Peru

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Latin America and the CaribbeanApplies 2014–2018Source: Estrategia y Plan de Acción Nacional de Diversidad Biológica 2014–2018

1. Overview

Peru's National Biodiversity Strategy to 2021 and its Action Plan 2014–2018 — the EPANDB (Estrategia y Plan de Acción Nacional de Diversidad Biológica) — was approved by CONADIB (Comisión Nacional de Diversidad Biológica) at its extraordinary session of 5 May 2014, led by MINAM (Ministerio del Ambiente) as CBD Focal Point [§15, §30]. The strategy was prepared within a project implemented by MINAM and managed by the United Nations Development Programme with resources from the Global Environment Facility [§3].

The EPANDB predates the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Its indicator matrix is explicitly mapped to the Aichi Targets [§67]; any crosswalk to GBF Targets on this page is editorial and not part of the document's original scope.

This NBSAP was submitted before the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (December 2022). Target mappings are inferred and were not part of the document's original scope.

The document is structured around a 2021 vision, six Strategic Objectives (SO1–SO6), and thirteen national targets to 2021 operationalised through 147 actions assigned to competent public institutions for the period 2014–2018, with a first evaluation milestone in 2018 and reformulation of the 2021 targets dependent on progress at that point [§30, §43].

Peru's NBSAP uses "Metas" (targets) for its thirteen headline pledges and "Objetivos Estratégicos" for its six strategic objectives. This page uses national commitment for the thirteen pledges, in line with KMGBF terminology, and reserves GBF Target for references to the 23 targets of the Kunming-Montreal Framework. The 147 "Actividades" are described here as actions.

The EPANDB is a 2014 strategy built against the Aichi Targets, anchored in Peru's status as a megadiverse, centre-of-origin country, and organised around 13 quantified national commitments to 2021 with a 2018 milestone. It couples a 17%-terrestrial / 10%-marine spatial ambition to a two-part definitional test for "effective biodiversity management" — an approved plan under implementation and the executed budget to deliver it — and folds Nagoya Protocol implementation, a ten-year LMO moratorium, and structural engagement with five national indigenous umbrella organisations into the same document.

Sources:

  • §3 — Front matter > Editorial and Institutional Acknowledgements
  • §15 — CAUSE and CONSEQUENCE > 4.1. The Updating and Preparation Process
  • §30 — CAUSE and CONSEQUENCE > 5.3. Implementation and Monitoring Mechanisms
  • §43 — SO: Strategic Objectives T: Targets (consolidated vision/objectives/targets diagram)
  • §67 — Actions 2014-2018 > Explanatory notes on the indicators

2. Ecological Context

Peru contains 84 life zones, representing 71.8% of the planet's total, and is dominated by three natural regions — coast, highlands and rainforest — with Amazonian rainforest occupying 61% of the continental surface [§9]. The upwelling ecosystem of the Peruvian or Humboldt Current is recognised as one of the most productive marine systems in the world [§9]. The territory contains 2,697 glaciers, 27,390 lakes and lagoons, 1,007 rivers, 73,280,424 hectares of forests, 22,228,000 hectares of páramos and punas, thirteen Ramsar wetlands of international importance covering 6,784,042 hectares, and three Biosphere Reserves [§9, §70].

Species richness places Peru among the highest-diversity countries globally. The annex records 20,375 flora species (5,509 endemic), 490 mammals, 1,847 birds, 442 reptiles, 624 amphibians, and 1,064 freshwater fish; marine species include 33 mammals, 82 birds, 4 turtles, and 1,070 fish [§70]. Between 2001 and 2010, 136 new amphibian species were described in Peru [§9]. Peru's 2006 and 2014 lists of threatened wild species include 492 fauna species (64 critically endangered) and 777 flora species (194 critically endangered); aquatic and marine lists were being prepared at the time of publication [§9]. Three species — the Machu Picchu Chinchilla Rat (Cuscomys oblativa), Lagostomus crassus, and the Lake Titicaca fish Orestias cuvieri (not recorded since 1960) — are proposed as extinct in historical times [§9].

The strategy identifies land-use change as the principal pressure. Approximately 150,000 hectares of primary Amazonian forest are deforested each year, with associated emissions of 57 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalent [§12, §13]. Unregulated deforestation and illegal logging affect up to 80% of exported timber, entering the formal market via 48 transport routes [§10]. Rising mineral prices have driven exponential expansion of illegal mining into tens of thousands of hectares of natural areas, including within the protected-area system [§12]. Additional pressures identified are indiscriminate agrochemical use, invasive alien species, overexploitation for emerging markets, and the potential introduction of living modified organisms — a threat of heightened severity for Peru as a centre of origin of crop species (treated in Section 2a below). Socio-environmental conflicts over water in the Andes and forests and hydrobiological resources in the Amazon have increased over the past decade, amplified by climate-change scenarios [§13].

Sources:

  • §9 — BACKGROUND 2 > 3.1. Representativeness and conservation status
  • §10 — BACKGROUND 2 > 3.2. Sustainable use of biodiversity
  • §12 — BACKGROUND 2 > 3.4. Impacts and threats to Peru's biodiversity
  • §13 — CAUSE and CONSEQUENCE
  • §70 — Annex No. 1 Key data on Peruvian biodiversity

2a. Peru as a centre of origin: genetic diversity and the LMO moratorium

Peru is one of the world centres of origin and diversification of domesticated plant and animal genetic resources. The annex records 91 wild potato species, 9 domesticated species, and more than 3,000 potato varieties; 24 races of quinoa; 55 races of maize; and 500 varieties of kiwicha [§9, §70]. This genetic wealth is recognised as the material foundation of indigenous cultural wealth accumulated over centuries [§9] and, for more than two million peasant families, as the principal source of food, medicinal resources, economic income, and cultural expression [§14].

This framing is load-bearing for three distinctive features of the EPANDB.

The ten-year LMO moratorium. Peru has decreed a ten-year moratorium on the introduction and release of living modified organisms into the environment, explicitly to allow the necessary studies and capacity-building as a centre of origin safeguard [§13]. Action 84 commits to a multi-sectoral LMO surveillance and early-warning plan by the end of the first half of 2015, and Action 85 to the control system restricting LMO entry into national territory by the same date [§54].

A dedicated national commitment on genetic diversity. National commitment 3 commits to at least ten in situ and ex situ conservation programmes and sustainable use of genetic diversity by 2021 — with eight by 2018 — for species or groups of which Peru is a centre of origin or diversification, together with their wild relatives [§32]. Pilot programmes are required to integrate biosafety measures and fair and equitable benefit-sharing for access to genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, and ex situ germplasm centres are to be strengthened and articulated into a national system by the end of the second half of 2018 [§47].

A scaled forest-conservation commitment. The National Forest Conservation Programme (PNCB) is pegged at 54 million hectares of forest conservation coordinated with indigenous peoples, complemented by more than 12 million hectares of titled native and peasant community territories [§9].

Under national commitment 11, Peru commits to generating new knowledge on the genetic richness of ten native or naturalised species by 2021 (five by 2018) with inventories, georeferenced maps and the effective participation and consent of indigenous peoples [§40, §65].

Sources:

  • §9 — BACKGROUND 2 > 3.1. Representativeness and conservation status
  • §13 — CAUSE and CONSEQUENCE
  • §14 — CAUSE and CONSEQUENCE (traditional agriculture and rural livelihoods)
  • §32 — CAUSE and CONSEQUENCE > SO1 targets
  • §40 — CAUSE and CONSEQUENCE > SO5 targets
  • §47 — SO: Strategic Objectives T: Targets > Activities for the period 2014–2018 (Target 3)
  • §54 — SO: Strategic Objectives T: Targets > Activities for the period 2014–2018 (Target 8, LMO controls)
  • §65 — SO: Strategic Objectives T: Targets > Activities for the period 2014–2018 (SO5 baselines)
  • §70 — Annex No. 1 Key data on Peruvian biodiversity

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

Peru's vision to 2021 states: "Peru conserves and rationally uses its mega-biodiversity, revaluing the associated traditional knowledge for the satisfaction of the basic and well-being needs of current and future generations within the framework of inclusive and competitive sustainable development" [§17]. Six strategic objectives group the thirteen national commitments: SO1 on the state of biodiversity and ecosystem-service integrity; SO2 on biodiversity's contribution to national development; SO3 on reducing direct and indirect pressures; SO4 on government capacities across three levels; SO5 on knowledge and technologies; and SO6 on governance, cooperation and participation [§31–§42]. For the purposes of SO1, "effective biodiversity management" is defined by two minimum criteria: an approved management or master plan under implementation, and the necessary budget to execute it for the specified period [§31, §67]. This definition converts the headline spatial commitment into a conservation-finance commitment and is discussed further in Section 6.

National commitment 1 — Spatial conservation (GBF Target 3)

By 2021, sustainable and effective biodiversity management is consolidated in at least 17% of the terrestrial domain and 10% of the marine domain, with 14% terrestrial and 4% marine by 2018 [§32, §62]. Baseline (2013): 12.04% terrestrial, 0% marine under effective management [§62]. Measurable commitment. Delivered through SINANPE (Sistema Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado) — 76 national protected areas, 16 regional conservation areas and 75 private conservation areas — complemented by conservation concessions, ecotourism concessions, non-timber forest concessions and community forests, and by regional biodiversity strategies [§9, §45]. Indicators: percent terrestrial and marine coverage under effective biodiversity management [§67].

National commitment 2 — Conservation plans for threatened species (GBF Target 4)

By 2021, at least 15 conservation plans for threatened species are prepared and implemented, with eight initiated by 2018 [§32, §62]. Measurable commitment. Delivered through updated 2014 lists of threatened flora and fauna, national guidelines for list preparation, and plans currently underway for the quina tree, rhea, white-winged guan, spectacled bear, Andean condor, and sharks and related species [§9, §46]. Aquatic and marine threatened-species lists were under preparation at publication.

National commitment 3 — Genetic-diversity conservation programmes (GBF Target 13, related)

By 2021, at least 10 in situ and ex situ conservation programmes and sustainable use of genetic diversity for species of which Peru is a centre of origin or diversification and their wild relatives, with eight by 2018 [§32]. Measurable commitment. Delivered through pilot programmes with indigenous participation, biosafety and benefit-sharing clauses, and a strengthened national network of ex situ germplasm centres [§47]. See also Section 2a.

National commitment 4 — Ecosystem services and bio-businesses (GBF Targets 9, 11)

By 2021, five ecosystem services are enhanced, approximately five competitive bio-businesses preferably oriented to the biotrade model are promoted, and two new value-added products are commercialised [§34]. Baseline (2013): 89 bio-businesses, no ecosystem-service payment mechanisms in place [§62]. Measurable commitment. Delivered through technical and legal instruments for biodiversity valuation, a proposal for implementing ecosystem-service payments with explicit indigenous-rights safeguards, pilot PES projects increasing by two annually, REDD+ MRV, and the Forest Investment Plan (PIF) [§49].

National commitment 5 — Access and benefit-sharing (GBF Target 13)

By 2021, access and benefit-sharing for the utilisation of genetic resources is implemented in accordance with national legislation and in concordance with the Nagoya Protocol, with 30% of the regulatory framework in place by 2018 [§34, §67]. Directional aspiration overall; decomposition into nine discrete regulatory instruments makes the 2021 endpoint and the 2018 30%-sub-target quantitatively tractable [§67]. Instruments include an Ad-Hoc Working Group; the National Mechanism for Integrated Supervision and Monitoring of Genetic Resources (RRGG) and ABS checkpoints; the Fund for the Development of Indigenous Peoples under Law No. 27811; the ABS Clearing-House (CII-ABS) Peru; lists of strategic genetic resources and endemic species; and a national capacity-building strategy for indigenous peoples on ABS [§50].

National commitment 6 — Public awareness (GBF Target 21, related)

By 2021, public awareness and appreciation of biodiversity's contribution to national development has increased by 20% (from a 2013 baseline of 52% of Peruvians reporting knowledge of biodiversity per UEBT 2013), with +10% by 2018 under an intercultural and gender approach [§36, §63]. Measurable commitment. Delivered through a national communications and education plan, an annual awareness programme, and an illegal-trade control communications programme [§52].

National commitment 7 — Ecosystem degradation (GBF Target 2)

By 2021, the rate of ecosystem degradation is reduced by 5%, with emphasis on forest and fragile ecosystems; 2% by 2018, against a baseline deforestation rate of −0.136% (2000–2005, MINAM 2012f) [§36, §63]. Measurable commitment. Delivered through a recovery and restoration programme for five degraded ecosystems (expanding annually), at least three marine recovery zones outside protected areas, five public-private partnerships for restoration, a general environmental-compensation guide, NAMAs for the three main drivers of deforestation, and enforcement against illegal land-use change and illegal mining [§53].

National commitment 8 — Control and enforcement (GBF Targets 5, 6)

By 2021, the effectiveness of control, supervision and enforcement in the use of biodiversity is improved and regulatory mechanisms for threatened species and invasive alien species are strengthened, with 30% improvement in enforcement effectiveness by 2018 [§36, §64]. Baseline (2013): two regulatory mechanisms for threatened species (SD 043-2006-AG and SD 04-2014-AG) and none for invasive alien species [§64]. Measurable commitment (at the 2018 sub-target). Delivered through LMO surveillance and entry controls (first half 2015), a national list of invasive alien species across terrestrial, coastal-marine and freshwater domains (second half 2015), prevention-control-early-warning-eradication protocols for invasive alien species (second half 2016), new wildlife control posts on roads and at strategic border areas, and strengthened controls on hydrobiological commercialisation [§54].

National commitment 9 — Institutional capacities at three levels of government (GBF Targets 14, 20)

By 2021, institutional capacities at all levels of government are strengthened for effective and efficient biodiversity management, with a 20% increase in strengthening actions and trained institutions by 2018 [§38, §64]. Baseline (2013): ten Regional Biological Diversity Strategies approved by Regional Ordinance under implementation [§64]. Directional aspiration — the 20% sub-target counts strengthening actions rather than capability thresholds. Delivered through alignment of public-management instruments, budget-programme mainstreaming of the Action Plan, all regional governments developing or updating regional biodiversity strategies aligned with the EPANDB, a capacity-strengthening strategy, and e-government and administrative-simplification proposals [§56].

National commitment 10 — Scientific knowledge and technology (GBF Targets 20, 21)

By 2021, scientific knowledge, technological development and innovation have increased, integrating scientific and traditional knowledge, with a 20% increase in research studies by 2018 [§40, §65]. Baseline (2013): 117 research and innovation projects in natural resources (37 basic, 80 applied; together 39.79% of all science-and-technology research) [§65]. Directional aspiration at the headline level. Delivered through the National Programme for Science, Technology and Innovation for the Valuation of Biodiversity, strengthening of SINIA (Sistema Nacional de Información Ambiental), SNIFFS (Sistema Nacional de Información Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre) and IDERs (spatial-data infrastructures), at least ten technological packages prioritising improved traditional practices, and strengthening of Centres for Technological Innovation [§58].

National commitment 11 — Genetic-diversity knowledge (GBF Targets 13, 21)

By 2021, new knowledge on the richness or genetic diversity of ten prioritised native or naturalised species is generated with indigenous participation and consent, oriented towards conservation policies and fair and equitable benefit-sharing — five species by 2018 [§40, §65]. Measurable commitment. Delivered through georeferenced maps and inventories of genetic diversity, identification of important conservation areas for eight prioritised species, and biosafety and benefit-sharing measures within pilot programmes [§59].

National commitment 12 — Traditional knowledge (GBF Target 22)

By 2021, protection, maintenance and recovery of traditional knowledge and techniques linked to biodiversity of indigenous peoples and local populations have been improved, with effective participation and consent. Indicator: INDECOPI traditional-knowledge registrations — 2013 baseline of 1,895 registrations, rising by 20% by 2018 [§40, §65]. Measurable commitment. Delivered through an updated diagnosis of indigenous traditional knowledge, a review of protection regulations, consolidation of registries under national legislation, and a national system for the registration of knowledge, technologies, wisdom and traditional practices [§60].

National commitment 13 — Decentralised governance (GBF Targets 22, 23)

By 2021, decentralised governance of biological diversity is strengthened under a participatory, intercultural, gender and social-inclusion approach, in coordination with national, regional and local levels of government, within the framework of international treaties; at least 50 successful experiences of participatory governance by 2018 [§42, §61, §65]. Measurable commitment (at the 2018 sub-target); directional at the 2021 headline. Delivered through strengthening of CONADIB, Regional and Local Environmental Commissions, ANP and Forest Management Committees, a registry of successful participatory-governance initiatives validated annually by peasant communities and indigenous peoples, and technical-assistance arrangements with indigenous organisations in ten regional or local governments [§62].

The 2018 milestones are internal to the strategy, not provisional commitments; Peru states that the 2021 targets will be reformulated "depending on the level of achievement or progress" at the 2018 evaluation [§30]. They are therefore treated here as part of each national commitment, not classified as interim.

Sources:

  • §17 — CAUSE and CONSEQUENCE > 5.1. Vision
  • §31, §33, §35, §37, §39, §41 — Strategic Objectives SO1–SO6
  • §32, §34, §36, §38, §40, §42 — National commitments under SO1–SO6
  • §61, §62, §63, §64, §65, §67 — Action Plan activities, baselines, indicators, explanatory notes
  • §9, §45, §46, §47, §49, §50, §52, §53, §54, §56, §58, §59, §60 — named instruments

4. Delivery Architecture

Coordinating bodies and competent entities

MINAM leads as CBD Focal Point. CONADIB — the inter-sectoral National Commission on Biological Diversity whose membership includes MINAGRI, PRODUCE, MINCU, MINEM, MRE, the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF), INIA, IMARPE, CONCYTEC and others — is "the central body for advising on and monitoring the EPANDB" [§30, §15, §3]. Competent entities across the 147 actions include MINAM, MINAGRI, PRODUCE, PCM, SERFOR, OSINFOR, OEFA, SERNANP, SENACE, IMARPE, INIA, IIAP, INDECOPI, SENASA, SANIPES, ITP, SUNAT, the National Police of Peru, the Public Prosecutor's Office, DICAPI, the Ecological Police, the Judiciary, and regional and local governments [§56].

Conservation and species

The spatial system is anchored in SINANPE (76 national protected areas, 19.5 million hectares), 16 regional conservation areas (2.4 million hectares) and 75 private conservation areas (259,522 hectares), supplemented by conservation, ecotourism and non-timber forest concessions plus community forests totalling over 20.5 million hectares, 13 Ramsar sites covering 6,784,042 hectares, and three Biosphere Reserves [§9, §70]. The National Forest Conservation Programme (PNCB) targets 54 million hectares of forest conservation [§9]. The National Forest and Wildlife Plan (Plan Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre), prioritising community forest management, is scheduled for implementation from the beginning of the first half of 2016 [§49].

Climate and ecosystem recovery

The Strategic Plan for Forests and Climate Change is scheduled for the end of the first half of 2015 [§49]. A REDD+ monitoring, reporting and valuation mechanism and the Forest Investment Plan (PIF) are scheduled for 2016, alongside NAMAs for the three main deforestation drivers [§49, §53]. A multi-sectoral recovery and restoration programme for five degraded ecosystems, three marine recovery zones outside ANPs, and four co-management experiences in coastal-marine ecological areas sit within this track [§45, §53].

Biosecurity and enforcement

The ten-year LMO moratorium is underpinned by a multi-sectoral surveillance and early-warning plan and an entry-control system, both scheduled for the end of the first half of 2015 [§54]. A national invasive alien species list across terrestrial, coastal-marine and freshwater domains is scheduled for mid-2015, followed by prevention-control-early-warning-eradication protocols by mid-2016 [§54]. Enforcement against illegal land-use change and illegal mining, new wildlife control posts, strengthened hydrobiological commercialisation controls, and improved agrochemical-trade controls sit under SO3 [§53, §54].

Access and benefit-sharing

The nine Nagoya Protocol instruments anchoring national commitment 5 include the Ad-Hoc Working Group (2014); the RRGG monitoring mechanism with ABS checkpoints (2016); the Fund for the Development of Indigenous Peoples under Law No. 27811 (2017); the ABS Clearing-House (CII-ABS) Peru (2018); the list of strategic genetic resources; the list of endemic species; the national capacity-building strategy for indigenous peoples on ABS; and a pilot benefit-sharing project [§50]. The Law on Biological Diversity (Law No. 26839) and Article 99 of Law No. 28611 (General Environmental Law) on fragile ecosystems are referenced as part of the regulatory architecture [§45].

Information systems

SINIA, SNIFFS, and the IDERs (spatial-data infrastructures) are the named information systems to be strengthened and interoperated, with a national biodiversity information-exchange platform and a network of reference centres for marine biodiversity scheduled for 2016 [§58].

Sources:

  • §3 — Front matter (CONADIB membership)
  • §9 — BACKGROUND 2 > 3.1. Representativeness and conservation status
  • §15 — CAUSE and CONSEQUENCE > 4.1. Updating and Preparation Process
  • §30 — CAUSE and CONSEQUENCE > 5.3. Implementation and Monitoring Mechanisms
  • §45, §47, §49, §50, §53, §54, §56, §58 — Action Plan 2014–2018 activities

4a. Indigenous peoples in the EPANDB architecture

Indigenous peoples are a structural element of the EPANDB rather than a cross-cutting theme. Five nationally representative umbrella organisations participated formally in the updating process: the Inter-Ethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian Rainforest (AIDESEP), the Confederation of Amazonian Nationalities of Peru (CONAP), the Peasant Confederation of Peru (CCP), the National Agrarian Confederation (CNA), and the National Organisation of Andean and Amazonian Indigenous Women of Peru (ONAMIAP), alongside the Union of Aymara Communities (UNCA) from Puno [§15]. Engagement was delivered through technical working meetings and a National Workshop held in Lima in April 2014, within a wider process of more than 30 specialist meetings and 10 regional workshops between 2010 and 2014 [§15]. The final document was approved by CONADIB on 5 May 2014 [§15].

The Principle of Interculturality recognises indigenous peoples' full authority to decide on the use of traditional knowledge [§22], and the Principle of Participatory Governance requires effective, decentralised, integrated, informed and equitable participation of public and private stakeholders [§27]. Prior informed consent and mutually agreed terms are written into ABS actions under Target 5 and genetic-diversity programmes under Target 3 [§47, §50].

Dedicated instruments include the Fund for the Development of Indigenous Peoples established under Law No. 27811, scheduled for implementation by the end of the second half of 2017 [§50]; a national capacity-building strategy for indigenous peoples on access and fair and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge (second half 2015) [§50]; and the INDECOPI traditional-knowledge registry as the progress metric for national commitment 12 [§60, §65].

Across the 147 actions, indigenous participation is written into co-management of marine and inland waters (Target 1), conservation-plan implementation (Target 2), pilot genetic-diversity programmes (Target 3), bio-business and biotrade selection (Target 4), ecosystem-recovery incentives (Target 7), research with informed consent (Target 10 and Target 11), technological packages prioritising improved traditional practices (Target 10), traditional-knowledge registries (Target 12), and the decentralised-governance registry validated annually by peasant communities and indigenous peoples (Target 13) [§45, §46, §47, §49, §53, §58, §60, §62].

Sources:

  • §15 — CAUSE and CONSEQUENCE > 4.1. The Updating and Preparation Process
  • §22 — Guiding principles (Interculturality)
  • §27 — Guiding principles (Participatory Governance)
  • §45, §46, §47, §49, §50, §53, §58, §60, §62 — Action Plan 2014–2018 activities

5. Monitoring and Accountability

MINAM holds CBD Focal Point responsibility, with CONADIB as the central body for advising on and monitoring the EPANDB [§30]. The time horizon runs from 2014 to 2021, with a first evaluation milestone at the 2018 endpoint of the Action Plan and reformulation of the 2021 targets contingent on progress at that point [§30].

The indicator matrix comprises thirteen indicators, one or more per strategic objective, each explicitly mapped to Aichi Targets rather than to GBF Targets [§67]. Indicators cover: terrestrial and marine coverage under effective biodiversity management (Aichi 11); conservation plans developed for threatened species (Aichi 12); genetic-diversity programmes (Aichi 13); bio-businesses and ecosystem-service payment mechanisms (Aichi 14); regulatory instruments for the Nagoya Protocol (Aichi 16); the population reporting knowledge of biodiversity (Aichi 1); the national deforestation rate (Aichi 5); environmental events with biodiversity impact and regulatory mechanisms for threatened species and invasive alien species (Aichi 6 and 7); regional governments with Strategies and Action Plans under implementation and provincial and district municipality activity (indirectly Aichi 1); research projects on biodiversity and traditional-knowledge registrations (Aichi 18 and 19); and participatory-governance experiences and public-private partnerships (Aichi 4) [§67].

Baselines for 2013 are specified for each indicator, including 12.04% terrestrial and 0% marine coverage under effective management; 89 bio-businesses oriented to biotrade; 0 Nagoya ABS regulatory instruments; 11,500 environmental events with biodiversity impact recorded; and 1,895 INDECOPI traditional-knowledge registrations [§62, §63, §64].

An annual reporting mechanism is established from the beginning of the second half of 2015, by which twenty regional governments, SERNANP and other competent entities report to MINAM on the conservation status of protected areas and other in situ conservation modalities [§62]. Strengthening of SINIA, SNIFFS, IDERs and other biodiversity information systems, with interoperation protocols, is scheduled for the end of the first half of 2016 [§64]. A multi-sectoral citizen-oriented monitoring proposal for public performance on biodiversity is scheduled for the end of the second half of 2016, alongside national and regional monitoring protocols for biological diversity and coastal-marine ecosystems [§56, §64]. Standards and protocols for evaluating the quality of biodiversity and environmental baseline studies are scheduled for the end of the second half of 2018 [§65].

Sources:

  • §30 — CAUSE and CONSEQUENCE > 5.3. Implementation and Monitoring Mechanisms
  • §56 — Activities for Target 9 (monitoring proposal, coordination mechanisms)
  • §62, §63, §64, §65 — Indicator baselines and annual reporting mechanism
  • §67 — Actions 2014-2018 > Explanatory notes on the indicators

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

The EPANDB states that a financial-resource-mobilisation strategy was under development at the time of publication to make implementation "viable and dynamic" [§30]. The financing architecture relies on the institutional budgets of competent entities within annual public-sector budget regulations, Public Investment Projects (Proyectos de Inversión Pública — PIP), financing from regional governments and the private sector, and other cooperation mechanisms [§30]. Assignment of responsibilities across the 147 actions follows the criteria of competence, technical capacity and budget availability [§30]. Preparation of the EPANDB itself was financed through a MINAM/UNDP/GEF project [§3]. No total cost or annual flow for implementation is published in the NBSAP.

The NBSAP's definition of "effective biodiversity management" under national commitment 1 requires both an approved management or master plan under implementation and the necessary budget to execute the plan for the specified period [§67]. This two-part definitional test converts the 17% terrestrial / 10% marine spatial commitment into a conservation-finance commitment: a protected area counts towards the target only when the budget to deliver its plan is in place.

Biodiversity-linked activity sustains 22% of the national economy, and trade in native species and by-products — including Biotrade — represented more than USD 218 million in 2013 across 46 native flora and fauna species [§10]. In 2013, SINANPE recorded more than 1.3 million visitors [§10]. Illegal and unmanaged extraction of forest and wildlife products "causes significant economic losses to the State, industry and formal users," with illegal logging affecting up to 80% of exported timber [§10, §12].

Named finance-adjacent instruments include: technical and legal instruments for economic and non-economic biodiversity valuation (first half 2016); a technical and legal proposal for implementing ecosystem-service payments with indigenous-rights safeguards (first half 2016); a monitoring system for ecosystem-service-valuation activities and a REDD+ MRV mechanism (first half 2016); the Forest Investment Plan (PIF) (second half 2016); mechanisms for incorporating biodiversity and ecosystem-service valuation into national accounts (second half 2016); at least two pilot ecosystem-service-payment projects, increasing by two projects annually (second half 2016); identification and formulation of public and private investment projects for at least ten new biodiversity products (second half 2016); at least ten private-sector in situ conservation initiatives (second half 2015); and incorporation of the Action Plan's activities into a budget programme covering all sectors and levels of government (first half 2016) [§45, §49, §53, §56]. At least five public-private partnerships for ecosystem recovery are committed for the second half of 2017 and at least four further partnerships with indigenous-peoples or local-population participation for biodiversity conservation by the end of the second half of 2016 [§53, §62].

No national target for biodiversity finance is set, and no identification, quantification or reform commitment on harmful subsidies is included; the strategy covers positive incentives only. The EPANDB references Aichi Target 20 and a Resource Mobilisation Strategy for the Action Plan 2014–2018 [§119].

Sources:

  • §3 — Front matter (UNDP/GEF preparation financing)
  • §10 — BACKGROUND 2 > 3.2. Sustainable use of biodiversity
  • §12 — BACKGROUND 2 > 3.4. Impacts and threats
  • §30 — CAUSE and CONSEQUENCE > 5.3. Implementation and Monitoring Mechanisms
  • §45, §49, §53, §56, §62 — Action Plan activities with finance dimensions
  • §67 — Definition of effective biodiversity management
  • §119 — Annex No. 4 > Aichi Target 20 and Resource Mobilisation Strategy reference

7. GBF Target Coverage

The EPANDB's own indicator matrix is mapped to the Aichi Targets [§67]. The mappings below translate the content into GBF Target language as editorial work by the platform.

GBF Target 1 — Spatial planning. Mentioned. The EPANDB invokes the ecosystem approach and ecological and economic zoning as technical instruments for territorial planning. Action 13 commits to identifying national and regional priority zones for the management of terrestrial, marine, coastal and inland-water ecosystems — including centres of origin of agrobiodiversity — by the beginning of the second half of 2016. Action 106 commits to a study to incorporate integrated biodiversity and ecosystem-service management into territorial and land-use planning instruments by the end of the second half of 2017.

GBF Target 2 — Ecosystem restoration. Addressed. National commitment 7 commits to a 5% reduction in the rate of ecosystem degradation by 2021 (2% by 2018) from a baseline deforestation rate of −0.136%. Delivery: multi-sectoral recovery and restoration programme for five degraded ecosystems (expanding annually, activities incorporated into sectoral budget programmes); three marine recovery zones outside protected areas; five public-private partnerships; incentives for private, local and indigenous participation; and enforcement against illegal land-use change and illegal mining. Restoration is framed as a degradation-reduction commitment rather than a share-of-land-restored commitment.

GBF Target 3 — Protected areas (30x30). Addressed. National commitment 1 commits to 17% terrestrial and 10% marine under effective biodiversity management by 2021 (14% and 4% by 2018) from a 2013 baseline of 12.04% terrestrial and 0% marine. The coverage target falls below the GBF 30% ambition but is paired with the two-part effectiveness test (approved plan under implementation + executed budget). The PNCB's 54 million hectares of forest conservation, coordinated with indigenous peoples, and more than 12 million hectares of titled native and peasant community territories extend the conservation landscape beyond the designation count.

GBF Target 4 — Species recovery. Addressed. National commitment 2 commits to at least 15 conservation plans for threatened species by 2021 (8 by 2018). The 2014 lists include 492 threatened fauna (64 critically endangered) and 777 threatened flora (194 critically endangered); aquatic and marine lists were still being prepared at publication. Plans were underway for the quina tree, rhea, white-winged guan, spectacled bear, Andean condor, and sharks and related species. National commitment 3 complements this through 10 in situ/ex situ genetic-diversity programmes, and national commitment 8 through strengthened regulatory mechanisms for threatened species.

GBF Target 5 — Sustainable harvest of wild species. Addressed. Sustainable-use instruments include the National Aquaculture Development Plan (2010); species-specific fisheries management plans (anchovy and others) setting fishing seasons, quotas, minimum catch sizes, juvenile tolerance and fishing-gear specifications; a National Action Plan for the Conservation and Management of Sharks, Rays and Related Species under preparation; and strengthened controls on hydrobiological commercialisation. Illegal logging flows are quantified at up to 80% of exported timber via 48 transport routes; enforcement under national commitment 8 prioritises illegal mining and illegal land-use change. New wildlife control posts on strategic roads and border areas are committed for the second half of 2018.

GBF Target 6 — Invasive alien species. Addressed. From a 2013 baseline of zero regulatory mechanisms for invasive alien species, the strategy commits to a national list across terrestrial, coastal-marine and freshwater domains (second half 2015), prevention-control-early-warning-eradication protocols (second half 2016), and a National Action Plan for the Prevention, Management and Control of Invasive Alien Species. Interaction with climate-change effects is recognised explicitly.

GBF Target 7 — Pollution reduction. Mentioned. The indiscriminate use of agrochemicals is identified as a known pressure; Action 81 commits to improved measures for the control of trade and use of agrochemicals affecting species and ecosystems by the end of the first half of 2017. Nutrient pollution, plastic pollution and a quantified halving of pesticide risk are not addressed.

GBF Target 8 — Climate and biodiversity. Mentioned. The forest-climate nexus is channelled through the Strategic Plan for Forests and Climate Change (mid-2015), the REDD+ MRV mechanism (early 2016), NAMAs for the three main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation (early 2016), and the Forest Investment Plan (mid-2016). Traditional agricultural models are framed as a climate-adaptation lever. Ocean acidification and specific ecosystem-based-adaptation commitments beyond the forest-climate nexus are not addressed.

GBF Target 9 — Wild species use / benefits to vulnerable populations. Addressed. National commitment 4 commits to five enhanced ecosystem services, approximately five competitive bio-businesses preferably oriented to biotrade, and two new value-added products by 2021. Biodiversity-linked economy at 22% of GDP and USD 218 million of biotrade across 46 species in 2013 frame the commitment. Action 43 commits to at least ten new biodiversity products with initiatives undertaken by indigenous peoples prioritised; Action 46 commits to measures promoting generation and addition of value and exports of products derived from native biodiversity with indigenous and local-population participation.

GBF Target 10 — Sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry. Addressed. Delivery runs through the National Forest and Wildlife Plan prioritising community forest management (early 2016), fisheries management plans with an ecosystem approach and direct local-stakeholder participation including indigenous peoples (second half 2016), priority zones for agrobiodiversity centres of origin, and the National Aquaculture Development Plan. Peru's status as a centre of origin of the potato (3,000 varieties), maize (55 races), quinoa (24 races) and kiwicha (500 varieties) anchors the agricultural track.

GBF Target 11 — Ecosystem services / nature-based solutions. Addressed. The EPANDB identifies carbon storage, water regulation, air-quality maintenance, erosion control and water purification as ecosystem services to be enhanced. Delivery: technical and legal instruments for biodiversity valuation; a technical and legal proposal for implementing ecosystem-service payments with explicit indigenous-rights safeguards; a monitoring system for ecosystem-service valuation and a REDD+ MRV mechanism (all first half 2016); incorporation of biodiversity and ecosystem-service valuation into national accounts (second half 2016); at least two pilot PES projects in 2016 with annual two-project increase; and an intergovernmental coordination space for ecosystem-service promotion (second half 2017).

GBF Target 12 — Urban biodiversity. Content addressing GBF Target 12 was not identified in this NBSAP.

GBF Target 13 — Access and benefit-sharing (ABS). Addressed. National commitment 5 commits to Nagoya Protocol implementation by 2021, decomposed into nine discrete regulatory instruments with 30% of the framework in place by 2018. Instruments include the Ad-Hoc Working Group; the RRGG National Mechanism for Integrated Supervision and Monitoring of Genetic Resources and ABS checkpoints; the Fund for the Development of Indigenous Peoples under Law No. 27811; the ABS Clearing-House (CII-ABS) Peru; lists of strategic genetic resources and endemic species; a national capacity-building strategy for indigenous peoples; sectoral ABS-linked regulatory frameworks; and a pilot benefit-sharing project. National commitment 12 addresses traditional knowledge via the INDECOPI registry (baseline 1,895 in 2013; +20% by 2018).

GBF Target 14 — Mainstreaming across sectors. Addressed. National commitment 9 commits to strengthened institutional capacities at three levels of government by 2021. Mechanisms: alignment of public-management instruments across levels (mid-2015); coordination of budget programmes for in situ conservation (second half 2015); incorporation of the Action Plan into a budget programme covering all sectors and levels (early 2016); alignment of national policies and budgets with biodiversity for EPANDB implementation (early 2016); all regional governments developing or updating regional biodiversity strategies aligned with the EPANDB (second half 2016); incorporation of biodiversity and ecosystem-service valuation into national accounts (second half 2016); and a study on integrating biodiversity into territorial planning (second half 2017).

GBF Target 15 — Business disclosure. Mentioned. Business engagement runs through voluntary guides and EIA improvements rather than disclosure. Instruments: a guide to good corporate practices for biodiversity conservation aimed at mining, hydrocarbon and other companies (second half 2015); a general environmental-compensation guide prepared multi-sectorally (first half 2016); improvements to the National Environmental Impact Assessment System (first half 2016); and at least four public-private partnerships with indigenous or local-population participation (second half 2016). No business monitoring, assessment or disclosure requirement on biodiversity-related risks and impacts is set.

GBF Target 16 — Sustainable consumption. Content addressing GBF Target 16 was not identified in this NBSAP. National commitment 6 addresses public awareness (20% increase by 2021) rather than sustainable-consumption outcomes such as food-waste reduction or lower consumption footprints.

GBF Target 17 — Biosafety. Addressed. Peru has decreed a ten-year moratorium on the introduction and release of LMOs, framed as a centre-of-origin safeguard. Delivery: a multi-sectoral surveillance and early-warning plan on LMO release (end of first half 2015); an LMO entry-control system (end of first half 2015); biosafety measures and fair and equitable benefit-sharing within pilot in situ conservation programmes (second half 2016); and strengthened institutional capacities for biosafety and benefit-sharing (second half 2017).

GBF Target 18 — Harmful subsidies. Content addressing GBF Target 18 was not identified in this NBSAP. The strategy addresses positive incentives (payments for ecosystem services, biotrade and bio-business incentives, incentives that reduce land-use change) but does not identify, quantify or commit to eliminating or reforming biodiversity-harmful subsidies.

GBF Target 19 — Finance mobilisation. Addressed at the instrument level. A financial-resource-mobilisation strategy was under development, with financing channels enumerated — institutional budgets under annual public-sector budget regulations, Public Investment Projects (PIP), regional-government and private-sector financing, and cooperation mechanisms. The two-part "effective biodiversity management" test embeds a budget-availability requirement into national commitment 1. No national monetary target for biodiversity finance is set, and no total cost or annual flow for EPANDB implementation is published. Named delivery mechanisms include the Forest Investment Plan (PIF), ecosystem-service-payment pilots scaling annually, at least ten new biodiversity-product investment projects, and budget-programme mainstreaming of the Action Plan.

GBF Target 20 — Capacity-building and technology. Addressed. National commitment 9 commits to a 20% increase in capacity-strengthening actions and trained institutions by 2018. National commitment 10 commits to increased scientific and technological capacity by 2021 with a 20% increase in research studies by 2018 from a 2013 baseline of 117 research and innovation projects in natural resources. Instruments: the National Programme for Science, Technology and Innovation for the Valuation of Biodiversity (led by CONCYTEC with MINAM and others); at least fifteen research studies on priority ecosystems or species with informed consent of indigenous peoples (first half 2016); strengthened curricula and university and postgraduate programmes (first half 2016); at least ten technological packages prioritising improved traditional practices (first half 2017); a strategy to strengthen Centres for Technological Innovation (first half 2017); and the national capacity-building strategy for indigenous peoples on ABS (second half 2015).

GBF Target 21 — Data and information. Addressed. Delivery runs through strengthening of SINIA, SNIFFS and IDERs with interoperation protocols (first half 2016); a national biodiversity information-exchange platform composed of scientific and academic institutions (first half 2016); a multi-sectoral monitoring proposal with gradual implementation to 2018; at least four good practices in the use of information technologies for biodiversity-knowledge management (second half 2016); scientific collections and reference centres for Peruvian coastal-marine flora and fauna (second half 2016); and the national inventories of coastal-marine biodiversity and of forests and wildlife (second half 2016). Five public institutions are to develop innovative mechanisms for citizen access to biodiversity information, particularly for indigenous peoples and local populations in rural areas (second half 2016).

GBF Target 22 — Inclusive participation (IPLCs, women, youth). Addressed. National commitment 13 commits to strengthened decentralised governance under a participatory, intercultural, gender and social-inclusion approach by 2021, with at least 50 successful participatory-governance experiences by 2018. Formal participants in the EPANDB updating process included AIDESEP, CONAP, CCP, CNA, ONAMIAP and UNCA. Delivery: strengthening of CONADIB, Regional and Local Environmental Commissions, ANP Management Committees and Forest Management Committees; a registry of successful participatory-governance initiatives validated annually by peasant communities and indigenous peoples; ten regional or local governments providing technical assistance to social and indigenous organisations with at least one pilot project driven by indigenous peoples; and at least ten regional governments strengthening indigenous-peoples and social organisations related to in situ biodiversity management. Prior informed consent and mutually agreed terms are written into Nagoya-linked actions.

GBF Target 23 — Gender equality. Mentioned. A gender approach is one of the four lenses of national commitment 13 on decentralised governance. Sub-target 6 commits to increased public awareness "taking into account the intercultural and gender approach." ONAMIAP was a formal participant in the updating process, and the explanatory note for indicator 4.1 states that ecosystem-service restoration is to take into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable. No gender-disaggregated indicators, dedicated budget lines, or women-leadership metrics are set.

KMGBF Targets Referenced