Madagascar

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Sub-Saharan AfricaApplies 2026–2030Source: Stratégie et Plans d'Action Nationaux pour la Biodiversité

1. Overview

Madagascar's Stratégie et Plans d'Action Nationaux pour la Biodiversité (SPANB) 2026–2030 was developed by the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development (MEDD) as a revision and extension of the 2015–2025 NBSAPs, aligned with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) adopted at COP15 [§5][§30]. The strategy is anchored in the updated Malagasy Environmental Charter (Law No. 2015-003) and the National Environmental Action Plan for Sustainable Development (PANEDD) 2024–2030 [§5].

The strategy organises 23 national commitments* — adapted from the 23 GBF Targets — into three implementation Programmes: Programme 1 reduces threats to biodiversity (Targets 1–8); Programme 2 covers sustainable use and benefit-sharing (Targets 9–13); and Programme 3 provides tools, mainstreaming and means of implementation (Targets 14–23) [§80][§81][§131][§163]. These sit under a Vision 2050, a Mission 2030 positioning Madagascar as a "country of solutions and actions for biodiversity", and four long-term national objectives** (A–D) covering ecosystem integrity, sustainable use, equitable benefit-sharing from genetic resources, and means of implementation [§7][§8][§9][§62-66].

Total estimated financial requirements amount to USD 812,292,880 for 2026–2030, which the NBSAP describes as an "indicative basis... that may be refined and updated" [§245]. The headline territorial pledge is to dedicate at least 30% of the national territory to conservation areas, reflecting Madagascar's 2021 accession to the High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People [§5][§24]. Implementation is coordinated by the Inter-Ministerial Environment Committee (CIME), repositioned under the Prime Minister by Decree No. 2024-1808 of 22 October 2024 [§16][§232].

* Madagascar's NBSAP calls these "cibles nationales" (national targets). This page uses "national commitment" / "GBF Target" per the KMGBF terminology.

** Madagascar's NBSAP calls these "Objectifs nationaux" (national objectives). They mirror the four KMGBF 2050 Goals (A–D) and are referred to here as GBF Goals to avoid confusion with the 23 national targets.

Madagascar's NBSAP 2026–2030 commits the country to dedicating at least 30% of its territory to conservation areas, organising 23 national commitments into three implementation programmes, and mobilising USD 812 million — with a single line for protected areas (Target 3) absorbing 65% of the entire budget. A National Resource Mobilisation Strategy is flagged as still pending due to recent national political events.

Sources:

  • §5 — Summary for decision-makers > positioning Madagascar
  • §7-9 — National Biodiversity Strategy > Vision, Mission, National Objectives
  • §16 — Implementation conditions > NBSAP implementation mechanism
  • §24 — Introduction > International context
  • §30 — Justification for updating the NBSAPs
  • §62-66 — National objectives A–D
  • §80-81, §131, §163 — National action plans 2026-2030; Programmes 1–3
  • §232 — Institutional arrangement (CIME under PM)
  • §245 — Mobilisation of financial resources

2. Ecological Context

Madagascar contains approximately 5% of the planet's biodiversity on 0.4% of global land surface — a species richness rate "more than twelve times higher than expected for an equivalent area" [§4][§27]. Endemism is concentrated and quantifiable: lemurs at 100%, amphibians approaching 99%, reptiles exceeding 90%, vascular flora above 80%, non-volant terrestrial mammals (excluding lemurs) near 90%, freshwater fish above 70%, and avifauna at approximately 61% [§27]. The country harbours more than 15,000 vascular plant species (over 80% endemic), five endemic bird families, seven endemic terrestrial mammal families, more than 400 reptile species, and around 350 described amphibian species with more than 200 still awaiting description [§20].

The island extends from coastal strips to highlands culminating at over 2,500 m, with a humid eastern façade, central highlands of north-south mountain ranges, and dry forests, savannas, karst and endemic baobabs in the west and south-west [§21]. Central highland soils are ancient ferrallitic soils, heavily leached and vulnerable to water erosion that produces the funnel-shaped gullies called lavaka [§22]. Coastal ecosystems include mangroves "among the most extensive and diverse in the western Indian Ocean", coral reefs, seagrass beds, lagoons and mudflats [§21].

Pressures and recent shocks. According to the IUCN Red List, Madagascar has 4,081 threatened species, including 3,097 plant species (547 CR, 1,559 EN, 991 VU) and 984 animal species (176 CR, 506 EN, 302 VU) [§50]. Between 2015 and 2025, forest cover declined from approximately 13.68 million to 9.92 million hectares — a loss of nearly 3.8 million hectares, or 27% [§50]. An internal MEDD report cited by the NBSAP records that more than 6 million hectares were burned in 2024 across all land-use categories [§50]. More than 90% of households use wood energy as their primary cooking source, fuelling illegal logging alongside artisanal and industrial mining, slash-and-burn cultivation, and demographic growth [§50]. Bushmeat supply chains — including an urban trade in lemur meat — and international wildlife trafficking targeting radiated tortoises (Astrochelys radiata), spider tortoises (Pyxis arachnoides), endemic chameleons, geckos and sharks are documented in the source [§50]. Coral reefs have been affected by recent bleaching episodes; coastal sea cucumbers in the South-West show signs of overexploitation [§50].

Cultural-ecological linkages. The NBSAP identifies many forests, trees, lakes and mountains as sacred and associated with ancestors (Razana), and notes that lemurs benefit in certain regions from taboos (Fady) that prohibit their hunting [§29]. Traditional rituals (offerings to Zanahary, famadihana), phytotherapy and Malagasy craftsmanship rely on the sustainable use of plant fibres, wood and other natural resources [§29].

Sources:

  • §4, §20–22, §27–29 — Introduction and biodiversity values
  • §50 — State of biodiversity following implementation of the 2015-2025 NBSAPs

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

Madagascar's 23 national commitments are grouped here under the country's three implementation programmes. Each commitment maps 1:1 to the equivalent GBF Target. Per-target detail, indicators and instruments are presented in Section 7; this section synthesises the country's own structure and classifies measurability.

Programme 1 — Reducing threats to biodiversity (Targets 1–8)

Programme 1 carries an estimated requirement of USD 684,327,983, of which Target 3 alone accounts for 77.4% [§130].

  • Target 1 (Spatial planning) — Directional aspiration. Reduces the rate of loss of areas of high importance for biodiversity through participatory, integrated and biodiversity-respectful spatial planning [§82]. USD 56.5M.
  • Target 2 (Restoration) — Measurable commitment. "At least 25% of degraded areas of all terrestrial, lacustrine, coastal and marine ecosystems are subject to effective restoration" [§88], complemented by Madagascar's AFR100 commitment to restore at least 4 million hectares by 2030 [§50]. USD 22.2M.
  • Target 3 (Protected areas) — Measurable commitment. "At least 21.5% of terrestrial areas and 8.5% of marine areas... conserved and effectively managed" by 2030 [§94], plus the higher-level 30% territorial conservation pledge [§5]. USD 529.7M — see Flex section A.
  • Target 4 (Species recovery) — Directional aspiration. Reduces extinction risk and preserves genetic diversity through in situ and ex situ action [§100]. USD 25.2M.
  • Target 5 (Sustainable harvest) — Directional aspiration. Wild species used, harvested and traded in a sustainable, safe and legal manner, including anti-trafficking measures embedded in the renewed protected-area management contracts [§106][§54]. USD 3.0M.
  • Target 6 (Invasive alien species) — Directional aspiration. Consolidates the IAS knowledge base, surveillance and quarantine protocols [§112]. USD 13.8M.
  • Target 7 (Pollution) — Directional aspiration at target level, with a 10-year roadmap to reduce all sources of pollution by 50% by 2034 [§55][§118]. USD 8.7M.
  • Target 8 (Climate) — Directional aspiration. Minimises climate-change impact on biodiversity through joint biodiversity-climate monitoring and EbA/NbS [§124]. USD 25.1M.

Programme 2 — Meeting needs through sustainable use and benefit-sharing (Targets 9–13)

Programme 2 totals USD 47,231,818, led by sustainable productive sectors (Target 10, 39.3%) and ecosystem services (Target 11, 30.1%) [§162].

  • Target 9 (Wild species use) — Directional aspiration [§132]. USD 2.85M.
  • Target 10 (Agriculture/forestry) — Directional aspiration; integrated sustainable management of agricultural, pastoral, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry areas [§138]. USD 18.6M.
  • Target 11 (Ecosystem services / NbS) — Directional aspiration; promotes special treasury accounts reactivated for exclusive conservation use, plus National Forest Funds [§144]. USD 14.2M.
  • Target 12 (Urban biodiversity) — Directional aspiration; includes a planned Urban Green Fund [§150]. USD 9.6M.
  • Target 13 (Genetic resources / ABS) — Directional aspiration; operationalises the Nagoya Protocol via NCA, NFP, ANTM and dedicated ABS funds [§155][§156]. USD 1.98M.

Programme 3 — Tools, mainstreaming and means of implementation (Targets 14–23)

Programme 3 totals USD 80,733,079, led by data and knowledge (Target 21, 22.0%) and gender (Target 23, 18.1%) [§227].

  • Target 14 (Mainstreaming) — Directional aspiration; commits to SEEA implementation [§164]. USD 7.94M.
  • Target 15 (Business disclosure) — Directional aspiration; aligned with ISO 26000, ISO 14001, TNFD and the new MECIE Decree 2025-080 [§170][§52]. USD 5.67M.
  • Target 16 (Sustainable consumption) — Directional aspiration; tracks food waste, imported material and ecological footprints [§176]. USD 4.71M.
  • Target 17 (Biosafety) — Directional aspiration; aligned with Cartagena and Nagoya–Kuala Lumpur protocols [§182]. USD 6.05M.
  • Target 18 (Harmful subsidies) — Directional aspiration; dedicated Plans for both reallocation of harmful subsidies and maximisation of favourable subsidies [§188]. USD 1.54M (smallest Programme 3 line).
  • Target 19 (Finance mobilisation) — Measurable commitment; budget-denominated with indicators D.1, D.2, D.3 [§194][§195]. USD 6.94M. The associated National Resource Mobilisation Strategy is an interim commitment, flagged as "still pending due to recent national political events" [§19][§245].
  • Target 20 (Capacity and technology) — Directional aspiration; explicit references to drones, remote sensing and Conservation AI [§200]. USD 10.2M.
  • Target 21 (Data and information) — Directional aspiration; institutionalises the National Biodiversity Platform (Plateforme Nationale sur la Biodiversité, PNB) [§207]. USD 17.7M (largest Programme 3 line).
  • Target 22 (Inclusive participation) — Directional aspiration; explicit commitment to protect environmental defenders [§214]. USD 5.32M.
  • Target 23 (Gender) — Directional aspiration; anchored in PANAGED with gender-responsive budgeting. USD 14.6M.

The NBSAP's overall budget is itself an interim commitment: figures are described as an "indicative basis... that may be refined and updated according to the evolution of national priorities, institutional capacities and the implementation context" [§245].

Sources:

  • §5, §50, §54, §55 — context cross-references
  • §82–§214 — Target statements
  • §130, §162, §227, §245 — Programme financial requirements

4. Delivery Architecture

Implementation rests on five conditions: strong political commitment; coherent governance across legal/institutional, planning and implementation pillars; an appropriate institutional arrangement; operational anchoring from central to decentralised levels; and adequate, timely resources [§15][§228].

Cross-cutting legal instruments. Decree No. 2025-080 on the Compatibility of Investments with the Environment (MECIE, Mise en Compatibilité des Investissements avec l'Environnement), adopted on 28 January 2025, establishes rules and procedures for environmental and social assessment, applies the principle of no net loss of biodiversity, and requires projects to follow the Avoid–Mitigate–Remediate (AMR) sequence; the Office National pour l'Environnement (ONE) is the implementing entity [§52]. An overhaul of the Mining Code is underway to integrate conservation and ecological restoration principles [§53]. The strategy is anchored in the updated Malagasy Environment Charter (Law No. 2015-003) and the National Environmental Action Plan for Sustainable Development (PANEDD 2024–2030) [§55].

Restoration and pollution. A National FLR Committee, an Inter-ministerial Land Use Planning Committee (CIPA), Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs) and Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) coordinate restoration [§89]. A ten-year roadmap to combat pollution targets a 50% reduction in all sources of pollution by 2034, supported by the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention, the 2025–2030 Action Plan for the Nairobi Convention, the National Minamata Action Plan (2018), and the National Pollution Management Strategy (PASP, 2018) [§55]. A "polluter-pays" decree, an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) mechanism for plastic materials, and the PlastiNetwork platform are planned [§119][§121].

Climate and disaster risk. Delivery relies on the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), a national action plan on coral reefs and associated habitats, and the NIHYCRI Standard (Malagasy Standard for hydro-agricultural infrastructure against floods) integrated into the Stratégie Nationale de Gestion des Risques et des Catastrophes (SNGRC) through Eco-DRR approaches [§125]. EbA/NbS financing is to be mobilised via GEF, GCF and green-bond instruments [§125].

Food systems and ABS. Implementation aligns with the Great Green Wall Initiative (GMV), the national roadmap on Sustainable Food Systems and the Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) programmes [§55][§56]. Madagascar's ABS framework operationalises the Nagoya Protocol through community protocols, FPIC procedures, a National Competent Authority (NCA), a National Focal Point (NFP), an ad hoc inter-ministerial commission, the Agence Nationale de la Tradition Malagasy (ANTM), and dedicated ABS funds [§156]. Biosafety operationalises the Comité National de Biosécurité (CNB), Bureau National de Biosécurité (BNB), a Scientific and Technical Committee (CST), a Risk Assessment Committee, and a Reference Laboratory [§183][§184].

Corporate responsibility and gender. The Stratégie Nationale de Responsabilité Sociétale des Entreprises (SNRSE) was updated in 2024; Target 15 deploys a national CSR/biodiversity label and a national register of biodiversity reports aligned with ISO 26000, ISO 14001 and TNFD [§55][§171]. Gender integration builds on the Plan d'Action National Genre et Développement (PANAGED) and gender-responsive budgeting circulars [§14][§221].

Sources:

  • §14, §15, §52–§56, §89, §119, §121, §125, §156, §171, §183–184, §221, §228

4a. Flex — Protected areas at 30% and the 2025 governance reset

Madagascar's protected-area system is the structural centrepiece of the NBSAP. Target 3 alone — at USD 529,739,546 — represents 77.4% of Programme 1 and 65% of the entire NBSAP budget [§95][§130][§245], anchored on a national pledge to dedicate at least 30% of territory to conservation areas, formalised through Madagascar's 2021 accession to the High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People [§5][§24].

Current coverage. Protected areas total 7,240,192 ha (4,388,047 ha terrestrial, 207 ha marine, and 2,851,938 ha mixed, of which 807,285 ha marine and 2,044,652 ha terrestrial) [§50]. Community management transfers under the TGRN (Transfert de Gestion des Ressources Naturelles) mechanisms — GELOSE (Gestion Locale Sécurisée) and GCF (Gestion Contractualisée des Forêts) — cover 2,179,615 ha; Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs) extend over 1,024,352 ha [§50]. Terrestrial KBA assessments have identified more than 200 critical sites covering 3,493,433 ha outside existing protection, and marine KBAs (LARIN designation) cover 3,205,161 ha, with Madagascar's first marine KBA officially confirmed in the Grand Sud in 2025 and additional candidates (Nosy Be–Tsimipaika, Baie d'Antongil, Nosy Boraha) under validation [§50].

The 2025 governance reset. On 19 August 2025 the MEDD signed 51 new management delegation contracts with 20 protected area managers, ending a more than seven-year period without signed contracts. The new contracts incorporate technologies for monitoring and combating illicit trafficking and fires and a social approach strengthening local community participation [§54].

Financing. The Fondation pour les Aires Protégées et la Biodiversité de Madagascar (FAPBM) provides long-term sustainable funding, originally for Madagascar National Parks (MNP) and progressively for the entire system [§50][§195]. Of the USD 529.7M Target 3 envelope, USD 527.1M is earmarked for strengthening management of areas already under protection [§130]. Additional financing instruments include market-based approaches, biodiversity offsets, tax instruments, private sector CSR, biodiversity credits (BOND), REDD+, ecotourism and a planned local Blue Fund [§95].

5. Monitoring and Accountability

Apex governance. The Inter-Ministerial Environment Committee (CIME, Comité Interministériel de l'Environnement) is the national strategic body, repositioned under the authority of the Prime Minister by Decree No. 2024-1808 of 22 October 2024 [§16][§232]. Under Article 5, CIME arbitrates strategic divergences through binding directives; each ministerial department submits a strategic document at the start of the year and a summarised annual report at year-end, on the basis of which an annual evaluation is carried out under CIME supervision [§233]. The MEDD provides technical oversight and intersectoral coordination, supported by an Executive Secretariat and the Maison de la Biodiversité (Biodiversity House) for day-to-day operational coordination [§16][§233].

Multi-level coordination. Sectoral ministries (agriculture, livestock, fisheries, mining, energy, spatial planning, finance, tourism, education) integrate NBSAP objectives into their policies, plans and budgets [§242]. Decentralised authorities (regions, districts, urban/rural communes) adapt actions to local realities. Local Consultation Structures (Structures Locales de Concertation, SLC), established under Decree No. 2015-957 of 16 June 2015, provide spaces for dialogue [§234]. Sectoral Environmental Units (CES) and Regional Environmental Units (CER) integrate environmental and climate dimensions under CIME guidance [§233].

Monitoring framework. A national monitoring and evaluation system measures progress through a performance framework of quantitative and qualitative indicators aligned with the KMGBF, including mechanisms for data collection, analysis, verification and periodic review, and regular reports for national bodies and international obligations [§241]. The system integrates a spatialised biodiversity-climate monitoring layer with dedicated NbS/EbA indicators and integrates biodiversity data into sectoral greenhouse-gas inventories, consolidating "transparency and joint climate-biodiversity reporting" [§241]. Independent evaluations may be carried out to assess effectiveness and propose adjustments [§241]. Reporting cadence is described as "regular" but specific frequencies are not given in the source.

Information system. A National Biodiversity Information System (Système National d'Information sur la Biodiversité), supplemented by Clearing-House Mechanisms and the National Biodiversity Platform (Plateforme Nationale sur la Biodiversité, PNB), collects data from State, scientists, local communities, NGOs and the private sector [§240]. The PNB is to be institutionalised by regulatory text and operates through CIME, a Steering Committee, the Executive Secretariat and thematic groups, supported by the CABES Project and the GBF/GIZ Project [§208][§210].

Sources:

  • §16, §208, §210, §232–234, §240–242

5a. Flex — Traditional knowledge, customary governance and ABS

Customary institutions are structurally embedded across the NBSAP rather than confined to a single target.

The strategy explicitly identifies many natural sites — forests, remarkable trees, lakes, mountains — as sacred and associated with ancestors (Razana); lemurs benefit in certain regions from taboos (Fady) prohibiting their hunting; rituals such as offerings to Zanahary and the famadihana are referenced; and phytotherapy, local pharmacopoeia and Malagasy craftsmanship rely on the sustainable use of natural resources [§29]. The NBSAP promotes the use of dina (customary rules) and alternative dispute resolution methods based on Malagasy values [§215].

The GELOSE law (loi GELOSE — Gestion Locale Sécurisée) and Bio-Cultural Protocols (Protocoles Bio Culturels) underpin inclusive participation [§14]. Community networks referenced include TAFO MIHAAVO, MIHARI, SIF and the Agence Nationale de la Tradition Malagasy (ANTM) [§215]. Local management transfer contracts, community land certificates (CFC) and Bureaux d'Information Foncière (BIF) operationalise land tenure security [§215].

The Nagoya Protocol is operationalised through community protocols, Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) procedures, a National Competent Authority (NCA) with dedicated secretariat, a National Focal Point (NFP), an ad hoc inter-ministerial commission, the ANTM, and special funds dedicated to monetary benefits received through the ABS mechanism [§156]. Target 22 includes an explicit commitment to protect environmental defenders and to integrate traditional knowledge into biodiversity management [§214].

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

The NBSAP estimates total financial requirements for 2026–2030 at USD 812,292,880, distributed across Programme 1 (USD 684.3M), Programme 2 (USD 47.2M) and Programme 3 (USD 80.7M) [§245][§130][§162][§227]. Within Programme 3, the largest allocations are Target 21 — data and knowledge — (USD 17.7M), Target 23 — gender — (USD 14.6M), and Target 20 — capacity building — (USD 10.2M) [§227]. Target 19 (finance mobilisation) itself carries USD 6.94M [§195].

Financing portfolio. The financing mechanism rests on a diversified portfolio: national public resources through integration into the Finance Act (Loi des finances) and the Medium-Term Expenditure Frameworks (Cadres de Dépenses à Moyen Terme, CDMT) under biodiversity-sensitive budgeting; bilateral and multilateral technical and financial partners; private sector contributions through CSR, public-private partnerships and compensation mechanisms; and innovative instruments including carbon credits, payments for ecosystem services (PES), green bonds and environmental funds [§239]. Funds are administered by authorised national mechanisms, "notably Environmental Funds and other recognised financial management mechanisms" [§239].

Domestic financing institutions. The Fondation pour les Aires Protégées et la Biodiversité de Madagascar (FAPBM) and the Tany Meva Foundation are identified as long-term domestic funders [§195][§50]. Madagascar continued the BIOFIN (Biodiversity Finance Initiative) process through a Policy and Institutional Review (PIR), a Biodiversity Expenditure Review (BER), a Financial Needs Assessment (FNA), and a Biodiversity Finance Plan finalised in 2022, currently being implemented with the support of the German Government and the European Union [§56]. The SPACES Programme is an additional supporting stakeholder for Target 19 [§195].

Innovative instruments. Across targets, the NBSAP references biodiversity credits (BOND), blended finance, green and blue bonds, carbon markets, an Urban Green Fund (Target 12), a national biosafety fund (Target 17), National Forest Funds and special treasury accounts (Target 11), and ecological labelling and certification schemes [§95][§154][§187][§149][§175]. National entities are to be accredited to the GEF, GBFF, Kunming Biodiversity Fund, Japanese Fund and Green Climate Fund (GCF) [§195]. Carbon valorisation is already producing revenue: in 2023, Madagascar received USD 8.8 million from the World Bank under REDD+ as payment for the verified reduction of 1.76 million tonnes of carbon emissions achieved in 2020 [§28].

Indicators. Target 19 indicators include the annual amount of national and international, public and private financial support for biodiversity (aligned with GBF headline indicators D.1, D.2, D.3); foreign direct investment, ODA and South-South cooperation as a proportion of total domestic budget; the monetary value of the annual biodiversity budget relative to the total national budget; and the percentage of annual expenditure devoted to biodiversity [§195].

Subsidy reform. The Government commits to "progressive review, reduction and elimination of subsidies harmful to biodiversity," targeting unsustainable agricultural practices (including livestock and forestry), unregulated exploitation and pollution-generating activities, with positive incentives for ecosystem restoration, sustainable agriculture, responsible fishing and the circular economy [§79][§239].

National Resource Mobilisation Strategy. The Stratégie Nationale de Mobilisation des Ressources is identified as the principal future instrument for directing investments and facilitating access to international financing, but the NBSAP states its finalisation is "still pending due to recent national political events" [§19][§245]. The country acknowledges a persistent financing gap: previous-cycle funding remained "largely dependent on external partners" and "below actual needs" [§40]. Total NBSAP figures are an "indicative basis" that "may be refined and updated" [§245].

Sources:

  • §19, §28, §40, §50, §56, §78–79, §95, §130, §149, §154, §162, §175, §187, §194–195, §227, §239, §245

7. GBF Target Coverage

Target 1 — Spatial planning — Addressed

Reduces the rate of loss of areas of high importance for biodiversity through participatory, integrated and biodiversity-respectful spatial planning. Allocates USD 56,477,743 (8.25% of Programme 1 — the second-largest Programme 1 line). Actions modernise territorial information systems, develop and implement SEAs/EIAs, and strengthen GIS and territorial-analysis skills to support cross-sectoral coordination. Full action table for Target 1 is not present in the source briefing.

Target 2 — Ecosystem restoration — Addressed

Measurable commitment. "At least 25% of degraded areas of all terrestrial, lacustrine, coastal and marine ecosystems" subject to effective restoration by 2030, complemented by the AFR100 commitment to restore at least 4 million hectares by 2030 (with approximately 1.5 million hectares already undergoing restoration). USD 22,179,962. Coordinated by the National FLR Committee, CIPA, Fisheries Management Plans, and PES instruments. Context: 27% forest loss between 2015 and 2025 (~3.8 million ha).

Target 3 — Protected areas (30x30) — Addressed

Measurable commitment. At least 21.5% terrestrial and 8.5% marine areas effectively conserved by 2030, plus the higher national pledge of 30% territorial conservation. USD 529,739,546 — the largest single line in the NBSAP (65% of total). Current coverage 7,240,192 ha; TGRN management transfers 2,179,615 ha; LMMAs 1,024,352 ha; first marine KBA confirmed Grand Sud, 2025. 51 new management delegation contracts signed 19 August 2025 with 20 managers, ending a 7-year gap. Long-term financing through FAPBM, with biodiversity credits (BOND), REDD+ and a planned Blue Fund. See Flex Section 4a.

Target 4 — Species recovery — Addressed

Reduces the extinction of threatened indigenous and wild species and preserves genetic diversity through in situ and ex situ research, conservation, sustainable management and restoration. USD 25,210,235. Actions include updating the national IUCN Red List, vulnerability assessments, modernising ex situ conservation infrastructure, and establishing a GIS-based monitoring system. Context: 4,081 IUCN-listed threatened species. No species-specific numerical recovery goals are provided.

Target 5 — Sustainable harvest — Addressed

Wild species (terrestrial, marine, aquatic) used, harvested and traded sustainably, safely and legally, with respect for traditional practices. USD 3,009,575 — smallest Programme 1 line. National lists of priority species, interoperable databases integrating Customs, NGOs and ministries, quotas, biological rest zones and community controls. Anti-trafficking measures embedded in the 19 August 2025 management delegation contracts. Documented pressures: bushmeat trade, international trafficking of Astrochelys radiata, Pyxis arachnoides, chameleons, geckos and shark fins.

Target 6 — Invasive alien species — Addressed

Consolidated knowledge base on IAS and pathways of introduction, with coordinated prevention, surveillance, applied research and sustainable financing. USD 13,820,842. Actions include inventory and mapping of terrestrial and aquatic IES, dynamic information system for early detection, point-of-entry quarantine protocols, and creation of dedicated permanent funds.

Target 7 — Pollution reduction — Addressed

Air, water and soil pollution from plastics, pesticides and highly hazardous chemicals reduced. USD 8,748,338. Anchored in the ten-year roadmap targeting a 50% reduction of all sources of pollution by 2034. Instruments include the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention, the National Minamata Action Plan (2018), the National Pollution Management Strategy (PASP, 2018), a planned "polluter-pays" decree, an EPR mechanism for plastic materials, the PlastiNetwork platform, and the Sainte-Marie model for plastic-pollution-free islands.

Target 8 — Climate and biodiversity — Addressed

Minimises climate-change impact on biodiversity through mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk reduction. USD 25,141,742. Delivery via the NDC, the national action plan on coral reefs and associated habitats, the NIHYCRI Standard, Eco-DRR through SNGRC, and integrated biodiversity-climate monitoring with NbS/EbA indicators. Financing through GEF, GCF and green-bond instruments. Joint biodiversity-climate reporting and integration of biodiversity data into sectoral GHG inventories explicitly committed.

Target 9 — Wild species use — Addressed

Wild species used and managed sustainably to provide social, economic and environmental benefits, particularly to vulnerable populations. USD 2,852,880 — smallest Programme 2 line. Emphasises alternative sectors (ecotourism, beekeeping, aquaculture, medicinal/aromatic/flavour plants) with certification and traceability, and ecological microcredits.

Target 10 — Agriculture / forestry — Addressed

Agricultural, pastoral, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry areas managed sustainably and in an integrated manner. USD 18,570,451 — largest Programme 2 line (39.32%). Integrated data systems, PES, green credits, fiscal incentives, and progressive elimination of subsidies linked to unsustainable practices, replaced by positive incentives.

Target 11 — Ecosystem services (NbS) — Addressed

Contributions of NbS and ecosystem goods and services restored, preserved and strengthened. USD 14,194,889. Distinctive financing architecture: dedicated State budget line, optimisation of fiscal/parafiscal systems, special treasury accounts reactivated for exclusive conservation use, plus PES, green funds and National Forest Funds.

Target 12 — Urban biodiversity — Addressed

Urban green and blue spaces improved for human well-being and biodiversity. USD 9,631,950. Establishes a national environmental monitoring and strategic assessment system for urban plans, an Urban Green Fund, financial incentive mechanisms, and green labelling systems.

Target 13 — Genetic resources / ABS — Addressed

Effective legal, political, administrative and capacity-strengthening measures for ABS. USD 1,981,648, with a fully costed three-pillar breakdown: governance (USD 893,804), capacity development (USD 739,362) and monitoring/surveillance (USD 348,482). Operationalises the Nagoya Protocol through the NCA, NFP, ad hoc inter-ministerial commission, ANTM and dedicated ABS funds. Bio-Cultural Protocols underpin community participation.

Target 14 — Mainstreaming — Addressed

Biodiversity and its multiple values integrated into decision-making at all levels. USD 7,935,695, with thirteen actions across three strategic axes. Explicit commitment to implement the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) as indicator 14.CT.1, and to create dedicated biodiversity budget lines.

Target 15 — Business disclosure — Addressed

Businesses, in particular large enterprises and financial institutions, assess, disclose and reduce negative impacts on biodiversity. USD 5,665,285, with seventeen actions across three strategic axes. Aligned with ISO 26000, ISO 14001, TNFD and the new MECIE Decree 2025-080. Deploys a national CSR/biodiversity label, a national register of biodiversity reports (indicator 15.1), and applies the Mitigation Hierarchy (Avoid–Reduce–Restore–Offset / ARRO) and the 5R approach.

Target 16 — Sustainable consumption — Addressed

National consumers adopt sustainable practices for purchasing, use and waste management. USD 4,709,841, with eight actions across four strategic axes. Headline indicators include food waste index (16.CT.1), imported material footprint (16.CT.2), imported ecological footprint (16.CT.3) and national recycling rate (16.CY.2). Curriculum revision to integrate Sustainable Consumption is included.

Target 17 — Biosafety — Addressed

Measures relating to biotechnological safety, management and benefit-sharing created and strengthened. USD 6,053,552, with seven actions across three strategic axes. Aligned with the Cartagena Protocol and the Nagoya–Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol. Operationalises the CNB, BNB, CST, Risk Assessment Committee and Reference Laboratory; UNEP-GEF identified as financing partner.

Target 18 — Harmful subsidies — Addressed

Harmful incentives eliminated or progressively reduced; positive incentives developed. USD 1,542,427 — smallest Programme 3 line. Dedicated Plans for both reallocation of harmful subsidies and sustainable maximisation of favourable subsidies. Tracked through indicator 18.2 (value of harmful subsidies eliminated/reformed), 18.1 (positive incentive measures), 18.CT.2 (PES monetary value) and 18.CT.3 (biodiversity offsets monetary value).

Target 19 — Finance mobilisation — Addressed

Measurable commitment (budget-denominated). Human and financial capital increased to "sufficient and adequate levels" by 2030. USD 6,937,302 across three strategic axes. Headline indicators D.1, D.2, D.3. Key national instruments: FAPBM, Tany Meva Foundation, BIOFIN, SPACES. International funds named: GEF, GBFF, Kunming Biodiversity Fund, Japanese Fund, GCF. The associated National Resource Mobilisation Strategy is interim — finalisation pending due to recent national political events. See Section 6.

Target 20 — Capacity and technology — Addressed

Decision-making, action and results improved through capacity development, technical and scientific cooperation, technology transfer and innovation. USD 10,208,825 across nine actions and four strategic axes. Largest cost component is research partnerships (USD 5.35M). Explicit references to drones, remote sensing and Conservation AI.

Target 21 — Data and information — Addressed

Decisions underpinned by reliable, accessible and widely shared data, information and knowledge. USD 17,728,736 — the largest Programme 3 line (21.96%); USD 16.83M earmarked for capacity building, technological tools and strengthening the Science-Policy Interface. Institutionalises the Plateforme Nationale sur la Biodiversité (PNB), coordinated through CIME, a Steering Committee, the Executive Secretariat and thematic groups, supported by the CABES Project and the GBF/GIZ Project.

Target 22 — Inclusive participation — Addressed

Participation of all in decision-making and access to justice and information ensured. USD 5,317,370 across three cost categories. Explicit commitment to protect environmental defenders, secure land rights of local communities, and ensure inclusive participation of women, young people and vulnerable persons. Anchored in the GELOSE law and Bio-Cultural Protocols.

Target 23 — Gender equality — Addressed

Biodiversity actions integrate a gender-sensitive approach. USD 14,634,046 — second-largest Programme 3 line (18.13%) — with USD 11.77M for decision-making and planning. Anchored in the Plan d'Action National Genre et Développement (PANAGED). Gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) circulars and dedicated funding windows planned. Nine actions across three strategic axes.