Viet Nam

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

South-Eastern AsiaApplies through 2030Source: National Biodiversity Strategy to 2030 with a Vision toward 2050

1. Overview

Viet Nam's National Biodiversity Strategy to 2030 with a Vision toward 2050 was issued by the Prime Minister on 28 January 2022 under Decision No. 149/QD-TTg. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) holds lead responsibility for implementation and coordination. The strategy is structured around a 2050 vision statement, a single general objective for 2030, and three thematic clusters of national commitments* covering protected areas and ecosystem restoration, species conservation and genetic resources, and sustainable use and benefit-sharing [§4, §5, §6].

*Viet Nam's NBSAP calls these "specific objectives" (mục tiêu cụ thể). This page uses "national commitment" throughout to align with KMGBF terminology and to reflect that several commitments carry explicit numerical thresholds and are monitored through attached indicators.

The strategy addresses 14 of the 23 GBF Targets explicitly, with a further 5 receiving indirect coverage. Decision No. 149/QD-TTg attaches nine named prioritised programmes and projects to the strategy, each assigned to a lead ministry with implementation periods running to 2030. A monitoring and assessment indicator framework of 14 indicators with separate 2025 and 2030 milestones is also attached to the same Decision [§20, §21]. This formal, decree-backed structure — rather than a soft action plan annex — gives the NBSAP an unusually explicit implementation scaffold.

Viet Nam's strategy sets quantified protected area targets of 9% terrestrial and 3–5% marine coverage by 2030, backed by a formal Prime Ministerial Decision assigning nine prioritised programmes to lead ministries. The NBSAP names four innovative financial mechanisms — biodiversity credit schemes, debt-for-nature swaps, green bonds, and green credits — and commits to a 200% increase in access and benefit-sharing applications by 2030. Six law enforcement agencies are co-mandated for wildlife crime coordination, reinforced by Vietnam WEN, ASEAN WEN, and Interpol cooperation.

Sources:

  • §4 — a) General Objective
  • §5 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives
  • §6 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives > 3. Vision toward 2050
  • §20 — V. Capital Resources for the Strategy Implementation > The Strategy's Prioritized Programs, Projects
  • §21 — The Strategy's Prioritized Programs, Projects > Monitoring and Assessment Indicators for the Strategy to 2030

2. Ecological Context

Viet Nam holds exceptional biodiversity within a narrow latitudinal range running from sub-tropical northern highlands to tropical southern coastline. The country spans diverse ecosystem types — montane forests, river deltas, mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrass beds — many of which form part of regional ecological corridors connecting the Mekong subregion. The NBSAP frames biodiversity as "vital natural capital for green economy development" and identifies it as "an immediate and a long-term, sustainable solution for environmental protection, natural disaster prevention and climate change adaptation" [§8].

Two major deltaic systems — the Red River Delta in the north and the Mekong Delta in the south — are identified as priority regions for ecosystem-based climate change adaptation and mitigation, specifically named in the strategy's climate change commitments [§7]. Both deltas face intersecting pressures from agricultural intensification, aquaculture expansion, and rising sea levels.

The country's marine and coastal ecosystems receive particular attention. Mangrove forests, coral reefs, and seagrass beds are all named as priority targets for restoration programmes, with the strategy committing to designated zones for natural recovery of degraded reefs and seagrass beds [§7]. The NBSAP notes pressures from deforestation, illegal logging, coral reef destruction, and seagrass bed degradation as specific threats requiring active prevention measures.

Wildlife trade is identified as a systemic pressure. The strategy's governance and enforcement architecture — including six named law enforcement agencies, three international enforcement networks, and a Ministry of Public Security-led biodiversity crime programme — reflects the scale of wildlife trafficking as a structural challenge rather than an incidental concern.

The 2050 vision is explicit on current condition: "key natural ecosystems, endangered species, precious and rare genetic resources will be effectively restored and conserved" — language that implies restoration from a degraded baseline rather than maintenance of intact systems [§6].

Sources:

  • §6 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives > 3. Vision toward 2050
  • §7 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives > II. Content and Key Tasks
  • §8 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives > III. Key Solutions

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

The NBSAP organises its 2030 commitments across three thematic clusters. Each cluster contains both measurable commitments with quantified thresholds and directional aspirations that specify intent without numerical targets.

3.1 Protected Areas and Ecosystem Restoration

The strategy sets the following quantified targets: terrestrial protected areas to reach 9% of national land area by 2030 (interim milestone: 7.7% by 2025); marine and coastal conservation areas to reach 3–5% of the country's natural marine area by 2030 (interim: 1.5–2% by 2025); 70% of protected areas and natural heritage sites evaluated for management effectiveness by 2030 (interim: 30% by 2025); internationally recognised natural areas to include 15 Ramsar sites, 14 biosphere reserves, and 15 ASEAN Heritage Parks by 2030; national forest cover maintained at 42–43%; and at least 20% of degraded natural ecosystems restored by 2030 (interim: 10% by 2025) [§5].

These targets address GBF Target 2 (ecosystem restoration) and GBF Target 3 (30x30 protected areas). Viet Nam's protected area targets — 9% terrestrial and 3–5% marine — represent specific national commitments with monitoring indicators attached; they are set below the GBF's 30% threshold. The monitoring indicator framework tracks each target with assigned 2025 milestones and designated responsible ministries [§21].

Key instruments for delivery include the National Biodiversity Conservation Master Plan to 2030, with a vision toward 2050, the National Action Plan on wetland conservation and sustainable use (2021–2030), the Project "Planting One Billion Trees" (2021–2025), and a dedicated Project on establishing natural heritage sites and protected areas according to approved planning (2022–2030) led by provincial People's Committees [§7, §20].

Measurability assessment:

  • Terrestrial PA target (9%, 2030) — Measurable commitment
  • Marine PA target (3–5%, 2030) — Measurable commitment
  • Management effectiveness (70%, 2030) — Measurable commitment
  • International designations (15/14/15, 2030) — Measurable commitment
  • Forest cover (42–43%, maintained) — Measurable commitment (maintenance target, not expansion)
  • Ecosystem restoration (20%, 2030) — Measurable commitment

3.2 Species Conservation and Genetic Resources

The NBSAP commits to "preventing any further extinction of wild species," improving the population status of at least 10 prioritised endangered, precious and rare species by 2030, and collecting and preserving at least 100,000 genetic resources of wild species, cultivars, and livestock breeds by 2030 (interim: 90,000 by 2025) [§5].

These commitments address GBF Target 4 (species recovery) and GBF Target 13 (genetic resources and ABS). Monitoring indicators track conservation breeding and rewilding programmes (1 species with programmes by 2025, 3 by 2030), the percentage of endangered species included in management plans and monitoring in protected areas (40% by 2025, 100% by 2030), and genetic resource collections (Ministry of Science and Technology, responsible) [§21].

Key instruments include the Conservation Program for endangered, precious and rare species prioritized for protection (2022–2030) under MONRE, the Program for conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources by 2025, with an orientation to 2030, the Project to enhance management capacity of access to genetic resources and ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits (2016–2025), and a Project on inventorying, monitoring, reporting and establishing a national biodiversity database by 2030 [§7, §20].

Measurability assessment:

  • Preventing extinction of wild species — Directional aspiration (intent stated; zero extinction is not operationalised as a tracked indicator in the monitoring framework)
  • 10 prioritised species with improved population status, 2030 — Measurable commitment
  • 100,000 genetic resources preserved, 2030 — Measurable commitment

3.3 Sustainable Use and Benefit-Sharing

The third cluster addresses three interlinked commitments: (i) the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services is to be assessed, maintained, and enhanced through sustainable use while limiting negative impacts; (ii) nature-based solutions are to be implemented in socio-economic development, natural disaster prevention, and climate change adaptation; and (iii) equitable access to, and fair sharing of, benefits from the use of genetic resources is to be promoted [§5].

These commitments address GBF Target 11 (ecosystem services and NbS), GBF Target 13 (ABS), and GBF Target 14 (mainstreaming). Monitoring indicator 13 provides a measurable proxy for the ABS commitment: tracking the rate of increase in applications for genetic resource access and benefit-sharing relative to a 2020 baseline, with targets of 150% by 2025 and 200% by 2030. Monitoring indicator 14 tracks the percentage of strategies, plans, programmes, and public investment projects integrating biodiversity conservation requirements, targeting 70% by 2025 and 100% by 2030 [§21].

Instruments include the policy of payment for forest environmental services, mechanisms under development for payments from wetland and marine ecosystems, the REDD+ Program, and a commitment to implementing ecosystem-based approaches in the Red River Delta and Mekong Delta [§7].

Measurability assessment:

  • Value of biodiversity and ecosystem services assessed, maintained, and enhanced — Directional aspiration (no quantified threshold attached)
  • NbS implemented in socio-economic development and climate adaptation — Directional aspiration (intent stated; no quantified indicator attached)
  • Equitable ABS — Directional aspiration with a measurable proxy indicator (200% increase in ABS applications by 2030 vs. 2020 baseline) [§21]

Sources:

  • §5 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives
  • §7 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives > II. Content and Key Tasks
  • §20 — V. Capital Resources for the Strategy Implementation > The Strategy's Prioritized Programs, Projects
  • §21 — Monitoring and Assessment Indicators for the Strategy to 2030

4. Delivery Architecture

Decision No. 149/QD-TTg (28 January 2022) functions as the strategy's implementation spine. The nine prioritised programmes and projects attached to it — and the 14-indicator monitoring framework — are formally decreed instruments rather than indicative annexes. Each programme carries a designated lead ministry and an implementation period ending in 2030 [§20].

Conservation and protected areas. The Conservation Program for endangered, precious and rare species prioritized for protection (2022–2030) is led by MONRE with coordination from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) and provincial People's Committees. A Project on establishing natural heritage sites and protected areas according to approved planning (2022–2030) is led by provincial People's Committees [§20]. Co-management models for protected areas are to be piloted, and a mechanism is to be established to support community-managed conservation areas [§7].

Ecosystem restoration. The Project "Planting One Billion Trees" (2021–2025), led by MARD, is explicitly linked to restoring natural forest ecosystems. The National Action Plan on wetland conservation and sustainable use (2021–2030) and a Project on restoration of degraded wetland ecosystems (2022–2030) under MONRE cover aquatic and coastal systems [§7, §20]. Assisted regeneration and natural recovery measures are to be applied across protected areas, high-biodiversity areas, and biodiversity corridors.

Agriculture and forestry mainstreaming. MARD holds explicit responsibility for controlling land and water surface conversion, integrating biodiversity conservation into agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture development plans, and maintaining forest cover at 42–43%. Organic agriculture is to reach 2.5–3% of agricultural land, and Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) are to be applied alongside limits on pesticide and chemical use [§7].

Climate and NbS. The REDD+ Program (national GHG emission reduction through forest conservation and sustainable management) continues under the strategy. Ecosystem-based adaptation approaches target the Red River Delta and Mekong Delta specifically. A climate change risk zone map for natural ecosystems is to be created, and conservation models are to be established in areas that are both highly biodiverse and vulnerable to climate change [§7].

Monitoring and capacity. The Project on inventorying, monitoring, reporting and establishing a national biodiversity database by 2030 and a Communications and awareness program on nature and biodiversity conservation (2022–2030) are among the nine decreed programmes [§20]. A Partnership Forum between MONRE and organisations working on biodiversity and ecosystem services is to be established for information sharing and cooperation [§11].

Sources:

  • §7 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives > II. Content and Key Tasks
  • §8 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives > III. Key Solutions
  • §11 — V. Capital Resources for the Strategy Implementation > VI. Implementation Structure
  • §20 — V. Capital Resources for the Strategy Implementation > The Strategy's Prioritized Programs, Projects

4a. Wildlife Crime Enforcement and International Cooperation

Wildlife crime enforcement is structured as a multi-agency, multi-network coordination mandate rather than a single-ministry responsibility. The NBSAP explicitly names six categories of law enforcement agencies co-mandated for wildlife and biodiversity enforcement: environmental police, forest rangers, fisheries resources surveillance, market surveillance departments, customs, and border guards [§8]. Military forces are additionally to be mobilised to manage and protect protected areas and natural heritage sites in border areas and islands [§8].

International cooperation is formalised through three named networks: Vietnam WEN (the Vietnam Wildlife Enforcement Network), ASEAN WEN (the ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network), and Interpol. The NBSAP commits to strengthening cooperation with all three to combat illegal wildlife trade and trafficking [§7].

A dedicated Project on strengthening biodiversity crime prevention (2022–2030), led by the Ministry of Public Security, is among the nine prioritised programmes attached to Decision No. 149/QD-TTg [§20]. The Ministry of Public Security's formal mandate covers fighting and preventing activities that compromise national security in biodiversity, and preventing and combating criminal violations related to biodiversity protection [§15].

A hotline is to be established at the local level to receive and address violations related to biodiversity and wildlife protection [§8].

At captive breeding facilities, the strategy includes a distinctive zoonotic risk management commitment: wildlife captive breeding facilities are explicitly required to implement safety measures following the World Health Organization's "One Health" approach [§7]. This operationalises zoonotic disease risk reduction within the species conservation framework.

Sources:

  • §7 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives > II. Content and Key Tasks
  • §8 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives > III. Key Solutions
  • §15 — V. Capital Resources for the Strategy Implementation > g) Ministry of Public Security
  • §20 — V. Capital Resources for the Strategy Implementation > The Strategy's Prioritized Programs, Projects

4b. Genetic Resources and Access and Benefit-Sharing

Viet Nam's NBSAP addresses genetic resources and ABS across multiple levels: as a specific objective [§5], a decreed programme, a Nagoya Protocol implementation project, and a quantified monitoring indicator.

The Program for conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources by 2025, with an orientation to 2030 covers surveying, collecting, and conserving genetic resources of endangered species, timber trees, medicinal plants, crops, livestock, and microorganisms in gene banks [§7]. A Project to enhance management capacity of access to genetic resources and ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits (2016–2025) continues implementation alongside the strategy [§7].

The NBSAP commits to facilitating implementation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization, including finalising guidance on the legal framework for ABS and developing a financial mechanism for the use of benefits derived from genetic resources [§7]. A national genetic resource database is to be established through expansion of the gene fund network [§7]. The strategy additionally commits to promoting the collection, documentation, and establishment of geographical indications for traditional knowledge related to genetic resources [§7].

Monitoring indicator 13 tracks the rate of increase in applications for genetic resource access and benefit-sharing relative to a 2020 baseline, targeting 150% by 2025 and 200% by 2030 [§21]. The Ministry of Science and Technology is the designated monitoring authority for genetic resource indicators [§21].

Sources:

  • §5 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives
  • §7 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives > II. Content and Key Tasks
  • §21 — Monitoring and Assessment Indicators for the Strategy to 2030

5. Monitoring and Accountability

Governance structure. MONRE holds lead coordination responsibility for strategy implementation across all ministries, sectors, and local authorities. Each ministry is assigned implementation responsibilities aligned with its sectoral mandate and reports to MONRE against its allocated functions [§11, §17].

Reporting cycle. All ministries, ministerial-level agencies, government agencies, and provincial and municipal People's Committees are required to deliver:

  • A mid-term assessment report to MONRE before 30 September 2025
  • A final assessment report to MONRE before 30 September 2030

MONRE compiles these for reporting to the Prime Minister. MONRE is separately tasked with organising a preliminary review of strategy implementation in 2025 and a comprehensive review in 2030 [§11, §18].

Provincial implementation. Each province is directed to develop and implement a Provincial Biodiversity Action Plan in 2022, alongside communications and awareness programmes aligned with the national strategy's goals and local circumstances. Provincial and municipal People's Committees propose fund allocations to their respective Provincial People's Councils and mobilise central government and other resources [§18].

Monitoring framework. The strategy includes 14 monitoring and assessment indicators attached to Decision No. 149/QD-TTg, each with a 2025 interim milestone and a 2030 target [§21]. Note: the indicator table in §21 is partially garbled in the available source material; figures cited in this page have been cross-checked against the narrative in §5 where possible.

Discernible indicators include: terrestrial PA ratio (7.7% by 2025, 9% by 2030); marine PA ratio (1.5–2% by 2025, 3–5% by 2030); PA management effectiveness evaluation (30% by 2025, 70% by 2030); Ramsar sites (4 by 2025, 6 by 2030); World Biosphere Reserves (2 by 2025, 4 by 2030); ASEAN Heritage Parks (2 by 2025, 5 by 2030); forest coverage (42–43% maintained); degraded ecosystems restored (10% by 2025, 20% by 2030); highly biodiverse areas with conservation policies applied (30% by 2025, 80% by 2030); genetic resource samples conserved (90,000 by 2025, at least 100,000 by 2030); and the percentage of strategies, plans, programmes, and public investment projects integrating biodiversity conservation requirements (70% by 2025, 100% by 2030) [§21].

Responsible monitoring authorities are designated per indicator: MONRE for most, MARD for forest-related indicators, and the Ministry of Science and Technology for genetic resource indicators [§21].

Stakeholder engagement. The strategy commits to ensuring "equal participation and the rights of local communities including women and girls, and youth in the decision-making process related to biodiversity conservation and sustainable use" [§8]. Socio-political organisations, social organisations, and socio-professional organisations are called upon to actively participate in and supervise conservation activities [§18]. No information on the NBSAP's development process — including stakeholder consultation, civil society input, or indigenous community engagement during drafting — is documented in the source material.

Sources:

  • §8 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives > III. Key Solutions
  • §11 — V. Capital Resources for the Strategy Implementation > VI. Implementation Structure
  • §17 — V. Capital Resources for the Strategy Implementation > i) Ministries, ministerial-level agencies and Government agencies
  • §18 — V. Capital Resources for the Strategy Implementation > k) Provincial and municipal People's Committees
  • §21 — Monitoring and Assessment Indicators for the Strategy to 2030

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

The NBSAP identifies six categories of capital resources for strategy implementation: state budget allocations; capital integrated into national target programmes and other plans; credit capital from domestic and foreign financial institutions; revenue from forest environmental services, biodiversity-related environmental services, and payments for ecosystem services; investments, contributions, donations, and sponsorship from organisations and individuals; and other financial resources in accordance with the law [§10].

The strategy contains no aggregate cost estimate, budget envelope, or quantified financing mobilisation target in any currency or as a percentage of GDP. A reader comparing financing ambition across countries will find named mechanisms and institutional responsibilities rather than figures.

Domestic public finance. The Ministry of Finance is assigned lead responsibility for researching and finalising finance and credit policies for strategy implementation, and for allocating funds in accordance with the Law on State Budget [§12]. Provincial and municipal People's Committees propose local budget allocations to their respective Provincial People's Councils [§18].

Official development assistance. The strategy commits to "prioritise the mobilisation of ODA funds to implement the National Strategy on Biodiversity," with the Ministry of Planning and Investment responsible for collating and allocating investment capital and mobilising international funding [§8, §11]. No ODA targets or timelines are specified.

Private sector and community finance. The NBSAP commits to implementing public-private cooperation models in conservation and sustainable use of ecosystem services, encouraging community and business participation in financial investments, and developing legal financial mechanisms for community conservation [§8]. No private sector targets or timelines are named.

Innovative financial mechanisms. The strategy commits to researching and applying "innovative and breakthrough financial mechanisms to mobilize resources for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in accordance with international treaties that Viet Nam has ratified and international practices." Four mechanisms are explicitly named: biodiversity credit schemes, debt-for-nature and biodiversity conservation swaps, green bonds, and green credits [§8].

Ecosystem services revenue. Forest environmental services and payments for ecosystem services are listed as a formal capital resource category. The strategy commits to improving the existing policy of payment for forest environmental services and developing mechanisms for payments from wetland and marine ecosystems, though no revenue figures are provided [§7, §10].

GBF Target 19 treatment. Financial resource mobilisation is a dedicated key solution (Solution 5) in the NBSAP and receives substantive treatment across multiple sections [§8, §10, §12]. The strategy addresses financing through institutional assignment, named mechanisms, and capital resource taxonomy, but stops short of quantified mobilisation targets.

Sources:

  • §8 — a) General Objective > b) Specific Objectives > III. Key Solutions
  • §10 — V. Capital Resources for the Strategy Implementation
  • §12 — V. Capital Resources for the Strategy Implementation > c) Ministry of Finance
  • §18 — V. Capital Resources for the Strategy Implementation > k) Provincial and municipal People's Committees

7. GBF Target Coverage

GBF Target 1: Spatial planning — Mentioned

The NBSAP commits to developing a national biodiversity conservation master plan and integrating biodiversity conservation requirements into regional, sectoral, and provincial planning. It calls for improving the quality of strategic environmental assessments and environmental impact assessments to mitigate negative impacts on biodiversity, and for supervising compliance with biodiversity conservation commitments during planning and implementation of development projects. These references address planning integration rather than a spatial planning process specifically aimed at reducing loss of high-biodiversity-importance areas.

GBF Target 2: Ecosystem restoration — Addressed

The NBSAP sets a specific objective to restore at least 20% of degraded natural ecosystems by 2030, with an interim milestone of 10% by 2025 tracked through monitoring indicator 8. Restoration programmes target mangrove forests, coral reefs, and seagrass beds, with designated zones for natural recovery of degraded reefs and seagrass beds. The Project "Planting One Billion Trees" (2021–2025), led by MARD, is explicitly linked to restoring natural forest ecosystems. National forest cover is to be maintained at 42–43%, with MARD as the responsible monitoring authority. Assisted regeneration and natural recovery measures are to be applied in protected areas, high-biodiversity areas, and biodiversity corridors.

GBF Target 3: Protected areas (30x30) — Addressed

The NBSAP sets quantified targets for protected area expansion: terrestrial protected areas to reach 9% of national land area by 2030 (7.7% by 2025), and marine and coastal conservation areas to reach 3–5% of the country's natural marine area by 2030 (1.5–2% by 2025). These national commitments are set below the GBF's 30% threshold and represent explicit, monitored national calibrations rather than gaps in coverage. The strategy additionally targets 70% of protected areas and natural heritage sites evaluated for management effectiveness by 2030 (30% by 2025), and 15 Ramsar sites, 14 biosphere reserves, and 15 ASEAN Heritage Parks by 2030, each with interim milestones. MONRE is tasked with developing management standards for protected areas and natural heritage sites and implementing a management effectiveness evaluation programme. A dedicated project on establishing natural heritage sites and protected areas is led by provincial People's Committees (2022–2030).

GBF Target 4: Species recovery — Addressed

Viet Nam commits to preventing any further extinction of wild species, improving the population status of at least 10 prioritised endangered, precious, and rare species, and collecting and preserving at least 100,000 genetic resources of wild species, cultivars, and livestock breeds by 2030 (90,000 by 2025, assigned to the Ministry of Science and Technology). Monitoring indicators track conservation breeding and rewilding programmes (1 species by 2025, 3 by 2030) and the percentage of endangered species included in management plans and monitoring in protected areas (40% by 2025, 100% by 2030). The Conservation Program for endangered, precious and rare species prioritized for protection (2022–2030) covers in-situ conservation, conservation breeding, and rewilding. The NBSAP also commits to protecting migratory species' habitats and transboundary migration routes, and requires wildlife captive breeding facilities to implement WHO One Health safety measures.

GBF Target 5: Sustainable harvest — Mentioned

The NBSAP addresses law enforcement for wildlife protection through coordinated action among six named agencies: environmental police, forest rangers, fisheries resources surveillance, market surveillance departments, customs, and border guards. It commits to establishing a local hotline for biodiversity and wildlife protection violations and to strengthening international cooperation on illegal wildlife trade through Vietnam WEN, ASEAN WEN, and Interpol. The specific objectives reference sustainable use of biodiversity and limiting negative impacts. The strategy does not articulate a dedicated framework for sustainable, legal harvesting and trade of wild species with quantified overexploitation reduction measures.

GBF Target 6: Invasive alien species — Mentioned

The NBSAP commits to completing the legal framework for prevention and control of invasive alien species, including periodic publication of an invasive species list, mechanisms to control their spread, and measures to eradicate established populations in protected areas. A project on invasive alien species eradication and control in protected areas (2022–2030) is listed among the nine prioritised programmes, led by provincial People's Committees and protected area management boards. The strategy also commits to conducting risk assessments for invasive alien species in the context of climate change impacts. These commitments appear in the action portfolio [§7] and prioritised programme list [§20]; per-target analysis did not capture this material.

GBF Target 7: Pollution reduction — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 7 was not identified in this NBSAP.

GBF Target 8: Climate and biodiversity — Mentioned

The NBSAP frames climate change adaptation as a recurring co-benefit of biodiversity conservation. The strategy's viewpoints describe biodiversity conservation as "an immediate and a long-term, sustainable solution for environmental protection, natural disaster prevention and climate change adaptation." The specific objectives include implementing nature-based solutions in climate change adaptation. The Key Solutions section calls for integrating NbS into socio-economic development and climate adaptation, and continuing the REDD+ Program for reducing GHG emissions through forest conservation and sustainable management. The Red River Delta and Mekong Delta are named as priority regions for ecosystem-based adaptation. Climate is framed primarily as a context for biodiversity action rather than as a threat requiring measures to minimise climate impacts on biodiversity itself.

GBF Target 9: Wild species use — Mentioned

The strategy's specific objectives commit to maintaining and enhancing the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services through sustainable use while limiting negative impacts. The Key Solutions section calls for developing scientific and technological solutions for captive breeding, rewilding, and sustainable use of species and genetic resources. Financial policies to support livelihood development for communities in buffer zones of protected areas are referenced. The NBSAP identifies sustainable cultivation of non-timber forest products — specifically naming cinnamon, star anise, resin, rattan, and bamboo — as means of improving livelihoods and reducing poverty in mountainous areas and among ethnic minorities. No dedicated framework for managing wild species use to benefit vulnerable populations specifically is articulated.

GBF Target 10: Agriculture / forestry — Addressed

MARD holds explicit responsibility for the sustainable use of biodiversity in agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture, and is directed to strictly control impacts from land and water surface conversion and from forest conversion to non-forestry purposes. The ministry is tasked with integrating biodiversity conservation into its development plans, programmes, and projects. Agricultural targets include increasing organic agricultural land to 2.5–3%, applying Good Agricultural Practices, and limiting the use of chemicals including pesticides, antibiotics, growth enhancers, and chemical fertilizers. National forest cover is to be maintained at 42–43%, with MARD as the responsible monitoring authority. The One Billion Trees project (2021–2025) is linked to restoring natural forest ecosystems.

GBF Target 11: Ecosystem services (NbS) — Addressed

Ecosystem services and nature-based solutions form a dedicated specific objective. The NBSAP commits to assessing, maintaining, and enhancing the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services through sustainable use, and to implementing nature-based solutions in socio-economic development, natural disaster prevention, and climate change adaptation. Revenue from forest environmental services, biodiversity-related environmental services, and payments for ecosystem services are listed as a formal capital resource category for strategy financing. The strategy commits to continuing and improving the existing policy of payment for forest environmental services while developing payment mechanisms for wetland and marine ecosystems. Ecotourism is to be developed with standards for sustainable nature-based tourism, with public-private partnership models promoted in protected areas and ecological landscapes.

GBF Target 12: Urban biodiversity — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 12 was not identified in this NBSAP.

GBF Target 13: Genetic resources / ABS — Addressed

The NBSAP commits to promoting equitable access to, and fair sharing of, benefits from the use of genetic resources as a specific objective. Monitoring indicator 13 tracks the rate of increase in applications for genetic resource access and benefit-sharing relative to a 2020 baseline, with targets of 150% by 2025 and 200% by 2030 — assigned to the Ministry of Science and Technology. The strategy commits to facilitating implementation of the Nagoya Protocol, finalising the legal framework for ABS, and developing a financial mechanism for the use of benefits derived from genetic resources. A Program for conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources by 2025, with an orientation to 2030 addresses surveying and conserving genetic resources across endangered species, timber trees, medicinal plants, crops, livestock, and microorganisms. A national genetic resource database is to be established, and geographical indications for traditional knowledge related to genetic resources are to be documented and promoted.

GBF Target 14: Mainstreaming — Addressed

Mainstreaming biodiversity into policy and planning is a dedicated key solution (Solution 3) in the NBSAP. The strategy directs incorporating biodiversity targets into national, sectoral, and local strategies, plans, and regulations, and integrating biodiversity conservation requirements into national target programmes and public investment projects. Monitoring indicator 14 tracks the percentage of strategies, plans, programmes, and public investment projects integrating biodiversity conservation requirements, targeting 70% by 2025 and 100% by 2030. MARD is specifically tasked with integrating biodiversity conservation into its development plans. The strategy also calls for exploring ways to incorporate biodiversity conservation criteria into environmental protection criteria and for improving strategic environmental assessments.

GBF Target 15: Business disclosure — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 15 was not identified in this NBSAP.

GBF Target 16: Sustainable consumption — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 16 was not identified in this NBSAP.

GBF Target 17: Biosafety — Addressed

The NBSAP commits to establishing legal obligations and a compensation framework for biosafety management related to genetically modified organisms, and to conducting research aimed at managing or mitigating the negative impacts of biotechnology on biodiversity and human health. For GMO farming, the strategy commits to managing imports, licensing, and development, with strengthened biosafety management capacity. A compensation framework for GMO biosafety is among the strategy's distinctive institutional commitments.

GBF Target 18: Harmful subsidies — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 18 was not identified in this NBSAP.

GBF Target 19: Finance mobilisation — Addressed

Financial resource mobilisation is a dedicated key solution (Solution 5) in the NBSAP. The strategy identifies six capital resource categories — state budget, integration with national target programmes, domestic and foreign credit, ecosystem services revenue, organisational and individual contributions, and other lawful sources — and assigns the Ministry of Finance lead responsibility for finance and credit policy and the Ministry of Planning and Investment responsibility for investment capital mobilisation and international funding. The strategy names four innovative financial mechanisms to be researched and applied: biodiversity credit schemes, debt-for-nature and biodiversity conservation swaps, green bonds, and green credits. Additionally, a Project on promoting the value of, increasing investment in, and effectively using natural capital for biodiversity and the goal of socio-economic recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic (2021–2022) appears among the nine prioritised programmes under MONRE — framing post-pandemic recovery as a biodiversity finance entry point. The strategy contains no aggregate financial mobilisation target in currency or as a share of GDP.

GBF Target 20: Capacity and technology — Addressed

Two dedicated key solutions address capacity-building (Solution 1) and scientific research and technology (Solution 4). Solution 1 commits to strengthening the capacity of state management agencies for biodiversity, improving ministerial coordination, enhancing provincial environmental protection units, and providing specialised training for environmental management officials and protected area managers. Solution 4 calls for applying information technology, remote sensing, and biology in biodiversity management, investigation, monitoring, assessment, and oversight; developing and adopting new technologies for sustainable natural resource use; and promoting basic research in life sciences and modern taxonomy. International cooperation — especially with neighbouring countries and through the Partnership Forum — is addressed under Solution 6. MONRE is tasked with establishing the Partnership Forum between government and organisations working on biodiversity and ecosystem services.

GBF Target 21: Data and information — Mentioned

The NBSAP references data and information management across several commitments but does not articulate a dedicated data accessibility or knowledge governance framework. The strategy calls for applying information technology, remote sensing, and biology in biodiversity management and monitoring, and for establishing a national biodiversity database through the Project on inventorying, monitoring, reporting and establishing a national biodiversity database by 2030. The 14-indicator monitoring framework with 2025 and 2030 milestones constitutes the primary accountability data infrastructure. The Partnership Forum is intended to share information and create cooperation opportunities among MONRE and biodiversity organisations. Ministries and provincial authorities are required to deliver mid-term reports to MONRE by September 2025 and final reports by September 2030.

GBF Target 22: Inclusive participation — Addressed

The NBSAP commits to ensuring "equal participation and the rights of local communities including women and girls, and youth in the decision-making process related to biodiversity conservation and sustainable use." The strategy establishes the principle that biodiversity conservation is "the right and responsibility of every organization and individual" and that benefits should be shared "fairly and equitably, in line with the participation and contributions of each organization and individual." Socio-political organisations, social organisations, and socio-professional organisations are called upon to actively participate in and supervise conservation activities. The strategy commits to developing legal financial mechanisms for community conservation to mobilise resources and enhance community livelihoods, and to researching financial policies that support livelihood development for communities in buffer zones of protected areas.

GBF Target 23: Gender equality — Mentioned

The NBSAP mentions women and girls once, within the inclusive participation commitment: the strategy ensures equal participation of local communities "including women and girls, and youth" in decision-making on biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. No dedicated gender equality strategy, gender mainstreaming approach, or gender-responsive implementation measures are articulated in the source material.