Colombia

1. Overview

Plan de Acción de Biodiversidad de Colombia al 2030 (Colombia's Biodiversity Action Plan to 2030) was led by the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (MinAmbiente) under Minister Susana Muhamad González, and is framed by Colombia's presidency of COP16 (Cali, 2024) and by the National Development Plan 2022–2026 "Colombia, Power of Life" [§11]. It supersedes the 2016–2030 Biodiversity Action Plan and aligns the country's biodiversity agenda with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) [§11][§21]. Colombia ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity through Law 165 of 1994 and published its first National Biodiversity Policy in 1996 [§21].

The strategic architecture comprises four Strategic Axes, six National Targets with 25 indicators, and 191 sectoral actions with 63 indicators, totalling 89 monitoring indicators [§11]. The four Strategic Axes* address (1) cross-sectoral integration for territorial planning, (2) productive-model transition and benefit-sharing, (3) pollution, informality and environmental crimes, and (4) governance and biocultural management [§45][§49]. The six National Targets***Colombia uses "National Targets" (Metas Nacionales) for its six headline pledges. Throughout this page these are treated as Colombia's national commitments in KMGBF terminology and mapped to clusters of GBF Targets.Colombia's NBSAP calls these "Commitments" (Compromisos). This page uses "Strategic Axes" to avoid confusion with KMGBF "commitments"; these are thematic pillars, not individual pledges. translate those axes into quantified 2030 pledges, one per priority area plus a sustainable financing target.

The Plan was built through a "Whole-of-Government, Whole-of-Society" process involving ~23,000 participants across 23 regional meetings, and formalises 159 inter-ministerial commitments across 15 ministerial portfolios, 269 commitments with representative bodies of Indigenous Peoples, Black, Afro-descendant, Raizal, Palenquero, Roma and peasant communities, and 110 additional actions through differentiated pathways for women, youth and civil society [§11][§21]. Twenty-three Regional Biodiversity Pacts (Pactos por la Biodiversidad) drew input from 4,089 people and produced 164 regional recommendations [§11][§169].

Colombia's NBSAP organises a KMGBF-aligned agenda around the cross-cutting motto "Peace with Nature," structurally linking biodiversity to the 2016 Peace Agreement, PDET municipalities and post-conflict territorial dynamics. It costs implementation at 76.5 trillion pesos (USD 19.4 billion) for 2024–2030 and proposes merging the Intersectoral Commission on Climate Change into a single Intersectoral Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity (CICCyB).

Sources:

• §11 — Foreword (Minister's foreword; Introduction; structural overview)
• §21 — Foreword > National Context for the Implementation of the KMGBF
• §45 — Commitments of the Biodiversity Action Plan
• §49 — Strategic framework: Commitments, Targets and actions
• §169 — Incorporation of recommendations at the regional level

2. Ecological Context

Colombia is organised across five regions — Amazonia, Andean, Caribbean and Insular, Pacific, and Orinoquía [§37–§41]. Resolution 126 of 2024 identifies 2,102 threatened species: 1,262 flora, 82 fungi and lichens, and 758 fauna, distributed across 466 critically endangered, 800 endangered and 836 vulnerable species [§42]. The country has 25 officially recognised invasive alien species and 509 alien species with potential to become invasive [§42]. Between 2002 and 2017, threatened freshwater fish rose from 34 to 53 species and threatened marine fish from 28 to 56 [§42].

Ecosystem loss is substantial: Colombia has lost 26% of its glacial mass (Nevado Santa Isabel disappeared; 48% of Nevado de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta fragmented), 24% of natural páramo cover, 64% of high Andean forests, 24% of permanent wetlands, 92% of dry forests (only 720,000 ha remain), and 21% of mangroves [§43]. Thirty percent of Caribbean coral reefs exhibit temperature-driven bleaching [§43]. Between 2001 and 2021, 3.2 million ha of forest were lost, peaking at 178,597 ha in 2016; deforestation fell from 123,517 to 79,256 ha between 2022 and 2023 but rose inside National Natural Parks — notably Tinigua (6,527 ha) and Sierra de la Macarena (3,629 ha) [§43]. Savannas convert at 50,000 ha per year [§43].

The NBSAP identifies direct drivers as land and sea use change, pollution, invasive alien species, opening of illegal roads and illegal wildlife trafficking, and indirect drivers as land grabbing, illicit activities (including illegal mining and illicit crops), extractivist models, weak state control and perverse incentives [§41]. Land grabbing accounted for 61% of national deforestation in 2021; the north-western Amazon arc lost ~89,000 ha of forest in 2020–2021 [§42]. Extensive cattle ranching occupies more than 34 million ha against a land suitability of only 15 million ha [§42]. Of 69 fishery resources assessed in 2014, 48% were overexploited and 90% of continental hydrobiological resources are at maximum sustainable exploitation; the Magdalena-Cauca, San Jorge and Sinú basins have lost up to 85% of their fishery contributions [§42]. Mercury, cadmium and lead are present in freshwater cetaceans, amphibians, commercial fish and humans [§42].

Ecological shocks feed back into the economy: the 2024 El Niño phenomenon revealed the consequences of lost Amazon–Andes connectivity for rainfall and soil moisture; erosion affects 40% of the continental surface; and active deforestation hotspots record on average 15 additional malaria cases per week [§44]. The NBSAP cites World Bank estimates that partial ecosystem collapse could cut 13% from GDP growth by 2030 [§44].

Sources:

• §37–§41 — Strengths at the regional level
• §42 — Flora and fauna species
• §43 — Ecosystem loss
• §44 — Consequences of biodiversity loss

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

Colombia's six National Targets are its national commitments in KMGBF terminology. Each maps to a cluster of GBF Targets, carries quantitative 2030 sub-targets (with one exception), and is underpinned by a set of named instruments. Full budget figures are reported once in Section 6.

National Target 1 — Participatory planning

"By 2030, at least 19 million hectares with landscape integrity in continental and coastal marine territories will be included as territorial ordering determinants with biodiversity, climate adaptation and participation criteria in planning instruments" [§50][§57]. The baseline is 68 million ha with environmental zoning across 555 municipalities (34% of national territory) [§58]. Target 1 commits to reducing deforestation to 33,000 ha/year — exceeding the NDC rate of 50,000 ha/year — and to extending participatory environmental zoning to 170 PDET municipalities by 2030 (from 13 in 2024), directly linking implementation to the 2016 Peace Agreement [§58].

GBF mapping: Targets 1, 8, 11, 12, 14, with 49 agreed actions [§58]. Key instruments: Socio-ecological Transition Portfolio (≥50 strategic projects across seven sectors), Green Road Infrastructure Guidelines (LIVV), Biodiverse and Resilient Cities Programme, Mining Legality Strategy, 2024 Urban Environmental Management Policy [§58]. Measurability: Measurable commitment.

National Target 2 — Territories with ecosystem integrity and regenerative models

"By 2030, Colombia will have 5 million hectares reconverted to sustainable productive models and multifunctional restoration processes," decomposed into 2 million ha under restoration, recovery and rehabilitation (baseline 1,048,000 ha in 2023) and 3 million ha delivered through the land fund (baseline 0) [§50][§62][§63]. The Target also commits to raising green-growth-compliant agricultural production from 0.32% (2019) to 10%, and the forest economy's share of GDP from 0.7% (2021) to 1.5% [§63].

GBF mapping: Targets 2, 10, 15, 16, 18, with 32 agreed actions [§63]. Key instruments: National Ecological Restoration Plan (PNRE), National Restoration Strategy 2022–2026, Master Plans for Agricultural and Livestock Productive Conversion (PMRPA), Comprehensive Rural Reform national plans, habitat bank regulation, Biodiversity and Business Roadmap (ANDI/Acopi) [§63]. Measurability: Measurable commitment.

National Target 3 — Boosting the biodiversity economy

"By 2030, a contribution of 3% to national GDP will be made and 522,000 jobs generated through biodiversity economy models," from a baseline of 0.8% of GDP and 162,000 jobs in 2022–2023 [§50][§64][§65]. Anchored in 32 departmental bioeconomy agendas covering agricultural, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, bioinputs, biocosmetics, textile and tourism sectors [§65].

GBF mapping: Targets 4, 6, 9, 13, 17, 20, with 38 agreed actions [§65]. Key instruments: National Bioeconomy Observatory, five regional centres of excellence, National Bioprospecting Programme, Jaguar Corridor project, Amazonian Experiential Tourism Plan, Nagoya Protocol ratification commitment [§65]. Measurability: Measurable commitment.

National Target 4 — Pollution, informality and containing crimes

By 2030: raise urban domestic wastewater treatment to 68% (baseline 53.12% in 2021); manage 50% of environmental-liability cases for remediation (921 of 1,843 suspected cases); ensure 80% of biodiversity-derived products in high-importance municipalities are legally and sustainably obtained; eliminate 21 single-use plastic products under Law 2232 of 2022 (baseline 8 in 2022); raise water-quality monitoring in "good or acceptable" category from 36% (2015) to 43%; and resolve 30% of judicial proceedings on environmental offences (baseline 25%) [§51][§68][§69].

GBF mapping: Targets 5, 7, 21, with 40 agreed actions [§69]. Key instruments: Law 2232 of 2022, Law 2153 of 2021 (illegal trafficking), Law 2387 of 2024 (environmental sanctions), Resolution 126 of 2024, five Integrated Transnational Centres, 50 alliances against illegal species trade, new environmental jurisdiction, Fipronil prohibition and Chlorpyrifos suspension [§69]. Measurability: Measurable commitment.

National Target 5 — Governance across all sectors and all of society

By 2030, 34% conservation and management of terrestrial, inland waters and coastal marine areas — 70,393,872 ha, decomposed into 51,257,825 ha in the National System of Protected Areas (Sinap), 5,021,087 ha of reported OECMs, 12,480,210 ha of potential OECMs, and 2,679,152 ha of Indigenous, Afro-descendant and peasant territories as a recognised conservation category [§52][§70][§71]. The 2024 baseline is 49,998,321 ha (24%); Colombia reports that 32% of marine surface is already under some category of special protection, meeting the KMGBF 30% marine target [§71].

GBF mapping: Targets 3, 22, 23, with 27 agreed actions [§71]. Key instruments: Sinap, Law 2273 of 2022 (Escazú Agreement), Law 2169 of 2021, Peasant Reserve Zones, Civil Society Nature Reserves, Territorial Rights Stabilisation Strategy, Decennial Biodiversity Plans of Ethnic and Peasant Communities, Gender Action Plan [§71]. Measurability: Measurable commitment.

National Target 6 — Sustainable financing models

"By 2030, Colombia will have launched sustainable financing models that mobilise resources from all sources on a long-term basis, guaranteeing transformational impacts in the territories" [§52][§72]. Framed as an enabling condition for the other five Targets, with eight strategic actions led by MinHacienda, DNP, the Financial Superintendence and APC, including a resource mobilisation plan, an MRV platform coordinated with climate investments, a biodiversity component in the green taxonomy, and direct allocation of resources to Indigenous, Black, Afro-descendant, Raizal, Palenquero, Campesino and local communities [§73].

GBF mapping: Target 19 [§73]. Measurability: Directional aspiration. The Target commits to "launched sustainable financing models" without a quantified resource-mobilisation threshold; its eight enabling actions are costed (31 billion pesos) for implementation cost, not for mobilisation volume [§73][§162].

Sources:

• §45–§52 — Strategic framework and National Target statements
• §57–§73 — Descriptions of National Targets 1–6 and their actions
• §19 — Harmful incentives global target

4. Delivery Architecture

The Plan is built on the National Policy for the Integrated Management of Biodiversity and its Ecosystem Services (PNGIBSE), the conceptual reference for Colombian environmental policy, operationalised through the prior 2016–2030 Action Plan and now this 2024–2030 update [§23]. The strategic framework is anchored in a Landscape Integrity Map (1:100,000, 2023) classifying territory into very low, low, medium and high integrity categories, which guide National Targets 1, 2 and 5 respectively [§48].

Sector instruments. Sector-aligned plans include the Integrated Water Resource Management Policy (PGIRH), the National Policy for Sustainable Soil Management (PNGSS), the National Ocean and Coastal Areas Policy (PNOEC), the National Policy for Deforestation Control and Sustainable Forest Management (PNCDGSB), the Payments for Environmental Services Policy for Peacebuilding (PNP-SA), the Sinap Consolidation Policy, the PNRE, the National Plan for Invasive Species (EEI), and the National Strategy for Illegal Wildlife Trafficking (TIES) [§23]. Forty-six Conpes documents are in force through 2030 with approximately 375 biodiversity-related actions; flagship documents include Conpes 3934 Green Growth, Conpes 4069 on science, technology and innovation, and Conpes 4129 on reindustrialisation [§24]. The Peace Agreement contributes approximately 84 provisions with an environmental focus [§24].

Legislation. Cited legislation includes Law 2232 of 2022 (single-use plastics), Law 2327 of 2023 (environmental liabilities), Law 2273 of 2022 (Escazú Agreement), Law 2169 of 2021 (low-carbon development), Law 2153 of 2021 (illegal trafficking), Law 2387 of 2024 (environmental sanctions), Decrees 1384, 1396 and 0129 (Black, Afro-descendant, Raizal and Palenquero communities), and Resolution 126 of 2024 (species extinction-risk assessments) [§25][§63][§69][§71][§78][§86].

Conservation programmes. The National Restoration Strategy 2022–2026, the Socio-ecological Transition Portfolio, the Biodiverse and Resilient Cities Programme, the Jaguar Corridor, the National Strategy for Plant Conservation and the National Conservation Strategy for Threatened Amphibians frame flagship conservation work [§48][§58][§65]. The Serpaz Network engages privately-owned lands adjacent to National Natural Parks [§63], and a new biotic compensation manual and habitat bank regulation are to be developed [§63].

Bioeconomy and agriculture. The 32 departmental bioeconomy agendas are implemented through a national bioeconomy observatory, five regional centres of excellence, Master Plans for Agricultural and Livestock Productive Conversion (PMRPA), the National Plan for Bovine Livestock Conversion, and the Comprehensive Rural Reform plans from the Peace Agreement [§63][§65]. Food Production Protection Areas (APPA) and a Biological Corridors Programme focused on illicit-crop eradication zones are proposed [§63].

Environmental crime. Colombia commits to five Integrated Transnational Centres for environmental crime control, 50 alliances prioritising PDET municipalities, and the creation of a dedicated environmental jurisdiction to sanction offences [§69]. Coordination runs through the Conaldef management system under Law 2153 of 2021 [§69].

Sources:

• §23 — PNGIBSE; environmental sector instruments
• §24 — Conpes; Peace Agreement; National Development Plan
• §25 — Urban Environmental Management Policy; Resolution 126 of 2024
• §48 — Landscape Integrity Map; National Restoration Strategy
• §58, §63, §65, §69, §71 — Agreed actions by National Target

4a. Peace with Nature: Biodiversity and the Post-Conflict Agenda

Colombia is the only NBSAP in the corpus that structurally organises around the geography of the 2016 Peace Agreement. "Peace with Nature," the motto of its COP16 presidency, is operationalised through the four Strategic Axes: Axis 1 directs participatory environmental zoning to 170 PDET (Programas de Desarrollo con Enfoque Territorial) municipalities by 2030; Axis 2 embeds multifunctional restoration and productive reconversion within the Comprehensive Rural Reform and illicit-crop substitution agendas; and Axes 3 and 4 address the expansion of illegal revenues (coca, illegal mining, smuggling, wildlife and timber trafficking) and extensive cattle ranching in biodiverse territories "affected by violence" and "weak state presence" [§47][§58][§63][§69].

The NBSAP identifies 25 municipalities that concentrate 62–65% of national deforestation as priority intervention zones, and commits the Mining Legality Strategy of MinMinas y Energía to deforestation prevention [§58][§63][§65]. The Biological Corridors Programme, coordinated by MinJusticia, focuses on areas of abandonment or eradication of illicit crops [§63]. Target 5 (sustainable harvest) is treated as inseparable from post-conflict security: the Plan explicitly names the armed conflict, weak state presence, and extractivist models associated with illegal economies as contextual drivers [§47]. Regional recommendations call for cross-border coordination in the Amazon, drone-based enforcement, judicial support and traceability schemes [§69].

The deforestation headline — 33,000 ha/year by 2030 versus the NDC rate of 50,000 ha/year — represents a commitment that exceeds the country's climate pledge [§58].

5. Monitoring and Accountability

Governance reorganisation. The Plan proposes that the Intersectoral Commission on Climate Change (CICC) — created by Decree 298 of 2016 — be reconstituted as the Intersectoral Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity (CICCyB), with the Presidential Cabinet Intersectoral Commission for Climate Action (CIGPAC, Decree 172 of 2022) taking on biodiversity functions. The reform will require amendments to Decrees 298 of 2016 and 172 of 2022 and a Presidential Directive [§165][§166][§170]. Membership under Law 1931 of 2018 would expand to the defence, justice and culture sectors alongside science, education, labour and health [§166]. The Commission is to operate through six committees: Financial Management (DNP Technical Secretariat); International Affairs (MinRelaciones Exteriores); Technical, reorganised into subcommittees aligned to the National Targets; Technical and Scientific Information Management; a Special Advisory Committee from Non-State Actors; and a Regional Articulation Committee [§166].

Subnational coordination. Six named regional scenarios articulate implementation: 32 Departmental and Municipal Territorial Planning Councils (Law 388 of 1997); Mixed Technical Committees on Sustainability under the National Competitiveness and Innovation System (Law 1955 of 2019); 9 Regional Climate Change Nodes; 33 Watershed Councils (Law 1454 of 2011); 32 Regional Protected Areas Committees (Decree 2372 of 2010); and 32 Departmental Forestry Roundtables (Decree 1744 of 2003) [§167]. The DNP's Territorial Planning Kit is the proposed vehicle for aligning local goals with national targets following the SDG reporting model [§154].

Reporting architecture. Colombia's reporting is organised around Decision 15/5 of the CBD and its 26 headline indicators. Eight indicators are assigned to the National Targets and seven to the national actions framework. Colombia has agreed capacity to produce 21 of the 26 indicators by 2030, with reporting scheduled for the seventh national report in 2026 and the eighth in 2029 [§102]. No agreement was reached on national capacity for headline indicators A.4 (effective population size), 7.1 (coastal eutrophication), ATAT (aggregate applied total toxicity), D.1 (international ODA) or one further indicator [§102].

Institutional responsibilities. DANE (under Decrees 262 of 2004 and 111 of 2022) leads indicator coordination, implementing the SEEA-Central Framework (adopted 2012) and SEEA-Ecosystem Accounting (adopted 2021) and producing basic statistics under UNECE GSBPM v5.1 [§154]. The Plan tracks implementation through the DNP's +CLIMA platform, with +BIO to monitor the Biodiversity Action Plan; sectoral data remain in existing systems coordinated by SIAC and (for climate) the National Climate Change Information System under Resolution 1383 of 2023 [§166]. The Plan's 460 national-level actions are executed across 15 ministerial portfolios, with 79% of execution cross-sectoral [§168][§170]. The Office of the Comptroller General evaluates fiscal management of biodiversity, noting that investment is concentrated in Antioquia, Bogotá, Bolívar, Atlántico and Cundinamarca while Guainía, Vaupés and Vichada — regions of high biodiversity — receive the lowest national investment [§171].

Sources:

• §102 — 26 headline indicators; 21 reportable; 2026/2029 reports
• §154 — DANE governance; SEEA; Territorial Planning Kit
• §165–§167 — CICCyB; regional articulation scenarios
• §168–§171 — Cross-sectoral implementation; Comptroller findings

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

The UNDP-BIOFIN costing estimates the total cost of implementing the Plan at approximately 76.5 trillion pesos (USD 19,435 million) for 2024–2030, covering 21 of the 25 projected indicators (84% of the information base), equivalent to an annual execution need of 10.9 trillion pesos (USD 2,776 million) at 2024 values [§156][§157]. Allocations by National Target are: Target 1 — 30 billion pesos; Target 2 — 61.7 trillion pesos (80.7% of the total); Target 3 — 12 trillion pesos; Target 4 — 540 billion pesos; Target 5 — 2.2 trillion pesos; and Target 6 — 31 billion pesos [§160][§161][§162]. Within Target 2, approximately 42.6 trillion pesos are allocated to productive reconversion across 3 million ha at 14.2 million pesos/ha, and 19 trillion pesos to ecological restoration at 20 million pesos/ha across 952,000 ha [§157][§159].

Current levels. DANE's Environmental Satellite Account records government spending on biodiversity and landscape protection of 1.8 trillion pesos in 2023, a 36.1% increase over 2022, representing 21.6% of environmental protection spending and 0.32% of total general government spending [§163]. For 2012–2022, the Comptroller calculates that ~41% of biodiversity financing was borne by the national Government, 32% by territorial entities, 22% by environmental authorities and 5% by the General Royalties System [§163]. GEF cycles 5, 6 and 7 contributed approximately 347.51 billion pesos; climate-biodiversity financing totalled USD 548.1 million (~1.5 trillion pesos) for 2012–2021 [§163]. BIOFIN's contrast with CBD Strategic Plan mobilisation expectations suggests spending should be "just over 3 times the current national figure, that is, between 6 and 8 trillion pesos annually" [§163].

Mobilisation instruments. National Target 6 identifies a resource mobilisation plan, an MRV platform for biodiversity investments coordinated with climate investments, a biodiversity component within the green taxonomy (led jointly by MinHacienda and the Financial Superintendence), blended-finance instruments, Green Bonds aligned with ICMA principles, the National Financial Protection Strategy, Green PPPs and TNFD alignment [§73][§155]. Seven financial solutions developed with UNDP-BIOFIN are catalogued: habitat banks (compensation or voluntary), payments for environmental services (public or private), public funds, green credit lines from traditional banking, and community funds, with durations ranging from 1–2 years (community funds) to 20–30 years (habitat banks) [§164]. Two of Target 6's eight actions are dedicated to direct allocation of resources to Indigenous, Black, Afro-descendant, Raizal, Palenquero, Campesino and local communities, including mechanisms for women and financial instruments with a differential, gender and intergenerational approach [§73].

Harmful subsidies. Colombia hosted the CBD Resource Mobilisation Committee in Villa de Leyva in March 2024 and co-leads, with France, Germany and Kenya, a global panel of experts on debt, climate and nature [§155]. Sectoral harmful-incentive studies cover mining-energy-hydrocarbons; livestock-forestry and fisheries-aquaculture; food/beverages, pulp/paper and chemicals; commerce and tourism; and transport. The energy and hydrocarbons preliminary analysis of 42 instruments classified 8 as positive, 10 as negative and 24 as mixed [§155]. Work with Finagro on greening agricultural credit lines began in 2024 with BIOFIN support [§155].

Private finance. The 2026 report for private financing will have partial coverage; full tagging of bank loan portfolios via the ISIC–green taxonomy correlative is scheduled for 2030 [§147][§148]. Reporting of indicator 16 (international public financing including ODA) will not occur in 2026 and is deferred to 2030 [§102]. At the territorial level the Plan recommends raising biodiversity investment from 0.8% to 1% of territorial-entity budgets annually [§101].

The Plan does not state an overall mobilisation target against the 76.5 trillion-peso need; costing is per-indicator, and no "X% from Y source" mobilisation split is specified.

Sources:

• §73 — National Target 6 actions
• §101 — Territorial-level recommendation (0.8% → 1%)
• §147–§148 — Private finance reporting timeline
• §155 — International role; Green Bonds; harmful-incentive studies
• §156–§162 — Costing and per-target allocations
• §163 — Current spending; GEF; Comptroller findings
• §164 — Seven financial solutions

6a. Ethnic and Community Territorial Rights as Conservation Infrastructure

Colombia treats Indigenous, Afro-descendant, Raizal, Palenquero, Roma and peasant territories not as stakeholder categories but as conservation and reporting infrastructure. Under National Target 5, 2,679,152 ha of Indigenous, Afro-descendant and peasant territories count formally toward the 34% conservation target, alongside Sinap and OECMs [§71]. Peasant Reserve Zones, Peasant Agri-food Territories and Civil Society Nature Reserves are recognised vehicles; the Territorial Rights Stabilisation Strategy covers buffer zones of National Natural Parks coinciding with Law 2 Forest Reserve Areas [§71].

Governance is channelled through the Permanent Consultation Roundtable (MPC), the MRA and the Fifth Commission of the National Prior Consultation Space for Black, Afro-Colombian, Raizal and Palenquero Communities, which co-develop Decennial Biodiversity Plans [§71][§166]. Under National Target 6, two of the eight finance actions commit to direct allocation of national and international resources to these communities, explicitly eliminating intermediaries and guaranteeing access for women "in their diversity" [§73].

Under National Target 21, the Plan establishes a principle of "information sovereignty" — Indigenous territories become an official reporting category for conserved areas, with data produced from their own knowledge and information systems (ONIC's Sistema de Monitoreo Territorial, OPIAC's Amazon monitoring system, the Indigenous Navigator, CNTI's SIMA) and integrated with SiB Colombia and GBIF through interoperability standards [§152][§170]. Memoranda of understanding with Indigenous and Campesino communities during 2025–2026 will safeguard traditional knowledge and define what is public and non-public data [§152].

7. GBF Target Coverage

GBF Target 1: Spatial planning — Addressed

National Target 1 commits 155 municipalities covering 19 million ha to inclusion of biodiversity, climate-adaptation and participation criteria in territorial ordering plans (POT) and municipal development plans by 2030, at an average cost of 65 million pesos per municipality (17.8 billion pesos total). Costed indicators include the Variation in Natural Ecosystem Surface Area (VSEN, led by IDEAM) and the Red List Index of Ecosystems (4.9 billion pesos, led by IAvH). Targets 1 and 7 were the two most prioritised in the 191-action national framework. Participatory environmental zoning is extended to 170 PDET municipalities. Lead: Directorate of Territorial Environmental Ordering, MinAmbiente.

GBF Target 2: Ecosystem restoration — Addressed

National Target 2 commits to 952,000 additional ha of ecological restoration, rehabilitation and recovery (at 20 million pesos/ha, ~19 trillion pesos) and 3,000,000 additional ha of productive reconversion (at 14.2 million pesos/ha, ~42.6 trillion pesos) by 2030. Monitoring is via IDEAM's Forest and Carbon Monitoring System (SMByC); ANLA reports offset-related restoration with mortality and recruitment rates; ANLA/PNN/ANDI interoperability and a strengthened SNIF restoration module are scheduled for 2025–2026. Restoration cost includes two years of post-implementation monitoring and maintenance.

GBF Target 3: Protected areas — Addressed

National Target 5 commits to 34% conservation by 2030 — 70,393,872 ha, decomposed into 51,257,825 ha in Sinap, 5,021,087 ha of reported OECMs, 12,480,210 ha of potential OECMs, and 2,679,152 ha of Indigenous, Afro-descendant and peasant territories. The KMGBF 30% marine target is reported as already achieved (32% of marine surface under special protection). Reporting draws on the Single National Registry of Protected Areas (Runap) administered by PNNC, with complementary indicators under development for OECMs and for Indigenous territorial reporting.

GBF Target 4: Species recovery — Addressed

Resolution 126 of 2024 adopts species extinction-risk assessments identifying 2,102 threatened species. The Plan commits to designing an information system and wild-population monitoring system in 2025, developing both during 2026–2027, new extinction-risk assessments in 2027 with at least five-year periodicity, and updating threat categories during 2027–2030 including approximately 1,700 freshwater fish species (from 1,465 assessed in 2012). Validation is by the Committee of Experts on Threatened Species; the Instituto Humboldt leads technical work.

GBF Target 5: Sustainable harvest — Addressed

Target 5 is treated inseparably from the post-conflict and security agenda. Commitments include coordination with bordering countries in the Amazon on environmental offences, management and monitoring plans for invasive, threatened and fragile-ecosystem species, drone-based surveillance, application of environmental sanctions under Law 2387 of 2024, traceability for cattle ranching and extractive activities, and support for judges handling environmental offences. Data sources include AUNAP (landings), IDEAM (confiscated timber), Invemar and SEPEC. CITES Non-Detriment Findings are issued by SINA Scientific Authorities.

GBF Target 6: Invasive alien species — Addressed

Colombia maintains 25 officially recognised invasive alien species and 509 alien species with invasion potential. The Instituto Humboldt and the National Technical Committee on Introduced, Transplanted and Invasive Species lead reporting of the headline rate-of-establishment indicator, with list updates every 5 years starting 2025 and a management platform (drawing on InvBasa) designed in 2026 and developed in 2027–2028. Conpes 4050 frames invasive-species indicators within Sinap.

GBF Target 7: Pollution reduction — Addressed

National Target 4 sets three quantified 2030 pollution commitments: 68% wastewater treatment, 50% environmental-liability remediation, and 80% legal biodiversity-derived products in high-importance municipalities. Additional commitments raise water-quality monitoring in "good or acceptable" category from 36% to 43%; prohibit registration of Fipronil and suspend Chlorpyrifos; and eliminate 21 single-use plastics under Law 2232 of 2022. The Plan explicitly recognises "sensory pollution" and a regenerative-mining approach. Target 7 was jointly most prioritised with Target 1.

GBF Target 8: Climate and biodiversity — Addressed

The proposed reorganisation of the CICC into the CICCyB creates a single intersectoral commission covering both UNFCCC and CBD obligations — a distinctive institutional innovation. Legal foundations are Law 1931 of 2018 and Law 2169 of 2022. Climate-biodiversity indicators include SMByC, the Climate Action platform (53 indicators), and NDC indicators on ecosystem-based adaptation in mangroves and seagrasses. Colombia co-leads with France, Germany and Kenya a global expert panel on debt, climate and nature.

GBF Target 9: Wild species use — Addressed

Under National Target 3, the Plan expands a database of 4,850 green businesses into an interoperable system with regional autonomous corporations, including legal harvesting windows and species used. Conpes 3934, 4023 and 4129 establish indicators on a Project of National and Strategic Interest (PINE) for Bioeconomy and pre-commercial/commercial proof-of-concept support. Regional recommendations call for formal productive alternatives to illegal uses and PES-based incentives.

GBF Target 10: Agriculture / forestry — Addressed

Reporting covers the indicator "Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture" (DANE, MinAgricultura and FAO, using 2023 ENA data with a repeat ENA by 2030), and five sub-indicators on sustainable forest management (IDEAM: rate of change of forest area, above-ground biomass, proportion within protected areas, proportion under long-term management via SUNL, and independently verified certification). IDEAM receives ~80 billion pesos through 2030 for three sub-indicators. Target 2 also commits to 10% green-growth-compliant agricultural production and 1.5% forest-economy GDP share.

GBF Target 11: Ecosystem services — Addressed

The Plan prioritises pollination, AFOLU carbon absorption, water resources, fisheries, regulation of extreme climate phenomena (mangroves, floodplains), and cultural services in 2025, with information processing during 2025–2029. NDC indicators cover protection in 24 supply watersheds and POMCA plans adjusted for climate considerations. The seven-type financial-solutions portfolio (habitat banks, PES public/private, public funds, green credit lines, community funds) supports implementation.

GBF Target 12: Urban biodiversity — Addressed

The headline indicator on green/blue spaces has been calculated for 9 cities with 2018 data; DANE reports in 2026, with methodology adjusted to include blue spaces. The 2024 Urban Environmental Management Policy and the ICAU (Urban Environmental Quality Indicators) platform frame urban-biodiversity indicators, extending to trees per inhabitant, urban conservation measures and effective public space.

GBF Target 13: Genetic resources / ABS — Mentioned

Access to genetic resources is governed by Andean Decision 391 of 1996, and Nagoya Protocol ratification remains a pending commitment under National Target 3. The NBSAP reports a single management indicator (access permits) held by the Directorate of Forests, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, with no public information system. Memoranda of understanding with Indigenous and Campesino communities during 2025–2026 will define public and non-public data for traditional knowledge.

GBF Target 14: Mainstreaming — Addressed

Commitment 1 of the Plan and the 191 national-level actions across 15 ministerial portfolios — with 79% of execution cross-sectoral — constitute the mainstreaming architecture. A Presidential Directive is proposed to prioritise biodiversity inclusion in Executive Branch instruments. The CICCyB reorganisation, with committees on Financial Management, International Affairs, Technical, Information Management, Non-State Actors and Regional Articulation, is the primary institutional vehicle.

GBF Target 15: Business disclosure — Addressed

The headline indicator on companies disclosing biodiversity risks, dependencies and impacts is to be reported in 2026 via TNFD voluntary adopters through a technical working group led by the Financial Superintendence of Colombia, and via a dedicated DANE statistical operation for 2030. A study of eco-dependencies in agro-industrial and electricity sectors is under way under GEF 7 ANDI Business for Nature (2023–2024). The green taxonomy (MinHacienda and the Financial Superintendence) anchors private-sector alignment.

GBF Target 16: Sustainable consumption — Mentioned

Target 16 appears only within the NBSAP's alignment tables under National Target 3, cross-referenced alongside Targets 15, 17, 18 and 20 in the biodiversity-economy cluster. No dedicated headline indicator, quantified commitment or costed action is presented beyond its inclusion in the 191-action framework and its linkage to green businesses and circular economy under Conpes 3934, 4023 and 4129.

GBF Target 17: Biosafety — Mentioned

The Cartagena Protocol is referenced, and MinCiencias holds data on funded biotechnology projects disaggregable for 2014–2022. The National Biotechnology Programme and National Biological Safety Programme are named instruments. No dedicated headline indicator, quantified commitment or costed action on biosafety is presented.

GBF Target 18: Harmful subsidies — Addressed

The BIOFIN/UNDP 2021–2022 study identified reform routes for four agricultural-sector instruments. Since 2024, work with Finagro is consolidating a route for greening credit lines. Sectoral analyses cover mining-energy-hydrocarbons; livestock-forestry and fisheries-aquaculture; food/pulp/chemicals; commerce and tourism; and transport. The energy and hydrocarbons preliminary analysis classified 42 instruments as 8 positive, 10 negative and 24 mixed. DNP-MinAmbiente leads indicator reporting, with Cancillería named alongside for the subsidy-reform indicator.

GBF Target 19: Finance mobilisation — Addressed

National Target 6 (Sustainable financial models) is Colombia's commitment, classified here as a directional aspiration — no quantified mobilisation threshold is set against the 76.5 trillion-peso need. Eight strategic enabling actions cover a resource mobilisation plan, MRV platform coordinated with climate, green-taxonomy biodiversity component, blended finance, Green Bonds, and direct allocation to ethnic and peasant communities. Colombia hosted the CBD Resource Mobilisation Committee in Villa de Leyva (March 2024) and co-leads the debt-climate-nature expert panel. Four headline finance indicators are scheduled, with private-finance tagging deferred to 2030.

GBF Target 20: Capacity and technology — Addressed

The Plan diagnoses an inverse capacity-biodiversity relationship: the Caribbean, Pacific, Orinoquía, Amazon and Insular regions have the greatest biodiversity and the fewest information systems, while the Andean region has the most. Commitments include strengthening protocols, standards and IT infrastructure in under-resourced regions; increasing human resources in regional autonomous corporations; and formally recognising Indigenous community-monitoring systems (ONIC's SMT, OPIAC's Amazon system, the Indigenous Navigator) as capacity assets.

GBF Target 21: Data and information — Addressed

Colombia's information architecture includes SIAC (SIA and Sipga), SiB Colombia (interoperable with GBIF), Runap, SIPRA, ANNA, SIMMA, SIMCO, DANE's SCAE, IGAC cartographic systems, and Indigenous information systems (CNTI SIMA, ONIC SMT, OPIAC, Indigenous Navigator). The Plan establishes a principle of information sovereignty, commits to memoranda of understanding with Indigenous and Campesino communities during 2025–2026, and develops methodological sheets (2026–2027), data collection (2027–2028) and calculation (2029) for 2030 reporting. Lead: MinAmbiente, with the Instituto Humboldt calculating.

GBF Target 22: Inclusive participation — Addressed

The differential pathway delivers 79% of Plan execution. Formal participation runs through the Fifth Commission of the National Prior Consultation Space for Black, Afro-Colombian, Raizal and Palenquero Communities, the MPC and the MRA. The proposed CICCyB includes a Special Advisory Committee from Non-State Actors (with Roma community representation explicitly named) and a Regional Articulation Committee. The 23 Regional Biodiversity Pacts with 4,089 participants produced 203 regional recommendations, and Indigenous territories become an official reporting category for conserved areas.

GBF Target 23: Gender equality — Addressed

The differential pathway for women, youth and environmental civil society organisations prioritises Targets 22 and 23. Reporting covers land titling under the National Land Agency, rural women's roles, women's enterprises based on environmental sustainability, and the women-and-environment action plan. Gender is integrated into the harmful-incentive roadmap for commerce, food and beverages, pulp/paper and chemicals. Conpes 4050 supports youth-led productive initiatives meeting the 51% green-business criterion. MinIgualdad is named among the 15 lead ministerial portfolios.