degradation, salination, and water overuse [§11].

Climate change is already causing rising temperatures, altered precipitation, sea level rise, and more frequent extreme weather events [§9]. Fire has directly shaped the evolution of the Australian landscape: eucalypts and acacias depend on fire regimes to maintain ecological cycles, while rainforest ecosystems developed without fire and are vulnerable to drought-increased burning [§9]. European colonisation disrupted the cultural burning regimes First Nations peoples had maintained for thousands of years [§9].

Since the previous strategy's release, Australia experienced the catastrophic 2019–2020 Black Summer bushfires and devastating 2022–2023 flooding, with enormous loss of wildlife and critical habitats [§15]. At least 19 Australian ecosystems have shown signs of collapse or near collapse, spanning the entire continent [§43].

Sources:

§8 — Nature is essential > Australia's nature is unique and diverse
§9 — Nature is essential > Climate change
§11 — Unsustainable use and management of natural resources
§13 — Invasive species and problematic native species
§15 — Interactions across threatening processes
§43 — Goal 2 > Target: Priority degraded areas

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

Australia's six national commitments represent a curated selection of priority areas rather than a point-by-point mirror of the 23 GBF Targets. The strategy commits to reporting against all 23 targets but concentrates headline pledges on six [§4][§69].

National Commitment 1: Protected Areas (30x30)

"Protect and conserve at least 30% of Australia's terrestrial and inland water areas, and marine and coastal areas by 2030, ensuring protected and conserved areas are ecologically representative, well connected and effectively managed, recognising and respecting the rights of First Nations peoples" [§43].

GBF Target mapping: Target 3 (protected areas).

The strategy frames 30% protection as the minimum required to maintain a healthy and sustainably managed environment, citing research that managing 30% of land optimally located for conservation would improve the conservation status of over 80% of Earth's plants and animals [§43]. Delivery mechanisms include enhancing the representativeness, extent, connectivity, and condition of government- and non-government-managed protected areas, Indigenous Protected Areas, and marine protected areas. The 30x30 Roadmap operationalises this commitment [§22]. Six indicators under Objective 5 track extent, representativeness, connectivity, and condition of protected and conserved areas [§42].

Measurability assessment: Measurable commitment — quantitative threshold (30%), defined scope (terrestrial and inland water; marine and coastal), and deadline (2030). Current baseline coverage is not stated in the NBSAP; the 30x30 Roadmap likely contains this data.

National Commitment 2: Ecosystem Restoration

"Priority degraded areas under effective restoration by 2030" — covering terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine ecosystems, targeting recovery of biodiversity, ecosystem functions, ecological integrity, and connectivity [§43].

GBF Target mapping: Target 2 (ecosystem restoration).

Restoration is to be prioritised by cost-effectiveness, cultural values, level of threat, and potential contribution. The Nature Repair Market is identified as the mechanism for facilitating collective investment in restoration [§43]. Indicator 5F tracks the extent of effective restoration efforts underway in priority degraded areas [§42].

Measurability assessment: Directional aspiration — specifies intent (restoration of priority areas) and deadline (2030) but defers definition of "priority," "effective restoration," and quantitative extent.

National Commitment 3: No New Extinctions

"Prevent new extinctions of native species, support the recovery of threatened species and maintain their genetic diversity" [§46].

GBF Target mapping: Target 4 (species recovery).

This commitment is structurally distinctive: it stands as one of six headline pledges rather than a sub-element of a broader species target. It builds on the commitment by Australia's environment ministers in October 2022 to accelerate work towards zero new extinctions by 2030 [§46]. The Threatened Species Action Plan provides the implementation framework. Actions include predator- and threat-free safe havens, captive breeding programmes, and emergency intervention for the most at-risk species [§46]. Indicator 6B tracks improvement of trajectories of threatened species via the Threatened Species Index [§45].

Measurability assessment: Measurable commitment — binary threshold (zero new extinctions), implicitly from adoption onward, tracked via the Threatened Species Index.

National Commitment 4: Climate and Biodiversity

"Minimise the impact of climate change on biodiversity and increase its resilience through mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk reduction actions, including by embedding climate change adaptation in all relevant decision-making" [§49].

GBF Target mapping: Target 8 (climate and biodiversity).

The strategy positions both adaptation and mitigation as essential, linking mitigation to Australia's net zero by 2050 trajectory. Nature-based solutions are specified, including protecting blue carbon ecosystems — primary forests, marine seagrass communities, wetlands, and peatlands — for carbon storage, resilience, and adaptation [§49]. Indicator 7A tracks explicit consideration of climate change risks, adaptation, and resilience in management of species, ecosystems, and landscapes [§48].

Measurability assessment: Directional aspiration — direction is clear (minimise impact, embed adaptation in decision-making) but no quantitative threshold defines what "minimise" means.

National Commitment 5: Invasive Species

"Eradicate or control established invasive species in priority landscapes and places; and further minimise the introduction and establishment of new invasive species" [§50].

GBF Target mapping: Target 6 (invasive alien species).

The strategy identifies invasive species as a leading cause of biodiversity loss in Australia, with close to 3,000 established species costing $25 billion annually across the agricultural sector and protected estates [§50]. The Australian Pest Animal Strategy and Australian Weeds Strategy provide national frameworks, with the Biosecurity Act 2015 as the legislative foundation [§50].

Measurability assessment: Directional aspiration — direction is clear (eradicate/control in priority places, minimise introductions) but "priority landscapes" is undefined, with no quantitative reduction target or species-count threshold.

National Commitment 6: Circularity and Pollution Reduction

"Increase the circularity of Australia's economy, to reduce our material footprint and waste generation by 2030. Reduce pollution in Australia's environment and its impacts on biodiversity, including reducing plastic pollution" [§53].

GBF Target mapping: Targets 7 (pollution reduction) and 16 (sustainable consumption).

This is the only national commitment the strategy itself labels as provisional: it is an interim commitment, to be refined through consultation on a national circular economy framework including sustainability scenario modelling [§53]. Five indicators track circularity rate, total material footprint, resource productivity, waste generated per person, and average resource recovery rate [§52].

Measurability assessment: Interim commitment — explicitly flagged by the strategy as provisional, to be refined through further consultation.

Sources:

§22 — Commonwealth, state, territory and local governments policies, programs and regulation
§42 — Goal 2 > Objective 5 > Progress measures
§43 — Goal 2 > Target: Priority degraded areas / Target: Protect and conserve 30%
§45 — Goal 2 > Objective 6 > Progress measures
§46 — Goal 2 > Objective 6 > Target: No new extinctions
§48 — Goal 2 > Objective 7 > Progress measures
§49 — Goal 2 > Target: Minimise the impact of climate change on biodiversity
§50 — Target: Eradicate or control invasive species
§52 — Objective 8 > Progress measures
§53 — Objective 8 > Target: Increase Australia's circularity rate

4. Delivery Architecture

Australia's commitments sit within a layered architecture of named programmes, legislation, and market mechanisms spanning Commonwealth, state, and territory jurisdictions [§22].

Legislation and Regulatory Reform

The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) provides the primary legislative framework. The strategy references ongoing nature-positive law reforms, including new National Environmental Standards for First Nations engagement and community consultation [§29]. The Biosecurity Act 2015 underpins the invasive species framework [§50].

Flagship Programmes

The Nature Positive Plan provides the overarching policy framework [§22]. Conservation delivery is operationalised through the 30x30 Roadmap, Australia's Strategy for the National Reserve System (terrestrial), and the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (marine) [§21][§22]. Site-specific plans include the Reef 2050 Plan and the Sustainable Ocean Plan [§22]. The Threatened Species Action Plan addresses species recovery, while the Australian Pest Animal Strategy and Australian Weeds Strategy guide invasive species management [§21][§22]. The National Adaptation Plan and National Waste Policy Action Plan support the climate and circularity commitments respectively [§22].

Market and Finance Mechanisms

The Nature Repair Market is the primary novel instrument for mobilising private capital for restoration, responding to growing demand for business investment in nature-related projects [§7]. No capitalisation target, timeline, or regulatory detail is provided. The Natural Heritage Trust provides an additional funding vehicle [§22]. The Measuring What Matters Statement and environmental-economic accounting frame nature valuation efforts [§7].

Environmental Data Infrastructure

Environment Information Australia is being established to develop a National Environmental Standard for data and information, housing the Biodiversity Data Repository with safeguards for First Nations data sovereignty [§30]. The State of the Environment Report, produced every two years by independent experts, provides an existing assessment mechanism [§30].

Subnational Strategies

State-level instruments include Protecting Victoria's Environment — Biodiversity 2037, the WA Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016, the NSW Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016, and Conserving Nature — a Biodiversity Conservation Strategy for Queensland [§22]. The strategy does not describe the substantive content of these state instruments.

Sources:

§7 — Our economy depends on nature
§21 — Other national strategies
§22 — Commonwealth, state, territory and local governments policies
§29 — Ensure equitable representation and participation
§30 — Ensure environmental data and information are widely accessible
§50 — Target: Eradicate or control invasive species

4a. First Nations Partnerships and Indigenous-Led Conservation

First Nations engagement is one of three structural enablers underpinning the entire strategy, not a standalone policy section [§29]. The strategy frames Indigenous participation as improving conservation effectiveness alongside its rights basis, and threads it through protected areas, data architecture, monitoring, and governance.

Protected Areas and Land Management

Indigenous Protected Areas and Sea Country Indigenous Protected Areas are explicitly included in the protected area framework that delivers the 30x30 commitment [§43]. The Indigenous Rangers Program receives increased funding for managing terrestrial, aquatic, and Sea Country [§29]. Indicator 4D tracks the number of First Nations rangers and ranger programmes [§39].

Institutional Mechanisms

Two new National Environmental Standards are being developed as part of nature-positive law reforms: one for First Nations engagement and participation in decision-making, and one for community engagement and consultation [§29]. The National Agreement on Closing the Gap sets a target to enhance First Nations peoples' connection to Country [§29].

Knowledge and Data Sovereignty

The strategy commits to respecting and maintaining Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and First Nations stewardship of nature as a core element of Goal 1 [§69]. First Nations data sovereignty and Indigenous cultural and intellectual property rights are to be developed as part of the Biodiversity Data Repository and Environment Information Australia initiatives, with adherence to free, prior, and informed consent processes [§30].

Approach

The strategy commits to co-designing policies and projects and forming equitable partnerships with First Nations peoples [§29]. This extends to culturally safe use of First Nations data, recognition of cultural burning practices in fire management [§9], and protection of biodiversity and related cultural heritage values in the invasive species commitment [§50].

Sources:

§9 — Climate change > Changing fire regimes
§29 — Ensure equitable representation and participation
§30 — Ensure environmental data and information are widely accessible
§39 — Objective 4 > Progress measures
§43 — Goal 2 > Target: Protect and conserve 30%
§50 — Target: Eradicate or control invasive species
§69 — In summary

5. Monitoring and Accountability

Governance

Australian environment ministers hold collective responsibility for leading national biodiversity efforts [§63]. They are supported by the interjurisdictional Biodiversity Working Group, composed of officials from environment departments across all states and territories, which evaluates and reports on implementation [§63].

Reporting Cycle

The Biodiversity Working Group will report to environment ministers every two years, with progress reports published in 2026 and 2029 [§63]. This cycle aligns with Australia's reporting obligations to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Three reporting levels operate in parallel: strategy implementation reports to ministers, the State of the Environment Report as a broader national assessment, and reports to the CBD for international accountability [§63][§64].

Indicator Framework

The strategy establishes 55 indicators distributed across 12 objectives [§64]. These are described as a mechanism to identify trends, test whether positive outcomes are being achieved, and signal where additional effort is needed. Not all indicators apply to every jurisdiction; each will report on those relevant to its circumstances [§64].

However, no baselines or quantified thresholds are set for the 55 indicators. Environment Information Australia is tasked with developing an appropriate baseline and methods for measuring overall national progress [§64]. The indicators themselves are subject to further review as part of a monitoring and evaluation approach currently under development [§64]. The strategy thus tracks direction rather than distance to destination.

Adaptive Management

The strategy is designated a "living document" to be updated as national and international priorities shift and as new evidence emerges [§64]. The Biodiversity Working Group will draw on both the indicators and the forthcoming comprehensive reporting framework to inform subsequent updates [§64].

Sources:

§63 — Leadership and direction-setting
§64 — Evaluation and reporting

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

The strategy contains no dedicated finance section, no budget allocations, no costed implementation plan, and no resource mobilisation strategy [§7][§43][§69].

The single specific figure is a cited cost estimate: invasive species management costs Australia $25 billion per year across the agricultural sector and protected estates [§50]. This contextualises the scale of the invasive species threat rather than signalling a funding commitment.

The Nature Repair Market is the primary named finance mechanism, described as facilitating collective investment from a variety of sources in nature restoration [§43]. No capitalisation target, operationalisation timeline, or regulatory detail is provided [§7]. Increased funding for Indigenous Protected Areas and the Indigenous Rangers Program is mentioned without quantification [§29].

On GBF Target 19 (finance mobilisation), the summary mapping table includes Target 19 against two objectives under Goal 1 [§69], but no substantive discussion of Target 19's resource mobilisation requirements appears in the strategy text. Indicator 3C tracks the extent of funding delivered nationally for biodiversity from both private and public sector finance [§35].

Sources:

§7 — Our economy depends on nature
§29 — Ensure equitable representation and participation
§35 — Objective 2 > Progress measures
§43 — Goal 2 > Target: Priority degraded areas / Target: Protect and conserve 30%
§50 — Target: Eradicate or control invasive species
§69 — In summary

7. GBF Target Coverage

Target 1: Spatial planning — Mentioned

The NBSAP does not present a dedicated spatial planning framework. The data and information enabler is stated to align with GBF Targets 1 and 21, with improved data through Environment Information Australia intended to support planning decisions. Objective 9 calls for integrating urban ecology and biodiversity policies into land use planning and statutory planning requirements.

Target 2: Ecosystem restoration — Addressed

Australia commits to placing priority degraded areas under effective restoration by 2030 across terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine ecosystems. The strategy notes that at least 19 ecosystems show signs of collapse or near collapse. Restoration is to be prioritised by cost-effectiveness, cultural values, level of threat, and potential contribution. The Nature Repair Market is identified as the key financing mechanism. Indicator 5F tracks extent of effective restoration efforts. This is a directional aspiration: "priority" areas and "effective restoration" remain undefined.

Target 3: Protected areas (30x30) — Addressed

The strategy commits to protecting and conserving at least 30% of terrestrial and inland water areas and marine and coastal areas by 2030. Protected areas are to be ecologically representative, well connected, and effectively managed. Indigenous Protected Areas and Sea Country IPAs are explicitly included. The 30x30 Roadmap, the National Reserve System strategy, and the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas provide operational frameworks. Six indicators under Objective 5 track extent, representativeness, connectivity, and condition. Indicator 5D requires explicit consideration of future climate scenarios in protected area planning. This is a measurable commitment with a quantitative threshold and deadline.

Target 4: Species recovery — Addressed

The strategy commits to preventing new extinctions of native species, supporting recovery of threatened species, and maintaining genetic diversity. This builds on environment ministers' October 2022 pledge to accelerate work towards zero new extinctions. The Threatened Species Action Plan provides the implementation framework. Actions include predator- and threat-free safe havens, captive breeding, and emergency intervention. Indicator 6B tracks threatened species trajectories via the Threatened Species Index. This is a measurable commitment with a binary threshold.

Target 5: Sustainable harvest — Mentioned

The NBSAP does not specifically address sustainable harvesting and trade of wild species. Objective 8 commits to ecologically sustainable use of natural resources, and indicator 8C tracks fisheries management practices that ensure sustainability and minimise impacts on marine or freshwater biodiversity.

Target 6: Invasive alien species — Addressed

Australia commits to eradicating or controlling established invasive species in priority landscapes and minimising new introductions. Close to 3,000 invasive species are noted as established, costing $25 billion annually. Named threats include feral cats, European red foxes, cane toads, rabbits, and European carp. The strategy also addresses problematic native species such as noisy miners and overabundant macropods. The Australian Pest Animal Strategy, Australian Weeds Strategy, and Biosecurity Act 2015 provide operational and legislative frameworks.

Target 7: Pollution reduction — Addressed

The national commitment on circularity and pollution reduction addresses both Targets 7 and 16. The strategy commits to reducing pollution and its impacts on biodiversity, including plastic pollution, and to sustainable management of chemicals through monitoring releases, assessing risks, and promoting safer alternatives. Five indicators track circularity, material footprint, resource productivity, waste per person, and resource recovery rate. This is an interim commitment, to be refined through consultation on a national circular economy framework.

Target 8: Climate and biodiversity — Addressed

The strategy commits to minimising climate impacts on biodiversity through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction, including embedding adaptation in all relevant decision-making. Nature-based solutions are specified, with blue carbon ecosystems named for carbon storage, resilience, and adaptation. Australia's net zero by 2050 trajectory is referenced as a complementary mitigation effort. Indicator 7A tracks consideration of climate risks in management of species, ecosystems, and landscapes. This is a directional aspiration without a quantitative threshold for "minimise."

Target 9: Wild species use — Mentioned

Objective 8 addresses ecologically sustainable use of natural resources. Indicator 8C tracks fisheries management practices. No specific wild species management provisions are identified beyond the general sustainable resource use framework.

Target 10: Agriculture / forestry — Mentioned

Objective 8 addresses sustainable use of natural resources, including encouraging innovation in agricultural practices to maintain and restore soil and water health. Indicator 8B tracks agricultural innovation and implementation, and indicator 8A tracks catchment-scale water management plans with environmental flow requirements. No dedicated agricultural or forestry biodiversity target is set.

Target 11: Ecosystem services (NbS) — Addressed

The strategy estimates that half of Australia's GDP depends on nature. It commits to quantifying the value of nature through the Measuring What Matters Statement and environmental-economic accounting. The Nature Repair Market is established for business investment in nature-related projects. Nature-based solutions feature in the climate commitment, with blue carbon ecosystems specified for mitigation and adaptation. Indicators track natural capital quantification and integration of ecosystem service measures into monitoring and reporting.

Target 12: Urban biodiversity — Addressed

Objective 9 is dedicated to enriching cities and towns with nature, proposing ecologically diverse green spaces, increased tree canopy, transformation of old rail lines into greenways, and rooftop gardens. The strategy notes that nearly 90% of Australians live in urban areas. Urban ecology and biodiversity policies are to be integrated into land use planning and statutory planning requirements. Three indicators track urban greening initiatives, green spaces in urban development design, and urban nature-based programmes.

Target 13: Genetic resources / ABS — Mentioned

Australia's obligations under the CBD to share benefits arising from genetic resources are acknowledged but not developed into a national target or action plan. Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property provisions and First Nations data sovereignty commitments relate to traditional knowledge aspects of this target but are not equivalent to a full access and benefit-sharing framework.

Target 14: Mainstreaming — Addressed

Mainstreaming biodiversity is one of three structural enablers: "Mainstream nature into government and business decision-making, including in financing, policies, regulations and planning processes." The Nature Positive Plan, Nature Repair Market, and environmental-economic accounting serve as implementation instruments. Objective 7 identifies opportunities to improve planning, regulation, environmental impact assessment, and approvals processes. The EPBC Act and nature-positive law reforms provide the regulatory framework.

Target 15: Business disclosure — Mentioned

The NBSAP does not establish specific business disclosure requirements. However, indicator 12B tracks organisations reporting performance against environmental measures, and indicator 12C tracks organisations making nature-related financial disclosures. These are tracked as progress measures rather than mandated as targets.

Target 16: Sustainable consumption — Addressed

The national commitment on circularity addresses both Targets 7 and 16. The strategy frames a circular economy as a holistic approach to reduce material footprint, improve materials efficiency, and reduce waste — addressing biodiversity loss from consumption and production patterns. Products are to be designed for reuse, repair, and recycling. This is an interim commitment, to be refined through consultation on a national circular economy framework.

Target 17: Biosafety — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 17 was not identified in this NBSAP.

Target 18: Harmful subsidies — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 18 was not identified in this NBSAP.

Target 19: Finance mobilisation — Mentioned

The NBSAP does not set a specific finance mobilisation target. The Nature Repair Market is referenced as the primary novel mechanism for business investment in nature-related projects. Increased funding for Indigenous Protected Areas and the Indigenous Rangers Program is mentioned. Indicator 3C tracks funding delivered nationally for biodiversity from private and public sector finance. No quantified mobilisation target is provided.

Target 20: Capacity and technology — Mentioned

The NBSAP does not address international capacity-building or technology transfer. Goal 3 commits to building domestic scientific and knowledge capacity through science, research, monitoring, Indigenous Ecological Knowledge, and citizen science. Environment Information Australia and the Biodiversity Data Repository represent institutional investments in domestic data capacity.

Target 21: Data and information — Addressed

Data accessibility is one of three structural enablers. Environment Information Australia is being established to develop a National Environmental Standard for data and information, housing the Biodiversity Data Repository. Data is to be available to all levels of government, business, and the public. First Nations data sovereignty and Indigenous cultural and intellectual property rights are explicitly addressed with free, prior, and informed consent requirements. The State of the Environment Report provides a biennial assessment. Indicators track accessibility of information, citizen science data contributions, and cross-jurisdictional collaboration.

Target 22: Inclusive participation — Addressed

Equitable participation is one of three structural enablers, with explicit focus on First Nations peoples. Two new National Environmental Standards are being developed for First Nations engagement and community consultation as part of nature-positive law reforms. The strategy commits to co-designing policies and forming equitable partnerships with First Nations peoples. The Closing the Gap National Agreement is referenced. Indicator 2E tracks the extent of public consultation on nature-related decision-making. The strategy frames First Nations participation as improving conservation effectiveness alongside its rights basis.

Target 23: Gender equality — Mentioned

Gender is listed as one dimension of diversity in the participation enabler, alongside age, ability, location, and ethnicity. No gender-specific mechanisms or gender-responsive approaches are developed beyond this mention.