Benin

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

Sub-Saharan AfricaApplies 2026–2030Source: Stratégie et Plan d'Actions Nationaux sur la Biodiversité

Translated from French

1. Overview

Benin's Stratégie et Plan d'Actions Nationaux sur la Biodiversité (NBSAP) 2026–2030 was technically validated on 27 February 2026 [§137]. The document was produced under the leadership of the Ministry of the Living Environment and Transport in Charge of Sustainable Development (Ministère du Cadre de Vie et des Transports en Charge du Développement Durable) and the General Directorate of Water, Forests and Hunting (Direction Générale des Eaux, Forêts et Chasse) [§137].

The strategy is organised around four strategic orientations,* each corresponding to an operational programme, which together deliver 26 national commitments** and 142 actions [§8]. Benin adopted all 23 GBF Targets and formulated three additional nationally defined commitments addressing issues the NBSAP considers absent from or insufficiently represented in the KMGBF — vegetation fires, human-wildlife conflict, fungal biodiversity, marine and insular biodiversity, bamboo promotion, and gender inclusion [§70]. The estimated cost across all programmes is approximately 80 billion FCFA (~$150 million USD), with implementation expenditure beginning in 2027 [§8][§88–91].

The NBSAP includes a four-tier monitoring framework (headline, component, complementary, and binary indicators) covering 25 of the 26 national commitments, though the framework acknowledges that indicators are "waiting to be used during the 7th report to confirm their quality and their ability to be functional" [§9][§127].

Benin's NBSAP is structurally distinctive in three respects: it exceeds the GBF's 23 targets by adding nationally defined commitments — including a standalone commitment on fungal biodiversity; it treats armed-group insecurity in northern protected areas as a direct cause of biodiversity loss with a dedicated national commitment and quarterly zoning system; and it translates seven explicit lessons from the failed 2011–2020 NBSAP into binding design requirements for the current cycle, including a minimum chain of evidence for steering and a minimum viable MRV.

Sources:

§8 — Executive Summary
§9 — Executive Summary > Executive summary
§70 — 3.3 National Objectives
§88–91 — 4.2 Action plan > Programme 1–4 budgeted action plans
§127 — 5.5.4 Main activities carried out within the framework development process
§137 — Conclusion

2. Ecological Context

Benin records approximately 2,807 plant species, 552 fungal species, 603 bird species, 157 mammal species, 103 reptile species, 357 fish species (221 freshwater, 136 marine and brackish), and 51 amphibian species [§32]. Threat levels diverge markedly between national and global assessments: the national Red List classifies 58 mammal species as threatened compared with 22 on the IUCN Global Red List; 23 of 103 reptile species are nationally threatened versus 12 globally; and the Bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) is considered extinct at the national level while remaining Near Threatened globally [§32]. Fungal knowledge gaps are particularly acute — approximately 99.5% of Benin's 552 inventoried fungal species lack global IUCN assessment, and all 27 nationally assessed species are considered threatened [§32].

Terrestrial protected area coverage stands at approximately 29.7% of the national territory, while marine and coastal protection remains at approximately 0.79% (279 km²) [§31]. Over 3,000 sacred forests in southern Benin cover 18,360 ha and include several sites identified as potential OECM candidates — Kouvizoun Adakplamè-Ewè, Têdozoun, Oro-Zoun, among others — though Benin currently reports zero OECMs to Protected Planet [§31][§95]. Anthropogenic pressures on classified forests are estimated at an average of 90% on approximately 95% of them, with the exception of Monts-Kouffé at approximately 21%, while pressures on Pendjari and W parks remain below 50% [§28][§36].

Land use dynamics between 2008 and 2018 confirm conversion of nearly 30% of vegetation cover to anthropogenic formations [§30]. In the northern fuelwood supply basin, open forest and wooded savanna declined by 52.23% between 2005 and 2020, while crops and fallows increased by 79.55% [§35]. The fuelwood supply deficit is structural: all basins together mobilise approximately 200,635 tonnes of exportable fuelwood against urban demand of 3,293,276 tonnes, with access to clean cooking fuels at approximately 6% [§36][§118]. The fourteen invasive alien species identified as major threats include water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Chromolaena odorata, with Lake Nokoué described as particularly sensitive to impacts on fishing, navigation, and agriculture [§32][§40].

The NBSAP identifies insecurity — including the presence of unidentified armed groups in protected areas of the north and increasing human-wildlife conflicts — as a direct cause of biodiversity loss [§40].

Sources:

§28 — Chapter II: Diagnosis > Anthropogenic Pressures on Protected Areas
§30 — Chapter II: Diagnosis > General Land Use Trends by Agroecological Zones
§31 — Chapter II: Diagnosis > 2.1.2 Ecosystem Diversity
§32 — Chapter II: Diagnosis > 2.1.3 Species Diversity, Threatened Species and Invasive Alien Species
§35 — Chapter II: Diagnosis > 2.1.6 Land Use Trends, Fragmentation and Degradation
§36 — Chapter II: Diagnosis > 2.1.7 Trends in Direct Pressures
§40 — 2.3 Synthesis of the NBSAP 2011-2020 Evaluation > Direct Causes
§95 — Chapter V > 5.1.3 Institutional framework
§118 — 5.4 IEC/BCC strategy

3. National Commitments and GBF Alignment

Benin's 26 national commitments are organised under four strategic orientations. Four commitments qualify as measurable commitments; the remaining 22 are directional aspirations. The action plan contains additional measurable sub-targets beneath many directional commitments — these are noted where relevant.

Conditions of nature

National commitment 4 — Create terrestrial and marine conservation areas (GBF Targets 2, 3). The NBSAP commits to raising protected area coverage to 30% of national territory by 2030, with at least 80% of protected areas under participatory management plans [§86][§87]. Conservation area types include sacred forests, urban forests, community forests, ranches, and marine/coastal ecosystems [§70]. Programme 4 allocates 15,500 million FCFA for conservation area creation and co-management [§91]. Measurable commitment.

National commitment 7 — Restore declining ecosystem services (GBF Targets 4, 11, 21, 23). Benin commits to restoring at least 30% of degraded ecosystems by 2030 [§73], with quantified sub-targets: 30,000 ha restored with native species; 10,000 ha of mangroves and wetlands; 5,000 ha of riparian forests; and 150 km of riverine ecological corridors [§87]. Programme 2 allocates 10,500 million FCFA for restoration campaigns [§89]. Measurable commitment.

National commitment 15 — End anthropogenic extinction and reduce extinction risk tenfold (GBF Targets 4, 6, 9). The NBSAP commits to reducing by at least one-tenth the rate and risk of extinction of all species [§70]. At least three priority species are to benefit from captive breeding or translocation programmes by 2030 [§87]. Programme 4 allocates 13,500 million FCFA for threatened species and genetic diversity protection [§91]. Measurable commitment.

National commitment 16 — Preserve integrity, connectivity, and resilience of ecosystems (GBF Targets 1, 2, 3, 8, 11). Specifies intent to maintain ecosystem integrity without defined thresholds [§70]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 17 — Conserve sensitive ecosystems, corridors, and hotspots (GBF Targets 2, 3). Addresses ecological corridors and biodiversity hotspots without additional thresholds beyond the PA coverage target under commitment 4 [§70]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 14 — Preserve genetic diversity (GBF Targets 1, 3, 4, 8). References effective population size above 500 individuals as an indicator but sets no target count of species or populations [§70][§127]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 24 — Marine and insular biodiversity. No explicit KMGBF target alignment. Addresses marine and coastal ecosystems without defined thresholds beyond PA coverage [§70]. Directional aspiration.

Reducing pressures

National commitment 2 — Reduce invasive alien species introduction (GBF Target 6). Commits to limiting IAS introduction at borders and reducing impact, supported by a planned biosecurity law and georeferenced national IAS inventory integrated into the National Biodiversity Observatory [§70][§87]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 3 — Reduce pollution impacts (GBF Target 7). The monitoring framework includes detailed indicators (eutrophication index, pesticide concentrations, plastic debris density), but no reduction thresholds are defined [§70][§127]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 5 — Reduce non-anthropogenic, non-climate threats (GBF Targets 2, 4). No threshold specified [§70]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 6 — Sustainably manage biodiversity (GBF Targets 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14). Broadly scoped across ten GBF Targets. The action plan specifies sub-targets: an operational fishing and hunting quota system covering at least 60% of high-pressure zones by 2030; at least 25% of targeted farms adopting sustainable practices [§87]. Directional aspiration (parent commitment), though operational sub-targets are measurable.

National commitment 12 — Reduce insecurity-driven threats to biodiversity (GBF Targets 1, 2, 3, 4). Dedicated to threats from armed groups in northern protected areas, with a quarterly-updated zoning system (accessible / partially accessible / temporarily inaccessible) and ex situ conservation as contingency [§70][§132]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 20 — Manage vegetation fires sustainably. No explicit KMGBF target alignment. No quantitative threshold [§70]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 22 — Reduce human-wildlife conflicts. No explicit KMGBF target alignment. No threshold defined [§70]. Directional aspiration.

Tools and solutions

National commitment 19 — Mobilise resources from all sources (GBF Targets 18, 19). Conservation and restoration funds are to mobilise at least 5 billion FCFA for priority zones by 2030; specific programme budgets are defined [§87]. Measurable commitment.

National commitment 8 — Enhance ecosystem service value (GBF Targets 11, 12, 13, 16, 20, 23). PES systems in at least three pilot zones by 2030 is a measurable sub-target, but the parent commitment is directional [§70][§87]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 11 — Private actor positive incentives (GBF Target 18). No threshold [§70]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 18 — Annual mobilisation for positive incentives (GBF Target 18). Temporal framing ("annual") without a specified amount [§70]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 1 — ICT for conservation (GBF Target 20). No quantitative threshold [§70]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 21 — Strengthen capacities and cooperation. No explicit KMGBF target alignment. Process commitment [§70]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 23 — Conserve fungal biodiversity. No explicit KMGBF target alignment. Dedicated to fungi — reflecting that 99.5% of Benin's 552 inventoried fungal species lack global IUCN assessment [§32][§70]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 25 — Bamboo as alternative resource. No explicit KMGBF target alignment. No threshold [§70]. Directional aspiration.

Implementation and governance

National commitment 10 — Legal, administrative, and policy measures (GBF Targets 13, 15). Process commitment [§70]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 9 — Fair sharing of cultural resources and traditional knowledge (GBF Targets 13, 14, 20, 21). No quantitative threshold [§70]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 13 — Fair and equitable sharing of genetic resources (GBF Targets 5, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17). ABS procedures are process measures. Programme 3 allocates 4,600 million FCFA for ABS operationalisation including DSI protocols [§70][§90]. Directional aspiration.

National commitment 26 — Gender equality and inclusion. No explicit KMGBF target alignment. Requires disaggregated data but sets no numeric target [§70]. Directional aspiration.

Sources:

§32 — Chapter II: Diagnosis > 2.1.3 Species Diversity
§70 — 3.3 National Objectives
§73 — 3.4 Strategic orientations > Strategic orientation 2
§86 — Programme 4 performance indicators
§87 — 4.2 Action plan
§89 — Programme 2 budgeted action plan
§90 — Programme 3 budgeted action plan
§91 — Programme 4 budgeted action plan
§127 — Monitoring framework indicators
§132 — 5.6 Risk Management > Security Risk

4. Delivery Architecture

The four programmes correspond to the four strategic orientations and carry distinct budgets [§8]:

Programme 1: Steering and support for biodiversity (5,100 million FCFA) — governance structures, MRV system establishment, resource mobilisation strategy, and innovative financing mechanisms [§88].
Programme 2: Restoration of degraded ecosystems and sustainable use of ecosystem services (37,500 million FCFA) — ecosystem mapping and prioritisation, restoration campaigns, PES mechanisms, and sustainable ecosystem services management [§89].
Programme 3: Access to genetic resources and equitable benefit-sharing (4,600 million FCFA) — ABS legal framework update, traceable benefit-sharing mechanisms, indigenous knowledge recognition, and DSI capacity building [§90].
Programme 4: Conservation, economic valorisation, and sustainable use of biodiversity (42,800 million FCFA) — protected area creation and co-management, threatened species protection, sustainable value chains, ecotourism, and IEC/BCC strategy [§91].

The institutional framework operates at two levels: a Steering Committee (strategic level) attached to the National Biodiversity Committee (Comité National de la Biodiversité — CNB), and a permanent Technical Secretariat (technical level) with sectoral focal points [§95]. The DGEFC carries the lead function of inter-sectoral arbitration. Beyond the Ministry of the Living Environment, steering involves the ministries responsible for agriculture, economy and finance, planning, energy, mining, infrastructure, decentralisation, and maritime affairs [§95].

Key legislative instruments include a planned biosecurity law for IAS border control [§87], updated ABS texts and procedures building on directives adopted by the Council of Ministers in 2017 [§84], and new legislation to strengthen surveillance of protected areas with stakeholder and community participation [§87]. Financial instruments include the National Fund for the Environment and Climate (Fonds National pour l'Environnement et le Climat), PES systems in at least three pilot zones, carbon credits, green bonds, blue bonds, and debt-for-nature swaps [§110][§116].

No expenditure is programmed for 2026 across any programme line [§88–91]. The NBSAP does not explain what occurs operationally in 2026 beyond monitoring framework preparation.

Sources:

§8 — Executive Summary
§84 — Programme 3 performance indicators
§87 — 4.2 Action plan
§88–91 — Programme 1–4 budgeted action plans
§95 — Chapter V > 5.1.3 Institutional framework
§110 — 5.3.1 Government
§116 — Innovative financing

4a. Security and Conservation in the North

The NBSAP treats armed-group insecurity in northern Benin as a structural factor in biodiversity loss, not an incidental risk. An April 2025 attack resulting in 54 deaths among Beninese forces is cited as context [§132]. The treatment is woven through multiple sections of the document.

As a driver of loss: Insecurity mechanically reduces patrols, limits data collection, and creates zones favourable to illegal activities in protected areas [§132]. The diagnosis identifies the presence of unidentified armed groups in protected areas of the north as a direct cause of biodiversity loss [§40].

As a national commitment: National commitment 12 is dedicated to reducing threats to biodiversity arising from insecurity due to armed groups, mapped to GBF Targets 1, 2, 3, and 4 [§70].

As a programmatic action set: Three dedicated actions address the nexus — Action 70 integrates the biodiversity dimension into national security and stabilisation policies; Action 71 deploys ex situ conservation (botanical gardens, seed banks, zoological parks) to secure priority species vulnerable to insecurity; Action 72 addresses the socio-economic root causes contributing to insecurity in ecologically sensitive zones [§87].

As a risk management system: The NBSAP establishes a quarterly-updated implementation zoning system classifying areas as accessible, partially accessible, or temporarily inaccessible [§132]. When field access is limited, enhanced remote surveillance — remote sensing, alerts, GIS analyses — substitutes for ground patrols. Formalised security protocols govern field missions, and strengthened community relays support reporting, fire prevention, and mediation [§132].

Sources:

§40 — Direct Causes
§70 — 3.3 National Objectives
§87 — 4.2 Action plan
§132 — 5.6 Risk Management > Security Risk

5. Monitoring and Accountability

The DGEFC and the CBD Focal Point carry lead responsibility for implementation oversight [§95]. The governance architecture requires formal establishment through orders or service notes — with an annual roadmap, periodic reviews, and a data feedback chain — though the specific acts had not been produced at the time of writing [§95].

The monitoring framework spans a four-tier indicator architecture: headline indicators (maximum two per national commitment, following COP 16 Decision 16/5), component indicators, complementary indicators, and binary indicators, covering 25 national commitments [§125][§127]. Framework development extends from September 2024 to September 2026 across eight stages, including a national data collection mission in August 2025 that deployed four field teams — university professors, NGOs, traditional knowledge holders, private sector representatives, and forestry officers — across the entire territory [§126][§127]. Most indicators lack documented baseline values; the NBSAP acknowledges that indicators are awaiting use during the 7th national report to confirm functionality [§9].

The lessons-learned architecture translates seven failures from the 2011–2020 cycle into binding design requirements [§12]. The prior NBSAP failed to establish any of its prescribed steering bodies, and no monitoring mechanism was implemented [§38]. The 2026–2030 response requires a minimum chain of evidence for steering (designation texts, mandates, annual calendar, arbitration mechanism, operating budget), a minimum viable MRV with restricted core indicators and explicit collection responsibilities, and a programme-project coherence review requiring every action to specify its link to a GBF Target, a national commitment, an indicator, and a responsible structure [§12].

Social safeguards impose three mandatory requirements: traceable information and participation (documented consultation for any restrictive measure); a functional complaints mechanism with local counter, processing deadlines, and annually published statistics; and measurable inclusion of women and young people in governing bodies, benefits, jobs, and training with disaggregated data [§135].

Sources:

§9 — Executive Summary
§12 — 1.1 Lessons Learned from Previous NBSAPs
§38 — 2.3 Synthesis of the NBSAP 2011-2020 Evaluation
§95 — Chapter V > 5.1.3 Institutional framework
§125 — 5.5.3 Selection of indicators
§126 — 5.5.4 Data collection phase
§127 — 5.5.4 Framework development process
§135 — 5.6.2 Social Safeguards

6. Finance and Resource Mobilisation

The NBSAP's estimated total cost across all four programmes is approximately 80 billion FCFA (~$150 million USD) over 2026–2030 [§8]. Programme 4 (conservation, valorisation, and sustainable use) carries the largest allocation at 42,800 million FCFA, followed by Programme 2 (restoration and ecosystem services) at 37,500 million FCFA, Programme 1 (steering and governance) at 5,100 million FCFA, and Programme 3 (ABS) at 4,600 million FCFA [§88–91]. No expenditure is programmed for 2026; investment is concentrated in 2028–2029 [§88–91].

Domestic public financing flows through annual ministry budget allocations and the National Fund for the Environment and Climate [§110]. Multilateral sources identified include the World Bank Group, African Development Bank, and European Commission [§111]. Bilateral sources include France (AFD), Germany (BMZ, GIZ, KfW), the United States (USAID), Japan (JICA), and others [§112][§113]. Innovative financing instruments listed include carbon credits, green bonds, blue bonds, debt-for-nature swaps, PES, and public-private partnerships [§116]. The NBSAP names the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund, the Cali Fund for redistribution of DSI revenues, the Green Climate Fund, GEF, and REDD+ mechanisms among conventional channels [§115].

The NBSAP identifies historical underfunding as a structural cause of biodiversity loss — a "chronic funding deficit for research, conservation and restoration" linked to heavy dependence on external donors, the absence of innovative national financing mechanisms, and low dedicated public budgets [§42]. The risk analysis states that the problem "is not only the volume of funding, but its regularity" — functions such as surveillance, fire prevention, and restoration maintenance lose their gains if interrupted [§134]. Mitigation measures include ring-fencing a minimum budget for vital functions, requiring a funded maintenance plan before any restoration, and establishing multi-year programming [§134].

GBF Target 19 receives substantive treatment. The monitoring framework tracks international ODA, national public financing, and private financing for biodiversity, with complementary indicators on FDI as a proportion of GDP, philanthropic financing, and PES instruments [§129].

Sources:

§8 — Executive Summary
§42 — 2.2 State of Biodiversity Governance > Structural Causes
§88–91 — Programme 1–4 budgeted action plans
§110 — 5.3.1 Government
§111 — 5.3.2 Multilateral financing
§112–113 — 5.3.3 Bilateral financing
§115 — 5.3.5 Financing mechanisms
§116 — Innovative financing
§129 — Monitoring framework (Target 19 indicators)
§134 — 5.6 Risk Management > Financial Risk

7. GBF Target Coverage

Target 1: Spatial planning — Mentioned

The NBSAP does not present a dedicated spatial planning strategy. Land use conversion is documented (nearly 30% of vegetation cover converted between 2008 and 2018), and the monitoring framework includes a binary indicator on biodiversity-inclusive spatial planning. Risk mitigation requires securing spatial and legal foundations — clarified boundaries, official maps, priority demarcation — before investing in restoration.

Target 2: Ecosystem restoration — Addressed

The NBSAP commits to restoring at least 30% of degraded ecosystems by 2030 through both active approaches (reforestation, assisted regeneration) and passive approaches (natural regeneration in protected areas). Quantified sub-targets include 30,000 ha restored with native species, 10,000 ha of mangroves and wetlands, 5,000 ha of riparian forests, and 150 km of riverine ecological corridors. Programme 2 allocates 37,500 million FCFA total, with 10,500 million FCFA for restoration campaigns. Performance indicators include area restored and maintained at 24 months by ecosystem type and survival rate at 12/24 months, benchmarked against over 31,787,065 seedlings planted during 2014–2016.

Target 3: Protected areas (30x30) — Addressed

Benin commits to raising protected area coverage to 30% of national territory by 2030, with at least 80% of protected areas under participatory management plans and at least 50 formalised co-management agreements. Programme 4 allocates 15,500 million FCFA for conservation area creation and co-management. Current terrestrial coverage stands at approximately 29.7%; marine coverage at approximately 0.79%. Over 3,000 sacred forests (18,360 ha) are identified as potential OECM candidates, though zero OECMs are currently reported to Protected Planet.

Target 4: Species recovery — Addressed

National commitment 15 aims to end anthropogenic extinction and reduce by at least one-tenth the rate and risk of extinction of all species. At least three priority species are to benefit from captive breeding or translocation by 2030. Programme 4 allocates 13,500 million FCFA for threatened species and genetic diversity protection. National threat assessments diverge from global assessments (58 vs. 22 threatened mammal species). National commitment 23 is separately dedicated to fungal biodiversity, reflecting that 99.5% of 552 inventoried fungal species lack global IUCN assessment.

Target 5: Sustainable harvest — Mentioned

The NBSAP diagnoses overexploitation — poaching, illegal trade in African rosewood and iroko, destructive fishing — as a direct cause of biodiversity loss. An operational fishing and hunting quota system is to cover at least 60% of high-pressure zones by 2030. However, no species-level management plans, sustainability assessments, or quota methodologies are provided.

Target 6: Invasive alien species — Addressed

National commitment 2 addresses IAS through a planned biosecurity law, an updated georeferenced national IAS inventory integrated into the National Biodiversity Observatory, and restoration of invaded priority ecosystems with local species. Fourteen IAS are identified as major threats, with the five most predominant named. Monitoring indicators track introduction and establishment rates and the number of protected areas adopting IAS regulations.

Target 7: Pollution reduction — Mentioned

National commitment 3 addresses pollution, and the monitoring framework includes detailed indicators (eutrophication index, pesticide concentrations, plastic debris density, wastewater treatment). However, the NBSAP contains no dedicated pollution reduction programme, no specific reduction thresholds, and no budgeted actions for pollution.

Target 8: Climate and biodiversity — Mentioned

Climate change is identified as a direct cause of biodiversity loss and a cross-cutting risk factor. Mitigation measures include structured fire prevention, targeted restoration, climate-adapted species selection, and fuelwood demand reduction. The NBSAP does not present specific actions addressing the biodiversity-climate nexus as a distinct programme.

Target 9: Wild species use — Mentioned

Three national commitments (6, 7, 8) address sustainable use and ecosystem service valuation. Programme 4 allocates 7,500 million FCFA for sustainable value chains and 2,500 million FCFA for ecotourism. No dedicated species-level sustainability assessment framework is included.

Target 10: Agriculture / forestry — Mentioned

The NBSAP documents Benin's economic dependence on agriculture (24.2% of GDP in 2024) and identifies agricultural conversion as the primary driver of ecosystem loss. Strategic orientation 2 integrates sustainable practices in agricultural, forestry, and fisheries systems. At least 25% of targeted farms are to adopt sustainable practices by 2030. No dedicated sustainable agriculture programme with distinct budget line is included.

Target 11: Ecosystem services (NbS) — Addressed

Strategic orientation 2 and Programme 2 explicitly address ecosystem services. Nature-based solutions are referenced. Programme 2 allocates 13,000 million FCFA for sustainable ecosystem services management and 6,000 million FCFA for PES approaches. Performance indicators include the number of sites with formalised sustainable management and operational incentive mechanisms.

Target 12: Urban biodiversity — Mentioned

Urban forests are listed as a category of conservation area under national commitment 4, and the Singapore Index on Cities' Biodiversity is included as a component indicator. The NBSAP contains no dedicated programme, actions, or budget for urban green/blue spaces or biodiversity-inclusive urban planning.

Target 13: Genetic resources / ABS — Addressed

ABS constitutes an entire strategic orientation (SO3) and dedicated programme (Programme 3, 4,600 million FCFA). The programme covers ABS legal framework updates, traceable benefit-sharing mechanisms with standard contracts and registers, indigenous knowledge participation, and DSI capacity building. Performance indicators track ABS cases processed, benefits shared, community protocols recognised, and national DSI protocols.

Target 14: Mainstreaming — Addressed

Biodiversity mainstreaming is a structuring principle. The NBSAP requires mapping of determining sectors (agriculture, infrastructure, mining, energy, finance, local authorities), commitments by sector, compliance indicators (biodiversity indicators in annual work plans), and an annual inter-sectoral review. A programme-project coherence review requires every action to specify its link to a GBF Target, a national commitment, an indicator, and a responsible structure.

Target 15: Business disclosure — Mentioned

National commitment 15's monitoring framework includes a headline indicator on the number of businesses disclosing biodiversity-related risks, dependencies, and impacts, and references the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures. Priority sectors for transparency are named (agriculture, cotton, wood-energy, construction, extractives, tourism). No dedicated programme, legislative measure, or budgeted action addresses business disclosure.

Target 16: Sustainable consumption — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 16 was not identified in this NBSAP.

Target 17: Biosafety — Not identified

Content addressing GBF Target 17 was not identified in this NBSAP.

Target 18: Harmful subsidies — Mentioned

The monitoring framework includes indicators on the value of subsidies harmful to biodiversity that are eliminated, phased out, or reformed, and complementary indicators track fossil fuel subsidies per unit of GDP. No analysis of which subsidies are harmful, no reform timeline, and no budgeted actions appear in the source material.

Target 19: Finance mobilisation — Addressed

The NBSAP dedicates a full chapter section to financial resource mobilisation, identifying domestic, multilateral, bilateral, and private funding sources. Over 50 financing mechanisms and funds are named, including the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund, the Cali Fund, green bonds, blue bonds, and debt-for-nature swaps. The total budgeted action plan exceeds 84,900 million FCFA across programmes. The risk analysis identifies funding regularity as more critical than volume, with ring-fenced minimum budgets proposed for vital functions.

Target 20: Capacity and technology — Addressed

The NBSAP includes a continuous five-block training framework covering GIS, local planning, gender and social data, and participation. National commitment 1 addresses ICT for conservation. Programme 3 includes DSI capacity building. The data quality framework is aligned with the IFN2 standard for methodology, collection, and quality assurance.

Target 21: Data and information — Addressed

A national monitoring framework was developed from September 2024 to September 2026 across eight stages. A four-team national data collection mission in August 2025 documented indicator definitions, data-holding structures, collection methodologies, and evaluation costs across the entire territory. Maximum two headline indicators per national commitment were retained following COP 16 Decision 16/5. All programmes have detailed performance indicators with specified verification sources.

Target 22: Inclusive participation — Addressed

The NBSAP requires standardised traceability of stakeholder participation (categories, sex/age, territory, contribution, decision, and justification) as a prerequisite for GBF reporting. Three mandatory social safeguard requirements apply: traceable information and participation, a functional complaints mechanism with local counter and published annual statistics, and measurable inclusion of women and young people with disaggregated data. FPIC is required for conservation measures affecting local communities.

Target 23: Gender equality — Addressed

Gender equality is integrated as a cross-cutting requirement drawing on the CBD Gender Plan of Action (2023–2030). National commitment 26 addresses gender and inclusion. The monitoring framework tracks public and private funding targeting gender equality within biodiversity activities, the proportion of seats held by women in governance, and implementation of the Gender Action Plan. Training Block 5 covers gender-biodiversity indicators and inclusive facilitation.