Thailand

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

South-Eastern AsiaApplies 2023–2027Source: National Biodiversity Action Plan B.E. 2566–2570 (2023–2027)

1. Overview

Thailand's National Biodiversity Action Plan B.E. 2566–2570 (2023–2027) was developed by the Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP) and produced with support from the Global Environment Facility under the Global Biodiversity Framework Early Action Support Project, in cooperation with UNDP Thailand and BIOFIN Thailand [§3][§8]. The plan draws on a review of the previous Biodiversity Management Action Plan 2017–2022, in which 21 of 25 targets reached evaluation levels 4–5 while four showed progress short of completion, held back by "insufficient and inconsistent data collection for national reporting" [§37][§160].

The strategy organises its commitments under three strategic pillars and twelve national commitments*. Strategy 1 covers conservation, restoration, and threat reduction (Targets 1–4); Strategy 2 covers the bio-based economy and sustainable use (Targets 5–7); Strategy 3 covers mainstreaming, finance, data, capacity, and legal frameworks (Targets 8–12) [§67][§68][§69].

The plan is explicitly aligned with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) and identifies 16 SDGs as biodiversity-related [§71]. It adopts the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP)** — a Thai policy doctrine emphasising "moderation, reasonableness, and appropriate preparedness" — as its overarching guiding concept [§54], operationalised through the Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) Economy Action Plan 2021–2027 [§48].

In a hallway summary: Thailand's 2023–2027 NBSAP compresses the 23 GBF Targets into twelve national commitments across three strategies, commits to 30% protected areas on land and at sea by 2030 (with interim 23% / 15% milestones by 2027), and positions a Draft Biodiversity Act — under development since 2017 — as the keystone instrument to be enacted by 2027.

Sources:

§3 — Preface
§8 — Executive Summary
§37 — Section 3, Advancements in the Implementation of the 2017–2022 Plan
§48 — Section 4 > 4.3.6 BCG Economy Action Plan
§54 — Section 5 > 5.2.1 Sufficiency Economy Philosophy
§67–§69 — Section 5 > 5.4 Strategies
§71 — Section 5 > 5.5.2 Alignment with KM-GBF and SDGs
§160 — Section 7 > Monitoring and Evaluation

2. Ecological Context

Thailand straddles two major biogeographical regions — the Indochinese region in the north and the Sundaic region in the south — and was ranked 20th globally for biodiversity in 2022, down from 18th in 2016 [§11]. Agricultural land, dominated by monoculture economic crops, occupies 55.50% of the country; forest cover stood at 31.59% in 2021, declining from 2020 due to encroachment, logging, and fires; mangroves covered 1.74 million rai (0.54%) in 2020; and wetlands covered 22.88 million rai (6.75%), including 15 sites listed under the Ramsar Convention [§11]. Regional comparison places Thailand's forest cover at 32% against 75% in Brunei Darussalam, 55% in Malaysia, and 51% in Indonesia [§10].

Species. Thailand is estimated to host approximately 15,000 plant species (8% of global plant species); 999 of 1,185 assessed plant species are threatened, including 93 Critically Endangered [§11]. Across vertebrates, 5,005 species were recorded in 2020 — an increase of 274 from 2017 — of which 676 were threatened (122 mammals, 189 birds, 51 reptiles, 19 amphibians, 295 fish), up from 569 in 2017 [§11]. A 2020 invertebrate assessment recorded 3,203 species including 426 corals, 302 of them threatened [§11]. The 2020 vertebrate Red List Index stood at 0.87 (up from 0.80 in 2015), with mammals at highest risk; the invertebrate RLI was 0.85, with corals at highest risk [§11]. Thailand also hosts more than 200,000 microorganism species [§11].

Pressures. The plan identifies habitat loss from population growth, urban expansion, forest encroachment and wetland reclamation, illegal wildlife and plant harvesting, invasive alien species, pollution, and climate change and natural disasters as the principal drivers of biodiversity loss [§14]. In 2024, national greenhouse gas emissions reached 372.12 million tons of CO₂-equivalent, growing at an average 2.21% per year from 2000; in 2022, 25.70 million tons of solid waste were generated at 1.07 kg per capita per day, contributing to marine debris deaths of rare marine animals [§14]. Regional projections indicate ASEAN is estimated to lose 70–90% of habitats and 13–42% of species by 2100 [§10].

Sources:

§10 — Section 2 > Regional Biodiversity State
§11 — Section 2 > The State of Thailand's Biodiversity
§14 — Section 2 > Threats to Biodiversity

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

The plan sets twelve national commitments grouped under three strategies. Each is presented below with its commitment statement, GBF Target mapping, delivery instruments, measurability classification, and cited indicators.

Commitment 1 — Spatial planning (Strategy 1)

Reduce loss of important biodiversity areas on land and at sea through effective, integrated spatial planning. The commitment applies integrated spatial planning using environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment, complemented by coastal, wetland, and watershed management plans, extending coverage to the entire national territory by 2027, with participatory planning that recognises the land-use practices and rights of indigenous peoples and local communities [§72]. Maps to GBF Target 1. Measurable commitment: rate of natural habitat loss reduced by 50%; integrity status of coral reefs and seagrass beds improved; at least 15% of significant biodiversity areas included in integrated spatial plans [§76].

Commitment 2 — Protected areas, OECMs, and restoration (Strategy 1)

Conserve, restore, and expand protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) to enhance ecosystem integrity and connectivity [§78]. Maps to GBF Targets 2 and 3. Measurable commitment with sequenced milestones: at least 23% of terrestrial and 15% of marine area under protected areas and OECMs by 2027, rising to at least 30% of both by 2030; at least 30% of degraded natural habitats restored [§83]. The commitment recognises a third category — conservation areas utilised by indigenous peoples and local communities — alongside legally designated protected areas and OECMs; criteria and mechanisms for establishing OECMs are to be developed by 2025, with pilot projects outside conservation areas running 2025–2027 [§85].

Commitment 3 — Species, invasive species, and human-wildlife conflict (Strategy 1)

Conserve threatened and wild species, reduce human-wildlife conflict, and manage invasive alien species (IAS). Implementation is anchored in the 2018 Cabinet-approved national registry of alien species to be prevented, controlled, and eradicated, with Thailand Red Data formulation/updates scheduled for 2025 [§85][§88][§92]. Maps to GBF Targets 4 and 6. Measurable commitment: conservation status of threatened and endemic species increased by 25%; the Red List Index does not decrease from the 2020 baseline (and from 2025 by 2030); management measures in place for at least 30% of high-priority invasive alien species, rising to at least 35% by 2030 [§90].

Commitment 4 — Climate, pollution, urban green space (Strategy 1)

Reduce threats from climate change and pollution and increase urban green space [§92]. Delivery uses the National Adaptation Plan's Nature-based Solutions and Ecosystem-based Adaptation framework, pollution-risk measures (nitrogen and phosphorus, pesticides, plastics including microplastics), and carbon-business mechanisms for urban greening [§99]. Maps to GBF Targets 7, 8, and 12. Measurable commitment: at least 6 pilot areas implementing nature-based solutions; urban green space increased to at least 5% of total urban area; at least 80% of local administrative organisations incorporating green-space plans [§97].

Commitment 5 — Bio-based economy (Strategy 2)

Increase the value and income of local communities from biological resources through a bio-based economy in food, medicine, herbs, and health products [§100]. Delivered through BEDO's Five-Year Action Plan (2023–2027), product-origin mechanisms with the Department of Intellectual Property and the Community Development Department, and SME promotion through OSMEP [§52][§106]. Maps — relevant to GBF Target 9 (broader bio-economy framing rather than wild-species use). Measurable commitment: local community income from bio-economy goods and services increased by no less than 100 million baht per year [§104].

Commitment 6 — Sustainable production and tourism (Strategy 2)

Improve sustainability in production and service sectors — agriculture, forestry, fisheries, livestock, and tourism — through best-practice standards issued by ACFS, TISI, and tourism agencies including TAT and DASTA [§106][§112]. Maps to GBF Target 10. Measurable commitment: at least 10% of forestry, agriculture, and fisheries area using best practices; at least 20 tourism areas or communities implementing sustainable tourism approaches [§110].

Commitment 7 — Access and benefit-sharing and biosafety (Strategy 2)

Establish comprehensive mechanisms for access and benefit-sharing (ABS) of genetic resources and for biosafety, anchored in the Nagoya Protocol and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety [§15][§112]. Delivery spans ONEP, BEDO, DOA, DOF, BIOTEC, DTAM, DIP, and educational institutions, and includes digital sequence information (DSI) and associated traditional knowledge [§118]. Maps to GBF Targets 13 and 17. Directional aspiration: most target values are framed as "establish," "enforce," "have capacity for," or "increased benefits" without thresholds — the single quantitative threshold is that 50% of educational institutions with institutional biosafety committees establish biosafety mechanisms and guidelines [§116].

Commitment 8 — Mainstreaming (Strategy 3)

Integrate biodiversity into the operations of all sectors and develop local-level biodiversity management plans [§119]. Maps to GBF Target 14. Measurable commitment: at least 5 cross-sectoral programmes involving at least 2 different sectors; at least 10 additional sectoral policies incorporating biodiversity; at least 5 local-level (provincial) biodiversity management plans; at least 20% of SET50-listed companies voluntarily disclosing biodiversity-linked business operations by 2027, rising to at least 30% by 2030 [§123].

Commitment 9 — Finance and incentives (Strategy 3)

Expand funding channels and promote financial mechanisms, economic instruments, and positive incentives, while eliminating, phasing out, or reforming harmful subsidies [§126]. Maps to GBF Targets 18 and 19. Measurable commitment: biodiversity budget of not less than 0.3% of the national budget; at least 1 funding-access mechanism; at least 3 additional positive-incentive measures; at least 5 additional financial mechanisms [§131]. Full treatment in Section 6.

Commitment 10 — Data and awareness (Strategy 3)

Develop a biodiversity data system and raise awareness [§134]. Traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples and local communities is to be accessed "only with their free, prior and informed consent, in accordance with national legislation" [§134]. Maps to GBF Target 21. Measurable commitment: at least 3 national biodiversity data management systems; at least 15% of local administrative organisations systematically collecting standardised data; at least 50% of RSPG-network educational institutions supporting community data verification; at least 50 activities/projects/plans per year [§140].

Commitment 11 — Capacity and technology transfer (Strategy 3)

Strengthen capabilities and partnerships, including technology transfer in research, science, and innovation, with explicit FPIC requirements for access to indigenous and local technologies, innovations, and practices [§142]. Maps to GBF Target 20. Directional aspiration: target values are mostly framed as "increased research outcomes" and "increased implementation" without thresholds, except for at least 10 biodiversity-focused activities/research projects annually [§147].

Commitment 12 — Legal frameworks (Strategy 3)

Develop and improve legal tools and regulations, with the (Draft) Biodiversity Act as the keystone instrument [§149]. Maps to GBF Targets 14 and 15. Measurable commitment: enact the Biodiversity Act by 2027; review and improve at least 3 related laws and regulations [§153]. Full treatment of the Draft Biodiversity Act appears in Section 4.

Sources:

§15 — Section 2 > Convention on Biological Diversity
§52 — Section 4 > BEDO Five-Year Plan
§67–§69 — Section 5 > Strategies 1–3
§72, §76 — Target 1
§78, §83, §85 — Target 2
§88, §90, §92 — Target 3
§97, §99 — Target 4
§100, §104, §106 — Target 5
§110, §112 — Target 6
§112, §116, §118 — Target 7
§119, §123 — Target 8
§126, §131 — Target 9
§134, §140, §142 — Target 10
§142, §147 — Target 11
§149, §153 — Target 12

4. Delivery Architecture

Thailand's NBSAP sits within a three-level national planning cascade. Level 1 is the National Strategy (2018–2037), particularly its strategies for Eco-Friendly Development and Growth and for Competitiveness Enhancement [§38]. Level 2 includes the Thirteenth National Economic and Social Development Plan (2023–2027), whose Milestone 10 sets a forest-coverage indicator of 33% natural forest and 12% economic plantations by 2027 and an Environmental Performance Index target placing Thailand in Southeast Asia's top three [§40], along with the National Security Policy and Plan (2023–2027) blue-economy strategy [§41] and the National Reform Plan on Natural Resources and Environment [§42]. Level 3 includes the Environmental Quality Management Plan (2023–2027) (maintaining healthy coral reefs at ≥30%, increasing mangrove areas, Thailand Red List Index as indicator) [§46], the (Draft) National Marine and Coastal Resources Management Policy and Plan (2023–2027) [§47], and the Master Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (2015–2050) which anchors the National Adaptation Plan's NbS/EbA approaches [§49].

Keystone legislation — Draft Biodiversity Act

The (Draft) Biodiversity Act B.E. .... is positioned as the keystone instrument consolidating management of species, habitats, ABS, and biosafety. It has been under development by ONEP since 2017, received Cabinet approval of its principles on 22 February 2022, and is under consideration by the Council of State; the NBSAP commits to enactment by 2027 [§150][§153].

Bio-based economy instruments

The Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) Economy Action Plan (2021–2027) organises bio-based development around three objectives and four strategies, with indicators to reduce natural resource consumption by one-fourth and increase forest land by at least 3.2 million rai (0.5 million ha) [§48]. The Five-Year Action Plan of the Biodiversity-based Economy Development Office (BEDO) (2023–2027) covers community and business-sector bio-economy strengthening, databases and innovation, participation, and quality management [§52].

Protected areas, species, and invasive species

Protected-area management is led by the Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation (DNP), Royal Forest Department (RFD), Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR), Department of Water Resources (DWR), ONEP, and the Department of Fisheries (DOF), with criteria for OECMs to be developed by 2025 and pilot projects running 2025–2027 [§85]. Invasive-species management implements the national registry of alien species approved by Cabinet resolution of 20 February 2018 [§88]. Thailand Red Data is scheduled for update in 2025 [§92], with in-situ and ex-situ conservation coordinated through the Royal Support Project for Plant Genetic Conservation (RSPG) university network.

Climate, pollution, and urban greening

Pilot implementation of Nature-based Solutions and Ecosystem-based Adaptation across at least six pilot areas is led by the Department of Climate Change and Environment (DCCE), ONEP, DNP, DMCR, and DWR, supported by the Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO) [§99]. Urban green-space mechanisms explicitly reference carbon business mechanisms as a delivery tool [§99].

Governance

The NBSAP directs appointment of a National Biodiversity Committee to issue national biodiversity management policy, with membership spanning ONEP, RFD, the Pollution Control Department, DWR, DOF, DOA, DIW, the Office of the National Water Resources, the Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council, the Office of the National Land Policy Board, the Bank of Thailand, DTAM, and the National Human Rights Commission [§155].

Sources:

§38–§47 — Section 4 > National planning cascade
§48 — BCG Economy Action Plan
§49 — Master Plan for Climate Change Adaptation
§52 — BEDO Five-Year Plan
§85, §88, §92 — Protected areas, IAS registry, Red Data
§99 — Climate, pollution, urban greening
§150, §153, §155 — Draft Biodiversity Act and National Biodiversity Committee

4a. Sufficiency Economy Philosophy and the Bio-Circular-Green economy

The NBSAP adopts the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP) — a Thai royal policy doctrine emphasising "moderation, reasonableness, and appropriate preparedness" — as its overarching guiding concept, aiming to build a self-reliant society that uses biodiversity "according to each area's potential" [§54]. SEP is woven through the plan's vision, strategy, and instruments rather than appearing as a single section, and translates into biodiversity commitments through several operational channels.

The Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) Economy Action Plan (2021–2027) is the principal economic-policy instrument aligned with SEP, organising bio-based economic development around three objectives (conservation and utilisation of biological and cultural resources; value creation; self-reliance) and four strategies, with indicators including reducing natural resource consumption by one-fourth from current levels and increasing forest land by at least 3.2 million rai (0.5 million ha) [§48]. The Biodiversity-based Economy Development Office (BEDO), a public organisation, operationalises SEP at the enterprise and community level through its Five-Year Action Plan (2023–2027) covering bio-economy strengthening, databases, participation, and quality-management systems [§52].

At the commitment level, national commitment 5 binds SEP to a quantified income target: increase local community income from bio-economy goods and services by no less than 100 million baht per year, with delivery mechanisms including product-identity and origin differentiation through the Department of Intellectual Property and the Community Development Department, and SME promotion through OSMEP [§104][§106]. Private-sector linkage is advanced through the voluntary disclosure target that at least 20% of SET50-listed companies disclose biodiversity-linked operations by 2027, rising to at least 30% by 2030 [§123].

5. Monitoring and Accountability

Thailand's monitoring and evaluation architecture is a direct response to the previous 2017–2022 plan, where 21 of 25 targets reached evaluation levels 4–5 while four fell short due to "insufficient and inconsistent data collection for national reporting, lack of data for certain targets and indicators, and the absence of a systematic information management system" [§37][§160]. The 2023–2027 plan introduces an information-system-based M&E approach coordinated by ONEP, delivered through a three-phase digital platform for continuous real-time online reporting:

Phase 1 (2024): ONEP develops the central information system, pilots it with shared-mission agencies, and prepares the system development plan [§162].
Phase 2 (2025): the system is implemented, a mid-term review (2023–2025) is conducted, and the CBD National Report is prepared [§163].
Phase 3 (2025–2027): Action Plan implementation is analysed and reported through the system, and national biodiversity status reports are prepared annually [§164].

Indicator architecture

The plan is structured around the twelve national commitments and a corresponding indicator set, each indicator specified with a definition, scope/target group, data compilation and calculation method, supporting data, data source, and measurement unit [§244–§247]. Examples include rate of natural habitat loss against a 2017–2022 base year; the Red List Index against the 2020 (and from 2025, 2030) baseline; proportion of urban green space calculated as green-space area divided by total municipal area; biodiversity budget share calculated using BIOFIN methodology; and technology-and-innovation counts aggregated from MHESI (TISTR, TSRI, NSTDA, NRCT, NSM) and MOAC (DOA) [§244–§247].

Oversight

Independent oversight is provided by the State Audit Office of the Kingdom of Thailand, which audits government expenditure for compliance with law and Cabinet resolutions and for value, objective achievement, and efficiency [§240]. The National Human Rights Commission supports human-rights education and coordinates with government and non-government organisations [§240]. The plan commits to "full protection of environmental human rights defenders" against violence, intimidation, and reprisals, and to access to justice in environmental matters [§139]. Voluntary private-sector disclosure is tracked through the SET50 target of ≥20% by 2027 and ≥30% by 2030 [§245].

Sources:

§37 — 2017–2022 plan assessment
§139 — Environmental human rights defenders
§160–§164 — M&E plan phases
§240 — State Audit Office and NHRC
§244–§247 — Indicator descriptions

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

The NBSAP's finance framing is built on the Biodiversity Expenditure Review of Thailand 2016–2021 and 2022–2024, conducted by the Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) under UNDP. The Review finds that the government allocated 558.3 billion baht for biodiversity conservation and research across fiscal years 2018–2022 [§13]. The proportion of the national annual budget directed to biodiversity has been declining — from 0.46–0.38% of government expenditure between 2018–2021 to 0.16% in 2022 [§13]. External funding comes primarily from Official Development Assistance allocated by the Global Environment Facility, and from the private sector and NGOs [§13].

Quantified commitments (national commitment 9 / GBF Target 19). The plan commits to a biodiversity budget of not less than 0.3% of the national budget, measured using the BIOFIN Financial Needs Assessment methodology and the Biodiversity Expenditure Report, with data reported from central and local agencies via the Budget Bureau [§131][§245]. It further targets: at least 1 mechanism to support access to biodiversity funding; at least 1 sector adjusting operational guidelines; at least 3 additional positive-incentive measures; and at least 5 additional financial mechanisms [§131].

Existing and innovative mechanisms. Existing mechanisms referenced include the Environmental Fund, Tree Bank, Green Bond, and Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), with less widespread instruments including tax deductions for biodiversity research and Forest Bonds [§37]. The plan commits to stimulate innovative financing including payment for ecosystem services, green bonds, biodiversity offsets and credits, and benefit-sharing arrangements, with appropriate environmental and social safeguards, and to promote blended-finance solutions combining private, public, and international funding [§130].

Harmful subsidies (GBF Target 18). The plan commits to "eliminate, phase out or reform incentives, including subsidies, that are harmful to biodiversity, in a proportionate, just, fair, effective, and equitable way" throughout the plan period, noting that "the amount spent on negative incentive measures significantly exceeds that spent on positive incentive measures" [§126]. Recommended actions include identifying negative incentives by 2025, accelerating action on the most harmful, and scaling up positive incentives such as public land acquisition, grant-aided conservation projects, and conservation easements [§129].

Institutional responsibility. Financial-mechanism delivery is assigned to the Ministry of Finance (Fiscal Policy Office, Excise Department, Public Debt Management Office), the Bank of Thailand, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Office of the Prime Minister (Board of Investment, Budget Bureau), financial institutions, the Thai Chamber of Commerce, and the Thai Bankers Association, with MNRE (ONEP) and international organisations supporting [§133]. The Biodiversity Finance Plan (2023–2027) is the implementation vehicle [§159].

Sources:

§13 — State of funding
§37 — Existing financial mechanisms
§126, §129 — Harmful subsidies
§130, §131, §133 — Target 9 finance measures
§159 — Biodiversity Finance Plan
§245 — Indicator (BIOFIN budget share)

7. GBF Target Coverage

GBF Target 1 — Spatial planning. Addressed. National commitment 1 extends integrated spatial planning (using EIA and SEA) to the entire national territory by 2027, complemented by coastal, wetland, and watershed management plans, with participation of indigenous peoples and local communities. Target values: rate of natural habitat loss reduced by 50%; at least 15% of significant biodiversity areas in integrated plans.

GBF Target 2 — Ecosystem restoration. Addressed. National commitment 2 commits to restoration of at least 30% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal ecosystems, with progress by 2027 and completion by 2030. Implementation is assigned to MNRE (DNP, RFD, DMCR, DWR) with supporting agencies including BEDO, educational institutions, and community organisations.

GBF Target 3 — Protected areas (30x30). Addressed. National commitment 2 sets a sequenced milestone: ≥23% terrestrial and ≥15% marine area designated as protected areas and OECMs by 2027, rising to ≥30% of both by 2030. The commitment recognises three area-based categories including conservation areas utilised by indigenous peoples and local communities. OECM criteria are dated to 2025; pilot projects for important biodiversity areas outside conservation areas run 2025–2027.

GBF Target 4 — Species recovery. Addressed. National commitment 3 commits to halting human-induced extinction and conserving genetic diversity of native species through periodic threat-status assessments, reintroductions, and in-situ/ex-situ conservation including on-farm. Thailand Red Data is scheduled for 2025. Target values: conservation status of threatened and endemic species up 25%; RLI non-decrease from 2020 (and from 2025 by 2030) baselines.

GBF Target 5 — Sustainable harvest. Mentioned. The DPSIR assessment flags overexploitation, unsustainable fishing, wildlife poaching, deforestation, and overharvesting of medicinal plants and non-timber forest products. Sustainable use is framed through national commitment 6 (production/service sectors) rather than a standalone sustainable-harvest target; Appendix A aligns with SDG 14.4 and 15.7.

GBF Target 6 — Invasive alien species. Addressed. National commitment 3 implements the national registry of alien species approved by Cabinet resolution of 20 February 2018, requiring risk analysis before introduction and prioritising pathways, areas, and species. Target values: management measures for ≥30% of high-priority IAS (≥35% by 2030). Cross-ministerial implementation spans MNRE, MOI, MOAC, and MOT (ports, airports, highways).

GBF Target 7 — Pollution reduction. Addressed. National commitment 4 takes a risk- and impact-based approach to pollution from nitrogen and phosphorus, pesticides, hazardous chemicals, and plastics including microplastics in food chains. Sub-measures cover integrated pest management and food-security safeguards for smallholder farmers. No quantitative pollutant-reduction thresholds are set in source.

GBF Target 8 — Climate and biodiversity. Addressed. National commitment 4 reduces climate and ocean-acidification impacts through NbS and EbA under the Master Plan for Climate Change Adaptation 2015–2050 and the National Adaptation Plan. Target value: ≥6 pilot areas implementing nature-based solutions. The plan explicitly requires biodiversity safeguards for climate action to avoid unintended harm.

GBF Target 9 — Wild species use. Mentioned. National commitment 5 is framed as a bio-based economy target (food, medicine, herbs, health products) rather than KMGBF's sustainable, legal, and safe wild-species-use formulation. Quantified national income target: 100 million baht per year for local communities.

GBF Target 10 — Agriculture / forestry. Addressed. National commitment 6 commits to ≥10% of forestry, agriculture, and fisheries area using best practices and ≥20 tourism areas implementing sustainable approaches. Standards delivery through ACFS, TISI, DOA, DOF, and livestock agencies. Implementation-level detail at the depth provided for commitments 1–4 and 9–12 was not identified in source.

GBF Target 11 — Ecosystem services (NbS). Addressed. NbS and EbA are embedded across national commitments 2 and 4, with explicit requirements that they deliver social, economic, and cultural co-benefits for local communities. The NAP anchors delivery, particularly in water and natural-resource management.

GBF Target 12 — Urban biodiversity. Addressed. National commitment 4 sets urban green space at ≥5% of total urban area and requires ≥80% of local administrative organisations to incorporate green-space plans into urban development plans. The plan explicitly references both green and blue spaces, and links urban green space to flood and extreme-heat risk reduction and to carbon-business mechanisms.

GBF Target 13 — Genetic resources / ABS. Addressed. National commitment 7 establishes ABS mechanisms anchored in the Nagoya Protocol, explicitly including digital sequence information (DSI) and traditional knowledge, with institutional structures named (notification and authorisation agencies, import-export checkpoints, permit issuance). Implementation is assigned to ONEP, BEDO, DOA, DOF, BIOTEC, DTAM, DIP, and educational institutions.

GBF Target 14 — Mainstreaming. Addressed. Strategy 3 is a dedicated mainstreaming strategy, and national commitments 8 and 12 carry its operational content. Measurable commitments: ≥5 cross-sectoral programmes, ≥10 additional sectoral policies, ≥5 local-level biodiversity management plans, whole-of-government and whole-of-society framing.

GBF Target 15 — Business disclosure. Mentioned. The plan has no mandatory corporate biodiversity reporting regime but sets a voluntary disclosure target: ≥20% of SET50-listed companies by 2027 and ≥30% by 2030. Private-sector engagement is otherwise framed through incentives, blended finance, and biodiversity offsets and credits.

GBF Target 16 — Sustainable consumption. Mentioned. Consumption is addressed indirectly via pollution prevention (industrial/service-sector waste minimisation, substitute substances, chemical reduction) and SDG 12 alignment. No dedicated food-waste or overconsumption commitment was identified in source.

GBF Target 17 — Biosafety. Addressed. Anchored in the Cartagena Protocol, with national commitment 7 assigning biosafety measures to MOAC (DOA, DOF, DLD), MIND (DIW), MOPH (DMSC), MHESI (BIOTEC), and educational institutions. Quantitative threshold: 50% of educational institutions with institutional biosafety committees. National commitment 11 links biosafety to equitable access to biotechnology benefits.

GBF Target 18 — Harmful subsidies. Addressed. The plan commits to identifying negative incentives by 2025 and to eliminating, phasing out, or reforming them throughout the plan period, starting with the most harmful. Positive-incentive examples named include public land acquisition, grant-aided conservation projects, and conservation easements.

GBF Target 19 — Finance mobilisation. Addressed. National commitment 9 sets a biodiversity budget of ≥0.3% of the national budget (baseline: 0.16% in 2022, down from 0.46% in 2018), with ≥1 funding-access mechanism, ≥3 additional positive-incentive measures, and ≥5 additional financial mechanisms. The Biodiversity Finance Plan 2023–2027 is the implementation vehicle, and innovative instruments include PES, green bonds, and biodiversity offsets and credits.

GBF Target 20 — Capacity and technology. Addressed. National commitment 11 structures capacity work around individual, institutional, and enabling-environment levels, with itemised technology categories including AI, drones, DNA technologies, camera traps, acoustic recorders, satellite technologies, and citizen-science applications. FPIC is required for access to indigenous and local technologies, innovations, and practices. Measurable element: ≥10 biodiversity-focused research projects annually.

GBF Target 21 — Data and information. Addressed. National commitment 10 commits to ≥3 national biodiversity data management systems, ≥15% of local administrative organisations collecting standardised data, ≥50% of RSPG-network educational institutions supporting community data verification, and ≥50 activities/projects/plans per year. Delivery is through the three-phase digital M&E platform (2024 / 2025 / 2025–2027) and includes open-access and open-data policies and convention-reporting interoperability.

GBF Target 22 — Inclusive participation. Addressed. The plan contains a dedicated section on the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, women, youth, and vulnerable groups, referencing the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and committing to full protection of environmental human rights defenders from violence, intimidation, and reprisals. The Council of Indigenous Peoples in Thailand is named among responsible agencies.

GBF Target 23 — Gender equality. Mentioned. Gender is handled within the combined IPLC/women/youth/vulnerable-groups framing rather than a dedicated target, with commitments to equal rights and access for women and girls and to database development and awareness-raising on the roles of women, youth, and indigenous peoples. No standalone gender-and-biodiversity action plan or gender-disaggregated indicators were identified in source.