France

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Western EuropeApplies 2023–2030Source: Stratégie nationale biodiversité 2030

1. Overview

France's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is the Stratégie nationale biodiversité 2030 (hereafter SNB 2030), finalised post-COP15 after consultation with the Conseil national de la biodiversité (CNB), Conseil national de la protection de la nature, Conseil national de l'Eau, and Conseil national de la Mer et des Littoraux, which rendered their opinions in October 2023 [§11]. The strategy is piloted interministerially under the Secrétariat général à la planification écologique (SGPE).

The SNB 2030 is organised around four strategic axes*: reducing pressures on biodiversity, restoring degraded biodiversity wherever possible, mobilising all actors, and guaranteeing the means to achieve these ambitions [§12]. From these axes flow 40 mesures (numbered action fiches) that carry the SNB 2030's national commitments**, each mapped to one or more of the 23 GBF Targets and four GBF Goals through a correspondence table; mesure 38 (public and private financing) and mesure 40 (interministerial governance) appear across all 23 GBF Targets [§43].

Progress is tracked through three stacked monitoring artefacts: twelve indicateurs clés validated by the CNB covering biodiversity state and pressures [§41]; a comprehensive tableau de bord managed by the Office français de la biodiversité (OFB) under the SGPE [§40]; and a boussole du déploiement*** — a deployment compass attaching quantified targets to the flagship mesures [§42].

*The SNB 2030 calls these "axes". This page treats them as structural pillars of the strategy, not as typed national commitments or GBF-Goal-equivalents.

**The SNB 2030 calls these "mesures" (measures / action fiches). This page uses "national commitment" for the headline pledges they carry.

***A France-specific structural device: a compass of quantitative sub-indicators attached to named flagship measures.

The SNB 2030 commits France to 30% territorial protection (10% under strong protection) by 2030 layered with overseas-specific targets, a +€264 million State budget increment from 2024 with published line-item allocations, and a plan for the progressive phase-out of subsidies harmful to biodiversity. Overseas territories, holding 80% of national biodiversity on 0.08% of emerged land, structure the entire strategy rather than appearing as an annex.

Sources:

  • §11 — Un accord international majeur > La finalisation de la stratégie
  • §12 — Les ambitions de la stratégie nationale biodiversité
  • §40 — Mesure 40 > Mettre en place un pilotage fin via des indicateurs
  • §41 — Les indicateurs clés proposés sur la base des travaux du CNB
  • §42 — Complétés avec la boussole du déploiement
  • §43 — Tableau de correspondance des Cibles du cadre mondial et des mesures

2. Ecological Context

France spans all oceans, four of Europe's five major biogeographic regions, and contains two-thirds of Europe's habitat types of community interest, with landscapes ranging from plains, mountains, and urban forests to glaciers, estuaries, tropical forests, and the Southern and Antarctic Lands [§2]. More than 200,000 species have been recorded on its territory — approximately 10% of known species on the planet — with more than 600 new species described each year, the majority in the overseas territories [§2]. France is the 6th country hosting the largest number of species listed on the IUCN Red List: of more than 12,500 species evaluated, more than 2,700 are threatened, a quarter of which are strict endemics [§2]. Only a fifth of habitats and a quarter of species of community interest are currently in a favourable state of conservation on French territory [§2].

Drawing on IPBES, the SNB 2030 identifies five anthropic pressures as direct drivers of biodiversity loss, in order of importance: land and sea use change (urbanisation, deforestation); overexploitation of natural resources; climate change; pollutions (agricultural inputs, chemical, light, noise, and thermal — including nuclear-plant thermal discharges); and invasive alien species, which take the place of local species, often benefiting from degraded ecosystems [§5]. These five pressures are identified as particularly strong in the overseas territories, which combine high population density with already-visible climate change effects [§5].

Sources:

  • §2 — La France, un patrimoine naturel exceptionnel
  • §5 — Un déclin accéléré de la biodiversité dû aux activités humaines

2a. Outre-mer at the core: how France's overseas territories shape the strategy

The overseas territories are not a sub-topic of the SNB 2030 but its structural centre of gravity. Although they represent only 0.08% of all emerged lands, they concentrate 80% of national biodiversity, spanning environments from subarctic Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon to Antarctic Terre Adélie, the Amazonian forest of Guyane, and tropical zones across three oceans [§3]. France exercises jurisdiction over the world's second-largest maritime space — more than 10 million km², of which more than 96% is overseas — including 55,000 km² of coral reefs and lagoons, more than 10% of the world's coral surface area, and more than 20% of the world's atolls [§3]. More than 98% of vertebrate fauna and 96% of vascular plants specific to France are concentrated on the 22% of territory represented by the overseas [§3]. One hectare of forest in Guyane can harbour more than 300 tree species — more than exist in all of continental Europe [§3].

The concentration of threatened species follows the same geography: more than a third of La Réunion bird species are threatened or already extinct; in Guyane, 13% of birds and fish and 16% of marine mammals are threatened; in Martinique, 47% of reptiles, 28% of molluscs, and 21% of birds are threatened [§30]. Invasive alien species are implicated in 53% of recorded species extinctions in French overseas collectivities.

Overseas-specific quantified commitments cascade through almost every mesure: 100% of overseas coral reefs protected by 2025 (half under strong protection by 2030); at least 500 "opérations coup de poing" on invasive alien species by 2025, particularly overseas [§20]; −50% introductions among the world's 100 most invasive species per ten-year period (no more than 6 species/10 years), stabilising at 60 [§41]; a double rebalancing of Plans nationaux d'action (PNA) toward flora and overseas species [§30]; enforcement quotas of 5 orpaillage (illegal gold-panning) sites, 5 deforestation sites, and 30 illegally-fishing vessels seized per year by 2030 [§21]; an overseas construction-sector training module and dedicated État guide on reconciling building renovation with species inféodées au bâti [§22]; an overseas declination of the €500 million urban renaturation envelope, integrated in ANRU urban renewal programmes including the Ravine Blanche and Bois d'Olives neighbourhoods of Saint-Pierre, La Réunion [§24]; and 200,000 overseas participants in the annual Fête de la nature by 2027 [§42]. A specific overseas governance draws on the comités de l'eau et de la biodiversité, the conseils de bassins maritimes, and the conseils scientifiques régionaux du patrimoine naturel, takes account of instances coutumières, and reinforces citizen participation including of the most distant populations [§13].

Sources:

  • §3 — Les Outre-mer au cœur de la Stratégie nationale biodiversité
  • §13 — Une stratégie pour de l'impact dans tous les territoires
  • §20 — Mesure 10 (invasive alien species)
  • §21 — Mesure 11 (environmental policing)
  • §22 — Mesures 12 à 18 (priority sectors)
  • §24 — Mesures 20 et 21 (urban renaturation)
  • §30 — Mesure 27 (threatened species)
  • §41 — Indicateurs clés
  • §42 — Boussole du déploiement

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

The SNB 2030's 40 national commitments are organised under the four strategic axes. They are presented below in grouped form, each group stating its headline commitments, GBF Target mapping, delivering instruments, measurability assessment, and cited indicators. Content on protected-area layering, restoration volumes, and species recovery receives its full treatment here; finance and monitoring are treated in Sections 5 and 6.

3.1 Axis 1 — Reducing pressures: protected areas and land/sea use

Commitment. The SNB 2030 pursues "efforts to effectively protect at least 30% of the national terrestrial and marine territory, with 10% under strong protection" [§16]. France commits to protecting 100% of its overseas coral reefs by 2025, half under strong protection by 2030, and to placing 5% of the Mediterranean sea under strong protection by 2025, including 100% of Mediterranean Posidonia seagrass beds [§16]. More than 400 new protected areas will be engaged across metropolitan and overseas territories by 2027, with 10% of public forests under strong protection by 2030 [§16, §42]. France supports the adoption of the BBNJ Treaty (signed 2023) and commits to carrying at least two high-seas marine protected area projects under it, alongside a rapid ratification process [§16]. Land artificialisation is to be halved by 2030 relative to the previous decade, reaching zero net artificialisation by 2050 [§16].

GBF Target mapping. GBF Target 1 (spatial planning) and GBF Target 3 (protected areas / 30x30).

Instruments. Mesures 1 and 2; existing overseas marine protected areas (Parc naturel marin de Martinique 2017, Parc naturel marin de la mer de Corail 2014, Parc naturel marin de Mayotte 2010, sanctuaire AGOA 2010); a new national park dedicated to wetland ecosystems, site to be determined from 2024 [§16]; the regional Conférence des parties de la planification écologique co-coordinated by the Préfet de région and the Président du Conseil Régional [§13].

Measurability assessment. Measurable commitment — all headline percentages and dates are quantified. The wetlands national park site decision is explicit (2024).

Indicators. 10% of national terrestrial and marine territory under strong protection by 2030; 5% of the Mediterranean façade under strong protection by 2025; 10% of public forests under strong protection; 400+ new protected areas by 2027; 100% of overseas coral reefs protected by 2025; land consumption halved to 120,000 ha/year by 2030 [§41, §42].

3.2 Axis 1 — Reducing pressures: overexploitation, IAS, and pollution

Commitments. Adaptive management (gestion adaptative), currently applied to quota fisheries and certain hunted species, will be extended to harvesting practices that can endanger rare natural resources including gentiane jaune, arnica des montagnes, and ail des ours; a service dedicated to imported impacts will accompany firms on trafficking of threatened species, deforestation-linked products, and conflict minerals [§17]. The establishment rate of known or potential invasive alien species will be reduced by at least 50% by 2030, with at least 500 opérations coup de poing launched by 2025 [§20]. Phytopharmaceutical use is to fall by 50% by 2030 under Plan Écophyto 2030; mineral nitrogen consumption by 30% by 2030; and light pollution by 50% over the decade [§19, §41, §42]. Coastal former municipal landfills at risk of marine release are to be 100% rehabilitated by 2030, and coastal municipalities engaged in plages sans plastiques at 50% by 2025 rising to 100% by 2030 [§42]. Motorised nautical competitions in the Pelagos marine protected area end from 2024 [§19]. Environmental enforcement in the overseas targets 5 orpaillage sites, 5 deforestation sites, and 30 illegally-fishing vessels per year by 2030 [§21].

GBF Target mapping. GBF Targets 5, 6, 7, and 16.

Instruments. Mesures 3, 4, 6–10, 11; Plan Écophyto 2030; loi anti-gaspillage pour une économie circulaire (AGEC); the CITES management bodies; Plan national en faveur des insectes pollinisateurs; reinforced controls and inter-force collaboration [§21].

Measurability assessment. Measurable commitment for IAS establishment rate, opérations coup de poing, phytopharmaceutical doses, nitrogen consumption, light pollution, coastal landfills, plages sans plastiques, and overseas enforcement quotas. Directional aspiration for the dedicated imported-impacts service and for gestion adaptative extension (no quantified thresholds stated).

Indicators. −50% IAS establishment rate by 2030; 500 opérations coup de poing by 2025; overseas IAS indicator stabilising at 60 species, −50% introductions per 10-year period [§41]; −50% phytopharmaceutical doses, 100% of monitoring stations at IPTC ≤ 1, −55% net GHG emissions by 2030 vs. 1990 [§41]; 100% of fishery resource stocks in good state by 2030 [§41].

3.3 Axis 2 — Restoring degraded biodiversity

Commitments. The SNB 2030 commits France to moving beyond species-conservation logic toward one of ecosystem integrity, in line with the Kunming-Montreal Framework's commitment that at least 30% of degraded ecosystem areas be under effective restoration by 2030 [§23]. At least 50,000 ha of wetlands will be restored by 2026 alongside the creation of a wetlands national park [§28, §42]. At least 1 billion trees are to be planted over the decade, using varied essences adapted to the future climate, after more than 300,000 ha of dying trees and a risk that 30% of essences may decline by 2050 [§25, §42]. A net gain of at least 50,000 km of hedgerows is targeted by 2030, particularly in agricultural settings [§26]. Permanent grasslands are to reach 15.7 Mha by 2030 (1 Mha more than 2020) [§42]. Priority ecological-continuity points noirs identified by each region are to be 100% resolved by 2030 [§42]. At least 70 nature-based-solution restoration or renaturation operations are committed by 2030 [§42]. For threatened species, 20 new Plans nationaux d'action (PNA)* will be launched by 2030, rebalanced toward flora and toward the overseas, bringing the total to 100 plans covering more than 300 threatened species, with 100% of national and regional red lists updated by 2030 [§30, §42].

*PNA (Plans nationaux d'action) are species-specific sub-instruments of the SNB 2030 already applied to overseas emblematic species including sea turtles and the iguane des Petites Antilles [§30].

GBF Target mapping. GBF Targets 2, 4, 8, 10, 11, and 12.

Instruments. Mesures 19 to 27; the forthcoming European Nature Restoration Regulation and a national restoration plan [§23]; Trames vertes, bleues et noires; Plan national en faveur des insectes pollinisateurs; existing overseas PNAs.

Measurability assessment. Measurable commitment for wetlands, trees, hedgerows, grasslands, points noirs, NbS operations, and PNA counts. Directional aspiration for the move from species-conservation to ecosystem-integrity logic.

Indicators. 50,000 ha wetlands restored by 2026; 1 billion trees by 2030; +50,000 km hedgerows by 2030; 15.7 Mha permanent grasslands by 2030; 60% of forests under sustainable management; 100% priority points noirs resolved; 300 species covered by a conservation plan by 2030 [§42].

3.4 Axis 3 — Mobilising actors

Commitments. The State will désartificialiser more than it artificialises for its buildings from 2027, and 2.5 million civil servants will be trained on the three ecological crises (climate, biodiversity, resource depletion) by 2027 [§32]. One school in three (primary and middle school) will host an aire éducative* project, reaching 18,000 aires éducatives by 2027; youth in service civique écologique will increase tenfold by 2030; 100% of mayors and 100% of State and local-authority executives will be trained on biodiversity and climate by 2030; the Fête de la nature will reach 5 million participants (200,000 in the overseas) by 2027 [§35, §42]. Environmental labelling (affichage environnemental) is deployed on textile and agri-food products from 2024, progressively extended to other goods and services [§35]. For business, the "Entreprises engagées pour la nature" programme** targets 300 companies with ambitious biodiversity action plans by 2025 and 5,000 by 2030, with voluntarily-published CSRD-linked biodiversity transition plans doubling between the first reporting year and 2030 [§42].

*An aire éducative is a small natural area (terrestrial or marine) managed by a class of schoolchildren as a pedagogical and citizenship project. **An OFB-operated voluntary business programme under which companies file ambitious biodiversity action plans.

GBF Target mapping. GBF Targets 14, 15, 16, 20, and 22.

Instruments. Mesures 28, 29, 31–35; OFB-operated business programme; Bpifrance, Ademe, and OFB tools for CSRD and article 29 loi énergie et climat; Parcoursup diffusion of biodiversity-professions mapping.

Measurability assessment. Measurable commitment for civil-service training, aires éducatives, mayors and executives training, Fête de la nature, engaged companies, and transition-plan doubling. Directional aspiration for affichage environnemental extension beyond textile/agri-food and for label analysis against éco-blanchiment.

Indicators. 2.5M civil servants trained by 2027; 18,000 aires éducatives by 2027; 10x youth in service civique écologique by 2030; 100% of mayors and executives trained by 2030; 300/5,000 "Entreprises engagées"; doubling of CSRD-linked biodiversity transition plans [§42].

3.5 Axis 4 — Guaranteeing means: knowledge and finance

The knowledge commitment (Mesure 36) continues support for research and knowledge-development through the Programmes et équipements prioritaires de recherche of PIA4 and France 2030, with biodiversity information systems to be reinforced with open-access data on state, pressures, and responses [§37]. The finance commitment (Mesures 37–39) sets a +€264 million State budget increment from 2024 with published line-item allocations, a plan for the progressive phase-out of subsidies harmful to biodiversity from 2024, and a doubling of Agence Française de Développement biodiversity finance by 2025 relative to 2019, toward €1 billion/year [§38]. These are given full treatment in Finance (Section 6).

Sources:

  • §13 — Une stratégie pour de l'impact dans tous les territoires
  • §16 — Mesures 1 et 2 (protected areas)
  • §17 — Mesures 3 et 4 (overexploitation and imported impacts)
  • §19 — Mesures 6–9 (pollution)
  • §20 — Mesure 10 (IAS)
  • §21 — Mesure 11 (environmental policing)
  • §22 — Mesures 12–18 (priority sectors)
  • §23 — Axe 2 framing
  • §25 — Mesure 22 (forests)
  • §26 — Mesure 23 (hedgerows)
  • §28 — Mesures 24–25 (grasslands and wetlands)
  • §30 — Mesure 27 (threatened species)
  • §32 — Mesures 28 et 29 (State exemplarity)
  • §35 — Mesures 32–35 (citizen mobilisation)
  • §37 — Mesure 36 (knowledge)
  • §41 — Indicateurs clés CNB
  • §42 — Boussole du déploiement

4. Delivery Architecture

Sectoral articulation and legislation

The SNB 2030 articulates with instruments whose primary object is not biodiversity but which carry impact on nature: the Loi d'accélération des énergies renouvelables, the Loi Énergie-Climat, the Stratégie nationale bas carbone (SNBC), the Plan national d'adaptation au changement climatique (PNACC), the Stratégie nationale pour la mer et le littoral (SNML), the documents stratégiques de façade and de bassins ultramarins, the Schémas directeurs d'aménagements et de gestion des eaux (SDAGE), the Plan d'action interministériel forêt-bois, the Stratégie nationale de lutte contre la déforestation importée (SNDI), and the Plan national d'action santé et environnement (PNSE4) [§12]. Under the loi du 10 mars 2023 on renewable-energy acceleration, the State ensures that strong-protection zones and zones d'accélération des énergies renouvelables do not overlap; at least 15% of the contribution au partage territorial de la valeur is dedicated to biodiversity; a new Observatoire des énergies renouvelables et de la biodiversité is to be created [§16, §22].

Agriculture, food, fisheries

Agricultural transition rests on the Plan stratégique national of the CAP 2023–2027 — to be evaluated from 2024 on its biodiversity contribution — together with the Stratégie nationale pour l'alimentation, la nutrition et le climat (SNANC), Plan Écophyto 2030, Plan biocontrôle, and the organic-agriculture, drinking-water catchment-protection, nitrate, antibiotic-resistance, imported-deforestation, plant-protein, and food plans [§22]. Agricultural labels integrate biodiversity: organic agriculture reaches 21% of the utilised agricultural area by 2030; Haute Valeur Environnementale (HVE) certification is reinforced; the label bas-carbone is mobilised. Fisheries R&D on less-impactful techniques and low-impact sustainable aquaculture — including multi-trophic integrated aquaculture and aquaponics — draws on the Fonds européen pour les affaires maritimes, la pêche et l'aquaculture (FEAMPA) [§22].

Business and territorial instruments

The OFB operates the "Entreprises engagées pour la nature" programme; Bpifrance, Ademe, and OFB provide calculation and action tools aligned with the CSRD and article 29 of the Loi Énergie-Climat for companies of different sizes and sectors [§34]. Collectivities are supported through the Éviter-Réduire-Compenser sequence, the Atlas de la biodiversité communale (ABC), and the new generation of Contrats de relance et de transition écologique (CRTE), which will systematically include a biodiversity section [§33]. The Trames vertes, bleues et noires programme restores ecological continuities; each region identifies priority points noirs with State support to resolve them by the end of the decade [§24].

Species, trafficking, and adaptive management

The PNA framework expands with 20 new plans by 2030, rebalanced toward flora and toward the overseas [§30]; a new service on imported impacts accompanies firms on trafficking of threatened species, deforestation-linked products, and conflict minerals; anti-trafficking action is reinforced via CITES management bodies [§17].

Urban nature and citizen-facing instruments

Urban renaturation and désimperméabilisation are funded by a €500 million envelope over 2022–2027, with the objective that every citizen have access to nature less than 15 minutes from home [§24]. Citizen-facing instruments include aires éducatives (schools), services civiques écologiques, affichage environnemental, the annual Fête de la nature, and the Journées européennes du patrimoine including natural patrimony [§35].

Sources:

  • §12 — Les ambitions
  • §16 — Mesures 1 et 2
  • §17 — Mesures 3 et 4
  • §22 — Mesures 12 à 18
  • §24 — Mesures 20 et 21
  • §30 — Mesure 27
  • §33 — Mesure 30
  • §34 — Mesure 31
  • §35 — Mesures 32–35

5. Monitoring and Accountability

Pilotage of the SNB 2030 is based on indicators of means and results, with each action piloted by a direction or State operator responsible for reporting [§39]. The OFB compiles these indicators and reports them regularly to the Secrétariat général à la planification écologique (SGPE), which can then engage corrective measures [§39]. The CNB is charged with the annual monitoring of the strategy and is seized each year with a panorama of advancement founded on key indicators, which may contribute both to governmental decision-making and to the Parliament's missions of control and legislative initiative [§39].

Dual-tier indicator architecture

The monitoring framework is dual-tier. Twelve indicateurs clés* defined on the basis of CNB work cover the state of biodiversity — abundance of common specialist bird populations by agricultural, forest, and urban environments; ecological state of surface water bodies; conservation state of habitats of community interest — and pressures — land consumption (halved by 2030, 120,000 ha/year preserved); fishery stocks (100% in good state by 2030); invasive alien species (department-level stabilisation or decline, overseas −50% introductions among top-100 IAS); chemical pollution (IPTC ≤ 1 at 100% of stations); phytopharmaceutical doses (−50% by 2030); net GHG emissions (−55% by 2030 vs. 1990) [§41]. These key indicators are completed by a comprehensive tableau de bord gathering indicators identified in each fiche mesure, managed by the OFB under the SGPE [§40]. A third layer — the boussole du déploiement — attaches quantified targets to flagship measures: €465M additional State means by 2027; 10% strong protection (5% Mediterranean by 2025, 10% public forests); 100% overseas coral reefs protected by 2025; 300 species under conservation plans and 100% of red lists updated by 2030; 21% SAU organic; 100% at-risk coastal landfills rehabilitated; 50,000 ha wetlands restored by 2026; 15.7 Mha permanent grasslands; 100% priority points noirs resolved; 60% of forests sustainably managed; ≥70 NbS operations; €500M renaturation mobilised by 2027 with 100 ha/year city renaturation and a 15-minute nature-access target (indicator to be constructed); 18,000 aires éducatives by 2027; 100% of mayors and executives trained; 300 "Entreprises engagées" by 2025 and 5,000 by 2030; doubling of CSRD-linked transition plans; 5M Fête de la nature participants [§42]. CBD and forthcoming EU Nature Restoration Regulation indicators will be incorporated as available [§40].

*The two tiers: (i) a short list of indicateurs clés validated by the CNB for Parliament-level synthesis, (ii) a comprehensive OFB-managed tableau de bord for implementation tracking.

Territorialisation and regional coordination

The SNB 2030 is territorialised in both the hexagone and the overseas through the Conférence des parties de la planification écologique at regional scale, co-coordinated by the Préfet de région and the Président du Conseil Régional, producing a plan d'actions régional partagé spanning energy, agriculture, mobility, maritime planning, and the plan eau [§13]. Regional biodiversity strategies (SRB) declining the national strategy are supported under the 2016 law that made Regions cheffes de file biodiversité; eight regions including one overseas had adopted an SRB over 2016–2023, with 100% regional coverage targeted by 2027 [§13, §42]. Eleven Agences régionales de la biodiversité (ARB) had been created by June 2023 [§13]. Regional consultation bodies — Comité régional de la biodiversité, Comité territorial de la biodiversité de Corse, and, in the overseas, Comité de l'eau et de la biodiversité — convene State, collectivities, and stakeholders [§13].

Alignment with the Kunming-Montreal Framework

A correspondence table maps each of the 23 GBF Targets to the SNB 2030's mesures, with Mesure 38 (public and private finance) and Mesure 40 (interministerial governance) appearing across all 23 GBF Targets [§43].

Sources:

  • §13 — Une stratégie pour de l'impact dans tous les territoires
  • §39 — Mesure 40 > gouvernance interministérielle de pilotage et de redevabilité
  • §40 — Pilotage fin via des indicateurs
  • §41 — Indicateurs clés
  • §42 — Boussole du déploiement
  • §43 — Tableau de correspondance

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

From 2024, the State budget and its operators increase by +€264 million to meet the SNB 2030's objectives, in addition to the pérennisation of existing envelopes (€300 million per year Fonds friches, €100 million per year renaturation within the Fonds vert, forest renewal under France 2030, and coastal-landfill rehabilitation) [§38]. The +€264 million is allocated line-by-line across: protected-area effectiveness +€114 million; ecosystems +€80 million; species protection +€18 million; forest biodiversity +€15 million; marine environments +€6 million; soil restoration +€6 million [§38]. The deployment compass targets €465 million in additional State means by 2027 and €500 million mobilised for renaturation by 2027 [§42]. A reference trajectory established by a joint Inspection générale des finances / Inspection générale de l'environnement et du développement durable (IGEDD) mission, reported in November 2022, serves as the basis for subsequent finance laws [§11, §38].

2021 baseline

In 2021, close to €2.3 billion of public expenditure was directly favourable to biodiversity (protected areas, species preservation, ecological restoration, marine protection, knowledge, environmental policing), alongside €2.4 billion of additional expenditure on pressure-reduction policies (agricultural practices, anti-artificialisation, large-water-cycle) [§38]. By level: State and operators (notably OFB and water agencies) €1.3 billion direct + €1 billion connected; local authorities €900 million direct (preponderantly départements at €430 million) + €400 million connected; EU-sourced €60 million direct + €990 million connected including the CAP [§38].

Subsidy reform and green budgeting

From 2024, the State launches a plan for the progressive phase-out of subsidies harmful to biodiversity, hierarchised by type of expenditure and assorted with progressive implementation modalities [§38]. A joint mission of three inspection bodies — the Inspection générale des finances (IGF), the Inspection générale de l'environnement et du développement durable (IGEDD), and the Conseil général de l'alimentation, de l'agriculture et des espaces ruraux (CGAAER) — analyses in detail what qualifies as a subsidy harmful to biodiversity and will propose a plan for reorientation and progressive reduction [§38]. The SNB 2030 positions this reform as a major lever for meeting global, European, and national biodiversity objectives and references the Kunming-Montreal target of reducing US$500 billion of harmful subsidies globally by 2030 [§38]. On the public-finance side, the budget vert approach is to be generalised [§38].

Private and innovative finance

The label bas-carbone, created in 2018, is mobilised in favour of protected areas and their managers under the loi climat et résilience; for methods not directly concerning natural ecosystems, the required biodiversity conditions and co-benefits are raised [§38]. Sites naturels de restauration et renaturation are referenced as innovative financing instruments [§38]. A biodiversity scratch-ticket lottery, "Mission nature", was launched in 2023 as a partnership between the Française des jeux and the OFB, channelling citizen contributions to local restoration projects [§38]. For corporate finance, the OFB continues the Entreprises engagées pour la nature programme with a target of 5,000 engaged firms by 2030; Bpifrance, Ademe, and OFB tools extend support beyond CSRD- and article-29-bound firms to smaller companies [§34].

International finance

France commits to doubling Agence Française de Développement (AFD) biodiversity finance by 2025 relative to 2019, targeting €1 billion per year, and to pursuing diplomatic action in support of the Kunming-Montreal Framework's international finance targets [§38].

Sources:

  • §11 — Finalisation de la stratégie (IGF/IGEDD trajectory mission)
  • §24 — Mesures 20 et 21 (€500M renaturation)
  • §34 — Mesure 31 (Entreprises engagées)
  • §38 — Mesures 37, 38 et 39
  • §42 — Boussole du déploiement

7. GBF Target Coverage

GBF Target 1 — Spatial planning

Addressed. The SNB 2030 confirms halving of land artificialisation by 2030 and zero net artificialisation by 2050 through Mesures 1 and 2, territorialised via the regional Conférence des parties de la planification écologique co-coordinated by Préfet and Président du Conseil Régional. Regional biodiversity strategies (SRB) decline the national strategy, targeting 100% regional coverage by 2027. Collectivities apply the Éviter-Réduire-Compenser sequence supported by the Atlas de la biodiversité communale and the new-generation CRTE, which will systematically include a biodiversity section. The correspondence table maps mesures 2, 9, 15, 19, 20, 23, 24, 28, 30, 36, 38, and 40 to this target.

GBF Target 2 — Ecosystem restoration

Addressed. France supported adoption of the European nature restoration regulation and commits to establishing its national restoration plan. Quantified commitments include at least 50,000 ha of wetlands restored by 2026 with a dedicated wetlands national park, 1 billion trees planted over the decade with climate-adapted essences, 15.7 Mha of permanent grasslands by 2030 (1 Mha more than in 2020), 100% of priority ecological-continuity points noirs resolved by 2030, and at least 70 nature-based-solution restoration/renaturation operations by 2030. Urban renaturation is funded at €500 million over 2022–2027.

GBF Target 3 — Protected areas (30x30)

Addressed. The SNB 2030 commits to effectively protecting at least 30% of national terrestrial and marine territory with 10% under strong protection, plus 10% of public forests under strong protection, 5% of the Mediterranean under strong protection by 2025 (including 100% of Posidonia meadows), 100% of overseas coral reefs protected by 2025 with half under strong protection by 2030, and 400+ new protected areas engaged by 2027. Internationally, France commits to at least two high-seas MPA projects under the BBNJ Treaty it helped adopt in 2023 and to rapid ratification. Strong-protection zones and renewable-energy acceleration zones are kept non-overlapping.

GBF Target 4 — Species recovery

Addressed. Mesure 27 commits the State to launching 20 new Plans nationaux d'action (PNA) by 2030, rebalanced toward flora and the overseas, bringing the total to 100 plans covering more than 300 threatened species; 100% of national and regional red lists are to be updated by 2030. The Plan national en faveur des insectes pollinisateurs et de la pollinisation continues, and action against accidental mortality (bycatch of small cetaceans, marine turtles, seabirds) is reinforced. Existing overseas PNAs include sea turtles and the iguane des Petites Antilles. The SNB 2030 does not set population-level recovery thresholds per species beyond "where possible" reversal of decline.

GBF Target 5 — Sustainable harvest

Addressed. Mesures 3 and 4 extend gestion adaptative — currently applied to quota fisheries and certain hunted species — to harvesting practices that can endanger rare natural resources including gentiane jaune, arnica des montagnes, and ail des ours. A new service on imported impacts supports firms on trafficking of threatened species, deforestation-linked products, and conflict minerals; anti-trafficking action is reinforced via CITES management bodies. The indicators table commits 100% of fishery resource stocks to a good state by 2030.

GBF Target 6 — Invasive alien species

Addressed. Mesure 10 sets a −50% establishment rate for known or potential invasive alien species by 2030, with at least 500 opérations coup de poing by 2025 (particularly overseas). Overseas indicators target stabilisation at 60 IAS species and a −50% introduction rate of top-100 global IAS per ten-year period (no more than 6 species per decade). Invasive alien species are implicated in 53% of recorded species extinctions in French overseas collectivities, anchoring the overseas prioritisation.

GBF Target 7 — Pollution reduction

Addressed. Mesures 6 to 9 set −50% phytopharmaceutical doses by 2030 under Plan Écophyto 2030; −30% mineral nitrogen consumption by 2030 under the planification écologique; 100% of chemical-pollution monitoring stations at IPTC ≤ 1; 100% of at-risk former coastal municipal landfills rehabilitated by 2030; 50% of coastal municipalities engaged in plages sans plastiques by 2025 rising to 100% by 2030; and −50% light pollution over the decade. Underwater noise is addressed by ending motorised nautical competitions in the Pelagos marine protected area from 2024. France supports adoption of an international treaty on plastic pollutions.

GBF Target 8 — Climate and biodiversity

Addressed. Mesure 5 aligns the SNB 2030 with the SNBC, PPE, and PNACC through the planification écologique. A new Observatoire des énergies renouvelables et de la biodiversité is to be created, with at least 15% of the renewable-energy territorial value-sharing contribution dedicated to biodiversity. Forest resilience targets 1 billion climate-adapted trees by 2030 following more than 300,000 ha of dying trees. Urban renaturation (Mesures 20, 21) delivers cool-island and flood-resilience services. Net GHG emissions are to fall 55% by 2030 relative to 1990.

GBF Target 9 — Wild species use

Mentioned. Coverage is limited to the gestion adaptative extension under Mesure 3 (shared with Target 5). The SNB 2030's briefing does not elaborate commitments specific to benefits for vulnerable populations, food security, or custom use of wild species as framed in GBF Target 9.

GBF Target 10 — Agriculture and forestry

Addressed. Mesures 12 to 18 accompany priority sectors toward trajectoires à biodiversité positive. The CAP 2023–2027 Plan stratégique national is evaluated from 2024 for its biodiversity contribution. Targets include 21% of utilised agricultural area in organic agriculture by 2030, reinforced Haute Valeur Environnementale certification, the label bas-carbone, 1 billion trees planted with climate-adapted essences, and 60% of forests under sustainable management. Fisheries R&D on less-impactful techniques and low-impact aquaculture (multi-trophic integrated aquaculture, aquaponics) draws on FEAMPA. An overseas construction-sector training module and État guide will cover reconciliation with species inféodées au bâti.

GBF Target 11 — Ecosystem services (nature-based solutions)

Addressed. The SNB 2030 anchors its rationale in the 18 IPBES contributions of nature to people, frames nature-based solutions as emblematic of the climate-biodiversity interconnection, and targets at least 70 NbS restoration/renaturation operations by 2030. Urban renaturation delivers NbS climate adaptation with a €500 million envelope over 2022–2027 and the objective that all citizens have access to nature within 15 minutes of home. The label bas-carbone is mobilised for protected areas and their managers.

GBF Target 12 — Urban biodiversity

Addressed. Mesures 20 and 21 deploy Trames vertes, bleues, and noires, resolve priority points noirs in each region by the end of the decade, and fund urban renaturation and désimperméabilisation with €500 million over 2022–2027, targeting 100 ha renaturated per year and a 15-minute nature-access indicator to be constructed. Overseas renaturation is integrated in ANRU urban renewal programmes (Ravine Blanche, Bois d'Olives, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion), explicitly linked to reduction of social precarity and inequality.

GBF Target 13 — Genetic resources / Access and Benefit-Sharing

Not identified. Content addressing GBF Target 13 was not identified in this NBSAP.

GBF Target 14 — Mainstreaming

Addressed. The SNB 2030 articulates with 13+ sectoral strategies and laws (SNBC, PPE, PNACC, SNML, SDAGE, forêt-bois, SNDI, PNSE4, AGEC, loi d'accélération des énergies renouvelables, loi Énergie-Climat, Stratégie nationale pour l'alimentation, la nutrition et le climat, among others). Mesures 28–29 commit the State to exemplarity, including integration of the "Une seule santé" approach into public policies and State-building désartificialisation greater than artificialisation from 2027. Mesure 30 integrates biodiversity into territorial documents; Mesure 40 secures interministerial piloting.

GBF Target 15 — Business disclosure

Addressed. Mesure 31 accompanies companies in implementing CSRD and article 29 loi énergie-climat transparency and reporting obligations, with Bpifrance, Ademe, and OFB providing tools for firms of different sizes. The OFB-operated Entreprises engagées pour la nature programme targets 300 firms with ambitious biodiversity action plans by 2025 and 5,000 by 2030; voluntarily-published CSRD-linked biodiversity transition plans are to double between the first reporting year and 2030.

GBF Target 16 — Sustainable consumption

Addressed. Sustainable consumption is anchored in the sobriété principle. Mesures 32–35 deploy affichage environnemental on textile and agri-food products from 2024, progressively extended to other goods and services. Labels are to be analysed and improved to combat éco-blanchiment. The AGEC framework is reinforced for single-use plastics with 50% of coastal municipalities engaged in plages sans plastiques by 2025 and 100% by 2030. A quantified food-waste commitment as framed in GBF Target 16 is not present.

GBF Target 17 — Biosafety

Not identified. Content addressing GBF Target 17 was not identified in this NBSAP.

GBF Target 18 — Harmful subsidies

Addressed. From 2024, the State launches a plan for the progressive phase-out of subsidies harmful to biodiversity, hierarchised by expenditure type. A joint mission of IGF, IGEDD, and CGAAER analyses what qualifies as such subsidies and will propose a reorientation and progressive-reduction plan. The budget vert approach is to be generalised. Framing references the Kunming-Montreal target of reducing US$500 billion of harmful subsidies globally by 2030.

GBF Target 19 — Finance mobilisation

Addressed. From 2024, the State-and-operators budget increases by +€264 million with line-item allocations (protected areas +€114M, ecosystems +€80M, species +€18M, forest biodiversity +€15M, marine +€6M, soils +€6M), alongside pérennisation of Fonds friches (€300M/year), Fonds vert renaturation (€100M/year), France 2030 forest renewal, and coastal-landfill remediation; the compass targets €465M additional State means by 2027. A 2021 baseline of €2.3B direct and €2.4B connected public biodiversity expenditure is published. Private finance mobilises the label bas-carbone, sites naturels de restauration et renaturation, and the "Mission nature" scratch-ticket lottery launched in 2023 by the Française des jeux and OFB. AFD biodiversity finance is to be doubled by 2025 vs. 2019, targeting €1 billion/year.

GBF Target 20 — Capacity and technology

Addressed. Mesure 36 continues support for research and knowledge-development through PEPR PIA4 and France 2030, with reinforced open-access biodiversity information systems. Capacity building includes 2.5 million civil servants trained on the three ecological crises by 2027; 100% of mayors and of State and territorial-collectivity executives trained on biodiversity and climate by 2030; a tenfold increase in youth in service civique écologique by 2030; 18,000 aires éducatives by 2027; and a mapping of biodiversity professions diffused via Parcoursup. An overseas construction-sector training module and label cartography (available 2024) complete the sectoral layer.

GBF Target 21 — Data and information

Addressed. Mesure 36 reinforces biodiversity information systems with open-access data on state, pressures, and responses. The Observatoire national de la Biodiversité in 2019 published regional cartography monitoring soil artificialisation, habitat destruction, fragmentation, flow obstacles, industrial pollution, and pesticide purchases. Mesure 40 establishes indicator-based piloting, with the OFB compiling indicators and reporting to the SGPE and the CNB producing an annual panorama for Parliament. CBD and EU restoration-regulation indicators are to be integrated as they become available.

GBF Target 22 — Inclusive participation

Mentioned. The SNB 2030 describes a participatory design process with 798 territorial contributions, an OFB citizen survey, and January 2021 "sciences pour l'action" meetings across overseas basins run by the Fondation pour la recherche sur la biodiversité, OFB, and the ministries of Ecology and Outre-mer. Overseas governance takes account of instances coutumières and reinforces participation of the most distant populations. Dedicated provisions on Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, women, persons with disabilities, or further marginalised groups as framed in GBF Target 22 are not elaborated beyond this overseas customary-bodies reference.

GBF Target 23 — Gender equality

Not identified. Content addressing GBF Target 23 was not identified in this NBSAP.

Translated from French.

KMGBF Targets Referenced