Brazil

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Latin America and the CaribbeanApplies 2025–2030Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025–2030

1. Overview

Brazil's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025–2030 (NBSAP), designated in Portuguese as the Estratégia e Plano de Ação Nacionais para a Biodiversidade (EPANB), was established as a planning instrument of the Federal Executive Branch by Decree No. 12,485 of 3 June 2025 and recognised by Ordinance GM/MMA No. 1,519 of 25 November 2025 [§10]. The strategy was prepared under the leadership of the Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change (MMA) through a participatory process launched in 2023, engaging representatives from federal, state and municipal governments, civil society, academia, Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, family farmers, and the private sector [§9].

The NBSAP sets 25 national commitments*Brazil's NBSAP calls these "Metas Nacionais de Biodiversidade" (National Biodiversity Targets). This page uses "national commitment" to avoid confusion with the 23 GBF Targets. Brazil split GBF Targets 1 and 10 into two national commitments each (1A/1B and 10A/10B), yielding 25 national commitments rather than the GBF's 23. mapped to the 23 GBF Targets, organised into three categories: reducing threats to biodiversity (Targets 1A, 1B, 2–8), meeting people's needs through sustainable use and benefit-sharing (Targets 9–13), and tools and solutions for implementation and mainstreaming (Targets 14–23). These are supported by an Action Plan containing 234 actions distributed across 20 ministries and 30 affiliated entities, with implementation responsibilities spanning the 2025–2030 period [§10]. Three enabling strategies — for monitoring, financing and communication — are under development [§21].

The NBSAP also identifies "Action Plan Commitments"†Brazil's NBSAP calls these "Compromissos do Plano de Ação." This page uses "instrument" to refer to named federal programmes and plans, distinct from the 234 individual actions. — specific federal plans and programmes described as "structural, high-impact and broad in scope" — as priority delivery vehicles for implementation [§10].

Brazil's NBSAP commits to conserving at least 80 per cent of the Amazon biome, eliminating illegal deforestation by 2030, and establishing a National Connectivity Network across 30 per cent of its territory — backed by 234 actions distributed across 50 federal institutions in what is one of the most institutionally distributed implementation frameworks among post-KMGBF strategies.

Sources:

  • §9 — Preface
  • §10 — Introduction
  • §21 — 2.3 The process of developing the new National Biodiversity Strategy

2. Ecological Context

Brazil harbours between 10 and 15 per cent of all known species on the planet, distributed across six terrestrial biomes — the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, and Pantanal — and the Coastal-Marine System [§14][§15]. Approximately 55 per cent of terrestrial plant species found in the country are endemic. The Atlantic Forest alone contains more than 17,000 terrestrial plant species (36.5 per cent of the national total), while the Amazon holds over 13,000 (27.8 per cent) [§15]. More than 20,000 species of plants, algae, and fungi are endemic to Brazil; of those assessed, over 40 per cent are considered threatened [§14]. Among fauna, more than 1,200 species are classified as threatened out of over 15,500 assessed, including all known vertebrates [§15].

The NBSAP identifies five principal threats. Deforestation, desertification, illegal mining, land grabbing, and fire drove the loss of nearly 10 million hectares of native vegetation between 2019 and 2024 [§16]. In Amazon rivers, illegal mining discharges considerable amounts of mercury annually, affecting aquatic biodiversity and the health of riverine and Indigenous communities [§16]. More than 476 invasive alien species are recorded across Brazilian territory, with estimated economic losses of USD 77–105 billion from just 16 species between 1984 and 2019 [§14][§16]. Of monitored fish stocks assessed for fishing intensity, 66 per cent are overfished and 29 per cent are currently being overfished beyond reproductive capacity [§16]. Climate change affects biodiversity through rising temperatures, shifting rainfall, and extreme events — particularly El Niño-driven temperature anomalies linked to amphibian population declines [§16].

Brazil supplies approximately 10 per cent of global food demand, a productivity the NBSAP describes as relying "fundamentally on biodiversity — the original source of all cultivated species and the provider of the ecosystem services essential to agriculture" [§14]. Approximately 76 per cent of food crop production depends at least in part on animal pollination [§14].

Sources:

  • §14 — 1 The Global Challenge of Biodiversity Loss and the Importance of Brazil
  • §15 — 1.1 Brazilian biodiversity
  • §16 — 1.2 Threats and challenges to Brazilian biodiversity

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

Brazil's 25 national commitments are organised below by the NBSAP's own thematic categories. Of the 25, approximately 10 contain at least one measurable commitment with a quantified threshold and deadline; the remainder are directional aspirations that specify intent but defer quantitative thresholds to instruments or monitoring strategies yet to be developed. No commitments are classified as interim.

I. Reducing Threats to Biodiversity

Target 1A — Spatial planning (GBF Target 1). Commits to covering the entire national territory with participatory, integrated, ecosystem-based spatial planning so that the loss of important areas for biodiversity is "as close to zero as possible" by 2030. Requires Free, Prior and Informed Consultation (FPIC) under ILO Convention 169 and the recognition, demarcation, and protection of Indigenous and traditional territories [§40]. Marine Spatial Planning was formalised as national policy through Decree No. 12,491 of 5 June 2025. Measurability: Directional aspiration — "as close to zero as possible" defers a quantitative threshold.

Target 1B — Eliminate deforestation (GBF Target 1). Commits to zero deforestation and conversion of native vegetation by 2030, backed by the Plans for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation and Fires (PPCDs), the Native Vegetation Protection Law (Law No. 12,651/2012), and Payments for Environmental Services under Law No. 14,119/2021 [§42]. Measurability: Measurable commitment — binary threshold (zero) with a 2030 deadline.

Target 2 — Restore ecosystems (GBF Target 2). By 2030, at least 30 per cent of degraded areas in each biome and the coastal-marine system under effective restoration, with attention to tidal territories (maretórios). The second phase of PLANAVEG (2025–2028) targets 12 million hectares of native vegetation restoration [§44]. Measurability: Measurable commitment — percentage threshold per biome with deadline.

Target 3 — Conserve ecosystems (GBF Target 3). By 2030, conserve and effectively manage at least 80 per cent of the Amazon biome and 30 per cent of each other biome, including inland waters, and 30 per cent of the coastal and marine system. The conservation system encompasses SNUC protected areas, Indigenous lands, Quilombola territories, other traditional territories, permanent preservation areas, and legal reserves [§46]. Measurability: Measurable commitment — quantified percentages per biome with deadline.

Target 4 — Halt species extinctions (GBF Target 4). Commits to halting human-induced extinctions by 2030, restoring and protecting wild species, minimising human-wildlife conflict, and halting the loss of genetic diversity through in situ, on-farm, and ex situ conservation. Key instruments include Territorial Action Plans (PATs) and National Action Plans (PANs) for threatened species [§47]. Measurability: Directional aspiration — no threshold beyond zero new human-induced extinctions; ancillary commitments lack metrics.

Target 5 — Sustainable use and trade (GBF Target 5). Commits to ensuring sustainable, safe, and legal utilisation and trade of wild species and to strengthening policies combating environmental crimes and biopiracy by 2030. Includes public policies on animal protection and welfare, applying "One Health" and ecosystem-based approaches [§48]. Measurability: Directional aspiration.

Target 6 — Invasive alien species (GBF Target 6). By 2030, reduce by at least 50 per cent the rates of introduction and establishment of invasive alien species, and eradicate or control existing ones, particularly in islands, traditional territories, and protected areas. Delivered through the National Strategy and Action Plan on Invasive Alien Species [§49]. Measurability: Measurable commitment — percentage reduction with deadline.

Target 7 — Reduce pollution (GBF Target 7). By 2030, halve nutrient loss, halve the risk from pesticides applied in breach of good agricultural practices, halve the risk from highly hazardous chemicals including mercury, reduce industrial and transport pollutant emissions, and reduce plastic pollution [§51]. Federal commitments include sewage treatment for 90 per cent of the population by 2033 and closure of all open-air dumps by 2033 [§39]. Measurability: Measurable commitment — multiple "halving" thresholds with deadline.

Target 8 — Climate and biodiversity (GBF Target 8). Commits to establishing a National Connectivity Network covering at least 30 per cent of the national territory — terrestrial, aquatic, coastal, and marine — encompassing ecological corridors, conservation unit mosaics, traditional territory demarcation, and climate refugia [§53]. Calls for transition to an inclusive low-carbon economy guided by climate justice principles. Measurability: Measurable commitment — percentage of territory with implied 2030 deadline.

II. Meeting People's Needs

Target 9 — Sustainable use and bioeconomy (GBF Target 9). Commits to preparation by 2025 and implementation by 2030 of the first cycle of the National Bioeconomy Development Plan, alongside Payment for Environmental Services and the National Policy to Combat Desertification [§54]. Measurability: Directional aspiration — plan delivery is a procedural milestone, but no quantified biodiversity outcome threshold.

Targets 10A and 10B — Sustainable agriculture and fishing (GBF Target 10). Target 10A commits to sustainable management of agriculture, livestock, aquaculture, and forestry areas by 2030 through sustainable intensification, agroforestry, agroecological systems, and regenerative agriculture [§56]. The ABC+ Plan targets expansion to 72.68 million hectares. Target 10B commits to sustainable management of all extractive fishing and restoration of fish stocks to sustainable exploitation levels [§58]. Measurability: Directional aspiration for both — direction is clear but neither sets a quantified coverage threshold in the target text itself.

Target 11 — Ecosystem services (GBF Target 11). Commits to restoring and maintaining ecosystem services by 2030, with biome-by-biome ecosystem service mapping. Two time-bound deliverables: a national policy for pollinator protection by 2026 and regulation of the Law on Payments for Environmental Services by 2025 [§60]. Measurability: Measurable commitment for the sub-targets (binary deliverables with deadlines); the overarching restoration goal is directional.

Target 12 — Urban green and blue spaces (GBF Target 12). By 2030, expand the area, quality, connectivity, and accessibility of green and blue spaces in cities using native species, prioritising metropolitan municipalities most vulnerable to climate change. Delivered through the Green and Resilient Cities Programme and the Urban Environmental Registry [§61]. Measurability: Directional aspiration — "expand" without a quantified area threshold in the target text.

Target 13 — Access and benefit-sharing (GBF Target 13). Commits to a 30 per cent increase in benefits shared from economic exploitation of finished products and reproductive material by 2030, including digital sequence information. Anchored in Law No. 13,123/2015 and the National Fund for Benefit-Sharing (FNRB) [§62]. Brazil reports over 30 years of ABS experience and more than 17,000 registered sociobiodiversity products [§14]. Measurability: Measurable commitment — percentage increase with deadline.

III. Tools and Solutions

Target 14 — Mainstream biodiversity (GBF Target 14). Full integration of biodiversity values into development policies by 2030 through environmental-economic accounts, strategic environmental assessments, and progressive alignment of fiscal and financial flows with the NBSAP [§64]. Measurability: Directional aspiration.

Target 15 — Business disclosure (GBF Target 15). Commits to public policies requiring companies and financial institutions to assess and disclose biodiversity risks, dependencies, impacts, and opportunities by 2030 [§65]. Measurability: Directional aspiration.

Target 16 — Sustainable consumption (GBF Target 16). By 2030, raise awareness and build capacity for sustainable production and consumption choices, prioritising sectors with the greatest biodiversity impact [§66]. Measurability: Directional aspiration.

Target 17 — Biosafety (GBF Target 17). Strengthen biosafety capacity by 2030 within the National Biosafety Policy framework, aligned with CTNBio. Includes maintaining genetic integrity of wild relatives and traditional seed varieties [§68]. Measurability: Directional aspiration.

Target 18 — Harmful subsidies (GBF Target 18). Two-phase approach: identify and rank harmful subsidies by 2026; review, reduce, or eliminate by 2030, starting with those most detrimental in proportion to GDP. In parallel, progressively increase positive incentives for conservation [§70]. Measurability: Measurable commitment — binary deliverable (identification by 2026) with phased structure.

Target 19 — Finance mobilisation (GBF Target 19). Develop and initiate by 2026 a national financing strategy, aiming to increase resources contributing to the global USD 200 billion per year target [§71]. The financing strategy is under development. No aggregate cost estimate appears in the NBSAP. Measurability: Measurable commitment — strategy delivery by 2026 is binary; resource increase is benchmarked to GDP proportion.

Target 20 — Capacity-building (GBF Target 20). Strengthen capacity-building and technology transfer by 2030, placing traditional and ancestral knowledge on equal footing with scientific cooperation [§72]. Measurability: Directional aspiration.

Target 21 — Data and information (GBF Target 21). Ensure the production, accessibility, interoperability, and reuse of biodiversity data by 2030, including raw data repositories. Traditional knowledge to be accessed only with FPIC [§73]. Measurability: Directional aspiration.

Target 22 — Inclusive participation (GBF Target 22). By 2030, ensure full, equitable participation of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, women and girls, elders, youth, persons with disabilities, and people of all races and ethnicities in biodiversity governance. By 2025, ensure full protection for human rights and environmental defenders [§73]. The Ministry of Indigenous Peoples (MPI), created in January 2023, is the first federal ministry dedicated exclusively to Indigenous Peoples [§20]. Measurability: Measurable commitment for the sub-target — environmental defender protection by 2025 is a binary deliverable with the earliest deadline in the NBSAP.

Target 23 — Gender equality (GBF Target 23). By 2030, ensure gender equality in NBSAP implementation through an intergenerational, intersectional, gender-sensitive approach. Extends equal access to land, territories, natural and cultural goods, and financial resources to all women and girls, and explicitly to LGBTQIAPN+ people — going beyond the GBF's "gender-responsive" framing. Commits to pay equity across bioeconomy value chains [§74]. Measurability: Directional aspiration — pay equity is directional without a defined gap-closure threshold.

Sources:

  • §20 — 2.2 Brazil's trajectory in implementing the CBD
  • §39 — 3.3 National biodiversity targets for 2030 and Action Plan
  • §40–§74 — Individual target sections (3.3.1–3.3.25)

4. Delivery Architecture

Implementation is distributed across 50 institutions — 20 ministries and 30 affiliated entities — responsible for 234 actions classified into six types: knowledge production and monitoring; territorial management; economic and financial instruments; implementation of existing programmes; planning and creation of new instruments; and capacity-building, communication, and social participation [§76].

Deforestation and land use. The Plans for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation and Wildfires (PPCDs), originally established for the Amazon in 2004, were expanded in 2023 to cover all six biomes under Decree No. 11,367 [§19][§20]. The National Plan for the Recovery of Native Vegetation (PLANAVEG), in its second phase (2025–2028), coordinates restoration toward the 12-million-hectare target. The National Programme for the Conversion of Degraded Pastures (PNCPD) targets recovery of up to 40 million hectares of low-productivity pastures [§20].

Conservation. The National Conservation Units System (SNUC) under Law No. 9,985/2000 forms the backbone of the protected area network. Marine protected areas expanded from approximately 1.5 per cent to 25 per cent of marine territory through 2018 presidential decrees [§20]. The National Programme for the Conservation of Threatened Species (Pró-Espécies) and its GEF-backed project coordinate species recovery [§20].

Bioeconomy and industrial policy. The National Bioeconomy Strategy (Decree No. 12,044/2024), the Ecological Transformation Plan with its Brazilian Sustainable Taxonomy, and Nova Indústria Brasil (NIB) collectively position industrial bioeconomy as a core delivery mechanism [§39][§20].

Sustainable agriculture. The Low-Carbon Agriculture Plan (ABC+ Plan) targets 72.68 million hectares by 2030. The National Plan for Agroecology and Organic Production (PLANAPO) and PRONAF Verde credit lines support family farmers' transition to sustainable production [§39].

Indigenous Peoples and traditional communities. The National Policy for Territorial and Environmental Management of Indigenous Lands (PNGATI), resumed in 2023 after a period of inactivity, and the National Policy for Quilombola Territorial and Environmental Management (PNGTAQ) (Decree No. 11,786/2023) provide governance frameworks [§20].

Subnational coordination. All 26 states and the Federal District committed through ABEMA to developing State Biodiversity Strategies (EPAEBs), with a Technical Chamber on Biodiversity (CTBio) facilitating exchange among states. Approximately 300 Municipal Atlantic Forest Conservation Plans exist, mainly within the Atlantic Forest and transition zones [§83].

Sources:

  • §19 — 2.2 Brazil's trajectory in implementing the CBD
  • §20 — 2.2 Table 4 — Other relevant developments
  • §39 — 3.3 National biodiversity targets and Action Plan
  • §76 — 4 Implementation
  • §83 — 4.2 State and Local Biodiversity Plans

The Amazon: An 80 Per Cent Conservation Commitment

Brazil's Target 3 commits to conserving and effectively managing at least 80 per cent of the Amazon biome by 2030 — a threshold that exceeds the global 30×30 framework applied to all other Brazilian biomes [§46]. The 80 per cent figure reflects a conservation approach that threads through multiple parts of the NBSAP.

Target 1B commits to eliminating illegal deforestation across all six biomes by 2030, with the Amazon PPCDAm — the original Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon, established in 2004 — as the flagship enforcement instrument [§42]. Target 2 includes a federal commitment to create 3 million hectares of new conservation units in the Amazon by 2027 [§39]. Target 8's National Connectivity Network, covering 30 per cent of the national territory through ecological corridors and conservation unit mosaics, draws heavily on Amazonian landscapes [§53].

Target 7 addresses mercury contamination from illegal gold mining in Amazon rivers, with a federal commitment to support monitoring of up to three Indigenous Lands for chemicals of concern [§39][§51]. Targets 1A and 22 commit to the recognition, demarcation, and protection of Indigenous territories — a commitment with particular significance in the Amazon, where the federal government targets increasing the land regularisation rate of Indigenous Lands to 72 per cent by 2027 [§39][§40].

The Amazon Fund, reactivated in January 2023 with announced donations totalling BRL 3.9 billion, is the most prominent financing mechanism supporting these commitments [§20].

Sources:

  • §20 — 2.2 Table 4 — Other relevant developments
  • §39 — 3.3 National biodiversity targets and Action Plan
  • §40 — 3.3.1 Target 1A
  • §42 — 3.3.2 Target 1B
  • §46 — 3.3.4 Target 3
  • §51 — 3.3.8 Target 7
  • §53 — 3.3.9 Target 8

5. Monitoring and Accountability

The MMA, through its Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use (DCBIO) within the Secretariat for Biodiversity, Forests and Animal Rights (SBIO), coordinates planning, implementation, financing, monitoring, and communication of the NBSAP [§77].

The National Biodiversity Commission (CONABIO) was restructured to serve as an advisory body, tasked with monitoring, evaluating, and proposing updates to the strategy. Its mandate extends to guiding Brazil's implementation of the KMGBF and proposing integration of the NBSAP into key national policies [§77]. A permanent internal task force, the Working Group on the NBSAP (GT-NBSAP), was established within MMA through Ordinance No. 1,223 of 28 November 2024, comprising approximately 25 technical staff [§77][§21].

A Monitoring Strategy is under development, coordinated by MMA in collaboration with the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA). Indicators for the 25 national commitments are not yet defined [§21][§77]. Existing data infrastructure includes the Brazilian Biodiversity Information System (SiBBr) and the Biodiversity Monitoring Programme in Conservation Units (MONITORA) [§19][§20].

The NBSAP must be assessed and revised in 2030 and subsequently every ten years, as established in Decree No. 12,485 [§76]. Results of monitoring are consolidated in Brazil's National Reports to the CBD [§77]. At the subnational level, EPAEBs and EPALBs are expected to include mechanisms to monitor effectiveness and track progress toward national commitments, feeding into national reporting [§83].

Sources:

  • §19 — 2.2 Brazil's trajectory in implementing the CBD
  • §20 — 2.2 Table 4
  • §21 — 2.3 Process of developing the new National Biodiversity Strategy
  • §76 — 4 Implementation
  • §77 — 4.1 Governance
  • §83 — 4.2 State and Local Biodiversity Plans

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

The NBSAP contains no aggregate cost estimate or total budget for implementation. The financing strategy referenced in Target 19 is under development [§21].

Target 19 commits to developing and initiating by 2026 a national strategy to finance the NBSAP, aiming to increase financial resources "in proportion to national GDP and contributing to the global target of at least USD 200 billion per year by 2030" [§71]. Four resource streams are identified: federal budget allocations complemented by state and municipal resources; external funding; public and private incentives; and collective actions to ensure direct access to funding by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities [§71].

Target 18 commits to identifying and ranking harmful subsidies by 2026, and reviewing, reducing, or eliminating them by 2030, starting with those most detrimental in proportion to GDP. This contributes to the global target of at least USD 500 billion per year in subsidy reform by 2030 [§70]. Positive incentives are defined to include payments for ecosystem services, green funds, subsidised land purchase, and conservation easements [§76].

The Ecological Transformation Plan and its Brazilian Sustainable Taxonomy establish parameters for integrating biodiversity into investment decisions [§39]. Federal commitments with financial implications include expanding PRONAF Verde credit lines to 20,000 family farmers by 2035 and expanding sustainable production under the ABC+ Plan to 72.68 million hectares by 2030 [§39]. Brazil participates in the Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) to assess financing gaps [§39].

The development of the NBSAP itself was financed with resources from the GEF through the UNDP-implemented GBF Early Action Support project, and from the German BMZ and Norwegian NORAD through GIZ [§5][§21].

Sources:

  • §5 — NBSAP 2025–2030 (financing of NBSAP development)
  • §21 — 2.3 Process of developing the NBSAP
  • §39 — 3.3 National biodiversity targets and Action Plan
  • §70 — 3.3.20 Target 18
  • §71 — 3.3.21 Target 19
  • §76 — 4 Implementation

7. GBF Target Coverage

Target 1: Spatial planning — Addressed

Brazil splits GBF Target 1 into two national commitments. Target 1A commits to participatory, ecosystem-based spatial planning across the entire national territory, bringing the loss of areas important for biodiversity "as close to zero as possible" by 2030. Target 1B commits to zero deforestation and conversion of native vegetation by 2030. Both require FPIC under ILO Convention 169. Key instruments include the PPCDs covering all six biomes, Marine Spatial Planning (Decree No. 12,491/2025), and the Native Vegetation Protection Law. Between 2019 and 2024, Brazil lost nearly 10 million hectares of native vegetation — the baseline against which Target 1B will be measured.

Target 2: Ecosystem restoration — Addressed

Target 2 commits to at least 30 per cent of degraded areas in each biome and the coastal-marine system under effective restoration by 2030, applying the threshold per-biome rather than as a national aggregate. PLANAVEG's second phase (2025–2028) targets 12 million hectares of native vegetation restoration. A separate federal commitment targets 50,000 hectares of coastal and marine ecosystem restoration by 2035. The concept of tidal territories (maretórios) is introduced as a focus for restoration.

Target 3: Protected areas (30×30) — Addressed

Target 3 sets an 80 per cent conservation threshold for the Amazon biome and 30 per cent for each other biome, including inland waters, and 30 per cent for the coastal and marine system. The conservation framework encompasses SNUC protected areas, Indigenous lands, Quilombola territories, permanent preservation areas, legal reserves, and OECMs. Marine protected areas already cover approximately 25 per cent of marine territory following 2018 expansion. Federal commitments include creating 3 million hectares of new Amazon conservation units and achieving 30 per cent Marine Conservation Unit coverage within the Exclusive Economic Zone by 2030.

Target 4: Species recovery — Addressed

Target 4 commits to halting human-induced extinctions by 2030, minimising human-wildlife conflict, and halting genetic diversity loss across wild and domesticated species. Instruments include Territorial Action Plans (PATs) and National Action Plans (PANs) for threatened species, the Pró-Espécies programme, and in situ, on-farm, and ex situ conservation strategies. More than 1,200 fauna species and approximately 3,700 plant and fungi species are classified as threatened. Brazil is the only country to have systematically assessed the conservation status of fungi.

Target 5: Sustainable harvest — Addressed

Target 5 commits to ensuring sustainable, safe, and legal utilisation and trade of wild species by 2030, and to strengthening policies combating environmental crimes and biopiracy. The target includes public policies on animal protection and welfare and applies "One Health" and ecosystem-based approaches. CONAMA Resolution No. 507 (July 2024) established technical parameters for Sustainable Forest Management Plans in the Caatinga, based on 30 years of research with precipitation-based harvest volume limits.

Target 6: Invasive alien species — Addressed

Target 6 commits to a 50 per cent reduction in introduction and establishment rates of invasive alien species by 2030. Priority areas include islands, traditional territories, isolated communities, and protected areas. More than 476 invasive alien species are recorded in Brazil, with estimated losses of USD 77–105 billion from 16 species (1984–2019). The National Strategy on Invasive Alien Species, in place since 2009 and updated in 2018, and the PNADPRR provide the delivery framework.

Target 7: Pollution reduction — Addressed

Target 7 sets halving thresholds for nutrient loss, pesticide risk (qualified to pesticides applied in breach of good agricultural practices), and risk from hazardous chemicals including mercury by 2030. Federal commitments include sewage treatment for 90 per cent of the population by 2033, closure of all open-air dumps by 2033, and waste recovery of approximately 50 per cent by 2042. Mercury from illegal Amazon mining and plastic pollution in the marine environment receive specific attention.

Target 8: Climate and biodiversity — Addressed

Target 8 commits to a National Connectivity Network covering at least 30 per cent of the national territory, encompassing ecological corridors, conservation unit mosaics, traditional territory demarcation, and climate refugia. The target calls for transition to an inclusive low-carbon economy guided by climate justice principles. The explicit reference to combating environmental racism is distinctive. The Climate Plan 2024–2035 and the Thematic Adaptation Plan for Nature Conservation provide the policy framework.

Target 9: Wild species use — Addressed

Target 9 commits to the preparation by 2025 and implementation by 2030 of the National Bioeconomy Development Plan under the National Bioeconomy Strategy (Decree No. 12,044/2024), alongside the PES scheme and the National Policy to Combat Desertification.

Target 10: Agriculture / forestry — Addressed

Brazil splits GBF Target 10 into Target 10A (sustainable agriculture and forestry) and Target 10B (artisanal fishing and aquatic bioresources). Target 10A directs sustainable management through the ABC+ Plan (72.68 million hectares by 2030), the PNCPD (40 million hectares of degraded pasture conversion), and PRONAF Verde credit lines. Target 10B commits to sustainable management of all extractive fishing and restoration of fish stocks to sustainable exploitation levels, with fishing exclusion zones in 60 per cent of federal coastal and marine Sustainable Use Protected Areas by 2030.

Target 11: Ecosystem services (NbS) — Addressed

Target 11 commits to restoring and maintaining ecosystem services by 2030 and to biome-by-biome ecosystem service mapping. Two time-bound sub-targets stand out: a national policy for pollinator protection by 2026 and regulation of the PES law by 2025. The BPBES published a Thematic Report on Pollination, Pollinators, and Food Production in 2020.

Target 12: Urban biodiversity — Addressed

Target 12 commits to expanding urban green and blue spaces by 2030 using native species, prioritising municipalities most vulnerable to climate change. The Green and Resilient Cities Programme (PCVR) and the Urban Environmental Registry are the named instruments. A federal commitment targets 180,000 hectares of increased urban vegetation cover by 2035. The target prioritises urban peripheries and areas with green space deficits.

Target 13: Genetic resources / ABS — Addressed

Target 13 commits to a 30 per cent increase in benefits shared from economic exploitation of finished products and reproductive material by 2030, anchored in Law No. 13,123/2015 and the FNRB. Digital sequence information is explicitly covered. Brazil reports over 30 years of ABS experience and more than 17,000 registered sociobiodiversity products.

Target 14: Mainstreaming — Addressed

Target 14 commits to full integration of biodiversity values into development policies by 2030 through environmental-economic accounts, strategic environmental assessments, environmental impact assessments, climate risk analyses, and PES programmes. The target extends to poverty and hunger eradication strategies and calls for aligning fiscal and financial flows with the NBSAP.

Target 15: Business disclosure — Addressed

Target 15 commits to public policies requiring companies and financial institutions to assess and disclose biodiversity risks, dependencies, impacts, and opportunities by 2030, and to provide consumers with information for sustainable consumption. The Brazilian Business Council for Sustainable Development (CEBDS) and the National Confederation of Industry (CNI) participated in the NBSAP consultation process.

Target 16: Sustainable consumption — Addressed

Target 16 commits to awareness-raising and capacity-building for sustainable production and consumption choices by 2030, prioritising sectors with the greatest biodiversity impact. The National Solid Waste Plan (PLANARES) is referenced as a related instrument.

Target 17: Biosafety — Addressed

Target 17 commits to strengthening biosafety capacity by 2030 within the National Biosafety Policy framework, aligned with CTNBio under Law No. 11,105/2005. The target provides explicit protection for the genetic integrity of wild relatives and physical integrity of seeds of traditional varieties, and recognises traditional and ancestral knowledge in biotechnology alongside scientific approaches.

Target 18: Harmful subsidies — Addressed

Target 18 commits to identifying and ranking harmful subsidies by 2026 and reviewing, reducing, or eliminating them by 2030, prioritised by GDP proportion. In parallel, the target calls for increasing positive incentives for conservation across ecosystems including urban and peri-urban areas. Contributes to the global target of USD 500 billion per year in subsidy reform by 2030.

Target 19: Finance mobilisation — Addressed

Target 19 commits to developing and initiating a national financing strategy by 2026, contributing to the global USD 200 billion per year target. The NBSAP contains no aggregate cost estimate for implementation. The Amazon Fund, reactivated in 2023 with BRL 3.9 billion in donations, is the most prominent existing mechanism. Brazil participates in BIOFIN.

Target 20: Capacity and technology — Addressed

Target 20 commits to strengthening capacity-building, technology transfer, and technical and scientific cooperation by 2030. Traditional and ancestral knowledge is placed on equal footing with scientific cooperation. Existing institutional infrastructure includes PPBio (2004), SINBIOSE (2018), and BPBES (2015).

Target 21: Data and information — Addressed

Target 21 commits to ensuring the production, accessibility, interoperability, and reuse of biodiversity data by 2030. SiBBr and MONITORA provide existing data infrastructure. Traditional knowledge is to be accessed only with FPIC. The target explicitly includes raw data repositories and emphasises data interoperability.

Target 22: Inclusive participation — Addressed

Target 22 commits to full, equitable participation of all groups in biodiversity governance by 2030. The protection of human rights and environmental defenders by 2025 is one of the earliest deadlines in the NBSAP. The Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, created in January 2023, is the first federal ministry dedicated to Indigenous Peoples. The PNGTAQ (2023) addresses Quilombola territorial and environmental management. The Guardians of Biodiversity Workshop engaged 131 IPLC participants in NBSAP development.

Target 23: Gender equality — Addressed

Target 23 commits to gender equality through an intergenerational, intersectional, and gender-sensitive approach by 2030. The target explicitly extends equal rights and access to LGBTQIAPN+ people — going beyond the GBF's "gender-responsive" framing. It commits to pay equity across bioeconomy value chains and extends equal access to aquatic territories (maretórios) alongside land territories.