Chad

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Sub-Saharan AfricaApplies 2025–2030Source: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025–2030

1. Overview

Chad's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025–2030 (NBSAP 2025–2030) updates the country's 2014–2020 plan, which the document states delivered results "largely below expectations," attributing the underperformance in part to "the absence of measurable objectives and results" [§5]. The revision was coordinated by a National Committee, drafted by national consultants and experts, and amended through stakeholder workshops under the UNEP/UNDP-implemented project "Support for Early Actions of the Kunming-Montreal Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework," financed by the Global Environment Facility [§5, §6]. Chad acceded to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992 and ratified it on 30 April 1993 [§6].

The strategy is organised around four strategic objectives (SO1–SO4) and 20 national commitments* with a 2030 horizon, mapped in Tables VI–XXV to the four GBF Goals (A–D) and the 23 GBF Targets [§29, §37, §59]. The four strategic objectives cover conservation and restoration, sustainable use, access and benefit-sharing, and means of implementation [§59]. The document is structured in six parts covering key general assessments, national objectives, the Kunming-Montreal framework, policy and institutional alignment, the implementation action plan, and the monitoring framework [§6].

*Chad's NBSAP uses "national objective" and "national target" interchangeably, numbered NO/NT1–20 [§29, §42]. This page uses "national commitment" to follow KMGBF canonical vocabulary. The four "strategic objectives" (SO1–SO4) are treated as pillars under which the national commitments are organised, distinct from the 23 GBF Targets.

The revised NBSAP is a direct response to the previous cycle's self-diagnosed shortcomings: 20 measurable-where-possible national commitments, a costed six-year action plan of approximately 340 billion FCFA, and an explicit framing of Chad as "the most critical threshold in Central Africa" for wildlife loss since the 1980s. The document positions Chad as a least developed country eligible, under GBF Target 19, for at least $250 million per year in international biodiversity finance.

Sources:

  • §5 — Executive Summary
  • §6 — Introduction
  • §29 — Part II > 2.2 Alignment of Chad's national biodiversity objectives with the GBF
  • §37 — Part III > Table IV (23 global targets)
  • §59 — Part V > 5.3 Strategic objectives

2. Ecological Context

Chad spans four bioclimatic zones from north to south — Saharan mountains and deserts, Sahelian shrubby steppe, Sudanian tree savannah, and tropical deciduous forests of the Guinean zone at the extreme south — organised into three phytogeographic domains (Saharan, Sahelian, Sudanian) [§13, §27]. Of the national territory, 14% is agricultural land, 37% is livestock rangeland, 8% is forest, and 41% is northern desert [§14]. Forest cover is reported as approximately 23 million ha, with the Sudanian zone holding the most extensive block (~13.26 million ha) [§16]. The NBSAP cites two diverging annual deforestation rates: 0.6 (FAO, 1990–2000) and 2.5 (SIDRAT, 2013) [§16]. No comprehensive national forest inventory has been conducted, and little research on forest carbon sequestration exists [§14].

Chad harbours an estimated 4,318 species of higher plants, including 71 endemic and 11 threatened species, with the NBSAP noting that "this list is far from exhaustive" [§22]. Non-timber forest products of economic consequence include gum arabic — Chad produces up to 25,000 tonnes per year against a world market of approximately 50,000 tonnes, making it the second largest world producer after Sudan, though "the production potential is largely under-exploited" — and shea (Vitellaria paradoxa), with 50–60 million trees of which "only 4 to 5% are exploited" [§22]. Wetlands cover 124,050.68 km² and include six Ramsar sites, among them Lake Fitri (1,950 km²), the Chadian portion of Lake Chad (16,481.68 km²), and the Bahr Aouk and Salamat floodplains (49,220 km²) [§26].

Identified drivers of biodiversity loss include deforestation and land-use change, direct exploitation through hunting and overfishing, climate change, pollution, invasive alien species, uncontrolled use of chemical products, bush fires, human-wildlife conflicts and poaching [§8]. Consequences documented in the NBSAP include farmer–herder conflict, tensions between state resource-management structures and rural populations, and weak integration of the forestry sector into the national economy "with a notable absence of investment at the various levels of supply chains" [§9].

Sources:

  • §8 — Part I > 1.1 Causes of biodiversity loss
  • §9 — Part I > 1.1 Consequences of biodiversity loss
  • §13 — Part I > 1.2.3 Chad's ecosystems
  • §14 — Part I > In the domain of lands
  • §16 — Part I > In the domain of forestry
  • §22 — Part I > 1.3.5 Predominantly shrubby formations
  • §26 — Part I > 1.5 Importance of wetlands
  • §27 — Part I > 1.6 Ecoregions

3. Wildlife collapse and the 30×30 challenge

Chad frames its conservation challenge through a wildlife-collapse narrative threaded through the status assessment, the protected-area baseline, and monitoring assumptions. The NBSAP states that Chad, "a country of wildlife tradition… where the variety of fauna was once a source of pride, has seen it progressively collapse since the 1980s to reach what is today the most critical threshold in Central Africa," attributing this "primarily [to] widespread poaching, orchestrated by lawless individuals" [§23]. Identified pressures include the decline of addax, dama gazelle and manatee, the disappearance of black and white rhinoceros and oryx, and increases in poaching in areas such as Zakouma and Ouadi Rimé–Ouadi Achim, with "increasingly frequent presence of poachers from neighbouring countries" [§24].

The country enters the 30×30 commitment under GBF Target 3 from a baseline of 18 protected areas covering 14,217,530 ha — 12% of national territory [§10]. The PA estate includes five National Parks (Zakouma, Manda, Sena Oura, Siniaka Minia reclassified under Law No. 0003/PR/2024 at 464,300 ha, Goz Beïda), six wildlife reserves including the Ouadi Rimé–Ouadi Achim Wildlife Reserve (8,000,000 ha), one biosphere reserve, eight hunting domains, one community pilot hunting domain, and ten classified forests [§10, §11]. The Ennedi Natural and Cultural Reserve (3,044,500 ha, inscribed under Decree No. 260/2016) and the Ounianga Lakes Natural Site (62,808 ha, inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2012) are designated under the World Heritage Convention [§11].

Chronic insecurity is written into the monitoring framework as a stated assumption. Table LIII lists as conditioning factors "wars, political instability, instability of neighbouring countries, community conflicts, farmer–herder conflicts, presence of refugees and displaced persons around protected areas" [§112]. The NBSAP links human–wildlife conflict reduction (a 50% target under GT4), transboundary anti-poaching cooperation, and the expansion from 12% to 30% PA coverage within a single security-aware monitoring architecture [§112].

Sources:

  • §10 — Part I > 1.2.1 Protected areas
  • §11 — Part I > Box 1 (register of protected areas)
  • §23 — Part I > 1.4 Issues related to management of protected areas and wildlife
  • §24 — Part I > 1.4.1 Threats and pressures
  • §112 — Part VI > Table LIII

4. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

The NBSAP sets 20 national commitments (NO/NT1–20), all with a 2030 horizon, distributed across the four strategic objectives [§29, §59]. The commitment statements are reproduced near-verbatim below, grouped by the GBF's conditions-of-nature, pressures, tools and implementation logic.

Conditions of nature (commitments on ecosystems and species)

NO5 — Habitat loss. "Rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, reduced by at least half and, where possible, brought close to zero," with degradation and fragmentation significantly reduced. Measurable commitment (degradation 2.5%/yr → 1.5%/yr by 2030). Addresses GBF Target 1. Indicators: share of land area covered by biodiversity-integrating spatial plans (I1GT1); share of land-use plans based on key biodiversity area information (I2GT1) [§112].

NO11 — Protected areas. "At least 30% of terrestrial and inland water areas… conserved through ecologically representative and well-connected networks of effectively and equitably managed protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures." Measurable commitment. Addresses GBF Target 3 against the 12% PA baseline (see Section 3). Indicators include PA coverage, KBA coverage, management effectiveness, PADDD, and a species protection index [§112].

NO12 — Species extinction. Extinction of known threatened species "prevented" and conservation status of those in most rapid decline "improved and maintained," with human–wildlife conflicts reduced by 50% [§112]. Directional aspiration on extinction, measurable on conflict. Addresses GBF Target 4. Measures include assisted colonisation for climate-vulnerable species and climate corridors.

NO14 — Ecosystem services. Ecosystems providing essential services, "in particular water," restored and safeguarded, "taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and poor and vulnerable populations." Directional aspiration. Addresses GBF Target 11 through the Water and Sanitation Master Plan (SDEA) and Nature-based Solutions.

NO15 — Restoration and carbon stocks. Resilience of ecosystems and contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks enhanced, "including the restoration of at least 20% of degraded ecosystems." Measurable commitment (Table LIII raises the 2030 target to 30% of degraded areas restored, exceeding the NO15 threshold) [§112]. Addresses GBF Target 2.

Pressures

NO6 — Sustainable fisheries. Stocks of fish, invertebrates and aquatic plants "managed and harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem-based approaches," with recovery plans for depleted species. Directional aspiration, implemented through the implementing texts of Law No. 14/PR/2008 on fisheries (see Section 5). Addresses GBF Target 5.

NO7 — Sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, forestry. These areas "managed sustainably to ensure the conservation of biological diversity." Directional aspiration, with quantified sub-targets under GT10 in Table LIII: 20% of classified forests restored, 50% sustainably conserved [§112]. Addresses GBF Target 10.

NO8 — Pollution. Pollution, notably from excess nutrients, brought to levels "not detrimental to ecosystem function and biological diversity." Directional aspiration. Addresses GBF Target 7; implemented through the Directorate for Environmental Assessments and the Fight Against Pollution and Nuisances and Decree 904 [§39].

NO9 — Invasive alien species. IAS and pathways "identified and prioritised; priority species controlled or eradicated; measures in place to prevent or reduce the rate of introduction and establishment by at least 50%." Measurable commitment. Addresses GBF Target 6. Named priority: Prosopis sp. proliferation in the Lake Chad Basin [§112].

NO10 — Climate pressures on wetlands. Anthropogenic pressures on "lacustrine areas and other vulnerable aquatic ecosystems affected by climate change minimised." Directional aspiration. Addresses GBF Target 8; uses Privately Conserved Areas for climate corridors and aligns local disaster risk reduction with the Sendai Framework.

Tools and solutions

NO1 — Awareness. "80% of the Chadian population aware of the value of biological diversity and measures to conserve and sustainably use it." Measurable commitment; no baseline reported. Addresses GBF Target 16 via the National Environmental Education Strategy (SNEE).

NO2 — Mainstreaming. Values of biodiversity integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and national accounts, "as appropriate." Directional aspiration. Addresses GBF Targets 12 and 14, including via the National Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper III (SNRPIII) and the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting. Also carries the 5% urban green-space target under GT12 [§112].

NO3 — Harmful incentives. Incentives, including subsidies harmful to biodiversity, "eliminated, phased out or reformed." Directional aspiration — commitment is to identify harmful subsidies; no current list is named. Addresses GBF Target 18.

NO4 — Sustainable production and consumption. Government, businesses and stakeholders have implemented plans to keep use of natural resources "within safe ecological limits." Directional aspiration. Supports GBF Targets 15 and 16.

NO13 — Genetic diversity. Genetic diversity of cultivated plants, farmed and domesticated animals and wild relatives "preserved," with strategies to minimise genetic erosion. Directional aspiration. Cross-cuts GBF Targets 4 and 13 via community gene banks and seed banks for crop wild relatives.

NO16 — Nagoya Protocol. "Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits in force and operational." Directional aspiration. Addresses GBF Target 13; Chad ratified Nagoya on 11 October 2017, and a 2017 National Strategy and Action Plan for the Protocol is to be updated in alignment with the NBSAP [§55, §41].

Implementation

NO17 — NBSAP adoption. NBSAP "developed and adopted… and begun to implement." Directional aspiration. Implicit precondition to all other commitments.

NO18 — Traditional knowledge. Traditional knowledge and practices of indigenous and local communities "respected… and fully integrated." Directional aspiration. Addresses GBF Targets 20 and 23.

NO19 — Knowledge and technology. Knowledge, scientific base and technologies "improved, widely shared, transferred and applied." Directional aspiration. Addresses GBF Targets 17, 21 and 22. Includes updating land tenure under Law 24 with restoration of rights to local communities [§112].

NO20 — Finance mobilisation. Mobilisation of financial resources "increased considerably compared with current levels" in accordance with a consolidated Resource Mobilisation Strategy. Treated as measurable through the costed 340 billion FCFA Action Plan (see Section 6). Addresses GBF Target 19.

Sources:

  • §29 — Part II > 2.2 Alignment of Chad's objectives with the GBF
  • §39 — Part III > Tables XIII–XIV
  • §41 — Part III > Tables for NT17, NT18
  • §55 — Part IV > Tables XLIX, L
  • §59 — Part V > 5.3 Strategic objectives
  • §112 — Part VI > Table LIII

5. Delivery Architecture

Framework legislation. Chad's biodiversity regime rests on Law No. 014/PR/98 of 17 August 1998 defining the general principles of environmental protection (Article 23 on rational and sustainable wildlife and flora management); Law No. 14/PR/2008 on the Regime of Forests, Wildlife and Fishery Resources, implemented through Decree No. 379/PR/PM/MAE/2014 (forest estate) and Decree No. 380/PR/PM/MAE/2014 (wildlife); Law No. 016/PR/99 of 18 August 1999 (Water Code, Articles 115–117); Law 14/PR/95 of 13 July 1995 on plant protection; Ordinance No. 043/PR/2018 on agro-sylvo-pastoral and fisheries orientation; Law No. 004/PR/2018 (Mining Code, Article 66); and Laws Nos. 23, 24 and 25 of 22 July 1967 with Decrees Nos. 186–188 of 1 August 1967 on land tenure [§55]. Decree 904 regulates pollution and nuisances [§39].

Protected areas and species programmes. Named instruments include the Species Restoration Programme beyond national borders (Sena Oura and Boubandjida), the African Park Network, the Hippopotamus Conservation Project in rivers and lakes, manatee protection in Lakes Léré and Tréné, the Ecotourism Development Project in Protected Areas, and a Programme for inventory and management of the country's wetlands [§38, §42, §64, §65, §66, §67]. Four Ramsar sites — Lake Fitri, the Chadian portion of Lake Chad, Lake Léré and the Logone floodplains — cover approximately 12% of the territory [§55]. Enforcement capacity is vested in the Forest and Wildlife Guard Command (commandement de la Garde Forestière et Faunique) [§38].

Land restoration and forests. Flagship programmes include the National Agency for the Great Green Wall, the Lake Chad Ecosystem Rehabilitation and Restoration Project, the National Forest Seeds Project, a Community Forest Management Project, and the National Tree Week (Semaine Nationale de l'Arbre) [§38, §40, §64, §82]. Energy-side drivers are addressed through rural fuelwood market zoning, improved cookstoves, and clean-energy rural electrification [§47, §83], coordinated by the National Agency for Domestic Energy and the Environment (AEDE) [§38].

Fisheries and agriculture. Instruments include the Aquaculture Development Plan, a Sustainable Fisheries Management Project (quotas and closure periods), and the National Agency for Rural Development (ANADER) with the Chadian Institute of Agronomic Research for Development (ITRAD) [§38, §41, §45, §71]. The Strategy for reviving the production and marketing of gum arabic targets Chad's second-position global market share.

Access and benefit-sharing. A 2017 National Strategy and Action Plan for the Nagoya Protocol, together with a 2018 National Strategy on Access to Genetic Resources, establishes the ABS framework; both instruments are to be revised for alignment with the NBSAP 2025–2030 [§41, §86, §55]. Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT) and Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) are the operating mechanisms [§47].

Multilateral instruments. Chad is party to the CBD (1993), the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (signed 2000), the Bonn Convention (1997), CITES, the World Heritage Convention (1987), the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (1996), the African Convention on the Conservation of Fauna and Flora (1985), and the revised Maputo Convention (2015) [§55]. Regional water instruments include the Niger Basin Water Charter (2008), the 1964 Fort-Lamy Convention establishing the Lake Chad Basin Commission, and the 2011 Lake Chad Basin Water Charter [§55].

Sources:

  • §38–§42 — Part III > 3.4.2 Global targets (national indicators)
  • §45, §47 — Tables XXIX, XXXIII, XXXVIII
  • §55 — Part IV > Tables XLIX, L
  • §64–§83 — Part V > 5.3 Strategic objectives
  • §86 — SO3 action 3.1
  • §104 — Total budget line

6. Monitoring and Accountability

The monitoring framework is built on a logical chain linking GBF Targets, national commitments, and drivers of biodiversity loss, set out in an overview diagram and operationalised through two tables [§105, §106]. Table LII rates the degree of alignment of each national commitment with the GBF Targets as High, Medium, or Low-to-Medium and lists indicators per commitment. Table LIII specifies, for each GBF Target, the corresponding national commitment, a 2011–2020 reference baseline, 2025–2030 actions, objectively verifiable indicators (coded I1GT1, I2GT1, etc.), the 2030 target, information sources, and assumptions [§109, §112].

High-alignment commitments are NO4, NO7, NO16, NO1 and NO20; NO19 is the only commitment rated Low-to-medium [§110, §111, §112]. Indicator sources include the national biodiversity reports; annual reports of the Directorate responsible for conservation of fauna and protected areas (DCFAP), the Directorate of Fisheries, the DFLCD and DDPA; Lake Chad Basin Commission reports (including PRODEBA and PRESIBALT); Directorate of Sanitation and Drinking Water reports; the ENSA, EDS, MICS and SMART surveys; annual reports of major city councils on green-space development; ABS Focal Point reports; and reports from the Ministries in charge of Plan and Finances [§112].

Stated monitoring assumptions include natural disasters (floods, bush fires), funding shortfalls, wars and political instability, instability of neighbouring countries, community conflicts, farmer–herder conflicts, the presence of refugees and displaced persons around protected areas, and shortages of qualified human resources by sector [§112].

Governance and participation. The national coordination mechanism comprises representatives of key ministries; national focal points for gender equality and biodiversity, for traditional knowledge, for the Cartagena and Nagoya Protocols, for biodiversity-related conventions, the Rio Conventions, and the SDGs; universities, national statistics institutes, other data holders; indigenous peoples and local communities; non-governmental organisations; women's and youth associations; the business and finance sectors; the scientific, academic and faith-based communities; representatives of sectors dependent on biodiversity; and citizens in general [§113]. Gender integration targets 30% representation of women in positions in national and local legislative, civil service and judicial bodies [§112].

Sources:

  • §105–§109 — Part VI > 6.1–6.4
  • §110–§112 — Part VI > Tables LII and LIII
  • §113 — Part VI > Conclusion

7. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

The NBSAP estimates its total implementation budget at approximately 340,343,000,000 FCFA over six years, equated in the document to around 500 million US dollars [§104, §113]. Under GBF Target 19 provisions for finance flows to least developed countries, Chad states it "could benefit from at least 250 million dollars per year, or approximately one billion two hundred and fifty million dollars for the five years of implementation of the NBSAP 2025–2030" [§113]. The Conclusion describes the current national financing mechanism as "in an embryonic state" and positions the budget as "very reasonable" and "easily redeployed provided that the CBD committee establishes an effective advocacy mechanism" [§112, §113]. The shortfall between the 340 billion FCFA envelope and expected flows is not explicitly quantified.

The costed finance-mobilisation actions within Strategic Objective 4 total ~3.96 billion FCFA across twelve measures, led by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Sustainable Development (MEPDD) with the Ministry of Finance and Budget (MFBP) and Technical and Financial Partners. The largest allocations are integration of biodiversity into economic and development policies (750M FCFA), bilateral partnerships for exchange of best practices (420M), innovative financing mechanisms for species conservation (420M), awareness campaigns for corporate resource mobilisation (390M), and fiscal incentives for conservation-investing firms (360M) [§97, §98].

Instruments. Named existing instruments are the Special Fund for the Environment (Fonds Spécial en faveur de l'Environnement, FSE) and the 2014 Investment and Financial Resource Mobilisation Strategy in the field of biodiversity [§42]. Chad has designated national authorities for the Green Climate Fund and the Clean Development Mechanism [§42]. Innovative mechanisms committed to include payments for ecosystem services, green bonds, biodiversity credits and offsets, and benefit-sharing mechanisms, "through environmental and social safeguards" [§52, §97]. Target-Financial-Partner mobilisation explicitly names the World Bank, GEF and ESF [§112].

Indicators. Headline NT20 indicators include official development assistance for biodiversity; public and private expenditure on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity; the percentage of international biodiversity research projects led by institutions in the country; and the number of innovative financing mechanisms established [§42].

Sources:

  • §42 — Part III > Table XXV (NT20)
  • §50, §52 — Part III > Tables XL, XLIV (GT15, GT19)
  • §97, §98 — Part V > SO4 finance-mobilisation actions 4.49–4.60
  • §104 — Part V > Total budget line
  • §112 — Part VI > Table LIII (GT18, GT19)
  • §113 — Part VI > Conclusion

8. GBF Target Coverage

Target 1 — Spatial planning — Addressed

Addressed through NO5. 2030 target: degradation reduced from 2.5%/yr to 1.5%/yr with biodiversity-integrating spatial plans. Measures include updating land-use plans to incorporate representative retention objectives and transhumance routes, establishing a mitigation hierarchy via ESIA for infrastructure, and transboundary cooperation for species crossing international borders. Indicators: I1GT1 (share of land area covered by biodiversity-integrating spatial plans), I2GT1 (share of land-use plans based on KBA information). Alignment rated Medium.

Target 2 — Ecosystem restoration — Addressed

Addressed through NO15. 2030 target in Table LIII: 30% of degraded areas restored (exceeds the 20% threshold in the NO15 text), degradation rate reduced to 1.5%/yr. Measures include management plans for classified forests, the National Forest Seeds Project, community gene banks for cultivated plants and wild relatives, and manatee protection in Lakes Léré and Tréné. Indicators: I1GT2 (ecosystems undergoing restoration), I2GT2 (degradation rate), I3GT2 (tree cover loss).

Target 3 — Protected areas (30×30) — Addressed

Addressed through NO11 (see Section 3). Baseline: 18 PAs totalling 14,217,530 ha (12%). 2030 target: 30% national coverage through ecologically representative and well-connected PAs and OECMs. Indicators: I1GT3 (PA coverage), I2GT3 (KBA coverage), I3GT3 (management effectiveness), I4GT3 (PADDD), I5GT3 (species protection index). Named assumption risk: refugees and displaced persons around PAs.

Target 4 — Species recovery — Addressed

Addressed through NO12. 2030 target: human–wildlife conflicts reduced by 50%; species recovery plans in place. Measures include assisted colonisation for climate-vulnerable species, climate corridors, and transboundary conservation programmes. Indicators include I5GT4 (CITES-listed species conservation status stabilised or improved) and I3GT4 (management of human–wildlife coexistence).

Target 5 — Sustainable harvest — Addressed

Addressed through NO6. 2030 target: implementation of implementing texts of Law No. 14/PR/2008 on fisheries and Local Development Plans integrating sustainability. Measures cover monitoring of exploited species, bushmeat management, and Local Guidance and Decision-Making Bodies (ILOD) around PAs. Indicators: I1GT5 (share of wild species legally and sustainably collected), I2GT5 (fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels), I3GT5 (enforcement against IUU fishing), I4GT5 (ILOD established).

Target 6 — Invasive alien species — Addressed

Addressed through NO9. 2030 target: IAS management plan; introduction/establishment reduced by at least 50%. Named priority: Prosopis sp. in the Lake Chad Basin. Indicators: I1GT6 (introduction rate), I2GT6 (incidence), I3GT6 (spread), I4GT6 (IAS on national lists per Global Register).

Target 7 — Pollution — Addressed

Addressed through NO8. 2030 target: programme for the management and rational use of pesticides and fertilisers. Headline indicators: plastic waste density, eutrophication potential index, pesticide use per area of cultivated land. Institutional frame includes the Directorate for Plant Protection and Packaging and Decree 904; multilateral instruments invoked include Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm and Bamako. The NBSAP acknowledges that farmers circumvent ANADER and the pollution directorate.

Target 8 — Climate change and biodiversity — Addressed

Addressed through NO10 and NO15. 2030 target: climate-change impact mitigation programme on biodiversity and disaster-risk-reduction plans aligned with the Sendai Framework. Measures include Privately Conserved Areas for climate refugia and corridors, integrated lacustrine management plans, and indigenous species plantings in desert gateways. Indicators: I1GT8 (LULUCF GHG inventories), I2GT8 (local DRR strategies adopted).

Target 9 — Wild species use — Addressed

Addressed through NO6 and NO16. 2030 target: programme for the sustainable management and use of natural resources. Measures include sustainable harvest quotas, ITPGRFA implementation, and recreational hunting framed as a conservation-funding tool. Indicators: I1GT9 (benefits from sustainable use), I2GT9 (people using wild resources), I3GT9 (enclosures for sound management of watercourses).

Target 10 — Agriculture / forestry — Addressed

Addressed through NO7 and NO15. 2030 target: 20% of classified forests restored, 50% sustainably conserved with a Conservation Plan; efficient implementation of the Agricultural Development Plan. Named strategies: PAN-LCD, Domestic Energy Strategy, gum arabic revival strategy. Indicators: I1GT10 (productive and sustainable agricultural area), I2GT10–I3GT10 (sustainable forest management), I4GT10 (cities with completed green belts). Stated risks: farmer/herder conflicts, lack of qualified human resources.

Target 11 — Ecosystem services — Addressed

Addressed through NO14. 2030 target: significantly reduced WASH-attributable mortality; improved access to drinking water, hygiene and sanitation, implemented through the Water and Sanitation Master Plan (SDEA) and Nature-based Solutions. Indicators: I1GT11 (national environmental-economic accounts on water and extreme events), I2GT11 (WASH mortality).

Target 12 — Urban biodiversity — Addressed

Addressed through NO2. 2030 target: 5% of major agglomerations occupied by green spaces. Measures include pollinator-friendly eco school gardens, regulatory frameworks for urban biodiversity, and integration into Local Development Plans. Indicators: I1GT12 (urban green/blue space share), I2GT12 (recreational and cultural ecosystem services).

Target 13 — Genetic resources / ABS — Addressed

Addressed through NO16 (see Section 5). 2030 target: ABS processes operational. Named instruments: 2017 ABS Framework, 2018 National ABS Strategy. Measures include ILC accreditation, MAT/FPIC procedures, and crop wild relative protection through seed banks. Indicators: I1GT13 (operational ABS frameworks), I2GT13 (permits granted), I3GT13 (ABS Clearing-House certificates), I4GT13 (permits including traditional-knowledge-linked).

Target 14 — Mainstreaming — Addressed

Addressed through NO2. Measures include integrating biodiversity into sectoral policies, adapting the National Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper III (SNRPIII) to include biodiversity indicators, applying the No Net Loss / Net Positive Impact principle, and implementing the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting. Indicators: I1GT14, I2GT14.

Target 15 — Business disclosure — Mentioned

Addressed indirectly through NO4, NO1 and NO17 via the monitoring framework; no dedicated national commitment on corporate disclosure or value-chain monitoring. Table LIII notes as the 2011–2020 reference that "international companies aware of biodiversity importance are not held accountable by the government." Supply-chain measures commit to certified sources for all natural inputs (timber, NTFPs, wild fungi, fish and aquatic species, commercially traded wildlife).

Target 16 — Sustainable consumption — Addressed

Addressed through NT1 and NT17. 2030 target: dissemination of the National Environmental Education Strategy (SNEE) throughout the national territory, with improvement of the poverty index. Measures include reducing animal-protein consumption, eliminating food waste, and increasing use of eco-labelling. Indicators: I1GT16 (global citizenship / sustainable development education integration), I2GT16 (poverty level).

Target 17 — Biosafety — Addressed

Addressed through NO19. 2030 target: biotechnological risk management plans derived from the Cartagena Protocol. Table LIII notes prior non-implementation of the Cartagena and Nagoya Protocols as the 2011–2020 reference. Indicator: I1GT17 (measures to prevent, manage and control potential negative effects of biotechnologies).

Target 18 — Harmful subsidies — Addressed

Addressed through NO3 and NO17. Commitment is directional: identify harmful economic and regulatory incentives, develop targeted measures to eliminate or reform. 2030 target: mobilisation of World Bank, GEF and ESF for funding of all Action Plan measures. Indicators: I1GT18 (positive incentive measures in place), I2GT18 (value of harmful subsidies eliminated, phased out or reformed). No current list of harmful subsidies is named.

Target 19 — Finance mobilisation — Addressed

Addressed through NO20 (see Section 7). 2030 target: an advocacy strategy for additional funds involving parliamentarians, government and civil society. Total NBSAP budget ≈ 340 billion FCFA; expected flow ≈ $250M/yr to Chad as an LDC. Named instruments: FSE, 2014 Investment and Financial Resource Mobilisation Strategy, GCF National Designated Authority, CDM Designated National Authority. Instruments include payments for ecosystem services, green bonds, biodiversity credits and offsets.

Target 20 — Capacity and technology — Addressed

Addressed through NO18 and NO17. 2030 target: monitoring mechanism including indigenous peoples and local communities. Measures include training programmes for IP/LC on rights and sustainable resource management, documentation and archiving of traditional knowledge, and capacity-building for young people as "species defenders." Indicator: I1GT20.

Target 21 — Data and information — Addressed

Addressed through NO18 and NO19. 2030 target: monitoring plan including IP and LC, women, girls and young people. Measures include joint monitoring plans with IP/LC, research-conservation partnerships, multilingual guidelines, and updating the land tenure regime by restoring rights to local communities. Indicators: I1GT21 (participation level in biodiversity decision-making), I2GT21 (land tenure in traditional territories).

Target 22 — Inclusive participation — Addressed

Addressed through NO19. 2030 target: effective implementation of Law 24 on land ownership and its implementing texts. Measures include safe-environment commitments for IP, LC and environmental activists, sex-disaggregated assessment of agricultural land rights, and youth awareness during World Wildlife Day. Indicator: I1GT22 (adult population with secure land rights, sex-disaggregated).

Target 23 — Gender equality — Addressed

Addressed through NO18 (see Section 6). 2030 target: 30% representation of women in national and local legislative, civil service and judicial bodies. National focal point for gender equality and biodiversity is part of the national coordination mechanism. Indicator: I1GT23 (share of positions in national and local institutions, disaggregated by sex, age, disability status and population group).