Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)

# Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)

> **Notice:** This NBSAP was submitted before the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global
> Biodiversity Framework (December 2022). Target mappings are inferred and were not part
> of the document's original scope.

> **Translated from Spanish.**

---

## 1. Overview

*Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México* (ENBioMex) — Mexico's National
Biodiversity Strategy — organises national commitments around six strategic axes\*
*(thematic pillars)*, 24 lines of action,† and 160 actions covering the period 2016–2030.
The ENBioMex was adopted in 2016; the authoring institution is not identified in the
sections of the document available for review.

\**The ENBioMex uses the term "ejes estratégicos." This page uses "strategic axis"
(plural: axes) throughout.*

†*Each line of action groups multiple operational actions. The ENBioMex uses the term
"líneas de acción." This page uses "line of action" as the equivalent national commitment
cluster.*

The six axes are organised into two roles. Four axes carry substantive national
commitments: Axis 2 (Conservation and restoration), Axis 3 (Sustainable use and
management), Axis 4 (Addressing pressure factors), and Axis 6 (Integration and
governance). Two axes serve cross-cutting support functions: Axis 1 (Knowledge) and
Axis 5 (Education, communication, and environmental culture). The strategy includes an
Action Plan identifying responsible actors, specifications, and compliance deadlines at
local and regional levels [§3].

A critical structural point for readers comparing countries: the ENBioMex was adopted in
2016, and its 160 actions were designed for the pre-Kunming-Montreal GBF policy
environment. The source material used to populate this page is a retrospective alignment
analysis mapping each existing ENBioMex action against all 23 GBF Targets. Mexico has
not published a revised or replacement NBSAP for the 2022–2030 period. Coverage figures
throughout this page reflect how the 2016 strategy's actions map to GBF Targets — not
new commitments made in response to the GBF.

The ENBioMex was developed through a participatory process involving 379 individuals
(207 women and 172 men) drawn from federal public administration institutions, civil
society organisations, and subnational governments, among others. The process integrated
the principle of "leaving no one behind" [§3]. Further details on the participatory
process and its gender dimension are in the Gender Equity and Participatory Governance
section below.

**The ENBioMex is Mexico's 2016 national biodiversity strategy, structured around six
thematic axes and 160 operational actions running through 2030. The alignment analysis
that informs this page maps pre-existing actions retrospectively against GBF Targets —
Mexico's commitments predate the framework. Gender equity and participatory governance
are embedded as cross-cutting design principles across all six axes, generating the two
highest direct-contribution rates of any GBF Target in the entire strategy.**

**Sources:**
- §3 — *ENBioMex: an inclusive document*

---

## 2. Ecological Context

The source sections reviewed for this page do not include a dedicated ecological context
chapter. The document references Mexico's *Capital Natural de México* study (2006) — a
national biodiversity baseline produced with the participation of 803 experts from 240
academic institutions — as the knowledge foundation underlying the strategy. No endemic
species counts, deforestation rates, threatened species tallies, or headline ecological
statistics are quoted in the available material.

The ENBioMex identifies several pressure categories that recur across multiple axes:
habitat degradation, invasive alien species, pollution from industrial, agricultural, and
urban sources, climate change, overexploitation of wild species, and adverse effects from
GMO use. The breadth of Axis 4 — which contains dedicated lines of action on each of
these pressure types — reflects the range of threats the strategy seeks to address.
The inclusion of separate lines of action for invasive alien species management (line 4.3)
and GMO risk (line 4.4) indicates a differentiated reading of biodiversity pressures at
the national level.

Mexico's ecological situation is further implied by the scale of its knowledge investment:
the *Capital Natural de México* study, the citizen science programme architecture under
Axis 1, and the research mandate of line 1.1 together indicate a country with a large
and complex biodiversity estate requiring sustained monitoring infrastructure.

**Sources:**
- Target 21 — *Alignment analysis: Knowledge*
- §3 — *ENBioMex: an inclusive document*

---

## 3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

The ENBioMex organises Mexico's national commitments under six strategic axes. All 160
actions carry a 2016–2030 implementation timeline; none specify quantitative thresholds,
baselines, or measurable endpoints. Every ENBioMex commitment is classified as a
**directional aspiration** under the measurability framework used across this platform.

Throughout the GBF alignment figures below, the terms *direct contribution* (actions
specifically targeting a goal) and *enabling contribution* (actions that support it
indirectly) appear. These are analytic categories used in the alignment analysis, not
KMGBF vocabulary.

### Axis 1: Knowledge Generation and Information Access

Axis 1 is dedicated entirely to the generation, documentation, systematisation, and
dissemination of biodiversity knowledge. It contains four lines of action: generation,
documentation, and systematisation of knowledge (line 1.1); traditional and indigenous
knowledge (line 1.2); citizen science (line 1.3); and development of tools for access to
information (line 1.4). Line 1.4 alone contributes directly or in an enabling capacity
to 17 of the 23 GBF Targets; line 1.1 contributes to 16.

**GBF alignment:** Axis 1 is the primary driver of GBF Target 21 (Data and information)
coverage — 77% of all ENBioMex actions contribute to that target, the highest share
across all 23 GBF Targets. Axis 1 also delivers direct actions for GBF Target 4 (Species
recovery), GBF Target 5 (Sustainable harvest), and GBF Target 20 (Capacity-building).
Full treatment of the knowledge infrastructure appears in the dedicated flex section
below.

**Measurability:** Directional aspiration. The axis specifies knowledge domains and
information access mechanisms but sets no data coverage targets, publication volumes,
or institutional milestones.

### Axis 2: Conservation and Restoration

Axis 2 addresses in situ and ex situ conservation, ecological connectivity, and
ecosystem restoration. It contains lines of action on protected areas and in situ
conservation tools (line 2.1), ex situ conservation mechanisms (line 2.2), and
restoration of degraded ecosystems (line 2.3). Line 2.3 encompasses eight specific
actions: national restoration policy (2.3.1), ecosystem rehabilitation and restoration
(2.3.2), aquatic ecosystem restoration (2.3.3), soil recovery (2.3.4), urban and
peri-urban restoration (2.3.5), restoration with adaptive management (2.3.6),
restoration programmes and instruments (2.3.7), and germplasm banks (2.3.8).

**GBF alignment:** Axis 2 is the primary contributor to GBF Target 2 (Ecosystem
restoration), GBF Target 3 (Protected areas), GBF Target 4 (Species recovery), and
GBF Target 11 (Ecosystem services). Line 2.3 is identified in the alignment analysis as
one of the ENBioMex lines contributing most broadly across all GBF Targets. For GBF
Target 3, 76% of ENBioMex actions contribute — the second-highest share among all 23
targets — though the strategy does not cite a specific 30% area commitment or equivalent
national quantified target.

**Measurability:** Directional aspiration. Conservation intent is explicit across all
line-of-action areas; no area targets, species recovery metrics, or restoration milestones
are stated.

### Axis 3: Sustainable Use and Management

Axis 3 addresses the sustainable use of biodiversity within productive sectors. It
contains lines of action on sustainability criteria and management of wild species (line
3.1), generation, strengthening, and diversification of agricultural, forestry, fisheries,
and aquaculture value chains (line 3.2), and conservation and sustainable use in
productive landscapes (line 3.3). Line 3.2 is identified in the alignment analysis as one
of the ENBioMex lines contributing most across all GBF Targets, with direct contributions
to 16 of the 23 GBF Targets. Actions under line 3.2 include valuation of ecosystem
services (3.2.2), sustainable enterprises (3.2.3), productive reconversion (3.2.4),
diversification of use (3.2.5), added value (3.2.6), market niches (3.2.7), payment for
environmental services (3.2.8), and low-environmental-impact services (3.2.9).

**GBF alignment:** Axis 3 addresses GBF Target 5 (Sustainable harvest), GBF Target 9
(Wild species management), and GBF Target 10 (Agriculture / forestry). For GBF Target
10, 64% of ENBioMex actions contribute overall — the fifth-highest share among all
targets.

**Measurability:** Directional aspiration. No sustainability thresholds, production
quotas, or sector-level transition timelines are specified.

### Axis 4: Addressing Pressure Factors

Axis 4 addresses the direct causes of biodiversity loss across seven dedicated lines of
action: orderly territorial management (line 4.1), regulation of trade and use of
biological resources (line 4.2), prevention, control, and eradication of invasive species
(line 4.3), prevention and control of possible adverse effects of GMO use (line 4.4),
prevention, control, and reduction of pollution (line 4.5), reduction of biodiversity
vulnerability to climate change (line 4.6), and orderly land use and sustainable urban
development (line 4.7).

Lines 4.3 and 4.4 are structurally distinctive: most national biodiversity strategies do
not differentiate invasive species management and GMO risk at the level of separate action
lines. Line 4.3 encompasses an Invasive Species Strategy (action 4.3.1), citizen
participation in invasive species management (4.3.2), trade regulation (4.3.3), early
warning systems (4.3.4), and a regulatory framework for biological control (4.3.5).
Line 4.4 addresses prevention and control of possible adverse effects from GMO use
(action 4.4.1). Line 4.6 (climate change vulnerability reduction) includes four action
lines targeting vulnerable ecosystems (4.6.1), climate compensation schemes (4.6.2),
alternative energies (4.6.3), and ocean acidification (4.6.4).

**GBF alignment:** Axis 4 is the primary driver of GBF Target 6 (Invasive alien
species), GBF Target 7 (Pollution reduction), GBF Target 8 (Climate and biodiversity),
GBF Target 17 (Biosafety), and GBF Target 18 (Harmful subsidies).

**Measurability:** Directional aspiration. Each line specifies action types but sets no
pollution reduction targets, eradication timelines, or climate resilience metrics.

### Axis 5: Education, Communication, and Environmental Culture

Axis 5 addresses environmental education, communication, and the development of public
environmental culture. Actions include educational communication programmes for
responsible consumption and sustainable procurement (action 5.3.7), training of
specialists in conservation (action 5.1.5), capacities for decision-makers (action 5.2.4),
training of environmental promoters (action 5.2.5), and inclusive environmental education
(action 5.1.12).

**GBF alignment:** GBF Target 16 (Sustainable consumption) is the only GBF Target where
Axis 5 produces the greatest direct contribution of any axis — 12 direct actions —
reflecting an education-led approach to consumption behaviour. Axis 5 also contributes
primary direct actions to GBF Target 20 (Capacity-building), GBF Target 22 (Inclusive
participation), and GBF Target 23 (Gender equality), and contributes in an enabling
capacity to most other targets.

**Measurability:** Directional aspiration. The axis identifies programme types and
training mandates but cites no participation targets, reach metrics, or completion
benchmarks.

### Axis 6: Integration and Governance

Axis 6 addresses institutional architecture, legal harmonisation, social participation,
and international compliance. It contains 31 actions mapped to GBF Targets across four
sub-axes: harmonisation and integration of the legal framework (sub-axis 6.1, 9 action
lines), consolidation of the institutional framework and mainstreaming (sub-axis 6.2, 8
action lines), social participation for biodiversity governance (sub-axis 6.3, 10 action
lines), and strengthening cooperation and compliance with international commitments
(sub-axis 6.4, 4 action lines) [§37].

Key actions include: cross-sector attention to the national regulatory framework (6.1.2),
protection of traditional knowledge (6.1.9), ecological criteria in territorial planning
(6.2.3), mainstreaming across government programmes (6.2.4), promotion of state
biodiversity strategies (6.2.5), citizen participation mechanisms (6.3.2), citizen
observation mechanisms (6.3.3), citizen complaint mechanisms (6.3.4), local and regional
coordination (6.3.5), and transboundary cooperation (6.4.4). Action 6.2.8 (local
initiatives for biodiversity) shows the broadest GBF alignment of any single Axis 6
action — 7 direct and 7 enabling matches [§37]. The strategy has promoted state-level
biodiversity strategies since 2002 through action 6.2.5.

**GBF alignment:** Axis 6 is the primary driver of GBF Target 14 (Mainstreaming
biodiversity) and GBF Target 22 (Inclusive participation), and contributes substantially
to GBF Target 23 (Gender equality). For GBF Target 14, 72% of ENBioMex actions
contribute — the third-highest share among all 23 targets.

**Measurability:** Directional aspiration. The axis identifies governance mechanisms and
institutional objectives but does not specify reporting cycles, oversight body mandates,
or participation rate benchmarks.

**Sources:**
- §3 — *ENBioMex: an inclusive document*
- §37 — *Target 22 > Axis 6. Integration and governance*

---

## 4. Delivery Architecture

The ENBioMex operates through a multi-axis institutional framework. The strategy's
Action Plan — embedded within the document — specifies responsible actors, lines of
action, and compliance deadlines at local and regional scales [§3].

**Legal and regulatory framework.** Sub-axis 6.1 addresses legal harmonisation directly,
including cross-sector application of the national regulatory framework (action 6.1.2),
harmonisation of standards (actions 6.1.3, 6.1.8), development of new regulatory
elements (action 6.1.4), and protection of traditional knowledge in law (action 6.1.9)
[§37]. Ecological criteria in territorial planning (action 6.2.3) constitutes a recurring
cross-cutting delivery instrument appearing across multiple GBF Target analyses.

**Conservation instruments.** Protected area systems and in situ conservation tools
(line 2.1) are the primary conservation delivery layer, with distinct coverage for
marine and coastal zones (action 2.1.4). Ex situ mechanisms (line 2.2) and a national
restoration policy (action 2.3.1) under line 2.3 round out the conservation delivery
suite.

**Productive sector engagement.** Line 3.2 (agricultural, forestry, fisheries, and
aquaculture value chains) is the strategy's primary mechanism for engaging productive
sectors. Delivery instruments include sustainable enterprise frameworks (action 3.2.3),
productive reconversion programmes (action 3.2.4), and payment for environmental
services (action 3.2.8).

**Invasive species.** The ENBioMex references a national **Invasive Species Strategy**
as the primary delivery instrument for line 4.3, supported by early warning systems
(action 4.3.4), citizen participation in management (action 4.3.2), and trade regulation
(action 4.3.3).

**Subnational architecture.** The strategy has promoted state-level biodiversity
strategies since 2002 through action 6.2.5. Local and regional coordination mechanisms
(action 6.3.5) and local technical agencies (action 6.3.8) support subnational
implementation [§37].

**Social participation mechanisms.** Sub-axis 6.3 establishes three formal channels —
citizen participation (action 6.3.2), citizen observation (action 6.3.3), and citizen
complaint (action 6.3.4) — as institutionalised delivery infrastructure for accountability
and community engagement [§37].

**Sources:**
- §3 — *ENBioMex: an inclusive document*
- §37 — *Target 22 > Axis 6. Integration and governance*

---

## Gender Equity and Participatory Governance as Structural Commitments

The ENBioMex incorporates gender equity and participatory governance not as a standalone
section but as named cross-cutting design principles woven through all six strategic axes.
The document explicitly characterises the incorporation of a gender perspective as
"a milestone in national public policy."

In GBF alignment terms, these design principles generate the two highest direct-contribution
rates among all 23 GBF Targets. GBF Target 22 (Inclusive participation) receives direct
contributions from 45% of ENBioMex actions — 70 of the 160 actions — the highest rate
of any target in the strategy. GBF Target 23 (Gender equality) receives direct
contributions from 44% of ENBioMex actions, the second-highest rate.

The participatory character of the strategy is evidenced in its own development process:
379 individuals contributed (207 women and 172 men), drawn from federal administration,
civil society, and subnational government. The process incorporated a gender perspective
and the principle of "leaving no one behind" [§3].

**Governance mechanisms for participation.** Sub-axis 6.3 establishes formal
participatory infrastructure: citizen participation mechanisms (action 6.3.2), citizen
observation mechanisms (action 6.3.3), and citizen complaint mechanisms (action 6.3.4).
Local and regional coordination mechanisms (action 6.3.5), self-management capacity
support (action 6.3.7), and local technical agencies (action 6.3.8) extend this
architecture to the subnational level [§37].

**Participation in conservation.** Axis 2 includes social and private sector
participation in conservation (action 2.1.11) and traditional practices for conservation
(action 2.1.14). Citizen science engagement spans the full Axis 1 line 1.3, encompassing
citizen science programmes (actions 1.3.1–1.3.4) and community participatory monitoring
(action 1.3.4).

**Education as a participation channel.** Axis 5 contributes inclusive environmental
education (action 5.1.12), citizen participation programming (action 5.2.3), and
capacities for decision-makers (action 5.2.4), all of which show direct alignment to both
GBF Target 22 and Target 23.

**Subnational reach.** Action 6.2.5 has promoted state biodiversity strategies since
2002. Action 6.2.8 (local initiatives for biodiversity) shows the broadest GBF alignment
of any Axis 6 action, with 7 direct and 7 enabling matches — a further indication of the
strategy's investment in subnational participation architecture [§37].

**Sources:**
- §3 — *ENBioMex: an inclusive document*
- §37 — *Target 22 > Axis 6. Integration and governance*
- Target 22; Target 23 — *Alignment analysis*

---

## Axis 1: Mexico's Biodiversity Knowledge Infrastructure

Axis 1 is the only ENBioMex axis dedicated entirely to a cross-cutting function —
generating, documenting, making accessible, and systematising biodiversity knowledge.
Its four lines of action span the full knowledge production cycle:

- **Line 1.1** — Generation, documentation, and systematisation of knowledge. Actions
  include information on ecosystems (1.1.1), ecosystem services valuation research
  (1.1.3), research on species (1.1.6), knowledge of the conservation status of species
  and populations (1.1.7), research for sustainable use of biodiversity (1.1.8), genetic
  research on species of particular interest (1.1.9), and research in biotechnology and
  biosafety (1.1.10). Line 1.1 contributes to 16 of the 23 GBF Targets.
- **Line 1.2** — Traditional and indigenous knowledge, including documentation of
  traditional management practices (actions 1.2.1–1.2.2).
- **Line 1.3** — Citizen science, including citizen science programmes (1.3.1–1.3.4)
  and community participatory monitoring (1.3.4).
- **Line 1.4** — Development of tools for access to information. Actions include
  biodiversity information networks (1.4.1), information systems on conservation status
  and pressure factors (1.4.2, 1.4.3), biodiversity information systems (1.4.4),
  monitoring systems for ecosystem management (1.4.5), species monitoring systems (1.4.6),
  IT tools for information access (1.4.7), and mechanisms for access to information
  (1.4.8). Line 1.4 contributes to 17 of the 23 GBF Targets.

**GBF Target 21 coverage.** The alignment analysis identifies GBF Target 21 (Data and
information) as the target with the highest overall contribution from the ENBioMex: 77%
of all 160 actions contribute, with 31% directly and 46% in an enabling capacity. No
other target in the strategy achieves this coverage level.

**Knowledge baseline.** The ENBioMex references the 2006 *Capital Natural de México*
study — a national biodiversity inventory involving 803 experts from 240 academic
institutions — as the foundational knowledge baseline for the strategy. Traditional
knowledge systems are incorporated through line 1.2, which addresses documentation of
traditional management practices alongside scientific research programmes.

**Sources:**
- Target 21 — *Alignment analysis: Knowledge*
- §3 — *ENBioMex: an inclusive document*

---

## 5. Monitoring and Accountability

The ENBioMex's governance architecture is organised under Axis 6 (Integration and
governance), which maps 31 actions to GBF Targets and addresses institutional structure,
legal harmonisation, social participation, and international compliance [§37].

The strategy identifies a policy evaluation system (action 6.2.1) as a core
accountability mechanism, alongside coordination among stakeholders and sectors (action
6.2.2) and mainstreaming across government programmes (action 6.2.4). Sub-axis 6.4
addresses monitoring of international agreements (action 6.4.1), coordination (action
6.4.2), dissemination of progress on international matters (action 6.4.3), and
transboundary cooperation (action 6.4.4) [§37].

The source material does not contain information on specific monitoring and evaluation
indicators, named oversight bodies, reporting timelines, baseline methodologies, or
adaptive management provisions [§37]. The action-line structure of Axis 6 specifies the
types of mechanisms to be developed but does not cite an existing M&E framework,
indicator list, or review schedule.

**Sources:**
- §37 — *Target 22 > Axis 6. Integration and governance*

---

## 6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

The ENBioMex contains no substantive finance content in the sections reviewed. The
document explicitly explains this: resource mobilisation and financing were treated as a
separate section of the ENBioMex, not as part of the actions to be implemented within
the framework of the strategy [§8]. This structural choice is the direct cause of GBF
Target 19 (Finance mobilisation) receiving the lowest direct and enabling contribution
rates of any GBF Target — 6% direct, 11% enabling [§29].

No specific funding amounts, budget allocations, bilateral or multilateral finance
arrangements, named financial instruments, or resource mobilisation strategies are
identified in the available material.

On GBF Target 18 (Harmful subsidies), 7% of ENBioMex actions contribute directly, via
Axes 3 and 4. The strategy does not identify specific subsidies for reform or state
quantified subsidy reduction targets [§28].

The limited direct actions within the strategy framework that touch on finance include
financial instruments for conservation (action 2.1.5), payment for environmental services
(action 3.2.8), funding sources for sustainable use (action 3.3.2), and local financial
capacities (action 6.3.10).

**Sources:**
- §8 — *Contribution at the level of actions*
- §28 — *Target 18. Incentives and subsidies*
- §29 — *Target 19. Financing for biodiversity*

---

## 7. GBF Target Coverage

> **Notice:** This NBSAP was submitted before the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global
> Biodiversity Framework (December 2022). Target mappings are inferred and were not part
> of the document's original scope.

---

### GBF Target 1: Spatial Planning
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

The alignment analysis identifies 39 ENBioMex actions contributing directly to GBF
Target 1, representing 24% of all 160 actions, with a further 68 contributing in an
enabling capacity. Axes 2 (Conservation) and 4 (Addressing pressure factors) provide
the greatest direct contributions. Key instruments include ecological and territorial
planning (action 4.1.5), policy harmonisation across sectors (action 4.1.4), ecological
criteria in territorial planning (action 6.2.3), and information systems on conservation
status and pressure factors (actions 1.4.2, 1.4.3). Protected area systems (action
2.1.1), national restoration policy (action 2.3.1), strategies to prevent degradation
(action 4.1.3), and urban planning incorporating biodiversity (action 4.7.1) also
contribute directly. *Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 2: Ecosystem Restoration
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

ENBioMex line 2.3 (Restoration of degraded ecosystems) is identified as one of the
strategy's lines contributing most broadly across all GBF Targets. Direct contributions
come from 16.5% of all 160 actions, concentrated in Axes 2, 4, and 1. A further 44.4%
of actions contribute in an enabling capacity — the highest enabling share reported for
any target. The eight specific actions under line 2.3 address national restoration policy
(2.3.1), ecosystem rehabilitation (2.3.2), aquatic ecosystem restoration (2.3.3), soil
recovery (2.3.4), urban and peri-urban restoration (2.3.5), restoration with adaptive
management (2.3.6), restoration programmes and instruments (2.3.7), and germplasm banks
(2.3.8). No area restoration targets or milestones are cited. *Classification:
Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 3: Protected Areas (30×30)
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

76% of the 160 ENBioMex actions contribute to GBF Target 3 — the second-highest share
among all 23 GBF Targets. Axis 2 provides the principal direct contributions through
protected area and PA systems (action 2.1.1), policies for in situ conservation (action
2.1.2), in situ conservation tools (action 2.1.3), coastal-marine in situ conservation
tools (action 2.1.4), ecological connectivity (action 2.1.7), eco-hydrological
connectivity (action 2.1.8), urban and peri-urban conservation (action 2.1.9), and
conservation plans for threat reduction (action 2.1.13). The strategy does not state a
quantified area protection commitment equivalent to the GBF's 30% target.
*Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 4: Species Recovery
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

27% of ENBioMex actions contribute directly to GBF Target 4 — among the highest direct
contribution rates across all targets. Axes 1 (Knowledge) and 2 (Conservation) are the
primary contributors. Key instruments include species conservation instruments (action
2.1.10), knowledge of species conservation status (action 1.1.7), genetic research on
species of particular interest (action 1.1.9), policies for genetic resource conservation
(action 2.1.12), traditional practices for conservation (action 2.1.14), ex situ
conservation mechanisms (action 2.2.1), and species monitoring (action 1.4.6). No
species recovery quotas, delisting timelines, or population targets are stated.
*Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 5: Sustainable Harvest
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

Axes 1, 2, and 3 together account for 23% of direct contributions to GBF Target 5.
Axis 3 instruments include sustainability criteria (action 3.1.1), population monitoring
(action 3.1.2), use practices regulation (action 3.1.3), productive reconversion (action
3.2.4), diversification of use (action 3.2.5), and market niches (action 3.2.7). Axis 4
contributes through international trade regulation (action 4.2.1) and national trade
regulation (action 4.2.2). Axes 5 and 6 present no direct contributions to this target.
*Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 6: Invasive Alien Species
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

GBF Target 6 receives direct contributions from 10% of ENBioMex actions — one of the
lower direct contribution rates — explained in the alignment analysis by the thematic
specificity of invasive species management. Axes 1 and 4 carry the greatest direct
contribution. ENBioMex includes a dedicated line of action (4.3) on prevention, control,
and eradication of invasive species, encompassing: implementation of the national
Invasive Species Strategy (action 4.3.1), citizen participation in management (4.3.2),
trade regulation (4.3.3), early warning systems (action 4.3.4), and a regulatory
framework for biological control (action 4.3.5). No eradication targets or invasion
reduction metrics are cited. *Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 7: Pollution Reduction
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

Axis 4 carries the greatest direct contribution to GBF Target 7 with 9 direct actions,
followed by Axis 2 (5) and Axis 1 (3). Line 4.5 (Prevention, control, and reduction of
pollution) contains seven dedicated action lines: pollutant reduction (4.5.1), industrial
pollution prevention (4.5.2), pollutant monitoring (4.5.3), wastewater treatment (4.5.4),
pollution reduction strategies (4.5.5), harmonisation of the regulatory framework (4.5.6),
and urban and rural waste management (4.5.7). Urban waste management under the land use
line (action 4.7.4) also contributes directly. 60% of ENBioMex actions have no apparent
contribution to this target. *Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 8: Climate Change and Biodiversity
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

11% of ENBioMex actions contribute directly to GBF Target 8, concentrated in Axes 2, 4,
and 1. ENBioMex line 4.6 (Reduction of biodiversity vulnerability to climate change)
contains four action lines: identification and protection of ecosystems vulnerable to
climate change (action 4.6.1), climate change compensation schemes (action 4.6.2),
alternative energies (action 4.6.3), and ocean acidification measures (action 4.6.4).
Restoration with adaptive management (action 2.3.6) and protected area systems (action
2.1.1) also contribute directly via climate resilience considerations. Axes 3 and 6
present only enabling contributions. *Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 9: Wild Species Use
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

Multiple ENBioMex actions in Axes 1, 3, and 4 contribute directly to GBF Target 9.
From Axis 3: sustainability criteria (3.1.1), population monitoring (3.1.2), use
practices regulation (3.1.3), sustainable enterprises (3.2.3), productive reconversion
(3.2.4), diversification of use (3.2.5), added value (3.2.6), market niches (3.2.7),
and conservation and sustainable use criteria (3.3.1). From Axis 1: research for
sustainable use of biodiversity (1.1.8), knowledge of species conservation status (1.1.7),
and community participatory monitoring (1.3.4). From Axis 4: international and national
trade regulation (actions 4.2.1, 4.2.2) and application of legal frameworks (4.2.3).
*Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 10: Agriculture and Productive Sectors
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

64% of ENBioMex actions contribute to GBF Target 10 — the fifth-highest share among all
targets. ENBioMex line 3.2 (agricultural, forestry, fisheries, and aquaculture value
chains) is identified as one of the strategy's lines contributing most across all GBF
Targets, with direct contributions to 16 of the 23 GBF Targets. Actions under line 3.2
span valuation of ecosystem services (3.2.2), sustainable enterprises (3.2.3), productive
reconversion (3.2.4), diversification of use (3.2.5), added value (3.2.6), market niches
(3.2.7), payment for environmental services (3.2.8), and low-environmental-impact
services (3.2.9). Policy harmonisation (action 4.1.4), trade regulation (actions 4.2.1,
4.2.2), and incentives and subsidies review (action 4.2.4) also contribute directly.
*Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 11: Ecosystem Services (Nature-based Solutions)
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

Axis 2 provides the greatest direct contribution to GBF Target 11, with 12 direct
actions. Key instruments include ecosystem services valuation research (action 1.1.3),
in situ conservation tools (action 2.1.3), eco-hydrological connectivity (action 2.1.8),
ecosystem rehabilitation (action 2.3.2), soil recovery (action 2.3.4), urban and
peri-urban restoration (action 2.3.5), restoration with adaptive management (action
2.3.6) — all via the restoration line of action (2.3) described under GBF Target 2 —
valuation of ecosystem services (action 3.2.2), productive reconversion (action 3.2.4),
and payment for environmental services (action 3.2.8). Axes 5 and 6 contribute only
minimally in an enabling capacity. *Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 12: Urban Biodiversity
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

The ENBioMex includes a dedicated line of action (4.7) on orderly land use and
sustainable urban development, which addresses urban biodiversity through: urban planning
incorporating biodiversity (action 4.7.1), sustainable consumption in urban settings
(4.7.2), urban waste management (4.7.4), programmes for conservation of urban ecosystems
(action 4.7.5), and conservation criteria (4.7.6). Axis 2 contributes urban-specific
actions including ecological connectivity (2.1.7), eco-hydrological connectivity (2.1.8),
urban and peri-urban conservation (2.1.9), and urban and peri-urban restoration (2.3.5).
Pollutant reduction actions (4.5.1, 4.5.5) also contribute via urban environmental
quality. *Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 13: Genetic Resources and Access and Benefit-Sharing
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

GBF Target 13 receives direct contributions from approximately 9–15% of ENBioMex
actions, with 68% having no apparent contribution — explained in the alignment analysis
by the thematic specificity of access and benefit-sharing. Direct contributions include
genetic research on species of particular interest (action 1.1.9), research in
biotechnology and biosafety (action 1.1.10), policies for genetic resource conservation
(action 2.1.12), conservation and sustainable use criteria (action 3.3.1), protection of
traditional knowledge (action 6.1.9), traditional management practices (action 1.2.2),
and information on specimens (action 2.2.2). *Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 14: Mainstreaming Biodiversity
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

72% of ENBioMex actions contribute to GBF Target 14 — the third-highest share among all
23 GBF Targets. The strategy promotes integration of biodiversity into productive sectors
as a core function. Axis 6 supplies dedicated mainstreaming instruments: consolidation of
the institutional framework and public policies for integration (sub-axis 6.2),
mainstreaming across government programmes (action 6.2.4), ecological criteria in
territorial planning (action 6.2.3), and a policy evaluation system (action 6.2.1). The
ENBioMex also characterises its cross-cutting gender perspective as part of its
mainstreaming vision. Direct contributions span all six axes. *Classification:
Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 15: Business and Biodiversity Disclosure
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

The ENBioMex addresses business engagement primarily through sustainable practice
requirements rather than biodiversity risk disclosure or reporting frameworks. Direct
contributions include social and private sector participation in conservation (action
2.1.11), conservation plans for threat reduction (action 2.1.13), sustainable enterprises
(action 3.2.3), productive reconversion (action 3.2.4), diversification of use (3.2.5),
added value (3.2.6), market niches (3.2.7), low-environmental-impact services (3.2.9),
trade regulation (actions 4.2.1, 4.2.2), application of legal and regulatory frameworks
(action 4.2.3), and environmental awareness and training for enterprises (action 5.3.8).
*Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 16: Sustainable Consumption
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

GBF Target 16 is the only GBF Target where Axis 5 (Education, communication, and
environmental culture) produces the greatest direct contribution of any axis, with 12
direct actions, followed by Axis 4 (7 actions). A further 24% of ENBioMex actions
contribute in an enabling capacity. Key Axis 5 instruments include educational
communication programmes for responsible consumption and sustainable procurement (action
5.3.7), environmental education for wildlife management (5.2.6), curricula and
educational materials (5.1.1), citizen participation (5.2.3), capacities for
decision-makers (5.2.4), training of environmental promoters (action 5.2.5), and
biodiversity communication guidelines (5.3.1). Sustainable consumption in urban settings
(action 4.7.2) contributes directly from Axis 4. *Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 17: Biosafety
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

GBF Target 17 receives direct contributions from 8–12% of ENBioMex actions — one of the
lower rates — with only 13% in an enabling capacity, explained by the specificity of
biotechnology management as a theme. Direct contributions are concentrated in Axes 1, 3,
and 4. The ENBioMex includes a dedicated line of action (4.4) on prevention and control
of possible adverse effects of GMO use (action 4.4.1), alongside GMO risk analysis within
line 4.3 (action 4.3.6). Research in biotechnology and biosafety (action 1.1.10) and a
regulatory framework for biological control (action 4.3.5) also contribute directly.
*Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 18: Harmful Subsidies
**Tier 2 — Mentioned**

7% of ENBioMex actions contribute directly to GBF Target 18, via Axes 3 and 4. Instruments
include incentives and subsidies review (action 4.2.4), policy harmonisation (action 4.1.4),
productive reconversion (action 3.2.4), and funding sources for sustainable use (action
3.3.2). The strategy does not identify specific subsidies for reform or state quantified
reduction targets.

---

### GBF Target 19: Finance Mobilisation
**Tier 2 — Mentioned**

GBF Target 19 receives the lowest direct and enabling contribution rates of any target in
the ENBioMex: 6% direct, 11% enabling. Resource mobilisation was treated as a separate
section in the ENBioMex rather than as operational actions within the strategy framework
— see Finance and Resource Mobilisation above. The limited direct contributions that
exist include financial instruments for conservation (action 2.1.5), funding sources for
sustainable use (action 3.3.2), payment for environmental services (action 3.2.8), local
financial capacities (action 6.3.10), and transparency and accountability (action 6.3.1).

---

### GBF Target 20: Capacity-Building and Technology Transfer
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

Axes 1 (Knowledge) and 5 (Education) are the primary contributors to GBF Target 20, with
all axes contributing in different enabling capacities. Axis 5 instruments include
training of specialists in conservation and sustainable use (action 5.1.5), training and
professional development of teachers and lecturers (actions 5.1.6, 5.1.7), capacities
for decision-makers (action 5.2.4), training of environmental promoters (action 5.2.5),
training of environmental communicators (action 5.3.3), and inclusive environmental
education (action 5.1.12). Axis 1 contributes citizen science programmes (1.3.1), tools
and capacities for citizen participation (1.3.3), community participatory monitoring
(1.3.4), and IT tools for information access (1.4.7). Axis 6 contributes local technical
agencies (6.3.8), self-management capacities (6.3.7), and local and regional coordination
(6.3.5). *Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 21: Data and Information
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

GBF Target 21 has the highest overall contribution share in the ENBioMex: 77% of all
160 actions contribute, with 31% directly and 46% in an enabling capacity. Axis 1 is
entirely dedicated to knowledge generation, traditional knowledge, citizen science, and
information access. Line 1.1 contributes to 16 GBF Targets; line 1.4 contributes to 17.
High-impact actions include information on ecosystems (1.1.1), interdisciplinary research
(1.1.2), research on species (1.1.6), biodiversity information networks (1.4.1),
biodiversity information systems (1.4.4), monitoring systems for ecosystem management
(1.4.5), species monitoring systems (1.4.6), IT tools (1.4.7), and mechanisms for access
to information (1.4.8). The *Capital Natural de México* study (2006), involving 803
experts from 240 academic institutions, is cited as Mexico's foundational knowledge
investment. Full treatment of the knowledge infrastructure appears in the Axis 1 flex
section above. *Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 22: Inclusive Participation
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

GBF Target 22 receives the highest direct contribution rate of any target in the
ENBioMex: 45% of all 160 actions (70 actions) contribute directly, with 22% in an
enabling capacity. The strategy has promoted subnational biodiversity strategies since
2002 (action 6.2.5) and establishes three formal participation channels under sub-axis
6.3: citizen participation mechanisms (6.3.2), citizen observation mechanisms (6.3.3),
and citizen complaint mechanisms (6.3.4) [§37]. Direct contributions span all six axes,
including traditional knowledge documentation (1.2.1), traditional management practices
(1.2.2), citizen science programmes (1.3.1–1.3.4), social and private sector
participation in conservation (2.1.11), traditional conservation practices (2.1.14),
inclusive environmental education (5.1.12), local and regional coordination (6.3.5),
self-management capacities (6.3.7), and local initiatives for biodiversity (6.2.8).
Gender and participatory dimensions of this target are addressed further in the Gender
Equity and Participatory Governance section above. *Classification: Directional aspiration.*

---

### GBF Target 23: Gender Equality
**Tier 1 — Addressed**

GBF Target 23 receives the second-highest direct contribution rate of any target: 44% of
ENBioMex actions contribute directly, with 18% in an enabling capacity. The ENBioMex
explicitly incorporates a gender perspective as a cross-cutting design principle across
all six axes; the document characterises this as "a milestone in national public policy."
Direct contributions are documented across all axes, including citizen science programmes
(1.3.1–1.3.4), conservation tools and programmes (2.1.6), ecosystem rehabilitation and
restoration (2.3.2), sustainable enterprises (3.2.3), productive reconversion (3.2.4),
citizen participation programming (4.3.2, 5.2.3), inclusive environmental education
(5.1.12), and numerous additional education and communication actions. Full treatment of
the gender design principle appears in the Gender Equity and Participatory Governance
section above. *Classification: Directional aspiration.*