Paraguay

1. Overview

Paraguay's Estrategia Nacional y Plan de Acción para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad 2025–2030 (ENPAB), presented by the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development (MADES), updates commitments established under the National System of Protected Wilderness Areas (Law No. 352/94) and aligns them with the 23 targets of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) adopted in 2022 [§15][§16]. The strategy was constructed between April 2024 and November 2025 through a participatory process with 2,026 participants (59% women), across 60 workshops including 13 indigenous workshops and 14 youth workshops [T22].

The ENPAB sets out 30 national commitments*The ENPAB uses the Spanish term "metas" for both the 23 GBF Targets and for its own 30 national-level commitments. This page uses "national commitment" for the latter to avoid confusion. Paraguay also organises its approach around 9 "sectoral lines" (líneas sectoriales) as the structural spine, with 12 "strategic objectives" as cross-cutting aims. organised across 9 sectoral lines and cross-cut by 12 strategic objectives [§15][§98]. As of December 2024, the country records 128 Protected Wilderness Areas in SINASIP covering approximately 15% of the national territory, together with six Ramsar sites and 57 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas [§15].

Acronyms used on this page: MADES (Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development), SINASIP (National System of Protected Wilderness Areas), SIAM (Environmental Information System), MNB (National Technical Biodiversity Board), INFONA (National Forestry Institute), BIOFIN (UNDP Biodiversity Finance Initiative).

Paraguay's ENPAB 2025–2030 commits to 30 national targets mapped to the GBF, anchored by a 20% territorial protection target (rather than the GBF's 30%), USD 27 million in mobilised biodiversity financing by 2030, and an inclusive participation architecture that includes 100% FPIC coverage of MADES projects affecting indigenous peoples. A BIOFIN-based Financial Strategy is to be finalised in 2026.

Sources:

• §15 — Foreword
• §16 — Chapter 1. Introduction
• §18 — 2.1 CBD and the GBF
• §98 — 3.5 Strategic objectives

2. Ecological Context

Paraguay is a landlocked country of 406,752 km² divided by the Paraguay River into the Eastern Region (39% of territory, 97% of population) and the Western Region or Paraguayan Chaco (61% of area, 3% of population) [§21]. Natural capital represents 16% of total national wealth — a higher proportion than comparable countries — with agriculture and hydroelectric energy together accounting for 81% of direct exports [§21]. Approximately 23% of the territory is wetland, including the Paraguayan Pantanal, Central Chaco Lagoons and the Ñeembucú marshland [§24].

Resolution 614/2013 classifies the country into eleven ecoregions: six in the Eastern Region (Aquidabán, Amambay, Alto Paraná, Selva Central, Litoral Central, Ñeembucú) and five in the Western Region (Médanos, Cerrado, Pantanal, Chaco Húmedo, Chaco Seco), with the Dry Chaco the largest at 127,211.6 km² [§25]. UNESCO recognises three Biosphere Reserves: the Chaco Biosphere Reserve (≈7.4 million ha), Mbaracayú Forest (322,850 ha) and Itaipú (984,784 ha) [§31][§32][§33]. Paraguay is classified as an ecotone with low endemism; recorded richness includes 692–711 birds, 181 mammals, 314 fish and approximately 6,000 plants, with 75 endemic plant species under Resolution 265/2007 [§37][§38][§53].

Pressures. INFONA monitoring recorded total forest cover at the end of 2022 of 17,727,756.6 hectares, 44.3% of the national territory, of which 82.8% sits in the Western Region [§56]. A 34-year analysis (1987–2020) reported the loss of 64,700 km² of forest in the Paraguayan Gran Chaco, with mean patch size falling from 14 km² to 5 km² [§57]. Jaguar (Panthera onca) core areas in the Gran Chaco were reduced by 33% (82,400 km²) between 1985 and 2013 [§65]. Between 1999 and 2024, fire affected at least 31.7% of the national territory, with 3.49 million hectares burnt in 2020 [§58]. Resolution 524/2025 updated the official list of invasive alien species to 65 fauna and flora species [§59]. Over the last 70 years average annual precipitation increased by 200 mm, and climate projections estimate an increase in fire risk of 20–50% over the next 50–80 years [§58][§68]. The jaguar is declared endangered under Law No. 5302/2014 and has a dedicated National Jaguar Day on 29 November under Law No. 7145/2023 [§50].

Sources:

• §21 — 2.3 National context
• §24 — 2.6 Water resources and main basins
• §25 — 2.7 Ecoregions
• §31–§33 — 2.7.4 Biosphere Reserves
• §37–§38, §50, §53 — 2.8 Species richness
• §56–§59, §65, §68 — 2.10–2.11 Pressures and climate

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

The ENPAB organises 30 national commitments across 9 sectoral lines, each mapped to specific GBF Goals and Targets [§98]. For readability the commitments are grouped here by the NBSAP's sectoral architecture.

Territorial planning (Commitments 1–3)

Commitment 1 requires at least 30% of first- and second-group municipalities (Decree 3,934/25) to have sustainable and participatory territorial plans integrating areas of ecological importance (baseline 20%) [§100]. Commitment 2 requires 100% of first-group municipalities to determine the area, quality, connectivity and accessibility of urban green space (baseline 30%) [§102]. Commitment 3 requires the National Development Plan 2030–2050 to include quantifiable biodiversity criteria in its objectives and strategies [§104]. Commitments 1 and 2 are measurable commitments; Commitment 3 is a directional aspiration — the criteria themselves are not yet defined [§104]. Maps to GBF Targets 1, 2, 3, 12 and 14.

Protected areas and connectivity (Commitments 4–5)

Commitment 4 provides for effective restoration of at least 10% of degraded terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (split 5% aquatic / 5% terrestrial), supported by two policy instruments and a National Restoration Plan [§107]. Commitment 5 sets at least 20% of national territory under SINASIP, OECM and ICCA (baseline 15%), with at least 10% under effective management (baseline 4%) [§109]. Both are measurable commitments. Commitment 5's 20% figure is set below the GBF's global 30% target; see the flex section below. Maps to GBF Targets 2 and 3.

Species and genetic diversity (Commitments 6–10)

Commitment 6 reduces extinction risk through 12 MADES-approved policy instruments (baseline 10), an approved National Species Conservation Plan, a Red List Index maintained at ≥0.48, and 8 MADES-implemented protection projects (baseline 0) [§112]. Commitment 7 commits to at least 3 operational instruments for human–wildlife conflict mitigation, 17 supporting instruments (baseline 14) and 5 associations plus 2 farms implementing coexistence practices [§114]. Commitment 8 commits to 3 actions on knowledge and maintenance of genetic diversity, 4 plant and animal genetic resources secured in medium- or long-term conservation facilities, and 10 awareness events [§116]. Commitment 9 sets 15 policy instruments for lawful use of wild species (baseline 10), annual CITES-aligned records for ≥187 fauna and ≥259 flora species, and 70% implementation of the National Strategy on Combating Illegal Wildlife Trafficking 2023–2033 [§118][§205]. Commitment 10 requires a 50% reduction of established invasive alien species coverage in at least two protected areas, with 5 density/population studies, against baselines of 29 fauna and 75 flora IAS [§120]. Commitments 6, 7, 9 and 10 are measurable commitments; Commitment 8 is a directional aspiration (genetic-diversity maintenance framed qualitatively). Maps to GBF Targets 4, 5, 6, 9 and 13.

Pollution, water and climate (Commitments 11–14)

Commitment 11 sets 100% compliance with reporting obligations under the Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm, Montreal and Minamata conventions (baseline 81.6%), 100% implementation of the national waste management plans, and inventoried sanitary landfills rising from 57% to 84% [§122]. Commitment 12 places priority river basins (Res. 376/12) under integrated water management through 45 supporting policies (baseline 12), 60% implementation of the PAGIRH and approval of a National Water Resources Plan [§124]. Commitment 13 commits at least 60% of first-group municipalities to climate mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk reduction measures, with 6 ecosystem-climate sensitivity studies and annual GHG tracking under NDC 3.0 [§127]. Commitment 14 trains 100% of governorates in nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches, with 16 policy instruments promoting nature's contributions to people (baseline 14) [§129]. All four are measurable commitments. Maps to GBF Targets 7, 8 and 11.

Sustainable production and consumption (Commitments 15–17)

Commitment 15 requires that 100% of MADES-implemented and MADES-approved conservation and sustainable-use projects affecting indigenous peoples and local communities incorporate inclusive participation mechanisms including Free, Prior and Informed Consent, with 900 persons trained [§132]. Commitment 16 establishes 3 principles and criteria for sustainable practices, 120 ha of FSC or PEFC-certified forest, and a 20% rise in average income of small-scale food producers disaggregated by sex [§134]. Commitment 17 sets 13 policy instruments promoting sustainable and responsible consumption (baseline 8), 5 organised groups trained and 2 instruments monitored [§136]. All three are measurable commitments. Maps to GBF Targets 10, 16 and 22.

Biotechnology and genetic resources (Commitments 18–19)

Commitment 18 commits to at least 5 research studies on genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, 6 policy instruments for their protection (baseline 5) and 5 FPIC processes linked to use of associated traditional knowledge [§138]. Commitment 19 commits to 650 persons trained in biotechnology, 6 biotechnological applications applying biosafety measures, 6 funded research studies, 12 dissemination campaigns and 100% implementation of the SGT 6 Work Programme roadmap [§139]. Both are measurable commitments. Maps to GBF Targets 13, 17 and 20.

Sustainable finance and positive incentives (Commitments 20–23)

Commitment 20 targets 6 enterprises reporting biodiversity risks, dependencies and impacts, and 12 enterprises publishing sustainability reports [§141]. Commitment 21 designs and implements 2 new financial or regulatory instruments, strengthens 2 existing ones, and targets 20 cases obtaining an incentive [§142]. Commitment 22 requires 100% of harmful incentives to be identified and quantified, at least 50% analysed for gradual reform, and a 20% reduction in the value of analysed harmful incentives [§143]. Commitment 23 establishes at least 4 financial mechanisms, with mobilisation of USD 12M international, USD 7M national public, and USD 8M under GEF-9 (GEF-8 baseline USD 7.2M) [§146]. All four are measurable commitments. Full treatment in Section 6. Maps to GBF Targets 14, 18 and 19.

Knowledge, education, governance and rights (Commitments 24–30)

Commitment 24 implements at least 3 scientific and technical cooperation projects for technology transfer [§146]. Commitment 25 establishes at least 2 cooperation mechanisms between government, academia, private sector and civil society for biodiversity data quality [§148]. Commitment 26 targets 60,000 visitors to the SIAM public portal and 20% of users reporting or using the information for specific purposes [§149]. Commitment 27 approves a national strategy guaranteeing public access to biodiversity data for indigenous peoples and local communities, with 50% implementation and 5 dissemination spaces [§150]. Commitment 28 recovers 5 ancestral/traditional knowledge practices with consent, 4 policy instruments recognising such knowledge (baseline 3), 5 FPIC processes, 5 participatory processes and 5 authorship-rights registrations [§151]. Commitment 29 establishes 3 educational programmes, 10 governorates trained and 60 educational or community institutions integrating biodiversity content [§152]. Commitment 30 approves an inclusive participation mechanism, trains 100 persons, implements the National Action Plan on Equality and Biodiversity at 100%, and commits to an annual target of zero deaths of human rights and environmental defenders in the fulfilment of their duties [§153]. Commitments 24, 25, 26, 28, 29 and 30 are measurable commitments; Commitment 27 is a directional aspiration ("50%" of unspecified milestones) [§150]. Maps to GBF Targets 13, 20, 21 and 22.

Sources:

• §98–§153 — 3.5–3.6.9 Strategic objectives and national targets
• §205 — Annex 6. Indicators

4. Delivery Architecture

Legal foundations. The ENPAB is anchored in Law No. 352/1994 on Protected Wilderness Areas, Law No. 96/1992 on Wildlife, Forestry Law No. 422/1973, Law No. 294/1993 on Environmental Impact Assessment, Law No. 3239/2007 on Water Resources, Law No. 3001/2006 on the Valuation and Remuneration of Environmental Services, Law No. 6123/2018 elevating the environment secretariat to MADES, and the Zero Deforestation Law (No. 6676/2020) extending the prohibition on forest conversion in the Eastern Region to 2030 [§71][§168]. Fire governance combines Law No. 6818/2021 on Comprehensive Fire Management with Law No. 6779/2021 classifying fire generation as an environmental crime [§168]. The ENPAB schedules a review of the legal framework during 2026 to identify gaps [§168].

Protected areas and connectivity. SINASIP is the core conservation estate, with 128 registered units: 71 privately owned, 54 publicly owned, one autonomous, and two national biosphere reserves [§27]. Only 52 of the 128 areas (40.3%) have at least one management plan; 30 areas reached a moderately satisfactory or satisfactory management scenario (4% of national ASP area) [§27]. Delivery is guided by the SINASIP Strategic Plan 2025–2030 [§110]. Decree No. 2990/2024 created the National Commission against Desertification [§73].

Species conservation. Threatened-species lists are maintained taxon-by-taxon through MADES resolutions (254/2019 for birds, 632/2017 for mammals, 433/2019 for amphibians, 206/2020 for reptiles, 512/2025 for plants) [§84][§85]. A forthcoming National Species Conservation Plan is to be approved by resolution [§113]. The National Strategy on Combating Illegal Wildlife Trafficking 2023–2033 addresses enforcement, noting at least 40 species affected including jaguar, macaws and turtles [§64][§119]. CITES permits for palo santo (Bulnesia sarmientoi) are issued under precautionary quotas of 1,400 tonnes/year for timber and 250 tonnes/year for extracts, with Non-Detriment Findings issued by the Directorate of Biological Research/MNHNP since 2016 under Decree 9701/12 [§85]. Resolution 524/2025 lists 65 invasive alien species [§59].

Forests, restoration and pollinators. INFONA leads the National Forest Restoration Policy and the National Forest Restoration Plan (PNRF), with nursery and germplasm bank infrastructure [§81]. The PROEZA Project integrates restoration, agroforestry and reforestation in the Eastern Region [§81]. Itaipu Preserva restores the 1,524 km reservoir protection strip, including a 10.69-hectare plot in Puerto Indio (Mbaracayú) since 2015 [§80]. The regional PoliLAC initiative (2024–2028) supports pollinator conservation in Mbaracayú, San Rafael and the Chaco Biosphere Reserve [§79].

Climate and mainstreaming. Paraguay's Third NDC (NDC 3.0) and Second Adaptation Communication include Ecosystems and Biodiversity as a priority sector with Objective 10 (NbS) and Objective 11 (SINASIP strengthening) [§70]. REDD+ actions have achieved 23 million tCO₂eq in UNFCCC-recognised reductions [§71]. The ENPAB is mainstreamed into the MADES Institutional Strategic Plan 2024–2028, the National Environmental Policy (PAN) and the National Development Plan 2050, where biodiversity underpins the Environment and Energy pillar [§76][§77][§78].

Sources:

• §27, §59, §64, §70–§81, §84–§85, §110, §113, §119, §168 — as cited above

4a. Flex section: A 20% protected-area target — Paraguay's progressive approach

Commitment 5 sets a territorial conservation threshold of at least 20% of the national territory by 2030 through SINASIP, OECM and ICCA, rather than the GBF's global 30% target [§106][§109]. The ENPAB states this is a "progressive approach" adopted given national conditions of governability and economic sustainability [§106][T3]. The 2025 baseline is 15% (6,081,867 hectares across 128 SINASIP units), with a 2030 management-effectiveness target of 10% (from 4%) [§27][§205].

The choice is reinforced by the structure of the protected-area estate: 71 of 128 SINASIP units are privately owned, 54 publicly owned, alongside one autonomous unit and two national biosphere reserves [§27]. Protection coverage varies sharply by ecoregion — from 100% in the Cerrado and 80.30% in Médanos (Western Region) to 2.38% in Amambay (Eastern Region) [§26]. MADES held a workshop in October 2024 to analyse incorporation of the OECM figure into the national framework [T3]. Commitment 4's additional 10% restoration target (5% aquatic and 5% terrestrial) complements the area-based figure and is supported by a forthcoming National Restoration Plan [§107][§108].

5. Monitoring and Accountability

Governance architecture. Implementation operates through a three-part model: the National Technical Biodiversity Board (MNB) as consultative and deliberative body, chaired by MADES through the General Directorate of Protection and Conservation of Biodiversity, with permanent membership from the public sector, academia, private sector, civil society, indigenous peoples and youth; a Technical Secretariat housed within MADES for daily coordination; and a monitoring and evaluation layer anchored in SIAM [§156][§157][§158]. Formal establishment of the MNB is "in process"; the ENPAB signals that both the strategy and the MNB will be formalised by ministerial resolution, with the ENPAB recognised as a "binding and multi-sectoral national policy" [§157][§166].

Subnational coordination. Territorial implementation relies on annual Regional Biodiversity Forums in each ecoregion to gather local contributions and traditional knowledge and align territorial actions with national objectives [§159]. Articulation with local governments is pursued through local regulations, technical assistance and training [§167].

Monitoring framework. SIAM is positioned as the central platform aligned with GBF indicators [§162]. A National Biodiversity Observatory is to be developed within SIAM as a public-access platform including geospatial data, interactive maps and a "Citizen Biodiversity" section integrating eBird and iNaturalist data [§160]. A diagnostic of SIAM's current state is scheduled for 2025, followed by module expansion, training of 100% of MADES officials and a target of 60,000 annual unique visits by 2030 [§154][§205]. Annex 6 establishes baselines, formulas and annual milestones for each of the 30 commitments [§205]. Each commitment carries a mid-term evaluation in 2027 and a final evaluation in 2030, in the form of published reports with recommendations [§154]. Four-yearly CBD national reports are constructed through national consultations and systematisation of data from the MNB and Technical Secretariat [§164]. Several sub-indicators (urban green-space area, species threat reduction, financing flows, SIAM composite index, sustainable-production hectarage) are scheduled to start with baseline establishment in 2025–2026 [§205].

Sources:

• §154, §156–§160, §162–§164, §166–§167, §205 — Chapter 4 and Annex 6

5a. Flex section: Participation architecture — regional forums, indigenous FPIC and youth networks

Paraguay treats participation as a structural design choice rather than a cross-cutting note. "Inclusive participation with a rights-based approach" is codified as a guiding principle [§93], and the ENPAB's own construction is reported as quantified evidence: 2,026 participants (59% women), 60 workshops, 13 indigenous workshops and 14 youth workshops (396 young people, 70% young women) between April 2024 and November 2025 [T22].

The operational architecture has four layers. First, the MNB includes permanent seats for indigenous peoples and youth [§157]. Second, annual Regional Biodiversity Forums are convened in each ecoregion as a formal subnational coordination mechanism [§159]. Third, Commitment 15 reframes participation as a 100% coverage requirement: every MADES-implemented or MADES-approved conservation and sustainable-use project affecting indigenous peoples and local communities must incorporate Free, Prior and Informed Consent processes, with 900 persons trained in participation tools by 2030 [§132][§205]. Fourth, youth engagement is institutionalised through GYBN Paraguay (active since 2019), which led the 2021 First National Consultation on Biodiversity, the 2024 "Priorities of Paraguayan Youth on Biodiversity" document (191 young people across 8 departments, adopted into the NBSAP), and the 2025 "Youth for the Future of Biodiversity" project (200 young people) [T20][T22]. The National Plan for Indigenous Peoples (PNPI) 2020–2030, approved by Decree 5897/2021, anchors territorial rights, intercultural education and FPIC [T22].

Commitment 30 links participation to safety: the ENPAB sets an annual target of zero deaths of human rights and environmental defenders in the fulfilment of their duties, monitored under the National Action Plan on Equality and Biodiversity [§153].

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

The ENPAB's finance architecture is set out in Chapter 6. A Financial Strategy for Biodiversity is being developed under the UNDP BIOFIN methodology through four sequential stages — Policy and Institutional Review (PIR), Biodiversity Expenditure Review (BER), Financial Needs Assessment (FNA) and Biodiversity Finance Plan (BFP) — and is expected to be finalised in 2026 [§199].

Quantified mobilisation (Commitment 23, GBF Target 19). By 2030, the ENPAB sets mobilisation targets of USD 12 million in international financing and USD 7 million in national public financing, both from baselines of 0, and raises GEF financing for the biodiversity focal area from USD 7.2M (GEF-8) to USD 8M under GEF-9 [§146]. The commitment also establishes 4 financial mechanisms and implements 3 innovative financial schemes between 2026 and 2028 [§146]. The two baselines of 0 reflect that a full Biodiversity Expenditure Review has not yet been completed [§199].

Instruments (Commitment 21). Two new financial or regulatory instruments will be designed and implemented, and two existing ones strengthened, by 2030 [§142]. Existing domestic instruments identified for coordination with BIOFIN are the Environmental Services Regime (Law 3001/06), environmental and forestry compensation mechanisms, green and sustainable bonds issued by the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF), and results-based payment systems associated with climate mitigation and adaptation [§199]. Forest-certification area is targeted to increase by 60% by 2030 [§71].

Corporate reporting (Commitment 20). By 2030, six enterprises are targeted to report on biodiversity risks, dependencies and impacts, and twelve enterprises to publish sustainability reports, both from baselines of 0, supported by national corporate sustainability guidelines (2026), 10 awareness workshops (2026–2029) and at least one fiscal incentive (2027) [§141].

Harmful incentives (Commitment 22). Identification is scheduled for 2025–2026, followed by analysis and a 20% reduction in the annual value of analysed harmful incentives by 2030 [§143][§205]. The specific list of incentives to be reformed is not enumerated in the ENPAB. The commitment is narrower than GBF Target 18, which addresses the total value of biodiversity-harmful subsidies.

Institutional responsibility. MADES and MEF are named as lead partners across finance commitments; Commitment 23 is coordinated with international cooperation organisations [§142][§146]. The ENPAB contains no total costed implementation budget beyond the Commitment 23 mobilisation targets [§199].

Sources:

• §71, §140–§146, §199, §205 — Chapter 2 (forest certification), Chapter 3 (sectoral line 3.6.8) and Chapter 6

7. GBF Target Coverage

Target 1 — Spatial planning. Addressed. Commitment 1 requires 30% of first- and second-group municipalities (Decree 3,934/25) to have sustainable participatory territorial plans integrating areas of ecological importance by 2030 (baseline 20%), with Urban and Territorial Development Plans (POUT) as the delivery vehicle and MADES Resolution No. 717/23 setting environmental indicators. Commitment 2 additionally requires 100% of first-group municipalities to map urban green-space area, quality, connectivity and accessibility.

Target 2 — Ecosystem restoration. Addressed. Commitment 4 targets effective restoration of 10% of degraded terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (5% each) by 2030, anchored in the National Strategy for Land Degradation Neutrality, the National Forest Restoration Policy led by INFONA, the PNRF, PROEZA, Itaipu Preserva and the regional PoliLAC initiative (2024–2028). A forthcoming National Ecosystem Restoration Plan is to be approved by decree or resolution.

Target 3 — Protected areas (30x30). Addressed. Commitment 5 sets a national territorial conservation target of at least 20% by 2030 — explicitly below the GBF's global 30% — through SINASIP, OECMs and ICCAs, with management effectiveness rising from 4% to 10%. The 2025 baseline is 15% (128 units, 6,081,867 ha). See Flex section 4a for full treatment.

Target 4 — Species recovery. Addressed. Commitment 6 operationalises species recovery through six indicators, including a Headline Red List Index target maintained at ≥0.48 (baseline 0.48), 8 MADES-implemented protection projects (baseline 0), 12 approved policy instruments (baseline 10), and a forthcoming National Species Conservation Plan. Jaguar conservation is anchored in Law 5302/2014 (endangered status) and Law 7145/2023 (National Jaguar Day, 29 November). Threatened-species listings are maintained taxon-by-taxon through MADES resolutions.

Target 5 — Sustainable harvest. Addressed. Commitment 9 sets 15 policy instruments (baseline 10), CITES-aligned records for ≥187 fauna and ≥259 flora species annually, and 70% implementation of the National Strategy on Combating Illegal Wildlife Trafficking 2023–2033. CITES export quotas for palo santo (Bulnesia sarmientoi) of 1,400 t/yr timber and 250 t/yr extracts have been in force since 2014. The ENPAB commits to a minimum two-month national fishing closed season annually by 2030.

Target 6 — Invasive alien species. Addressed. Commitment 10 targets a 50% reduction of established IAS coverage in at least two protected areas by 2030, against baselines of 29 fauna and 75 flora IAS listed under Resolution 524/2025 (65 IAS total), supported by 5 density studies. Resolution 113/2024 establishes control hunting for feral pig (Sus scrofa) and Resolution 224/2024 regulates aquaculture to limit IAS near natural watercourses.

Target 7 — Pollution reduction. Mentioned. Commitment 11 sets 100% compliance with Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm, Montreal and Minamata reporting obligations (baseline 81.6%), full implementation of national urban solid waste and hazardous waste plans, and sanitary landfill inventory coverage rising from 57% to 84%. No quantitative nutrient- or pesticide-reduction thresholds are set in the ENPAB.

Target 8 — Climate and biodiversity. Addressed. Commitment 13 commits 60% of first-group municipalities to climate mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk reduction measures by 2030, with 6 ecosystem–climate sensitivity studies and annual GHG tracking under NDC 3.0. Commitment 14 trains 100% of governorates in NbS and ecosystem-based approaches with 16 supporting instruments. NDC 3.0 includes Ecosystems and Biodiversity as a priority sector.

Target 9 — Wild species use. Mentioned. Subsistence hunting is a recognised category alongside scientific, sport and control hunting, with wild pigs, armadillos, agoutis and deer noted as a substantial protein source. The 2022 INE census records 269 of 471 Eastern-Region communities practising craftsmanship and 373 practising gathering. No standalone national commitment covers sustainable wild-species use for vulnerable populations.

Target 10 — Agriculture / forestry. Mentioned. Commitment 16 sets 120 ha of FSC or PEFC-certified forest and a 20% rise in average income of small-scale food producers disaggregated by sex. Delivery relies on INFONA's Afforestation and Reforestation Policy, the PROEZA Project, and SENAVE's sustainable-production guidance. The National Agricultural Census 2022 records 6,951 farms practising silvopastoral, 4,803 agroecological and 1,869 certified-organic production.

Target 11 — Ecosystem services (NbS). Addressed. Commitment 12 places priority river basins under integrated water management through 45 supporting policies (baseline 12), 60% implementation of PAGIRH and approval of a National Water Resources Plan and a Strategic Plan for wetlands. NbS is cross-cut through Commitment 14 (100% of governorates trained) and pollinator work under PoliLAC.

Target 12 — Urban biodiversity. Mentioned. Commitment 2 targets 100% of first-group municipalities to have mapped urban green-space area, quality, connectivity and accessibility by 2030 (baseline 30%). No quantitative thresholds beyond the mapping obligation are set. Youth priorities identify urban green-area networks as a desired outcome.

Target 13 — Genetic resources / ABS. Addressed. Commitment 18 sets at least 5 research studies on genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, 6 policy instruments (baseline 5) and 5 FPIC processes linked to traditional knowledge use. Commitment 28 additionally commits to 5 recovered ancestral/traditional knowledge practices, 4 recognition instruments (baseline 3), 5 FPIC and 5 authorship-rights registrations. Partners include MADES, INDI, DINAPI, SNC, IPTA and indigenous organisations.

Target 14 — Mainstreaming. Addressed. The ENPAB is mainstreamed through the MADES Institutional Strategic Plan 2024–2028, the National Environmental Policy, and the National Development Plan 2050 (which positions biodiversity as a foundation of its Environment and Energy pillar). Mainstreaming is adopted as a guiding principle and operationalised through named alignment with these three cross-cutting instruments.

Target 15 — Business disclosure. Not identified. Content addressing GBF Target 15 was not identified in this NBSAP. Commitment 20 addresses corporate sustainability reporting (6 enterprises reporting biodiversity risks and 12 publishing sustainability reports) but this is framed under sustainable finance rather than as a disclosure-regulatory regime.

Target 16 — Sustainable consumption. Mentioned. Commitment 17 sets 13 policy instruments promoting sustainable and responsible consumption (baseline 8), 5 organised groups trained and 2 instruments monitored. No quantified food-waste or per-capita consumption thresholds appear in the ENPAB.

Target 17 — Biosafety. Addressed. Commitment 19 sets 650 persons trained in biotechnology, 6 biotechnological applications applying biosafety measures, 6 funded research studies (baseline 0), 12 awareness campaigns and 100% implementation of the SGT 6 Work Programme roadmap. CONBIO is institutionally strengthened; the Cartagena Protocol is ratified by Law No. 2309/2003.

Target 18 — Harmful subsidies. Mentioned. Commitment 22 requires 100% of harmful incentives to be identified and quantified, at least 50% analysed for gradual reform, and a 20% reduction in the value of analysed harmful incentives by 2030. The specific list of incentives is not enumerated, and the scope is narrower than GBF Target 18's total value of harmful subsidies.

Target 19 — Finance mobilisation. Addressed. Commitment 23 sets USD 12M international, USD 7M national public and USD 8M GEF-9 targets, with 4 financial mechanisms established by 2030 and 3 innovative schemes implemented 2026–2028. A BIOFIN-based Financial Strategy (PIR, BER, FNA, BFP) is to be finalised in 2026. See Section 6 for full treatment.

Target 20 — Capacity and technology. Addressed. Commitment 24 implements at least 3 scientific and technical cooperation projects for technology transfer by 2030. Complementary capacity-building runs through Commitment 19 (biotechnology training) and youth networks (GYBN Paraguay).

Target 21 — Data and information. Addressed. Commitment 26 targets 60,000 visitors to the SIAM public portal and 20% of users reporting or using information for specific purposes, with 100% of MADES officials trained by 2030. Commitment 27 approves a national strategy for biodiversity information access for indigenous peoples and local communities, with materials adapted to at least four indigenous languages and 100 community leaders trained.

Target 22 — Inclusive participation. Addressed. Commitment 15 requires 100% of MADES-implemented or approved projects affecting indigenous peoples and local communities to incorporate FPIC and participatory mechanisms by 2030, with 900 persons trained. Delivery is anchored in the PNPI 2020–2030 (Decree 5897/2021), annual Regional Biodiversity Forums, and GYBN Paraguay. Commitment 30 commits to an annual target of zero deaths of environmental human rights defenders. See Flex section 5a for full treatment.

Target 23 — Gender equality. Mentioned. Gender is integrated as a cross-cutting approach — 59% of the 2,026 NBSAP participants were women, with 70% young women in youth workshops — and addressed through the National Action Plan on Equality and Biodiversity (Commitment 30, 100% implementation target). No standalone quantified national commitment with gender-specific indicators is set.