Haiti

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Latin America and the CaribbeanApplies 2023–2030Source: Haïti Biodiversité 2030 (SPANB aligned to KMGBF)

Translated from French.

1. Overview

Haiti's Haïti Biodiversité 2030 is the published, condensed version of the country's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (Stratégie et Plan d'Action National pour la Biodiversité, SPANB), originally adopted in 2020 and aligned to the Kunming-Montréal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) in 2023 following the framework's technical guidance for national-target alignment [§7, §41]. The full SPANB remains the authoritative reference document; the condensed version is the vehicle through which KMGBF alignment was carried out, and readers should understand it as an alignment overlay rather than a rewrite [§7].

The strategy is built around five strategic axes — Protect and Restore, Sustainably Value and Use, Fair and Equitable Sharing, Educate for Conservation, and Invest and Collaborate — each corresponding to one of five national strategic objectives [§44]. Beneath these axes sit 29 national commitments*Haiti's NBSAP calls these "cibles nationales" (national targets). This page uses "national commitment" to avoid confusion with the 23 GBF Targets, which use the same word. Where numbering is necessary this page prefixes "Haiti's national commitment N" to separate it from "GBF Target N." The SPANB's own high-level objectives correspond to what KMGBF calls GBF Goals A–D; Haiti's term is "objectifs" or "axes stratégiques.", which the SPANB states are "entirely aligned" with the KMGBF, with the exception of Objective 4 (Educate for Conservation), flagged by Haiti itself as specific to the local context and transversal across the global goals [§50]. The revision reformulated more than thirty earlier objectives collected from the 2020 SPANB and other public-policy documents into this consolidated set [§41].

The SPANB sets out the values of Haitian biodiversity, threats and underlying causes, the legal and institutional framework, a theory of change aligned to the KMGBF, an analysis of biodiversity-finance mobilisation from 2012 to 2024, a five-year costed financing plan, a BIOFIN-based analysis of financing solutions, and a monitoring plan [§7].

In brief: Haiti has revised its 2020 SPANB into 29 national commitments across five strategic axes, fully mapped to the KMGBF and the Sustainable Development Goals, anchored by a costed USD 2.95 billion five-year implementation plan with an acknowledged USD 2.8 billion financing gap. The strategy gives unusual prominence to biodiversity finance — including debt-for-nature swaps, climate-fund combinations with carbon compensation, and a proposed diaspora fund drawing on USD 3.63 billion in annual remittances — within a context of political instability that has produced no new biodiversity mobilisation since 2022.

Sources:

  • §7 — Introduction
  • §41 — Haïti biodiversité 2030
  • §44 — Axes stratégiques
  • §50 — Alignement avec le cadre mondial Kunming-Montréal

2. Ecological Context

Haiti occupies the western third of Hispaniola, a Caribbean position that produces migratory stopover traffic — particularly for avifauna from North and South America — and significant levels of endemism alongside shared species with neighbouring islands and South America [§9]. The SPANB records 6,000 vascular plant species across 1,284 genera and 201 families, of which more than 34% are endemic, and more than 2,000 vertebrate species, of which 75% are considered endemic [§9]. Faunal inventories include 288 bird species (33 endemic, six endemic genera); 192 reptiles and amphibians; two native non-volant terrestrial mammals (Solenodon paradoxus and Plagiodontia aedium), 19 bats, and roughly 13 marine mammal species; and 9,920 arthropod species identified [§9].

The 7 km² island of Navase is singled out as a country-specific endemism hotspot: 25 of 90 recorded spider species and 250 of 800 inventoried species were new to science at the time of its 1999 scientific description as a "trésor génétique" of the country, with high endemism among its marine fauna [§9]. Discovery continues — 27 new mollusc species were inventoried in Parc National Naturel de La Visite in 2015 and two new fish species (Limia islai, L. mandibularis) were described from Étang de Miragoâne [§9].

Haiti's ecosystems combine natural formations and anthropogenic agrosystems [§10]. Lowland xeric and thorny dry vegetation covers 22–29% of the territory; humid lowland forests, originally close to 60% of the territory, have been reduced to fragments [§10]. Continental water bodies total approximately 22,000 ha, 85% concentrated in four lakes [§10]. The continental shelf extends to 5,857 km² along 1,977 km of coastline, with reef systems supporting more than 300 fish species [§10]. Mangroves cover roughly 16,650 ha (0.6% of the territory) in the north-east, north, Artibonite estuary, Baradères, La Gonâve and Île à Vache [§10]. Agrosystems include agroforestry on roughly 18.3% of the territory, intensive cultivation on more than 50%, and the traditional jaden-lakou home-garden system [§10].

The SPANB's ecosystem-services diagnosis (Table 4) finds that no natural ecosystem can fully deliver regulating services across the territory; agricultural activities occupy over 80% of the surface; rivers are described as completely degraded; and only four agro-ecosystems (agroforestry, sugarcane, rice paddies, jaden-lakou) still provide regulating services [§13]. The Ministère de l'Environnement (MDE) records in 2021 a total of 215 IUCN-listed vertebrate species: 73 fish (39 Vulnerable, 13 Endangered, 21 Critically Endangered), 45 amphibians (3, 11, 31), 66 reptiles (13, 28, 25), 25 birds (13, 9, 3), and 4 mammals [§14]. Habitat destruction is cited as the recurrent driver; applying IUCN criteria, all endemic species on an island are automatically considered threatened given naturally reduced range sizes [§14]. The Système National d'Aires Protégées (SNAP) currently counts 32 protected areas covering approximately 5,200 km², alongside two biosphere reserves (La Hotte and La Selle), 31 Key Biodiversity Areas covering 9,340 km², and ten Important Bird Areas [§16].

Sources:

  • §9 — La diversité des espèces
  • §10 — La diversité des écosystèmes
  • §13 — Les services écosystémiques
  • §14 — Les espèces menacées
  • §16 — Le système national des aires protégées

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

The SPANB structures its 29 national commitments under five axes, each headed by a strategic objective [§44]. The sequence below groups commitments by axis and states, for each, the measurability assessment applied under the harmonization spec.

Axis 1 — Protect and Restore (GBF Goal A)

The axis commits to "increasing and ensuring a strong representativeness and interconnectivity of the different ecosystems of Haitian territory through an effective national protected-areas system" [§45].

  • Commitment 1 — SNAP covers 30% of national territory, with 40% of marine and coastal zones, 20% of terrestrial zones, 100% of inland wetlands, and 15 ecosystem types / ~10,000 km² represented [§45, §93]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 3.
  • Commitment 2 — All 35 protected areas hold approved management plans, 30 in active implementation, with four council meetings per year and 50% female participation in the Groupe de Travail sur les Aires Protégées (GTAP) [§45, §93]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 3.
  • Commitment 3 — Mangrove integrity restored, with 16,500 ha restored, 20,000 ha brought into the SNAP, and 15,000 ha under community conservation alliances [§45, §93]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 2.
  • Commitment 4 — All threatened species have a conservation strategy in deployment by 2028, with 50% of threatened species showing improving Red List status (biannual) [§45, §50]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 4.
  • Commitment 5 — Biological-corridor connectivity between ecosystems [§45]. Directional aspiration (indicators exist but no stated coverage threshold). Maps to GBF Target 1 / 11.
  • Commitment 6 — Halt community growth inside protected-area core zones [§45]. Directional aspiration. Maps to GBF Target 22.
  • Commitment 7 — Climate mitigation, adaptation and disaster-risk-reduction measures integrated into 100% of watershed and protected-area management plans [§45]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 8.

Axis 2 — Sustainably Value and Use Biodiversity (GBF Goal B)

The axis commits to "guaranteeing the sustainable use and effective management of biodiversity … and the preservation of genetic-resource diversity" [§46].

  • Commitment 8 — Wildlife trade regulated and illegal trafficking halted, with 90% of illegal-trade species identified and 100% legal coverage [§46]. Directional aspiration (boundary case — sub-indicators are quantified, the headline directional). Maps to GBF Target 5.
  • Commitment 9 — 50% of degraded lands inside protected areas restored [§46]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 2.
  • Commitment 10 — Marine and terrestrial invasives controlled and eliminated in PAs, 100% inventoried and strategy coverage, 10,000 ha restored, 80% eradication per PA [§46]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 6.
  • Commitment 11 — Production ecosystems favour genetic diversity and preserve ecosystem services (25% organic agriculture nationally, 30% within watersheds quantified as sub-indicators) [§46]. Directional aspiration (boundary case). Maps to GBF Target 10.
  • Commitment 12 — Natural ecosystems protected from human-origin pollution, 50% reduction in chemical fertiliser imports, ecosystem-health index 0.8 [§46]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 7.
  • Commitment 13 — Agroforestry covers 30% of the national territory [§46]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 10.
  • Commitment 14 — Biodiversity integrated into urban planning and management [§46]. Directional aspiration. Maps to GBF Target 12.

Axis 3 — Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits (GBF Goal C)

The axis commits to "ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits linked to biodiversity and ecosystem services and guaranteeing access for all, in particular women" [§47].

  • Commitment 15 — Gender dimension integrated into all biodiversity projects and programmes (100% of management plans quantified; headline directional on "all projects") [§47]. Directional aspiration (boundary case). Maps to GBF Target 23.
  • Commitment 16 — A national payments-for-ecosystem-services (PSE) system is operational [§47]. Directional aspiration (system is a target, not yet operational). Maps to GBF Target 11.
  • Commitment 17 — Traditional knowledge systematically used in protected-area management and threatened-species conservation [§47]. Directional aspiration. Maps to GBF Target 22.

Axis 4 — Educate for Conservation (country-specific, transversal)

The axis is identified by Haiti as "specific to the local context" and transversal across KMGBF goals rather than aligned to a single GBF Target [§50].

  • Commitment 18 — 80% of the population aware of biodiversity as national heritage [§48]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 21.
  • Commitment 19 — At least 50% of civil-society organisations, in particular in rural communities, take conservation initiatives [§48]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 22.
  • Commitment 20 — Incentive measures for financial and commercial enterprises to participate in biodiversity management [§48]. Directional aspiration (incentive-based rather than disclosure regime). Maps to GBF Target 15.
  • Commitment 21 — Information-dissemination system on biodiversity in place for all social strata [§48]. Directional aspiration. Maps to GBF Target 21.

Axis 5 — Invest and Collaborate (GBF Goal D)

The axis commits to "strengthening the governance framework … ensuring the existence of capacities in scientific and technical cooperation that guarantee the mobilisation of resources" [§49].

  • Commitment 22 — Biodiversity integrated into the national planning system, with 15 biodiversity programmes in the national budget and 10 in the Plan Stratégique de Développement d'Haïti (PSDH, Strategic Development Plan) [§49]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 14.
  • Commitment 23 — 8 new public policies for biodiversity adopted per year [§49]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 14.
  • Commitment 24 — Local capacity for protected-area management, ecosystem restoration and threatened-species conservation (500 trained, 200 women, 30 initiatives, 15 institutions, 75% performance score) [§49]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 20.
  • Commitment 25 — Research, monitoring and evaluation capacity in universities and research bodies (200 researchers, 100 women, 10 institutions, 70% performance score) [§49]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 20.
  • Commitment 26 — Scientific and technical cooperation with Caribbean countries, particularly Caribbean Biological Corridor (CBC) members (15 joint actions/year, 100 people/year at 40% women, 20 institutions) [§49]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 20.
  • Commitment 27 — Biodiversity integrated into communal development plans [§49]. Directional aspiration. Maps to GBF Target 14.
  • Commitment 28 — Sustainable diversified financial mechanisms operational (USD 150M public + USD 5M private + USD 130M international per year) [§49, §95]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 19.
  • Commitment 29 — Up-to-date national threatened-species database with 70% distribution-mapping coverage [§49]. Measurable commitment. Maps to GBF Target 21.

The SPANB also maps each national commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals, with strongest linkages to SDG 14 (Life Below Water), SDG 15 (Life on Land), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions) [§90].

Sources:

  • §44 — Axes stratégiques
  • §45 — Protéger et restaurer
  • §46 — Valoriser et utiliser durablement
  • §47 — Partage juste et équitable
  • §48 — Éduquer pour mieux conserver
  • §49 — Investir et collaborer
  • §50 — Alignement avec le cadre mondial
  • §90 — Contribution aux ODD
  • §93, §95 — Tableau de suivi des indicateurs

4. Delivery Architecture

The MDE holds the core biodiversity mandate under decrees of August 2020 and October 2005, operating through the Agence Nationale des Aires Protégées (ANAP, National Protected Areas Agency), the Observatoire National de la Qualité de l'Environnement et de la Vulnérabilité (ONQEV), the Institut National des Ressources Hydriques (INARHY), the Service National de Gestion des Résidus Solides (SNGRS), and the Direction de la Biodiversité (DB), which serves as the national focal point for the Convention on Biological Diversity [§20]. ANAP coordinates the SNAP, prepares the national protected-area management plan, and chairs the GTAP multi-stakeholder platform for planning, governance and capacity building [§20].

Inter-sectoral coordination rests with the Ministère de la Planification et de la Coopération Externe (MPCE) — which elaborates the investment budget and houses the Centre National de l'Information Géospatiale (CNIGS) — and with the Comité Interministériel d'Aménagement du Territoire (CIAT, Inter-Ministerial Spatial Planning Committee), chaired by the Prime Minister and bringing together the Ministries of Interior, Economy and Finance, Planning, Agriculture (MARNDR, Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Naturelles et du Développement Rural), Public Works and Environment to set policy on spatial planning, watershed management, water, sanitation and urbanism [§21, §22]. The SPANB recommends clarifying MARNDR's attributions to separate agricultural development from natural-resource protection, and mapping competences across MDE, MARNDR and the Ministry of Public Works to eliminate duplication in forest management and resource-exploitation permits [§40]. Collectivités Territoriales — elected departmental, communal and communal-section authorities — participate in protected-area management councils under the 2006 framework decree [§24].

Flagship instruments supporting delivery include: the PSDH (Haiti as an emerging country by 2030, 32 programmes, climate-integrated addendum) [§28]; the Stratégie Nationale de l'ANAP 2019–2025, structured around eight programmes from strategic orientations through sustainable financing to participatory governance [§32]; the Stratégie de Financement Durable de l'ANAP, which estimates annual financing needs to 2025 at 917 million to 4,002 million gourdes [§33]; the Politique Nationale de lutte contre les Changements Climatiques (PNCC, National Climate Change Policy, 2019) [§34]; and the Plan National d'Adaptation au Changement Climatique (PNA 2022–2030), with priority sectors of agriculture, water, infrastructure and health across eight departments [§35].

Identified legislative priorities include a dedicated protected-areas law defining categories, management modalities and declassification procedures; modernised wildlife-trade and fisheries legislation with quotas, monitored moratoria and no-take zones; and climate-change legislation translating Paris Agreement commitments into sectoral adaptation, energy transition and carbon-market frameworks [§39].

The SPANB records gender floors across delivery institutions: the MDE employs approximately 1,002 public agents of whom 29.04% are women; ANAP 93 agents of whom 13% are women; decisional posts are majoritarily held by men [§40]. The SPANB sets a target of at least 40% women in technical and decisional posts by 2030, prioritising recruitment of qualified women at ANAP, systematic integration of sex-specific indicators and dedicated gendered-activity budgets in all projects [§40]. The Ministère à la Condition Féminine et aux Droits des Femmes (MCFDF) is named as a reporting partner across multiple national commitments [§23, §40].

Sources:

  • §20 — Ministère de l'Environnement et ses organes
  • §21 — MPCE et organes
  • §22 — CIAT
  • §23 — Autres ministères
  • §24 — Collectivités territoriales
  • §28 — PSDH
  • §32 — Stratégie ANAP 2019–2025
  • §33 — Stratégie de Financement Durable de l'ANAP
  • §34 — PNCC
  • §35 — PNA
  • §39 — Législation
  • §40 — Intégration genre et capacités

4a. A coordination body to be established: CMO-SPANB and local GTAP chapters

The SPANB proposes a distinctive three-layer coordination structure to govern implementation — none of which is yet operational at the time of drafting — and pairs it with a reactivated GTAP carrying local chapters inside each protected area.

The inter-institutional structure, designated CMO-SPANB, is composed of the MDE (represented by the DB and ANAP), relevant State structures (the Directions of Natural Resources, Agricultural Statistics, Fisheries and Aquaculture of MARNDR), representatives of ecological organisations, universities and technical and financial partners (PTF) [§82]. Its role is to assist ANAP and the DB in SPANB implementation, support the surveillance mechanism, mobilise human and financial resources, facilitate integration of the objectives into other sectors, and coordinate reporting to the Convention on Biological Diversity [§82]. A technical secretariat, jointly coordinated by ANAP and the DB and assisted by a representative of the ecological organisations, a PTF and the Biodiversity National Focal Point, mobilises actors, follows up on decisions, plans meetings and manages institutional mechanisms [§82]. Beneath the secretariat sits a data coordination cell tasked with coordinating collection and analysis of reference data, managing the indicators database, and producing indicator reports [§82]. The SPANB recommends proceeding "au plus vite" to the creation of the coordination structure by memorandum of the Minister of the Environment, and convening a stakeholder meeting for its establishment [§83].

In parallel, the SPANB commits to reactivating the GTAP with local chapters in each protected area, associating mayors, community leaders and civil-society organisations, which the strategy identifies as a mechanism for resolving land-use conflicts at the protected-area level [§40]. The coordination cell is further charged with publishing biannual progress reports and with organising regional consultations to adjust priorities to local realities [§40].

Sources:

  • §40 — Coordination et gouvernance
  • §82 — Gestion du système de surveillance
  • §83 — Besoins en renforcement de capacités

5. Monitoring and Accountability

Implementation oversight for the SPANB is to rest with the CMO-SPANB and its technical secretariat and data-coordination cell (described in full under Section 4a), with biannual progress reports to be published by the coordination cell [§40, §82]. Three national commitments jointly structure the surveillance plan: commitment 25 (research, monitoring and evaluation capacity in universities and research bodies), commitment 26 (Caribbean Biological Corridor scientific cooperation), and commitment 29 (an up-to-date threatened-species database) [§79].

The monitoring framework combines specific target indicators for each of the 29 national commitments — set out in Tables 19–23 of the SPANB — with standard indicators drawn from the KMGBF monitoring framework, aligned in Annex 8 and used to evaluate local contribution to the global framework in biodiversity reports [§52, §54, §92]. Annex 9 specifies for each indicator the level of monitoring, objective, definition, unit, frequency of data collection, tools and method, target value, expected trend, and data source, across three tables covering the 29 commitments [§93, §95]. Data collection combines remote sensing (satellite imagery, drones, cartographic software), mobile applications and collaborative platforms (KoboToolbox, iNaturalist, Global Forest Watch), reinforced traditional methods (transects, quadrats, community interviews), the Global Biodiversity Facility, the World Database on Protected Areas, and surveillance technologies including IoT sensors, camera traps and environmental DNA [§80].

The SPANB identifies four competency domains necessary for surveillance implementation — IT and database management (PostgreSQL, MySQL, Python, Microsoft Access, KoboToolbox); biostatistics and modelling (R, Python Pandas/SciPy, SPSS); financial mobilisation; and monitoring for real-time indicator tracking — and articulates their synergy across planning, execution and evaluation phases [§83]. Institutional capacity building requires technical reinforcement of ONQEV, ANAP and CNIGS to modernise surveillance systems and standardise ecological indicators, alongside training programmes for protected-area managers [§40]. The SPANB acknowledges constraints including limited internet access, insufficient training and insufficient financing, linking data-collection investments explicitly to Official Development Assistance (ODA) and carbon-offset financing mechanisms [§80]. The SPANB notes that no progress data are published here against the 2019 targets of the Sixth National Report (the "17%/10%" 2021 coverage aims) [§31].

Sources:

  • §31 — 6ème rapport national
  • §40 — Coordination
  • §52 — Plan d'action condensé
  • §54 — Cibles et indicateurs
  • §79 — Plan de surveillance
  • §80 — Collecte de données
  • §82, §83 — Gestion et capacités
  • §92, §93, §95 — Annexes 8–9

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

Financing conservation under fragility: BIOFIN, debt swaps and the diaspora fund

Finance is the most developed strand of the SPANB, and is framed throughout the document within the constraints of political fragility. Biodiversity mobilisations rose from 2015 to 2017, fell sharply from 2018, and the SPANB records no new biodiversity mobilisation since 2022, attributed to the transition period beginning in 2021: "the persistence of political instability constitutes a brake on any new mobilisation and on the deployment of the SPANB aligned with the Kunming-Montréal global framework" [§63]. Biodiversity spending is 95% funded by international donors and 2% by government, with the majority of projects financed by multilateral donors — a profile the SPANB identifies as structurally exposed to shifts in donor priorities [§61].

Against that backdrop, the SPANB positions diaspora remittances as a structural conservation-finance pool — USD 3.63 billion received in 2024, roughly 18% of GDP — to be channelled into structured projects through a proposed special diaspora fund issuing sustainable bonds with attractive yields reserved for Haitians abroad, and a crowdfunding platform for verified micro-projects of conservation with social impact, with the SPANB noting blockchain as a possible transparency mechanism [§76]. This pairs with two further priority combinations: ODA combined with debt-for-nature swaps, under which Haiti would negotiate an annual percentage of debt vis-à-vis the Inter-American Development Bank and the International Monetary Fund as counterpart investment in ODA programmes implementing the SPANB; and climate funds combined with carbon offsets, pairing initial Green Climate Fund financing for agroforestry or reforestation with recurring carbon-offset revenues reinvested into the PSE system, certified against recognised standards such as Gold Standard or Verra [§76].

Costed plan and financing gap

The SPANB estimates total implementation cost across the 29 national commitments at approximately USD 2.95 billion over five years, with 91% directed to the first two axes: Protect and Restore receives USD 1,255,914,000 (43%); Sustainably Value and Use receives USD 1,410,270,000 (48%); Fair and Equitable Sharing USD 8,685,500 (rounds to 0%); Educate for Conservation USD 56,050,000 (2%); Invest and Collaborate USD 217,120,000 (7%) [§67]. Against this requirement, current mobilisations combined with government-budget projections and Fonds Haïtien pour la Biodiversité (FHB) forecasts total approximately USD 134 million through 2028 — around 5% of the SPANB budget estimate, leaving a financing gap of USD 2.8 billion [§71]. The donor landscape is characterised as "fragmented and underestimated," concentrated on agriculture, climate and governance, with partners including the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, UNDP, FAO, UNEP, the European Union, the Caribbean Development Bank, USAID, AFD and GIZ [§27, §66].

Existing financing mechanisms

The FHB is a Haitian-law foundation established in 2020 within the Caribbean Biodiversity Fund network and capitalised with an endowment of approximately USD 27 million — contributed by AFD, the German Development Bank and the World Bank — generating slightly more than USD 900,000 per year, which under the strategic plan and operations manual is directed to protected-area financing and climate resilience [§59]. Haïti National Trust, a 501(c)(3) created by Société Audubon Haïti, finances principally the Grand Bois protected area — the only protected area managed by a non-governmental organisation alongside Parc Martissant, administered by FOKAL [§59]. Existing fiscal instruments include the FER, FNE and FDT funds established under tax legislation; MARNDR collects 1,500 HTG (approximately USD 11.50) per kilogramme of eel exported [§73].

BIOFIN inventory and scoring

Applying the Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) framework, the SPANB inventories 12 potential financing solutions, nine of which already operate in Haiti in various forms [§73]. Scored against BIOFIN criteria (biodiversity impact, financial impact, probability of success; maximum 12 points) the ranking is: ODA 10/12; Debt-for-Nature Swaps 9/12; Climate Funds 9/12; diaspora remittances 6/12; endowments 6/12; fiscal measures 6/12; philanthropy 4/12; risk insurance 4/12; carbon offsets 4/12; biodiversity offsets 4/12; import and operating licences 4/12; corporate social responsibility 2/12 [§73]. Haiti has already benefited from four Green Climate Fund projects and from the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, spends on average USD 6–7 million in catastrophe insurance, and has received several tens of millions of USD from the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility; carbon-offset and biodiversity-loss-compensation mechanisms are not yet operational [§73].

Implementation plan for the financing plan itself

The SPANB budgets approximately USD 948,000 over 7 to 12 months for the implementation of the financing plan, in five simultaneous phases: structural (USD 113,000), technical and technical assistance (USD 180,000), institutional (USD 125,000), capacity building (USD 165,000) and fund mobilisation (USD 365,000) [§78]. Implementation "passes through the establishment of a permanent institutional mechanism" structured as "a public-private partnership to facilitate the confidence of all eventual stakeholders" [§78]. The SPANB also commits to consolidating the Fonds national pour la biodiversité, diversifying its subsidies, developing business plans for each structured protected area, and establishing the Fonds pour la Réhabilitation de l'Environnement Haïtien (FREH) — noting that the FREH, CMO-SPANB and the national PSE system are proposed-to-be-established mechanisms, while the FHB already exists and is capitalised [§53, §59, §61, §78].

Sources:

  • §27 — Partenaires financiers
  • §53 — Cibles par objectifs et actions
  • §59 — Dépenses des autres institutions
  • §61 — Dépenses (partie 3)
  • §63 — Tendance des mobilisations
  • §66 — Priorités des bailleurs
  • §67 — Estimation des coûts sur 5 ans
  • §71 — Besoins de financement
  • §73 — Analyse de solutions
  • §76 — Recommandations finales
  • §78 — Activités et estimation des coûts

7. GBF Target Coverage

Target 1: Spatial planning — Addressed

The SPANB addresses spatial planning through the CIAT, chaired by the Prime Minister, and through national commitment 5 on ecosystem connectivity via a biological-corridor network. CIAT's mandate covers watershed protection, water management, urbanism, and coordination across the Ministries of Interior, Finance, Planning, Agriculture, Public Works and Environment. No quantified biodiversity-inclusive spatial-planning headline is set at the territorial level; connectivity is tracked through ecosystem-integrity, freshwater-quality, forest-landscape-integrity and wetland-extent indicators.

Target 2: Ecosystem restoration — Addressed

Restoration is a central axis, with Protect and Restore absorbing 43% of the five-year SPANB budget. National commitment 3 quantifies mangrove restoration at 16,500 ha, with 20,000 ha brought into the SNAP and 15,000 ha under community conservation alliances. National commitment 9 commits to restoring 50% of degraded land inside protected areas, tracked through satellite imagery and GIS. National commitment 7 requires 100% of watershed management plans to integrate biodiversity and climate-risk measures alongside 20,000 ha of land restored. Restoration is paired with Green Climate Fund financing plus carbon-offset revenue recycled into PSE under the recommended financing approach.

Target 3: Protected areas (30x30) — Addressed

National commitment 1 sets the SNAP at 30% of the national territory, with 40% of marine and coastal zones, 20% of terrestrial zones, 100% of inland wetlands, and 15 ecosystem types / ~10,000 km² represented, against a baseline of 32 protected areas covering ~5,200 km². National commitment 2 requires all 35 protected areas to hold approved management plans, 30 in active implementation, with four council meetings per year and 50% female GTAP participation. Partnership targets include 10 privately operated protected areas, 20 with private-sector agreements and 15 inter-institutional protocols. ANAP's annual financing need is stated at 917–4,002 million gourdes; debt-for-nature swaps are identified as carrying the highest potential biodiversity impact for direct SPANB implementation.

Target 4: Species recovery — Addressed

National commitment 4 commits that all threatened species on the territory hold a conservation strategy in deployment by 2028, with 50% of threatened species showing improving Red List status biannually. The baseline is 215 IUCN-listed vertebrates recorded in 2021. Delivery instruments include no-take zones, marine and terrestrial micro-sanctuaries, ex-situ conservation in botanical gardens, rescue systems for terrestrial and marine animals, and an alert system for endangered wildlife. National commitment 29 commits to a threatened-species database with 70% distribution-mapping coverage.

Target 5: Sustainable harvest — Addressed

National commitment 8 commits to regulating wildlife trade and halting illegal trafficking, overfishing, hunting and overconsumption of wild genetic resources, with 90% of illegal-trade species identified, 100% legal coverage and quarterly seizure reporting by customs and environmental police. Legislative priorities include modernised sanctions on trafficking of protected species such as the American eel (Anguilla rostrata), fishing and hunting quotas, monitored moratorium periods, and no-take zones established in collaboration with local communities. CITES implementation is named as a data source.

Target 6: Invasive alien species — Addressed

National commitment 10 commits to controlling marine and terrestrial invasives and eliminating their impact inside protected areas, with 100% inventoried, 100% eradication-strategy coverage, 10,000 ha restored and 80% eradication per protected area. Data sources include biological inventories, national databases, eradication registries and annual field monitoring, coordinated through the Ministry of Environment, the Direction des Aires Protégées and specialised research institutions.

Target 7: Pollution reduction — Addressed

National commitment 12 commits to protecting natural ecosystems from human-origin pollution, with 100% of protected areas equipped with integrated waste-management systems, a 50% reduction in chemical fertiliser imports tracked through customs data, substitution via organic fertiliser production, and a composite ecosystem-health index targeted at 0.8. Plastic pollution is not named separately.

Target 8: Climate and biodiversity — Addressed

National commitment 7 commits to integrating mitigation, adaptation and disaster-risk-reduction measures into 100% of watershed and protected-area management plans. The commitment is framed within the 2019 PNCC and the 2022–2030 PNA, with priority sectors of agriculture, water, infrastructure and health and deployment across eight departments. The SPANB acknowledges that climate impacts frequently absorb state financial capacity in emergency response.

Target 9: Wild species use — Mentioned

Sustainable wild-species use is addressed indirectly through national commitment 8 (wildlife trade and overharvesting; see Target 5) and national commitment 17 on traditional knowledge and uses in protected-area management. Livelihoods dependent on wild harvest are not quantified.

Target 10: Agriculture / forestry — Addressed

National commitments 11 and 13 address production-ecosystem biodiversity: 25% organic agriculture nationally and 30% within watersheds; agroforestry on 30% of the national territory; 30% growth in species in production systems and 50% growth in varieties and cultivars (biennial monitoring via agricultural censuses and seed banks). Forest-health indicators include a fragmentation index (30% target), anthropogenic and natural disturbance (40% reduction) and anthropogenic fires (80% reduction). The jaden-lakou traditional home-garden system is named among the four agro-ecosystems still providing regulating services.

Target 11: Ecosystem services (nature-based solutions) — Addressed

Coverage runs through national commitment 3 (mangrove restoration, see Target 2), national commitment 5 (biological-corridor network), and national commitment 16 (national PSE system, proposed-to-be-established). The SPANB's ecosystem-services diagnosis identifies only four agro-ecosystems still delivering regulating services. The financing strategy pairs climate funds with carbon compensation to fund agroforestry and reforestation and to seed recurring PSE revenues.

Target 12: Urban biodiversity — Addressed

National commitment 14 commits to integrating biodiversity valuation and conservation into urban planning and management, tracking urban park area, green-space and blue-space area, local and threatened species in urban parks, and ex-situ conservation through botanical gardens and zoological parks. Flagship investments include a national zoological park, a national aquarium and the national botanical garden.

Target 13: Genetic resources / access and benefit-sharing — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 13 was not identified in this NBSAP.

Target 14: Mainstreaming — Addressed

National commitments 22, 23 and 27 address mainstreaming: 15 biodiversity-related programmes in the national budget; 10 in the PSDH; 8 new biodiversity-related public policies adopted per year; biennial governance-effectiveness score; and integration of biodiversity into sectoral, regional and communal development plans. The SPANB identifies political instability and frequent government changes as constraints.

Target 15: Business disclosure — Mentioned

National commitment 20 commits to incentive measures — a "green network" of enterprises and banks, fiscal advantages, and women-led enterprise tracking — rather than to a disclosure regime. The SPANB records corporate social responsibility as having "no formal existence" in Haiti. No disclosure-regime commitments are made.

Target 16: Sustainable consumption — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 16 was not identified in this NBSAP beyond the 80% public-awareness commitment (national commitment 18, mapped to GBF Target 21).

Target 17: Biosafety — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 17 was not identified in this NBSAP.

Target 18: Harmful subsidies — Mentioned

The SPANB's financing framework references subsidy reform conceptually under the BIOFIN "realign current expenditures" pillar — eliminating and reforming fossil-fuel and combustible subsidies and reinvesting in renewable energy or green infrastructure — without attaching this to a quantified national commitment or an elimination schedule. Specific Haitian agricultural, forestry or fisheries subsidies harmful to biodiversity are not enumerated.

Target 19: Finance mobilisation — Addressed

National commitment 28 commits to operational diversified sustainable financial mechanisms, with annual tracking of USD 150M public, USD 5M private and USD 130M international finance. The full costed plan, BIOFIN scoring of 12 financing solutions, three prioritised combinations (ODA + debt-for-nature swaps; climate funds + carbon compensation; diaspora fund), and the USD 948,000 implementation plan for the financing plan itself are set out in Section 6.

Target 20: Capacity and technology — Addressed

National commitments 24, 25 and 26 address capacity and cooperation: 500 trained (200 women) and 15 institutions strengthened for PA management and restoration; 200 researchers (100 women) and 10 institutions strengthened for research and monitoring; and 15 joint actions per year with 100 people (40% women) and 20 institutions through the Caribbean Biological Corridor. Capacity building is budgeted at USD 165,000 within the financing-plan implementation.

Target 21: Data and information — Addressed

National commitments 18, 21 and 29 address awareness and information: 80% of the population aware; an information-dissemination system reaching 5,000 women, youth and others, 100 civil-society organisations, 50 private enterprises and 10,000 people living around protected areas; and a threatened-species database with 70% distribution-mapping coverage. The SPANB identifies data scarcity as a constraint on evidence-based conservation.

Target 22: Inclusive participation — Addressed

National commitments 6, 17 and 19 address participation: halting population growth in protected-area core zones; systematic use of traditional knowledge in protected-area management; and at least 50% of civil-society organisations, particularly in rural communities, taking conservation initiatives. Collectivités Territoriales sit on protected-area management councils under the 2006 framework decree. Indigenous peoples are not singled out as a distinct rights-holder category separate from rural, peasant and traditional-knowledge holders.

Target 23: Gender equality — Addressed

National commitment 15 commits to integrating the gender dimension into all biodiversity projects and programmes, with 100% of management plans integrating gender and parity in protected-area leadership. Sub-indicators run through the portfolio: 50% women in the GTAP (commitment 2); 200 women trained (commitment 24); 100 women in research (commitment 25); 40% women in joint Caribbean cooperation (commitment 26); and a specific women-beneficiaries indicator for the PSE system (commitment 16). The baseline gender floors are 29% women at the MDE and 13% at ANAP, with a ≥40% target for technical and decisional posts by 2030.

KMGBF Targets Referenced