Target 19: Finance mobilisation

Generated: 2026-04-18T01:56:16Z

Landscape

Target 19 is the most uniformly addressed of all targets in this corpus: 64 of 69 NBSAPs commit to biodiversity finance mobilisation explicitly, and the remaining five — Argentina, Australia, Iceland, Malta, and Mexico — treat it as an enabling condition embedded in broader implementation architecture. Virtually every plan anchors its finance chapter to the same threefold structure of domestic public, international public, and private sources. The KMGBF's aspiration of USD 200 billion per year by 2030 appears as a shared reference across plans from Benin to the United Kingdom, yet the figure seldom translates into a national-level denomination. Where it does, the range spans five orders of magnitude: Vanuatu commits to mobilising 2.4 billion vatu, El Salvador estimates a USD 98.7 million annual need, Rwanda sets a USD 500 million aggregate target, and Canada reports CAD 12.5 billion in announced domestic federal allocations. The BIOFIN methodology — a UNDP-supported process sequencing needs assessment, expenditure review, and finance plan — recurs as the most-adopted planning framework, taken up explicitly by Colombia, Egypt, El Salvador, Paraguay, Uganda, Vietnam, and Zambia, indicating methodological convergence beneath the diversity of stated figures.

Variation

Quantification depth varies sharply across the corpus. A small cluster of plans embeds specific figures directly in the national target text: Rwanda commits to mobilising "five hundred (500) million USD from all sources," Lebanon sets "at least $100 million per year," and Vanuatu names "2.4 billion vatu financial resources." Austria's plan provides both a baseline and a percentage target — committing to "increase financing contributions… towards international biodiversity financing by 100% (Baseline: EUR 21.7 million mean annual public international biodiversity financing (2015–2020), comprising bilateral and multilateral ODA and OOF)" — illustrating the quantified-with-baseline approach adopted by a cluster of European plans. The majority of NBSAPs commit to "substantial" or "progressive" increases without a denominated figure.

Finance plan maturity spans a similarly wide range. Thailand names an operational Biodiversity Finance Plan 2023–2027 as the implementation vehicle. Brazil commits to developing a national financing strategy and monitoring framework by 2026, stating its target to "support the elaboration of State (EPAEBs) and Local (EPALBs) Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans." Uganda sets 2025 as the deadline for a biodiversity finance plan to be developed and operationalised. Bhutan compresses its resource-mobilisation deadline to 2025 rather than the 2030 horizon most plans adopt, committing that "resources to support implementation of NBSAP are mobilized" on that accelerated timeline.

External dependency is reported explicitly by several countries. Eritrea targets 67% external funding for total NBSAP implementation; Yemen reports that international funding accounted for approximately 80% of biodiversity financing during the previous strategy period; Afghanistan's executive summary states that support will fall "largely on the international community." Burkina Faso presents the most granular domestic breakdown in the corpus: the State accounts for 50.84% of a 199.574 billion FCFA action plan budget, Technical and Financial Partners 34.39%, Territorial Collectivities 8.02%, the Private Sector 5.49%, and NGOs/CSOs 1.27%, alongside historical execution data showing TFP disbursements declining from 74.38% to 46.59% between 2016 and 2022 due to the security situation.

Financial sector integration recurs as a feature of northern-European plans. Germany's target commits to making biodiversity impacts and risks of financial decisions "even more transparent" through international and European-level initiatives. The Netherlands operates a Central Bank (DNB) Platform for Sustainable Finance biodiversity working group, is developing a National Biodiversity Finance Plan alongside Belgium, Finland, and Luxembourg under the EU Technical Support Instrument, and from 2025 has begun "greening, redirecting, and phasing out harmful financial incentives." Hungary's NBSAP tracks green bond issuance as an annual indicator. Cameroon, by contrast, devotes five dedicated national objectives to finance (objectives 24–28), with a quantified baseline of approximately USD 30–50 million per year and a target of at least USD 120–150 million per year mobilised "in a diversified and traceable manner."

Standouts

Rwanda's national target text sets one of the few aggregate dollar-denominated commitments in the corpus: "By 2030, mobilise five hundred (500) million USD from all sources and align financial flows with the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in Rwanda."

Lebanon's target frames the commitment as a recurring annual floor: "By 2030, substantially and progressively increase the level of financial resources from all sources … to implement national biodiversity strategies and action plans, mobilizing at least $100 million per year."

The Democratic Republic of Congo is the only plan in the corpus to embed dated sub-milestones inside a single target statement, sequencing deliverables across five successive years: "the promotion of private investment, blended finance and community contributions in favour of biodiversity, with incentives to attract the private sector, by 2025. … the development of the national strategy for the mobilisation of financial resources in favour of biodiversity, with an operational monitoring mechanism, by 2026. … the establishment of innovative financing mechanisms such as green bonds, payment for ecosystem services and biodiversity credits, accompanied by a clear regulatory framework, by 2027. … the development and application of national biodiversity financing plans, taking into account national priorities and contexts, with clear financial targets for 2030, by 2028. … the improvement of the efficiency, transparency and synergy between biodiversity, climate and desertification control financing, through regular audits and national coordination platforms, by 2029." Estimated total financing need: USD 366.4 million.

Vanuatu names a specific currency-denominated figure and anchors it to a decentralisation principle: "By 2030, Vanuatu mobilizes and secures 2.4 billion vatu financial resources from domestic, international, and private sources to support the implementation of the NBSAP for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. This includes establishing environmental trust funds; innovative financing schemes such as payments for ecosystem services and biodiversity offsets; and increased government support at the community, provincial, and national levels, aligned with decentralization principles."

Canada's NBSAP records a "$200M pledge as the first country to commit to the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund" — a named position in the architecture of the new multilateral mechanism established under the Kunming-Montréal framework.

China documents its role as a contributor to a parallel multilateral channel: "China contributed 1.5 billion yuan RMB to establish the Kunming Biodiversity Fund to support biodiversity conservation in developing countries" — a fund seeded by a single donor but open to developing-country recipients more broadly.

Indonesia points to a deployed instrument: "Indonesia issued Asia's first SDGs bond in September 2021 (EUR 500 million / USD 584 million, Best Bond Award 2021)," set against a documented financing gap between IDR 70.69–75.53 trillion in estimated annual need and IDR 9.85 trillion in documented 2022 spending.

Analysis

The gap between stated annual financing needs and current spending is documented explicitly wherever both figures appear in the same NBSAP. Indonesia quantifies a need of IDR 70.69–75.53 trillion against IDR 9.85 trillion in documented 2022 spending. El Salvador estimates USD 98.7 million per year needed against a USD 16.3 million annual actual average for 2020–2024. Yemen reports a USD 100 million annual requirement against approximately USD 13 million in current annual expenditure. These are not exceptional cases drawn from the margins of the corpus; they represent the modal condition across the developing-country plans, appearing with similar proportions in Sudan, Togo, Madagascar, and others.

Innovative financing instruments — green bonds, payments for ecosystem services, biodiversity credits, debt-for-nature swaps — appear in plans from Afghanistan to Zambia. Several NBSAPs document that these instruments have existed in policy for years without the enabling regulations required to operationalise them: Tunisia's 2016 resource mobilisation strategy identified an annual deficit and proposed six agricultural-sector financing mechanisms, none of which had been applied by the time the current NBSAP was drafted, which the NBSAP attributes to absent regulatory texts; Côte d'Ivoire's protected-area foundation is established but not yet in a position to fund the sector; Malaysia's REDD Plus Finance Framework awaits the "policy, legal, and institutional mechanisms necessary to operationalise" it at national and sub-national levels.

Climate–biodiversity finance synergies appear as a structural feature across almost all plans, with countries packaging biodiversity alongside climate instruments to access larger pools. Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI), extended to 2035, operates as a combined climate–forest–biodiversity vehicle. Sweden's 2024 Inter-American Development Bank guarantee mobilises up to USD 469 million for Amazon forest conservation. Colombia co-leads — with France, Germany, and Kenya — a global panel of experts on debt, climate, and nature, and the Netherlands co-chairs the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action alongside Indonesia — both instances of countries embedding biodiversity finance within climate-debt architecture at the multilateral level.

The Global Biodiversity Framework Fund and the Cali Fund (the Digital Sequence Information benefit-sharing mechanism established at COP16) appear as anticipated revenue sources in a cluster of NBSAPs filed after 2022 — Congo, DRC, Marshall Islands, Madagascar, Togo, Chad — while plans drafted before COP15 reference predecessor mechanisms or omit these vehicles entirely. This produces a rough temporal stratification of the corpus: earlier plans operate within the Aichi-era financing architecture, while post-2022 plans name the GBFF and Cali Fund as expected channels, reflecting the institutional landscape that consolidated between COP15 in Kunming and COP16 in Cali.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Afghanistan	Afghanistan will seek to increase the level of financial resources substantially and progressively from all sources, in an effective, timely and easily accessible manner to implement Afghanistan's NBSAP.	The NBSAP commits Afghanistan to seeking to increase the level of financial resources substantially and progressively from all sources, in an effective, timely, and easily accessible manner to implement the NBSAP. The total cost of implementing the NBSAP from 2024–2030 is estimated at approximately $80–110 million. The Executive Summary states that support for implementing the NBSAP will fall largely on the international community given Afghanistan's currently limited financial resources. Action 19.1 states that Afghanistan will ensure that opportunities for biodiversity funding are open, transparent, and clearly communicated (by 2030, NEPA responsible, MAIL and Ministry of Finance as cooperators). The indicator is funding from all sources earmarked for implementing Afghanistan's NBSAP. The headline indicators are international public funding including ODA (H19.1, Ministry of Finance responsible) and domestic public funding (H19.2, NEPA and MAIL responsible), both by 2030. Private funding (H19.3) is marked as undeveloped and not addressed. Consultation workshops found that 65% of respondents thought conservation funding should come from the United Nations, 64% from governmental budget, and 55% from the World Bank.
Austria		The strategy contains a dedicated funding chapter (§8) whose objectives are that sufficient financial resources for conservation, restoration and sustainable use are available; biodiversity-damaging funding has been reduced, redirected or stopped; and public and private financial products for biodiversity-promoting economic activities have been developed. Immediate financing measures include analysis and evaluation of all possible sources at federal, provincial and municipal level (Structural Funds, agri-environmental programme, EAFRD, Fisheries Fund, LIFE, Horizon Europe, Forest Fund, resources from restructuring of biodiversity-damaging subsidies), negotiations on necessary financing between the affected administrative bodies, adequate financial endowment of the national Biodiversity Fund (Biodiversitätsfonds) with transparent allocation and evaluation of results, examination of compensation concepts for non-marketable ecosystem services of agriculture outside the CAP, examination of an interim financing model for NGOs, and examination of a landscape conservation levy with earmarking in all federal provinces for landscape-consuming measures. Under the financial sector (§8.2), the strategy foresees implementation at national level of criteria for financing sustainable economic activities that contribute to biodiversity objectives; implementation of the EU Taxonomy as soon as available; development of financial products with biodiversity criteria (impact investment, green bonds) including verified standardisation and integration of biodiversity criteria into existing public labels; scientific analyses to underpin assessment bases; integration of ecological and social interests into corporate business strategies; development of a standardised rating system to map biodiversity impact of companies, organisations and production chains (e.g. adapted ESG rating); deepening of knowledge on green finance; and amendment of the Sustainability and Diversity Improvement Act in line with EU activities on the Non-Financial Reporting Directive 2014/95. Internationally (§6), the strategy sets the objectives that financing contributions from all sources, including the public sector, towards international biodiversity financing are increased by 100%, and that biodiversity is consistently taken into account in bilateral and multilateral development cooperation. The baseline recorded is EUR 21.7 million mean annual public international biodiversity financing (2015–2020), comprising bilateral and multilateral ODA and other official flows. Measures include a gradual increase in development cooperation resources towards 0.7% of GNI and an increase in the biodiversity-relevant share; strengthened joint and transparent reporting by multilateral development banks; provision of funds for 30 annual scholarships in sustainable, biodiversity-oriented land management; and establishment of migratory-bird partnerships with developing countries.
Belgium		The NBSAP addresses biodiversity finance mobilisation under its Objective 15 operational objectives. Operational objective 15.2 commits Belgium to fully using existing EU financing instruments to promote biodiversity, including LIFE+, the European Fisheries Fund, Cohesion Fund, Structural Funds (ERDF and ESF), and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development. The Strategy notes the EU Council's call (June 2011) to mobilise additional resources from all possible sources for effective implementation of the EU Biodiversity Strategy, including predictable, adequate, and regular financing for the Natura 2000 network. Operational objective 15.3 commits to contributing towards doubling total biodiversity-related financial resource flows to developing countries by 2015 and maintaining this level until 2020, using the average annual biodiversity funding for 2006–2010 as a preliminary baseline. Belgium will adopt a methodology and calculate its baseline of international financial flows devoted to CBD implementation. A strategy to double this baseline is to be developed and implemented by 2015. Operational objective 15.4 commits to supporting developing countries to enhance institutional, national, administrative, and managerial capacities to increase the effectiveness and sustainability of financial flows for biodiversity by 2020. Support includes strengthening institutional capacities for resource mobilisation, integrating biodiversity into national and sectoral planning, and striving to increase ODA associated with biodiversity.
Burkina Faso		The NBSAP presents a detailed financing framework across multiple actor categories. The total cost of implementing the strategy is 399,148,190,000 FCFA over six years, with the 2025–2027 action plan costed at 199.574 billion FCFA. Of this, 104.115 billion FCFA (52%) is secured and 95.458 billion FCFA (48%) remains to be mobilised. Financing responsibilities are distributed among five actor groups: the State (50.84%, 101.457 billion FCFA over 3 years), Technical and Financial Partners (34.39%, 68.636 billion), Territorial Collectivities (8.02%, 16.003 billion), the Private Sector (5.49%, 10.951 billion), and NGOs/CSOs (1.27%, 2.528 billion). The strategy targets a financial resource mobilisation rate of 90% by 2030. Historical spending data shows 1,216.52 billion FCFA spent on biodiversity-related actions over 2020–2022. MEEA budget allocations ranged from 12.173 billion FCFA (2018) to 19.951 billion (2020), declining temporarily before rising again. TFP mobilisation over 2016–2022 totalled 84.99 billion FCFA, with execution rates falling from 74.38% (2016) to 46.59% (2022) due to the security situation. State financing mechanisms include allocations to biodiversity-sensitive budget programmes and public funds (Environmental Intervention Fund, Agency for Support to Territorial Collectivity Development, National Fund for Research and Innovation for Development). International funding sources identified include GEF, Adaptation Fund, CDM, Green Climate Fund, Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (REDD+), and the Benefit-sharing Fund of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources. Resource mobilisation actions include advocacy meetings with TFPs, development of a financial resource mobilisation strategy for biodiversity, training stakeholders on green fund mobilisation, strengthening environmental taxation, and submitting concept notes to innovative financing mechanisms. Unfavourable economic and financial conditions are rated a high-criticality risk (6/9).
Benin	Mobilise by all means, resources to ensure the effective implementation of the global biodiversity framework.	The NBSAP dedicates an entire chapter section (5.3) to financial resource mobilisation, identifying four categories of funding: domestic (government budget and national institutions), multilateral, bilateral, and private (§109). Domestic financing is mobilised through annual budget allocations and the National Fund for the Environment and Climate (Fonds National pour l'Environnement et le Climat) (§110). Multilateral sources include the World Bank Group, African Development Bank, BCEAO, European Commission, and others (§111). Bilateral sources include France (AFD), Germany (BMZ, GIZ, KfW), the United States (USAID), United Kingdom, Norway (NORAD), China, Japan (JICA), Canada (ACDI), and Sweden (SIDA) (§112–113). Private financing may come from foundations, philanthropists, NGOs, and named companies (§114). Conventional financing mechanisms listed include GEF, GCF, Adaptation Fund, FCPF, REDD+, IFAD, CEPF, the Cali Fund, the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund, and the Kunming Biodiversity Fund, among many others (§115). Innovative financing instruments include carbon credits, green bonds, blue bonds, debt-for-nature swaps, PES, and public-private partnerships (§116). The budgeted action plans total substantial sums across programmes: Programme 2 at 37,500 million FCFA, Programme 3 at 4,600 million FCFA, and Programme 4 at 42,800 million FCFA (§89–91). The risk analysis identifies that the main problem is not only the volume of funding but its regularity, recommending ring-fenced minimum budgets for vital functions, funded maintenance plans before any restoration, multi-year programming, and systematic audits (§134). National objective 19 in the monitoring framework tracks international ODA, national public financing, and private financing for biodiversity (§127).
Brazil	Develop and initiate, by 2026, the implementation and monitoring of a national strategy to finance the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), supporting the elaboration of State (EPAEBs) and Local (EPALBs) Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans. The strategy should aim to substantially increase, in proportion to national GDP and contributing to the global target of at least USD 200 billion per year by 2030, the volume of financial resources from national and international, public and private sources for the implementation of the NBSAP. This includes mobilising federal budget allocations, complemented by state and municipal resources; securing external funding; creating public and private incentives for biodiversity and sociobiodiversity; and promoting collective actions to ensure direct access to funding by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, with due respect for social and environmental safeguards and the leadership of these groups.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 19, committing to develop and initiate by 2026 the implementation and monitoring of a national strategy to finance the NBSAP. The target supports the elaboration of State (EPAEBs) and Local (EPALBs) Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans. The financing strategy aims to substantially increase, in proportion to national GDP and contributing to the global target of at least USD 200 billion per year by 2030, the volume of financial resources from national and international, public and private sources. Specific funding mechanisms include mobilising federal budget allocations complemented by state and municipal resources, securing external funding, creating public and private incentives for biodiversity and sociobiodiversity, and promoting collective actions to ensure direct access to funding by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities with respect for social and environmental safeguards. The NBSAP itself was financed with resources from the GEF (through the GBF Early Action Support project implemented by UNDP), the German BMZ, and Norwegian NORAD (through the GBF Implementation project by GIZ). The Amazon Fund was reactivated in January 2023 with donations totalling BRL 3.9 billion. COP16 in Rome (February 2025) established a roadmap to mobilise at least USD 200 billion annually by 2030, including a commitment to a permanent CBD financial mechanism. A national Financing Strategy is under development alongside the NBSAP. Synergies include SDGs 1a, 10b, 15.6, 15b, 17.3, and the COP16.2 Agreement on Financing the GBF.
Bhutan	By 2025, resources to support implementation of NBSAP are mobilized	Bhutan's National Target 19 states: "By 2025, resources to support implementation of NBSAP are mobilized," aligned with KMGBF Target 19, with a notably earlier deadline than the other targets (2025 vs. 2030). The NBSAP reports that between 1980 and 2019, approximately 249 biodiversity conservation projects received USD 239.4 million in funding. The Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation (BTFEC), established in 1992 with initial capitalization of USD 21 million, plays a critical role in financing conservation. However, a dedicated funding mechanism within BTFEC for NBSAP implementation was never established under the previous NBSAP. Two strategies are identified: enhancing resource mobilization for NBSAP implementation, and exploring new and innovative financing mechanisms. Actions include conducting resource mobilization consultation meetings, carrying out donor mapping and developing a potential donor database, conducting an assessment of the biodiversity and environmental finance gap, identifying innovative financing solutions (carbon market, biodiversity credits, wildlife credits, green bonds, PES, bioprospecting), developing a resource mobilization plan, and implementing it. The implementation chapter notes that a comprehensive Resource Mobilisation Plan is under preparation and expected to be completed by end of 2025. The NBSAP identifies graduation from Least Developed Country status as a future risk, noting that concessional financing and donor support may become increasingly limited.
Belarus	Mobilising financial resources for the implementation of measures for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.	The strategy's objective 16 is explicitly mapped to KMGBF Target 19 and commits to mobilising financial resources for the implementation of measures for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The implementation mechanism chapter specifies that the strategy shall be carried out through measures funded from the republican and local budgets, international technical assistance, and other sources not prohibited by legislation. No quantified financial targets or specific mobilisation mechanisms are detailed beyond identifying these funding sources.
Canada		Approximately $12.5B in federal domestic resources for nature have been announced in recent years, including $1.3B for Nature Legacy investments, $2.3B for the Enhanced Nature Legacy fund, $976.8M for Marine Conservation Targets, up to $800M for Project Finance for Permanence (up to four Indigenous-led conservation initiatives), and $5B to the Natural Climate Solutions Fund. Canada raised $9B through two green bond issuances — a March 2022 7.5-year $5B issuance with a final order book of over $11B, and a $4B issuance in March 2024 — to finance green government initiatives including terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. Internationally, the federal government has planned and announced $5.3B in climate finance (2021-2026), which dedicates 20% (over $1B) to projects leveraging nature-based climate solutions with biodiversity co-benefits; $350M for a new International Biodiversity Program (2023-2026), including a $200M pledge as the first country to commit to the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund; and $241.8M (2022-2027) for the Global Environment Facility eighth replenishment, of which 36% supports the biodiversity focal area. Canada is the seventh largest donor to the GEF. Canada endorsed the COP28 Joint Statement on Climate, Nature, and People. The federal government commits to continue identifying how to better use funding instruments and convening power to attract private sector resources, and may explore developing a national resource mobilization plan, models of public-private partnerships, blended finance, impact funds, green bonds, and fiscal incentives, supporting natural capital accounting, and creating a public listing of companies' nature-positive activities.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	By 2030, substantial financial resources from all reliable sources, including national or international (public and private), are mobilised for the effective implementation of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025–2030, notably through: 1. administrative reforms, simplifications and procedural streamlining that facilitate direct access of biodiversity actors, in particular Indigenous Pygmy Peoples, local communities, women and young people, to national and international, public and private financial resources. 2. the development of the national strategy for the mobilisation of financial resources in favour of biodiversity, with an operational monitoring mechanism, by 2026. 3. the establishment of innovative financing mechanisms such as green bonds, payment for ecosystem services and biodiversity credits, accompanied by a clear regulatory framework, by 2027. 4. the development and application of national biodiversity financing plans, taking into account national priorities and contexts, with clear financial targets for 2030, by 2028. 5. the promotion of private investment, blended finance and community contributions in favour of biodiversity, with incentives to attract the private sector, by 2025. 6. the improvement of the efficiency, transparency and synergy between biodiversity, climate and desertification control financing, through regular audits and national coordination platforms, by 2029. 7. the strengthening of local capacities, including those of Indigenous Pygmy Peoples and local communities, to support community-based approaches to the sustainable management and use of natural resources, with a training and skills transfer plan established, by 2025.	Objective 19 commits the DRC to mobilising substantial financial resources from all reliable sources — national and international, public and private — to implement the NBSAP 2025–2030. Total estimated financing needs are approximately USD 366.4 million. Anchors include the Okapi Fund (national biodiversity fund), CAFI, FONAREDD, GEF (USD 22.6 million allocation), the Green Climate Fund, and bilateral donors. The NBSAP sets seven staggered sub-milestones: private investment and community contributions by 2025; training and skills transfer by 2025; resource mobilisation strategy and operational monitoring by 2026; innovative mechanisms (green bonds, PES, biodiversity credits) by 2027; national biodiversity financing plan with 2030 targets by 2028; finance efficiency and synergy audits by 2029. The estimated cost of the resource-mobilisation framework alone is USD 8 million.
Republic of the Congo	Target 20/19: By 2030 at the latest, considerably increase compared to current levels the mobilisation of financial resources for the effective implementation of actions in favour of biodiversity and in accordance with the consolidated mechanism.	National Target 20/19 commits by 2030 to considerably increase compared to current levels the mobilisation of financial resources for the effective implementation of actions in favour of biodiversity and in accordance with the consolidated mechanism. Result A4O20R20 contains seven actions (2025–2028): mobilisation of financial resources from the private sector and/or technical and financial partners (2025); advocacy with political decision-makers to substantially increase the budget allocated to biodiversity conservation and sustainable management (2025); capacity building of CLPAs in project development and fund mobilisation (2026); increase in budgets of research centres linked to biological diversity (2027); development of an annual review of biodiversity-related expenditure (2028); valorisation of restored ecosystem services through payment for environmental services (PES) and carbon offset mechanisms (2027); and development of a national financing plan for activities linked to biological diversity (2027). Indicators include the amount of international public funding (including ODA) for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems; national public funding; private funding (national and international); amount of Global Environment Facility funding assigned to the biodiversity focal area; annual amount of biodiversity-related expenditure; and whether a national biodiversity financing plan is developed. Chapter 8 elaborates the financing architecture. National and similar financial institutions include Banque Postale du Congo, Crédit du Congo (subsidiary of Attijariwafa Bank), Banque Populaire Internationale (BCI, subsidiary of BCP), and microfinance institutions. Multilateral financing is expected from the World Bank Group, BDEAC, BEAC, BADEA, AfDB, EIB, Asian Development Bank and the European Commission. Bilateral sources include France (AFD), Germany (BMZ, GIZ, KfW), United States (USAID, OPIC), United Kingdom (Royal Society), Norway (NORAD), China (Exim Bank), Japan (JICA, TICAD), Canada (CIDA) and Sweden (SIDA). Private financing is expected from foundations, philanthropists, NGOs and private enterprises including TotalEnergies, ENI, SNPC, MTN, BRASCO, BRALICO, CIB/Olam, IFO and Mokabi. Traditional mechanisms include IBRD, IDA, IFC, FCPF, IFAD, FIP, CBD and UNFCCC financial mechanisms, Climate Investment Fund, Central African Forest Initiative (CAFI), Congo Basin Forest Fund (CBFF), Blue Fund for the Congo Basin (F2BC), Africa Climate Change Fund, Central African Green Economy Fund (FEVAC), OECD, EDF, Green Climate Fund, GEF, SCCF, Adaptation Fund, REDD Early Movers, NDC Partnership, Sangha Tri-National Foundation (FTNS), Odzala-Kokoua-Lossi Foundation (FOKL), Nouabalé-Ndoki Foundation (FNN), Forest Fund (FF), Fisheries Management Fund (FAH), Environment Protection Fund (FPE), Bezos Earth Fund, Cali Fund (DSI revenue redistribution), Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF), Kunming Biodiversity Fund (KBF), UN-REDD Programme, CEPF, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Conservation Trust Funds, and Loss and Damage Fund. Innovative financing lists carbon credits, green bonds, blue bonds, debt-for-nature swaps, payment for ecosystem services, payment for environmental services, public–private partnerships, carbon offsetting, biodiversity credits and biodiversity certificates. Section 7.1.2.1 acknowledges that the absence of a budget line in the finance act and disbursement difficulties are current bottlenecks, and sets out actions to seek financing through advocacy with TFPs and public–private partnerships. The National Strategy for Sustainable Financing of Protected Areas (NSSFPA/SNFDAP), with a stated vision that by 2024 all protected areas would have at least one sustainable financing mechanism, is an anchoring subsidiary strategy. The KMGBF Target 19 headline figure — 'mobilising at least 200 billion dollars per year by 2030' — is reproduced in the NBSAP's target listing.
Switzerland		The NBSAP addresses biodiversity financing under SBS Objective 5. The action plan states that the maintenance, restoration, and sustainable use of biodiversity require resources at national and international levels, with mobilising the business sector playing a central role. At the national level, various work is under way within the New Regional Policy and tourism policy, including the review of subsidies. The Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030 action plan for 2024–2027 contributes to the strategy's "climate, energy and biodiversity" priority. Cooperation activities relating to conservation, promotion, and touristic enhancement of building culture, landscape quality, and biodiversity are continued within Confederation tourism policy, established by SECO jointly with FOEN and the Federal Office of Culture. At the international level, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), SECO, and FOEN fund international cooperation projects that contribute to international biodiversity objectives. The International Cooperation Strategy 2025–2028 states: "Strengthening the mobilisation of climate and environment financing, including biodiversity, by the private sector remains a central objective of this strategy." Financial commitments of international cooperation are intended to be complementary to the framework credit for the global environment approved by Parliament on 8 March 2023. Despite this discussion, no new measure is included in AP SBS II for this target.
Côte d'Ivoire		The NBSAP includes a dedicated financial resource mobilisation strategy as part of its implementation framework. The strategy acknowledges that financial resources are far from secured despite efforts by government, development partners, and civil society, with the global financial crisis complicating mobilisation from financial institutions and bilateral cooperation. The resource mobilisation strategy is structured around three axes: projection of necessary resources, marketing of planned actions, and development of partnerships with new resource providers. At the internal level, the strategy envisions public funding complemented by innovative measures drawn from the polluter-pays and beneficiary-pays principles to levy taxes at all levels of society. External resources rely on partner providers. For protected areas specifically, a foundation has been established but is not yet in a position to fund the sector, requiring relay mechanisms for minimum investment. The strategy identifies as a major handicap the absence of effective strategies for capturing resources from dedicated partners such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the French GEF, GIZ, and the EU. It also calls for examining possibilities of creating specific funds similar to the protected areas foundation and establishing partnerships with the business community.
Chile		Objective IV of the NBSAP is explicitly oriented toward guaranteeing financial resources, calling for "comprehensive and diversified financing" for biodiversity. The strategy highlights two institutional innovations: the Chile Nature Fund, a public-private organisation formalised in 2022 to mobilise financing for conservation, and the Committee for Environmentally Sustainable Financial Strategy, created in 2023 under the leadership of the Ministry of Finance through its Green Finance Office. The Ministry of Finance's National Sustainability-Linked Bond (SLB) Framework is also referenced as a financing instrument. The gap analysis notes that Target 19 lacked a corresponding national target in the previous NBS. The Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Biodiversity and the National Landscape Restoration Plan are identified as linked instruments.
Cameroon	Increase and diversify sources of domestic, foreign and private financing for an effective and efficient implementation of the national biodiversity strategy and action plan.	The NBSAP devotes a dedicated chapter to resource mobilisation and five national objectives (24 through 28) in the action plan to the topic of biodiversity financing, making it one of the most extensively covered areas in the strategy. The resource mobilisation chapter states that implementation of biodiversity conservation in Cameroon has relied predominantly on support from technical and financial partners, including the GEF, the Green Climate Fund (GCF), and bilateral and multilateral cooperation. It identifies five strategic orientations to complement external cooperation: (i) strengthening the integration of biodiversity into national and sectoral budget planning; (ii) improving access to international financing aligned with national priorities; (iii) promoting progressive private sector and financial sector engagement; (iv) encouraging innovative financial mechanisms adapted to the national context; and (v) improving the traceability, transparency and effectiveness of mobilised financing. A National Biodiversity Financing Plan is currently being developed, with analytical support from the UNDP-BIOFIN Initiative covering financial needs assessment, existing flow analysis, gap identification, and resource mobilisation planning. A Guide to Green Budgeting and Sustainable Biodiversity Financing (MINEPDED & MINFI, 2025) is listed among reference documents. Objective 24 calls for increasing and diversifying sources of domestic, foreign, and private financing. The action plan sets a baseline of approximately 30 to 50 million USD per year mobilised for biodiversity and a target of at least 120 to 150 million USD per year, mobilised in a diversified and traceable manner aligned with the NBSAP. Actions include identifying national and international financial partners, conducting advocacy with the Government for increased biodiversity budgets, training at least 150 stakeholders in project maturation for submission to donors (GEF, GCF, Climate Funds), developing a biodiversity financing opportunity management module, and organising a national forum for fund mobilisation targeting at least 50 million USD in commitments at the first forum. Objective 25 establishes a legal and operational framework for innovative financing mechanisms including payment for ecosystem services (PES), green and blue bonds, biodiversity offsets and credits, benefit-sharing mechanisms, and debt-for-nature swaps. Activities include drafting a dedicated bill on innovative biodiversity financing mechanisms and at least 5 regulatory texts, conducting 12 dissemination campaigns, and raising awareness among the private and financial sectors. The target is to mobilise at least 40 million USD per year through these innovative mechanisms, up from approximately 2 to 5 million USD per year on a pilot basis. Objective 26 addresses the identification and redirection of harmful subsidies, estimating 300 to 600 billion FCFA per year (approximately 6 to 10% of the public budget) in subsidies potentially harmful to biodiversity, with a target to identify 100% and redirect or eliminate at least 50% in favour of positive incentives. The target for positive incentives is approximately 30 to 60 billion FCFA per year (approximately 50 to 100 million USD per year), up from approximately 6 to 15 billion FCFA per year. Objective 27 promotes resource mobilisation from the ABS process and multilateral mechanisms, with a target of at least 1.5 billion FCFA per year shared transparently under ABS agreements, up from approximately 300 to 800 million FCFA per year. Training of at least 1,500 stakeholders in ABS negotiation and benefit management is planned. Objective 28 incentivises enterprises and financial institutions to mobilise resources for biodiversity, targeting approximately 150 to 200 million USD per year mobilised by enterprises and financial institutions (up from approximately 20 to 40 million USD per year). Specific activities include organising B2B meetings and public-private fora, establishing a BEAC-State committee on biodiversity credits (targeting at least 100 to 150 million USD per year in national bank financing), developing at least 3 innovative financing tools (green/blue bonds, biodiversity credits, impact funds), and establishing national eco-labels with estimated benefits of 10 to 25 million USD per year.
China	By 2030, a diversified investment and financing mechanism for biodiversity shall be basically established, and the level of funding input, utilisation efficiency and transparency shall be significantly enhanced.	The NBSAP dedicates Priority Action 26 to diversified investment and financing mechanisms for biodiversity, and Chapter 5 includes a section on strengthening funding safeguards. The plan calls for strengthening overall coordination of fiscal resources at all levels, mobilising financial institutions, leveraging government guidance funds to attract social capital, and actively seeking international funding support. Specific financial instruments include: exploring the incorporation of biodiversity factors into the green finance system; including biodiversity conservation in the Green Bond Endorsed Project Catalogue; deepening payment mechanisms for ecosystem services; exploring market-based conservation and restoration compensation mechanisms; and promoting ecological products that are tradeable, pledgeable, and convertible to cash. The plan calls for aligning with carbon emission reduction monetary policy instruments and optimising co-benefits of biodiversity and climate investment and financing. A dedicated priority project requires formulation of a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Financing Plan, proposing financing channels from fiscal funding, social capital, market-based transactions, reform policies, collective action, and climate financing synergies. For international finance, China contributed 1.5 billion yuan RMB to establish the Kunming Biodiversity Fund to support biodiversity conservation in developing countries. The plan commits to ensuring successful launch and operation of the Fund, improving its governance structure and operational model, and participating in the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund. Bilateral and multilateral mechanisms including the Belt and Road Initiative, GEF, World Bank, and Asian Development Bank are referenced. Local governments are required to establish long-term funding guarantee mechanisms, develop green finance, and raise funds through multiple channels. By 2030, a diversified investment and financing mechanism is to be basically established, with significantly enhanced funding input, utilisation efficiency, and transparency.
Colombia	National Target 6. Sustainable financial models: By 2030, Colombia will have launched sustainable financing models that mobilise resources from all sources and on a long-term basis, guaranteeing transformational impacts in the territories through the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity under co-responsibility and effective and equitable governance.	Finance mobilisation is structured as National Enabling Target 6 of the NBSAP: 'By 2030, Colombia will have launched sustainable financing models that mobilise resources from all sources and on a long-term basis, guaranteeing transformational impacts in the territories through the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity under co-responsibility and effective and equitable governance.' Existing information coverage includes the APC (Agencia Presidencial de Cooperación Internacional) system on international cooperation financing, the Cíclope system of the Comptroller General's Office tracking non-reimbursable international cooperation, the CUIPO platform on national public spending, the DANE SCAE public expenditure accounts, and the BIOFIN initiative's 2010-2022 public-spending dataset on biodiversity. The private-sector ANDI exercise unifying company-reported biodiversity financing is referenced, though no systematic private-finance information system yet exists. The Action Plan budget for 2024-2030 is estimated by UNDP-BIOFIN at 76.5 trillion pesos (approximately 19,435 million US dollars) across 21 of 25 projected indicators (84% of information), requiring annual execution of 10.9 trillion pesos (2,776 million dollars) at 2024 values; National Target 2 concentrates 80.7% (61.7 trillion pesos) and National Enabling Target 6 is assigned 31,204 million pesos over the period (4,443 million pesos annually). Four headline finance indicators are covered: (16) International public financing including ODA (lead Cancillería; not reported in 2026); (17) Domestic public financing (DANE reports, DNP/UNDP/DANE/MinAmbiente/CGR validate); (18) Private financing domestic and international, disaggregated by domestic private financial (DNF via SFC and Asobancaria), domestic private corporate (DNE via DANE) and international private (IF via APC), requiring gradual adjustments to the SFC loan-portfolio format (ISIC-green taxonomy correlative), strengthening of the Cíclope system, and technological developments to tag loan portfolios by banks by 2030. Additional positive-incentive reporting (indicator 14) is led by DNP-MinAmbiente with data from DIAN, MinAmbiente, CARs and MinHacienda (Cuipo). Colombia hosted the CBD Resource Mobilisation Committee in March 2024 in Villa de Leyva and is co-leading with France, Germany and Kenya a global panel of experts on debt, climate and nature. Instruments referenced include Green Bonds aligned with ICMA principles, the National Financial Protection Strategy, a sustainable-infrastructure assessment methodology for public-private partnerships including Green PPPs for productive restoration, the Colombian green taxonomy, and TNFD. The financial-solutions portfolio includes habitat banks (compensation and voluntary), payments for environmental services (public and private), public funds, green credit lines from traditional banking, and community funds. Voices from the territories recommend direct financing without intermediation for Indigenous Peoples, Black, Afro-descendant, Raizal, Palenquero and Peasant communities, restoration funds for páramos and dry forests, decentralised funding calls, payments for environmental services credit lines with equity and sustainability criteria, and a Caribbean and Insular commitment to increase biodiversity investment from 0.8% to 1% annually of territorial-entity budgets.
Czechia		The Strategy contains a dedicated financing section and an extensive set of financial action objectives (Objective 10) with four sub-objectives covering all areas of the Action Plan. Financing is to be multi-source: state budget chapters, EU funds (OPŽP, CAP, OPST, OPD, IROP, LIFE, Interreg, Horizon), extra-budgetary resources (National Environment Programme/NPŽP, regional budgets), and private sector resources including innovative financing instruments. Total implementation cost for the Action Plan to 2030 is estimated at hundreds of millions of CZK, to be provided within approved state budget chapters without additional requirements. Action Objective 10.1 ensures continuous financial support for active biodiversity protection instruments, securing funding for the subsequent EU programming period 2028+, and introduces innovative economic instruments such as ecological compensation and certified nature credits (biodiversity offsets) by 2030. Action Objective 10.2 secures financial and human resources for regular monitoring and assessment of habitats, species, and biodiversity indicators, including citizen science support. Action Objective 10.3 ensures financial instruments for sustainable use across agricultural, forest, aquatic, and urban ecosystems, as well as IAS regulation and Nature Restoration Regulation implementation, including creating conditions for private sector involvement in nature restoration. Action Objective 10.4 funds science, research, education, public engagement, and international cooperation, including mobilising private resources for biodiversity conservation. The Strategy notes the need to simultaneously stabilise compensation mechanisms and develop tools to assess the benefits of sustainable management in terms of supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services. It references the ongoing discussion on the shape of the upcoming European multiannual financial framework.
Germany	By 2030, the German government will work to ensure that the biodiversity impacts and risks of financial decisions are made even more transparent. That work will take various forms. The German government will take an active role in initiatives at the international and European levels.	The NBS 2030 addresses biodiversity finance through two targets in Action area 16. Target 16.4 on biodiversity in the financial sector commits the German government to working by 2030 to ensure that biodiversity impacts and risks of financial decisions are made even more transparent, taking an active role in initiatives at international and European levels. The strategy reasons that raising transparency will raise awareness among market participants that biodiversity loss can be associated with financial risks, enabling them to pay more attention to biodiversity conservation in financial decisions. The approach emphasises minimal red tape and operation on the basis of a global minimum standard. The Annex I note for this indicator states that it is currently not measurable. Target 16.5 on public biodiversity financing commits to continuing established and effective funding programmes for conservation and restoration, refining them in light of their impact, and developing new measures as appropriate by 2030. The strategy notes that at the EU level, there is no separate funding instrument for nature conservation; instead funding is provided from various EU funds — agricultural, structural, cohesion, the European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund (EMFAF), and the LIFE programme. The Annex I indicator tracks the amount of funding annually available in Germany for biodiversity and is marked as available. The broader Action area 16 calls for further development of conditions for sustainable consumption, a sustainable financial system, and sustainable investments to ensure biodiversity concerns are backed by adequate funding.
Denmark		The NBSAP details both domestic and international financial resource mobilisation for biodiversity. Domestically, the Agreement on a Green Denmark establishes the Danish Green Land Fund with approximately DKK 40 billion for land-use transformation, including new forest, removal of carbon-rich soils, and wetlands. The marine nature fund allocates DKK 500 million for 2024-2030 (with up to DKK 350 million additional). Climate carbon-rich soil grant schemes total DKK 4.27 billion in 2021-2024, and the Water and Climate Projects scheme has approximately DKK 1.2 billion by 2027. Internationally, Denmark allocates at least 35 per cent of total development aid (approximately DKK 6 billion in 2024) to green objectives. More than half of green aid (approximately DKK 3 billion) is allocated to Africa. Specific international financial commitments include: - DKK 800 million to the Global Environment Facility (2022-2026), a 78 per cent increase over previous contributions - DKK 100 million to the new Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (2024) - DKK 1 billion for a new international forestry and nature initiative (2024-2027) - DKK 200 million core contribution to UNEP (2022-2025) - DKK 80 million to IUCN (by end 2024) - DKK 70 million to the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration Fund (2022-2025) - DKK 14 million to the CBD secretariat (2023-2026) - DKK 80 million to IDH - The Sustainable Trade Initiative (2022-2025) - DKK 30 million for WWF 'Scaling Up Sustainable Soy' (2023-2025) - DKK 120 million for cooperation with authorities on water and circular economy (2023-2026) Strategic partnership agreements include DKK 16 million/year to Forests of the World and DKK 17 million/year to WWF Denmark (both 2022-2025), and DKK 18 million/year to IWGIA (2024-2027).
Egypt		Egypt's National Biodiversity Financing Plan 2024–2030 was developed using the UNDP–BIOFIN methodology through biodiversity expenditure review, financial needs assessment, and stakeholder consultation. The Biodiversity Financial Needs Assessment report identified a financing gap of 291.9 million US dollars for the period 2024–2030, required to achieve Egypt's biodiversity objectives. To bridge this gap, the plan prioritises nine financing solutions ranked by biodiversity impact, financial impact, and likelihood of success. The nine solutions are: (1) reviewing entrance fees for nature reserves and digitising collection to improve returns from visits; (2) reviewing usufruct rights fees, permits, and investor selection procedures for reserves; (3) increasing corporate social responsibility allocations and public biodiversity financing initiatives; (4) exploring and integrating biodiversity-positive carbon credits into the carbon market; (5) strengthening programme and performance-based budgeting to integrate biodiversity into government planning; (6) developing insurance systems for biodiversity risks; (7) establishing a roadmap for biodiversity offsets within EIA policies aiming for no net loss and ideally a net gain; (8) strengthening public–private partnerships; and (9) mobilising international financing flows through donor organisations such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Green Climate Fund. The estimated implementation cost of the strategy is stated as 291.9 million US dollars for 2024–2030, covering protected-area management, human-resources development, conservation programmes, institutional development of the nature-conservation sector, establishment of a proposed supreme body, environmental legislation, and mainstreaming biodiversity into development sectors. The plan emphasises stakeholder engagement from government, NGOs, private sector, and local communities, with gender equality and women's empowerment as core elements. KMGBF Target 19 is reproduced in Annex 4, endorsing the global mobilisation of 200 billion US dollars annually by 2030.
Eritrea	Target 9: By 2026, the mobilization of financial resources for the effective implementation of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2026-2030), from local and international sources is reinforced in accordance with the resource mobilization strategy.	Eritrea's National Target 9 commits to reinforcing the mobilization of financial resources for NBSAP implementation from local and international sources by 2026, in accordance with a resource mobilization strategy. The total budget for mobilization activities is USD 715,000, within a grand total NBSAP implementation cost of USD 48,100,000, of which 67% is to be mobilized from external sources. The absence of a resource mobilization plan was identified as a key shortcoming of NBSAP-2015. A companion Resource Mobilization, Monitoring and Evaluation Plan (RMMEP) has been prepared as a separate document. The action plan establishes six objectives organized as a sequential process: establishing a Resource Mobilization Committee with members from relevant ministries (Actions 9.1.1-9.1.3, 2026), building capacity in programme/project formulation and resource mobilization (Actions 9.2.1-9.2.2), identifying resource needs and potential providers (Actions 9.3.1-9.3.8), preparing concept notes and project proposals for funding partners (Actions 9.4.1-9.4.5), ensuring project delivery to maintain credibility (Actions 9.5.1-9.5.8), and developing a reporting and information system (Actions 9.6.1-9.6.4). The NBSAP notes that the DoE within MoLWE is responsible for resource mobilization and that the Resource Mobilization Task Team will proactively engage with biodiversity funding agencies.
Spain		The NBSAP dedicates a full section to financing and presents a budget estimate totalling 4,173,191,563 euros for the Strategic Plan to 2030, distributed across four main lines: knowledge about natural heritage and biodiversity (483.8M euros), protection and conservation of nature (1,070.8M euros), recovery of ecosystems (864.2M euros), and reduction of threats (1,754.4M euros). The NBSAP sets the objective of doubling investment in biodiversity by 2025 relative to 2020 levels, and maintaining at least the 2025 level through 2030. At least 1% of the public works budget is to be allocated to financing actions for conservation of natural heritage by 2024. The Prioritised Action Framework for the Natura 2000 Network identifies a need for at least 1,408 million euros per year for effective network management. Funding sources identified include: General State Budgets, the Ecological Restoration and Resilience Fund (Royal Decree-Law 36/2020), the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan (NextGenerationEU), and multiple EU instruments including the Just Transition Mechanisms, ESF+, ERDF, EAGF, EAFRD, EMFF, LIFE Programme, Horizon Europe, and the European Investment Bank. Systems for accounting for biodiversity conservation financing are to be improved by 2023, building on OECD and European Commission methodologies. Mechanisms to facilitate private sector financing are to be developed, along with payment for environmental services (analysis of opportunities before 2024). Central Government staff dedicated to biodiversity conservation are to be doubled by 2030. The gender perspective is to be incorporated into resource allocation across biodiversity-related fields.
European Union		The strategy sets out a detailed finance mobilisation framework. At least EUR 20 billion per year is to be unlocked for spending on nature, drawing on both private and public funding at national and EU level through multiple programmes in the EU's long-term budget, including the Common Agricultural Policy, Cohesion Policy funds, Horizon Europe, the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund, LIFE, and external action funds. A significant proportion of the 25% of the EU budget dedicated to climate action is to be invested in biodiversity and nature-based solutions. Under InvestEU, a dedicated natural-capital and circular-economy initiative is to mobilise at least EUR 10 billion over 10 years based on public/private blended finance. The EU sustainable finance taxonomy is to guide investment, with a delegated act under the Taxonomy Regulation for biodiversity-related economic activities. A Renewed Sustainable Finance Strategy is to help the financial system contribute to mitigating biodiversity risks. The Commission's biodiversity proofing framework is to be strengthened using EU taxonomy criteria. For green public procurement, criteria for nature-based solutions are to be integrated when the Commission proposes further legislation and guidance. Internationally, the EU and its Member States have doubled financial flows to developing countries for biodiversity and are ready to continue increasing support post-2020.
Gabon	Mobilise national and international financial resources for biodiversity from all sources	Gabon's National Target 19 aims to mobilise national and international financial resources for biodiversity from all sources. Three strategic actions are specified: optimise the functioning of the Gabon Biodiversity Preservation Fund (FPBG); finalise and validate the Marine Spatial Plan (MSP); and identify needs for human, technical, and financial capacity-building. The key indicators are FPBG documents available and at least 5 persons trained. The FPBG is the responsible stakeholder. The NBSAP devotes an entire chapter to financing and resource mobilisation, describing a diversified financial architecture. National sources include a dedicated budget line for the Ministry of the Environment, the environmental safeguard fund (to be established under Law No. 007/2014 funded by environmental taxation), the reactivation of the dormant forestry fund, and a new ecotourism fund. The FPBG, an international non-profit, relies on innovative mechanisms including blue bonds. Bilateral partners include France (AFD, FFEM) and the EU. Multilateral sources include UNDP, UNEP, FAO, UNESCO, AfDB, World Bank, GEF (GEF-8 currently being implemented, concluding 2026), and the Green Climate Fund. Regional initiatives cited include the African Wildlife Initiative, Blue Fund for the Congo Basin, CAFI, and the Congo Basin Forest Partnership (which Gabon co-facilitates). Innovative mechanisms include the debt-for-nature swap with France (described as a model to replicate with other countries), payments for ecosystem services (PES), and carbon credits on voluntary markets. The Gabonese Agency for the Development of the Green Economy (AGADEV), established 22 January 2025, will operationalise the valorisation of natural capital and monetisation of environmental credits.
United Kingdom	The UK will contribute to substantially and progressively increasing the level of financial resources from all sources, in an effective, timely and easily accessible manner, including domestic, international, public and private resources, in accordance with Article 20 of the Convention, to implement national biodiversity strategies and action plans, and contribute to the global targets for mobilising at least $200 billion per year by 2030: (a) Increasing total biodiversity related international financial resources from developed countries, including official development assistance, and from countries that voluntarily assume obligations of developed country Parties, to developing countries, in particular the least developed countries and small island developing States, as well as countries with economies in transition, to at least $20 billion per year by 2025, and to at least $30 billion per year by 2030; (b) Significantly increasing domestic resource mobilisation, facilitated by the preparation and implementation of national biodiversity finance plans or similar instruments according to national needs, priorities and circumstances; (c) Leveraging private finance, promoting blended finance, implementing strategies for raising new and additional resources, and encouraging the private sector to invest in biodiversity, including through impact funds and other instruments; (d) Stimulating innovative schemes such as payment for ecosystem services, green bonds, biodiversity offsets and credits, and benefit-sharing mechanisms, with environmental and social safeguards; (e) Optimising co-benefits and synergies of finance targeting the biodiversity and climate crises; (f) Enhancing the role of collective actions, including by indigenous peoples and local communities, and non-market-based approaches including community based natural resource management and civil society cooperation and solidarity aimed at the conservation of biodiversity; (g) Enhancing the effectiveness, efficiency and transparency of resource provision and use.	The NBSAP sets UK target 19, the most detailed of the 23 targets, committing to contribute to substantially and progressively increasing the level of financial resources from all sources to implement national biodiversity strategies and action plans, and contribute to the global target of mobilising at least $200 billion per year by 2030. The target contains seven sub-commitments: (a) increasing total biodiversity-related international financial resources from developed countries to developing countries to at least $20 billion per year by 2025, and at least $30 billion per year by 2030; (b) significantly increasing domestic resource mobilisation through national biodiversity finance plans; (c) leveraging private finance, promoting blended finance, and encouraging private sector investment in biodiversity; (d) stimulating innovative schemes such as payment for ecosystem services, green bonds, biodiversity offsets and credits, and benefit-sharing mechanisms; (e) optimising co-benefits and synergies of finance targeting biodiversity and climate crises; (f) enhancing the role of collective actions, including community-based natural resource management and civil society cooperation; and (g) enhancing the effectiveness, efficiency and transparency of resource provision and use. Footnotes clarify the UK's positions on rights of nature/Mother Earth and on indigenous peoples under the CBD.
Equatorial Guinea	By 2030, develop, implement and disseminate a National Financial Resource Mobilisation Strategy designed to guarantee the sustainable financing of the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.	National Target 18 of the ENPADIB (corresponding to global Target 19) commits, by 2030, to design, launch and disseminate a National Financial Resource Mobilisation Strategy that enables the increase, diversification and efficient management of funding sources allocated to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, ensuring financial sustainability of protected areas, conservation programmes and nature-based development initiatives. Implementation conditions include developing biodiversity conservation projects and submitting them to the Government, the CBD and other international financing institutions; developing and approving the decree regulating the management of the National Environment Fund (FONAMA – Fondo Nacional del Medio Ambiente); regulating and strengthening the management of existing funds for protected area activities; and implementing ecotourism and other nature-based solutions as complementary financing sources. Funding sources identified include national and international, public and private sources — UN agencies, USAID, the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the World Bank — as well as innovative mechanisms including REDD+ and Payment for Environmental Services (PES), and Environmental Funds. A budget line of USD 4,000,000 is attached in §245 for bankable-project training and project preparation. The grand total of national target budget lines across the ENPADIB is USD 92,000,000. The Ministry of Forests and Environment is noted as having operational-level national-budget funds that are described as insufficient, requiring additional financing. Degree of alignment is HIGH (key structural target).
Hungary		The NBSAP addresses biodiversity finance through a detailed funding framework in Section 4 and through Target 19.2 on international cooperation. The funding table maps each of the 19 objectives to available financial sources: specific Hungarian funds (budgetary allocations), ERDF, EMFF, CAP, LIFE, Horizon Europe, RRF, and other international or private funding. The strategy states that implementation requires sufficient financial resources and a supportive regulatory environment. Target 19.2 specifically commits to promoting sustainable forms of investment in line with biodiversity conservation and continuing Hungary's Green Bond issuance, with 'Green Bond issuance (amount/year)' as an indicator. It also commits to involving Hungary in the European Biodiversity Partnership, encouraging Hungarian research institution participation in partnership tenders, and integrating biodiversity conservation into international development cooperation projects. The NBSAP does not specify aggregate mobilisation targets or amounts equivalent to the KMGBF's $200 billion/year goal.
Indonesia	National Target 19 (TN 19): Substantive and progressive increased in financial support for the effective, efficient, and transparent implementation of IBSAP.	National Target 19 (TN 19): Substantive and Progressive Increased in Financial Support for the Effective, Efficient, and Transparent Implementation of IBSAP, complemented by TN 20 (incentives) and the Strategy 3.3 private-sector and finance chapter, maps to KMGBF Target 19. The Financial Needs Assessment (LPEM UI, KemenPPN/Bappenas and UNDP BIOFIN, 2024) estimates an annual IBSAP 2025-2045 need of IDR 70.69-75.53 trillion, against a Biodiversity Budget Tracking figure of IDR 9.85 trillion in the 2022 state budget (KemenPPN/Bappenas and BIOFIN, 2024). The prior 2015-2020 FNA estimated a minimum IDR 167.91 trillion (USD 11.58 billion) over five years. TN 19 is measured by two indicators: proportion of national budget allocation and expenditure for biodiversity management relative to total ministerial/agency expenditure in the State Budget (APBN) — baseline and 2023 <1 percent, targets 1 percent in 2025 and >1 percent in 2030 and 2045; and percentage of innovative financing proposals followed up — 50 percent in 2023 and held at 50 percent through 2045. TN 19 is delivered through five action groups: strengthening institutional and policy frameworks for biodiversity-related financial flows; increasing international financial support; increasing domestic financing and government expenditure; developing innovative financing solutions including private-sector engagement, blended finance and market-based instruments; and enhancing efficiency, effectiveness and transparency. Innovative solutions named include the Biodiversity Fund and Financing Hub, Project Finance for Permanence, Green and Blue Bonds, Bioprospecting ABS, Biodiversity Impact Fund, Biodiversity Investment Prospectus, Ecological Fiscal Transfer, Faith-Based/Religious Funding, Nature-Related Disclosure, Biodiversity Credit, Debt for Nature Swap and Crowdfunding. Indonesia issued Asia's first SDGs bond in September 2021 (EUR 500 million / USD 584 million, Best Bond Award 2021); green bonds grew from USD 49 million in 2017 to USD 52.1 million in 2022; the first blue bonds were issued in 2023 (JPY 20.7 million / USD 150 billion per source); and coral bonds are being developed with the World Bank. Indonesia positions itself to access the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF) and its allocation rules (36%+3% for LDCs/SIDS; 25% through GEF partner financial institutions; 20% of the portfolio for indigenous and local community initiatives by 2030). Lead entities are Kemenkeu, Bappenas, KLH/BPLH, Kemenhut, KKP, Kementan, Kemendagri, OJK, Bank Indonesia and local governments. TN 20 adds the Ecological Fiscal Transfer (TAPE/TAKE) vehicle illustrated by Central Java Governor Regulation 61/2023.
India	Ensure the flow of adequate financial resources from all sources including public, private, international, and other innovative financial mechanisms, to implement the NBSAP, SBSAPs, and LBSAPs.	India's NBSAP commits to ensuring the flow of adequate financial resources from all sources — public, private, international, and innovative financial mechanisms — to implement the NBSAP, SBSAPs, and LBSAPs. The headline indicators track international public funding for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use (D.1), domestic public funding (D.2), and private funding (D.3), with complementary indicators on the monetary value and percentage of annual biodiversity expenditure from the total national budget and total funding for developing countries to promote environmentally sound technologies. Five national indicators are tracked: trends in financial resources made available from public, private, Corporate Social Responsibility, and philanthropic sources (19.1); trends in human resources made available for implementing KM-GBF and National Biodiversity Targets (19.2); trends in technical resources made available (19.3); percentage of Corporate Social Responsibility funds directed to meet National Biodiversity Targets (19.4); and trends in innovative financial solutions such as Green Credits, Green Bonds, ABS, and Carbon Credits (19.5). Lead agencies include CS-III Biodiversity Division of MoEFCC, National Biodiversity Authority, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Corporate Affairs, and other central ministries.
Iran	Substantially and progressively increase the level of financial resources from all sources, in an effective, timely, and easily accessible manner, including domestic, international, public, and private resources, in accordance with Article 20 of the Convention, to implement national biodiversity strategies and action plans.	NT-19 commits to substantially and progressively increasing the level of financial resources from all sources — domestic, international, public, and private — in an effective, timely, and easily accessible manner, in accordance with Article 20 of the Convention, to implement national biodiversity strategies and action plans. The National Goal-D header calls for ensuring Iran's fair and guaranteed access to sufficient implementation tools, including financial resources, capacity building, and technical and scientific cooperation, for mobilising national resources and international financial facilities for financing NBSAP3 implementation in alignment with KM GBF and 2050 goals. Three actions are listed (one incomplete): collaborating with international organisations to share knowledge and regulatory experiences in synthetic biology, and participating in global initiatives on ethical and environmental implications of synthetic biology. The Preface expresses the hope that lifting sanctions, ensuring equitable allocation of financial resources, and fostering technical cooperation will contribute to outcomes by 2030 and 2050, and notes that Iran improved its EPI ranking from 134th to 112th in 2024 despite sanctions. The Preface also notes that the 7th Five-Year Development Plan's alignment with the KM GBF provides an ideal framework for achieving targets by around 2030.
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030	Action-oriented target 5-4: Enhance resource mobilization, including scaling up international resource mobilization through financial support, technology transfer, and capacity building to developing countries.	Action-oriented target 5-4 addresses resource mobilization. The government commits to securing the necessary budget and to promoting mobilization of all resources including private financial resources, with efficiency gains through prioritising measures with synergies (e.g. with climate change). The government will take legislative, financial and tax measures — including special measures for donations to public-interest corporations engaged in biodiversity conservation and special exceptions on income, corporate and local tax for land in natural parks and protection forests. Payment for Ecosystem Services will be promoted through dissemination of cases. Green finance, biodiversity-linked green bonds, and TNFD-linked sustainable finance will be expanded. Internationally, the government will enhance contributions to the Global Environment Facility (GEF), Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) (co-founded by Japan, World Bank, Conservation International), and the Japan Biodiversity Fund (which has supported 87 capacity-building projects across 149 countries). Bilateral support is delivered through JICA in line with the January 2022 JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations and through REDD+ support for developing countries.
Lebanon	NT 22: By 2030, substantially and progressively increase the level of financial resources from all sources– including domestic, international, public and private resources– in an effective, timely, and easily accessible manner to implement national biodiversity strategies and action plans, mobilizing at least $100 million per year.	National Target 22 commits Lebanon by 2030 to substantially and progressively increase the level of financial resources from all sources–domestic, international, public and private–in an effective, timely and easily accessible manner to implement national biodiversity strategies and action plans, mobilising at least US$100 million per year. Progress is tracked through Headline Indicators D.1 (international public funding including ODA), D.2 (domestic public funding) and D.3 (private domestic and international funding), plus a Biodiversity Finance Tracking Tool (binary) and a Private Public Partnership indicator counting the number of PPPs established. National Actions include the central NA 22.6 which commits to developing a national biodiversity finance plan covering innovative financing, donor engagement, private-sector mobilisation, environmental valuation studies, mechanisms to facilitate access to funding for vulnerable and low-income populations, integration of biodiversity valuation into SEAs and EIAs, a national TEEB/BIOFIN framework including payments for ecosystem services and reform of environmentally harmful subsidies, economic valuation studies for nature reserves and for coastal zones, maritime public domains, high mountains, riparian nature sites and at least 20% of public forests, and awareness campaigns on biodiversity valuation for decision-makers (NA 22.7). Implementation funding for each National Action is individually costed across the action plan; named international sources include GEF, UNDP, UNEP, World Bank, FAO, EU, IUCN ROWA and the Green Climate Fund, with domestic funding through MoE, MoF, MoA and related ministries.
Lesotho	By 2030, Lesotho shall progressively increase the level of financial resources from all sources, in an effective, timely and easily accessible manner, including domestic, international, public and private resources, in accordance with Article 20 of the Convention and national policies to implement national biodiversity strategy and action plan	Two national targets address biodiversity finance mobilisation. National Target 18 commits Lesotho to mobilising USD 4 million from local sources and USD 25 million from international sources to support biodiversity programmes by 2030, progressively increasing financial resources from all sources in accordance with Article 20 of the Convention. National Target 14 more generally commits to mobilising financial and other resources for effective NBSAP implementation. The NBSAP II review notes that a Resource Mobilisation Strategy was developed and implemented, and that financial resources have been mobilised across different ministries and departments as well as from development partners and other donors. The Biodiversity Financing Initiative (Biofin) is listed among GEF-funded projects. Indicators include the amount of GEF funding allocated to the biodiversity focal area and the amount and composition of biodiversity-related finance reported. Goal D of the NBSAP states the objective of progressively closing the biodiversity finance gap of USD 27 million per year. Detailed action plans for National Targets 14 and 18 were not included in the briefing sections available. However, the aggregate budgets across all action plans in the NBSAP total approximately USD 135 million (Goal A: USD 57.1M, Goal B: USD 73.8M, Goal C: USD 4.4M), with funding expected from both Government of Lesotho and donor sources.
Luxembourg		The NBSAP dedicates a full chapter (3.3) to securing financial, human, and land resources for implementation. It states that the resources must be commensurate with the strategy's protection and restoration measures, governance consolidation, digitalisation, monitoring, research, and awareness-raising needs. The strategy calls for mobilising both private and public funding at national and municipal levels, while acknowledging that a precise estimate of the budgetary implications is difficult to produce; the figures in the appended financial table are described as indicative. The main budgetary sources include the ordinary budget and three special funds: the environmental protection fund, the water management fund, and the climate and energy fund. The strategy specifies that 30% of the climate and energy fund budget will be invested in ecosystem restoration and nature-based solutions for natural carbon capture and storage. Cross-sectoral budgetary integration is advocated, with potential applications in finance, public works, agriculture, and consumption sectors. For land acquisition, the strategy targets the acquisition of 40% of land within protected areas and 70% of land within their core zones through the Fund for the Protection of the Environment, with procedures to be streamlined. At the international level, Luxembourg commits to quadrupling its financial investments for international biodiversity engagement by 2026, targeting projects with a direct link to forests, the marine environment, and wetlands. The geographical focus is on cooperation partner countries (Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Laos, Mali, Nicaragua, Niger, and Senegal). Luxembourg will support these developing countries in integrating biodiversity into their national sustainable development strategies and sectoral policies through aligned official development assistance. The strategy also commits to establishing a financing platform in collaboration with the Ministry of Finance and CIFOR/ICRAF to stimulate private financial investments in nature-based solutions, and to concluding a strategic partnership with the IUCN to increase knowledge on private biodiversity financing.
Libya	By 2030, develop and implement a national strategy for resource mobilization and regulation of financial flows aimed at effective national financial planning for biodiversity conservation efforts.	The NBSAP directly addresses biodiversity finance mobilisation through national Target 19 with a USD 5 million budget. The target commits to developing a national strategy for resource mobilisation and regulation of financial flows aimed at effective national financial planning for biodiversity conservation. Five priorities are specified: evaluating government budgets and expenditure across all biodiversity-related sectors to determine the volume of spending causing negative damage versus spending aimed at conservation (by 2023); developing legislative or regulatory measures to align government and private sector financial flows with biodiversity protection objectives (by 2024); developing a strategy for high-level decision makers (Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Planning) to identify the feasibility and socio-economic benefits of biodiversity investment across sectors (by 2030); increasing public domestic spending on biodiversity while encouraging private sector investment in conservation and sustainable use projects (by 2030); and promoting the Nagoya Protocol conventions on access to genetic resources and fair benefit-sharing for conservation (by 2030). Across the entire action plan, individual target budgets sum to approximately USD 273 million (ranging from USD 3 million to USD 150 million per target), providing a costed framework for implementation.
Madagascar	By 2030, human and financial capital for the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Convention sur la diversité biologique) has increased to sufficient and adequate levels to achieve the objectives of NBSAPs.	The NBSAP commits that by 2030, human and financial capital for the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity has increased to sufficient and adequate levels to achieve NBSAP objectives. Madagascar already relies on foundations and mechanisms such as REDD+ and PES, but the NBSAP identifies public contributions as remaining limited. Five actions (structured around three strategic axes) implement the target with estimated financial needs of USD 6,937,302 (8.59% of Programme 3), allocated as: frameworks favourable to mobilisation of resources, green diplomacy and cooperation (USD 2,142,000); mobilisation and use of national and international, public and private funding (USD 3,202,286); and governance, transparency in the use of funds and stakeholder capacity building (USD 1,593,016). Overall NBSAP financial requirements for 2026-2030 are estimated at USD 812,292,880. Strategic axis 1 establishes political, strategic, institutional and operational frameworks promoting biodiversity financing, with resource mobilisation strategies and financing plans (headline indicators D.1, D.2, D.3: amount of national and international, public and private financial support per year recorded, negotiated and secured). A National Resource Mobilisation Strategy is pending due to recent national political events. Strategic axis 2 inventories, mobilises and efficiently manages national and international funding (GEF, GBFF, Kunming Biodiversity Fund, Japanese Fund, GCF) and develops innovative mechanisms including Payments for Ecosystem Services, biodiversity credits, blended finance, green and blue bonds, carbon credits, blue finance, environmental taxes, sustainable royalties and certifications. Key national instruments named include FAPBM, Tany Meva Foundation, BIOFIN Project and the SPACES Programme. Strategic axis 3 establishes a national system for transparency and accountability in financial mobilisation and strengthens institutional and technical capacity (training modules, IEC and advocacy campaigns, international negotiation support). NBSAP financing rests on a diversified portfolio combining national public resources (via integration into the Finance Act and Medium-Term Expenditure Frameworks), bilateral and multilateral partners, private-sector contributions (CSR, PPPs, compensation mechanisms), and innovative instruments (carbon credits, PES, green bonds, environmental funds). The Government is undertaking progressive review, reduction and elimination of subsidies harmful to biodiversity.
Marshall Islands		Sub-target 3.19 addresses mobilization or tracking of financial resources for biodiversity, delivered through GEF tracking and finance systems at the MEA level. Headline indicators D.1 (Development Assistance), D.2 (Domestic Public Funding), and D.3 (Private Funding) track international public finance, domestic public expenditure, and private funding for biodiversity, with MoFBPS and RMI EPA as data leads. The NBSAP contains an extensive Resource Mobilization section (§42) with 14 numbered actions. MoFBPS administers the Marshall Islands Resilience and Adaptation Trust Fund (MIRA) for climate resilience financing (Action 89). MoFBPS with CMAC and the PAN Office is to strengthen and expand national biodiversity financing mechanisms, building on the Reimaanlok Sustainable Finance Plan and PAN funding, and advancing endowment growth and blended climate-biodiversity finance (Action 90). CCD is to pursue GCF accreditation leveraging biodiversity-climate adaptation synergies (Action 91). RMI EPA is to pursue all relevant GEF opportunities, including programming the STAR national biodiversity allocation in alignment with NBSAP priorities (Action 93). Specific GEF windows targeted include the GBFF, Kunming Biodiversity Fund, SCCF, and blended finance opportunities (Action 93b). Additional mechanisms include the Cali Fund for DSI (Action 95), Pacific Resilience Facility (Action 96), Santiago Network for Loss and Damage (Action 97), Unlocking Blue Pacific Prosperity initiative (Action 98), GIZ/IKI funding for the LACAB community subprojects (Action 99), NBSAP Accelerator Partnership (Action 100), bilateral programs such as the Darwin Initiative (Action 101), and the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (Action 102). Action 84 directs compilation of finance tracking data for indicators D.1–D.3 ahead of the 8th National Report.
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030		The NBSAP dedicates its fourth strategic axis (Axis D) to resource mobilisation and financial innovation, recognising that the lack of funding through the State budget alone limits conservation programmes. The strategy proposes three measures: developing financial incentives (D.1), implementing a resource mobilisation strategy (D.2), and establishing green financial products (D.3). Action D.2.1 calls for defining and identifying funding needs and sources for NBS implementation, with a complete budgetary plan finalised by 2026. Action D.2.2 targets strengthening the State budget allocation to reach 2% of the overall budget dedicated to biodiversity by 2028. Action D.2.3 seeks collaboration with national and international private investors and international organisations, targeting 20 funding agreements and USD 100 million mobilised for biodiversity by 2028. Green financial products (D.3.2) including green bonds, green loans, and dedicated biodiversity funds are to be created in collaboration with financial sector operators, with 5 products by 2028. Action D.3.1 launches an awareness-raising programme for the financial sector by 2027, and D.3.3 develops 10 environmental assessment criteria for financial projects by 2028.
Malaysia	By 2030, there is a significant increase in funds and financial incentives for biodiversity conservation from both government and non-government sources	Malaysia's NPBD Target 17 commits that "by 2030, there is a significant increase in funds and financial incentives for biodiversity conservation from both government and non-government sources." The policy notes that biodiversity-related expenditure has historically been dominated by government, with NGO and private-sector contributions and multilateral/bilateral aid (UNDP, GEF, ITTO, DANIDA, JICA) playing limited roles, and observes that as Malaysia transitions out of developing-country status it will find it harder to tap these aid flows. Existing mechanisms named include the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources, the Marine Parks Trust Fund, and the Taman Negara Trust Fund. Target 17 has three actions. Action 17.1 increases public funds available for biodiversity conservation (lead: Ministry in charge of biodiversity and forestry; partners Ministry of Finance, MBC, Bursa Malaysia, Bank Negara). Action 17.2 (mobilise green conservation financing from the private sector) commits to establish the policy, legal, and institutional mechanisms necessary to operationalise the REDD Plus Finance Framework (RFF) at national and/or sub-national levels; utilise the RFF to facilitate funding, transparency, and certification; provide technical support to state governments pursuing REDD Plus and voluntary forest carbon projects; establish legal and financial mechanisms for Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes; and engage regulators and financial institutions to develop blended finance instruments. Action 17.3 diversifies the revenue streams of state governments for biodiversity conservation, with lead Ministry of Finance. Action 4.1 complements with SEEA, a Sustainable and Responsible Taxonomy for Biodiversity, and biodiversity-related financial disclosure to crowd in private finance. Quantified resource-mobilisation targets (for example, a specific annual dollar figure) are not stated.
Namibia	Financial resources for biodiversity conservation are significantly increased from domestic, international and private sector sources to support the full implementation of NBSAP 3	National Target 19 commits that financial resources for biodiversity conservation are significantly increased from domestic, international and private sector sources to support full implementation of NBSAP 3. Programme 30 — Mobilising and sustaining financial resources for biodiversity implementation — coordinates finance across funding sources, strengthens institutional capacity for resource mobilisation, and positions the private sector as a strategic partner alongside government and development partners. Responding to NBSAP 2 review findings on rigid funding modalities and weak private-sector engagement, the programme promotes adaptive financing, leveraging of private capital, increased domestic resource mobilisation through national and sectoral budgets and public investment frameworks, improved access to international biodiversity finance with greater donor harmonisation, and innovative and blended finance approaches. Implementation instruments include national biodiversity finance plans and resource mobilisation strategies (including BIOFIN), the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework, biodiversity expenditure reviews and tracking systems, environmental and climate finance mechanisms and funds, and innovative and blended finance instruments. Activities include establishing a Biodiversity Finance Coordination Platform; conducting a biodiversity expenditure review and needs assessment; developing a dedicated biodiversity window under the Environmental Investment Fund (EIF); partnerships with private sector, philanthropies and NGOs; updating a national biodiversity finance plan; enhancing private-sector engagement through fiscal incentives, certification schemes and biodiversity credits; establishing a biodiversity finance tracking and reporting mechanism; and convening biodiversity finance alignment dialogues.
Nigeria	By 2020, national-based funding for biodiversity is increased by 25%, with effective international partnership support.	National Target 13 states: "By 2020, national-based funding for biodiversity is increased by 25%, with effective international partnership support." Actions include conducting an NBSAP resource needs assessment (Action 13.1, BDCP); establishing a national funding mechanism for biodiversity including public-private partnerships (Action 13.2, FM Planning); integrating biodiversity conservation into appropriate national appropriation (Action 13.3, FMF); and strengthening partnerships with development partners such as GEF, UNDP, and UNEP (Action 13.4, FDF). The monitoring matrix targets a 50% increase in both national and international funding for biodiversity by 2020. The resource mobilization plan identifies domestic funding (Federal Government, private sector, fund raising events) and international agencies (GEF, UNEP, UNDP) as finance actors. Public funding is expected to remain the dominant source, supplemented by innovative financial mechanisms. The financing mechanisms table lists: positive and negative tax incentives, dedicated funds, reduction of harmful subsidies, caps and limits on trade in ecosystem goods, procurement policies promoting sustainable ecosystem management, payments for ecosystem services, independent certification, biodiversity offsets and wetlands banking, fines and levies, conservation easements, and voluntary and mandatory fees. Innovative funding mechanisms include: crowd funding (naming conservation sites after donors, 'build and operate' schemes for national park visitor centres); biodiversity-based lotteries organized with the National Lottery Regulatory Commission with a special lottery on World Biodiversity Day; biodiversity taxes on direct users including visiting tourists and polluting industries; increased grant applications to UN agencies and private foundations; establishment of Ecological Fund equivalents at state and LGA levels with prescribed annual revenue percentages set aside for biodiversity conservation; promotion of ecotourism through festivals such as the Argungu Fishing Festival and Biseni Fishing Festival; and establishment of a National Biodiversity Trust Fund backed by legislation.
Netherlands		The NBSAP devotes extensive attention to biodiversity finance, structured around sub-action targets for international, national, private, and innovative financing, plus climate-finance synergies. On international financing (sub-action target a), the Netherlands reports that approximately EUR 220 million was spent from the budget for Foreign Trade and Development Aid in 2024 on activities in developing countries that also contributed to biodiversity. Within the priorities set out in the 2025 Policy Letter on Development Aid, contributions are made to international biodiversity where opportune, including through nature-based solutions. The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Food Security and Nature (LVVN) also contributes through deployment of LVVN counsellors abroad. On national financing (sub-action target b), Dutch authorities spent approximately EUR 1.34 billion gross on nature and landscape in 2021, according to Statistics Netherlands (CBS). The government has allocated approximately EUR 5 billion to the agricultural sector and intends to deploy up to EUR 500 million for nature restoration. No additional public resources are foreseen. The Netherlands commits to developing a National Biodiversity Finance Plan, with technical support from IUCN through the EU Technical Support Instrument in a joint project with Belgium, Finland, and Luxembourg. The plan will assess (1) how much financing for nature is needed, (2) how much is currently available, and (3) what ways exist to realise more financing, including public-private innovative mechanisms. On private financing (sub-action target c), the government supports initiatives to help the private sector map impacts, dependencies, risks, and opportunities relating to biodiversity. Named instruments include the Partnership Biodiversity Accounting Financials, Ecosystem Services Valuation Database, Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD), CSR Netherlands (MVO Nederland), and the Capitals Coalition. The Ministry of LVVN contributes to the biodiversity working group under the Dutch Central Bank (DNB) Platform for Sustainable Finance, where supervisory authorities, financial institutions, civil society organisations, and ministries collaborate. The Nature-Inclusive Agenda's Financial Sector domain links concrete actions to mapping and improving biodiversity impact and deploys financial flows for biodiversity. Invest-NL has produced a vision document on how it can contribute to strengthening biodiversity, based on collaborative research with financiers, knowledge institutions, entrepreneurs, NGOs, and government. The central government periodically raises funds through green bonds using the EU taxonomy, which has included nature protection and restoration since July 2023. On innovative financing (sub-action target d), the government invests in knowledge development around blended finance, bio-credits, and payment for ecosystem services. Completed studies include an EcoAgricultural Partners report on financing area-based landscape projects and a Wolfs Company study on public-private blended finance models. The Dutch embassy in the United Kingdom is exploring international cooperation on biodiversity financing with the UK and Ireland. Under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2023-2027, the eco-schemes budget amounts to EUR 152 million per year, and the Agricultural Nature and Landscape Management scheme (ANLb) budget is growing from EUR 100 million to EUR 120 million per year, with an additional EUR 500 million structural funding that could potentially expand ANLb coverage from 100,000 to approximately 280,000 hectares by 2032. The Cooperation Measure for Peatland Meadows and Natura 2000 Transition Areas has approximately EUR 370 million available until 2028. On climate-finance synergies (sub-action target e), the Netherlands contributes to knowledge development in the financial sector on the relationship between climate and biodiversity. The climate adaptation working group under the DNB Platform examines solutions that simultaneously contribute to climate mitigation, nature-inclusiveness, and biodiversity. The Dutch Minister of Finance co-chairs (at least until April 2025) the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action together with Indonesia, sharing knowledge to help countries integrate climate and biodiversity into finance ministry policy instruments. The Financial Sector domain of the Nature-Inclusive Agenda 2.0 has developed definitions and criteria for financial institutions to set conditions on financing of and investments in biodiversity, and is developing instruments for public-private cooperation. The domain also makes financial knowledge available for innovative revenue models across other sectors including Construction, Energy, Infrastructure, Agriculture, and Water. Stakeholder contributions in the annex note the need for correct implementation of CSRD in the area of biodiversity, reorientation of financial resources to support biodiversity targets, concrete actions such as the Finance for Biodiversity Pledge, and integration of climate and environmental risks into regular prudential supervision by DNB. The annex also records that an assessment method has been developed to evaluate public financial incentives for their biodiversity impact, with the intention to begin greening, redirecting, and phasing out harmful elements from 2025.
Norway		The NBSAP anchors finance mobilisation to KMGBF Targets 18 and 19 (USD 500 billion/year from eliminating harmful subsidies; USD 200 billion/year in additional resources by 2030) as estimated in Deutz et al. (2020). The USD 200 billion target is framed as non-aid: all countries are expected to contribute through NBSAPs using domestic budgets, the private sector, philanthropy, innovative financing and nature-based solutions; developed countries are expected to raise international biodiversity support to at least USD 20 billion/year by 2025 and at least USD 30 billion/year by 2030. Domestically, Norway applies environmental and climate taxes, with approximately 85 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions subject to pricing and participation in the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Statistics Norway maintains statistics on positive environmental subsidies and on environmental taxes; a separate environmental tax on pesticides is differentiated by risk. Positive incentives include grants for safeguarding endangered species under the Ministry of Climate and Environment's budget, the National Environment Programme 2023–2026 in agriculture, and the climate and environmental profile in the Agriculture Agreement. The Ministry of Climate and Environment has dedicated grant schemes for endangered species and biotopes; NOK 8 million was earmarked for environmental initiatives in forestry in 2020 (with NOK 6 million reserved for key biotope safeguarding). Internationally, Norway supports biodiversity through Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) — extended to 2035 — which works on financing, alliance-building and partnerships for tropical forest conservation, enhances voluntary carbon markets for reduced deforestation, and allocates an increased proportion of funding directly to Indigenous Peoples and civil society. Through the EEA Financial Mechanisms (together with Iceland and Liechtenstein), Norway supports 15 European countries; green investment totals EUR 418 million of EUR 2.8 billion, with around EUR 90 million of EEA funding in the current period allocated to conservation and/or sustainable use of nature and biodiversity. The Government is preparing the next EEA funding period with green transition as one of three priority areas.
Panama		The NBSAP dedicates a full section to financing and identifies it as foundational to achieving all conservation, restoration and climate targets. The Panama Natural Fund (Fondo Panamá Natural), announced at the UN General Assembly 2025, is designated as the main financing axis, channelling public, private and international cooperation resources for restoration, water management and climate resilience with continuity beyond political cycles. The draft Framework Law on Climate Change and Green Transition proposes a National Carbon Market and regulation of green and sustainable bonds to attract private investment. The strategy identifies USD 1,230,132,292.62 as needed for 21 adaptation initiatives. International cooperation sources include the Green Climate Fund (supporting the National Adaptation Plan), the Global Environment Facility, the Adaptation Fund and multilateral development banks. The strategy prioritises non-reimbursable funds and financing on favourable terms that do not increase external debt, and highlights innovative instruments including debt-for-nature mechanisms.
State of Palestine	Target 17. Increase financial and non-financial resources for biodiversity in SP (doubled by 2030 and quadrupled by 2050).	The NBSAP addresses biodiversity finance mobilisation through Goal D (Improved governance, partnerships, and resource mobilisation), Objective D2 (Mobilize resources to achieve mission). National Target 17 is to "increase financial and non-financial resources for biodiversity in SP (doubled by 2030 and quadrupled by 2050)." Action 17.1 commits to developing an Environmental Trust Fund to support local campaigns and environmental projects; Action 17.2 to marshalling global and local resources and making Palestinian biodiversity globally visible; Action 17.3 to developing capacity for project fundraising and management in biodiversity stakeholders, especially for women; Action 17.4 to ensuring all budgets for projects and institutions dealing with biodiversity are transparent and publicised including outputs and outcomes (including on the Clearing-House Mechanism). Costed components include the 2016 National Adaptation Plan ($3.5B across 12 sectors) and the 2012 Strategy to Combat Desertification (USD 4.2 million for five priority projects). Section 5.4 sets out financing principles: diversify sources of funding; invest more public financing in biodiversity (currently described as miniscule); improve spending effectiveness; invest in infrastructure and human resources; leverage global finance. Recommendations include connecting to climate-finance instruments such as the Green Climate Fund; making GEF large grants available to Palestine; ensuring funding is outcome-driven and impact-assessed; coordinating to avoid project redundancy via the Palestine National Biodiversity Committee; and using the OECD/DAC Rio markers (Biodiversity, Climate Change Adaptation, Climate Change Mitigation, Desertification) to monitor external development finance.
Paraguay	By 2030, the timely and easily accessible increase in the mobilisation of national and international financial resources for the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources shall be promoted, including public, private, and other sources, through the implementation of at least three financial mechanisms, including synergies with climate financing.	National Target 23 commits that by 2030 the timely and easily accessible mobilisation of national and international financial resources for biodiversity conservation shall be promoted, including public, private and other sources, through the implementation of at least three financial mechanisms, including synergies with climate financing. Quantified indicators set targets of USD 12M in international financing (baseline 0, Headline), USD 7M in national public financing (baseline 0, Headline), a GEF-9 allocation of USD 8M (baseline GEF-8 at USD 7.2M, Complementary) and 4 financial mechanisms established (baseline 0). Chapter 6 establishes a Financial Strategy for Biodiversity developed through the BIOFIN methodology with four stages: Policy and Institutional Review, Biodiversity Expenditure Review, Financial Needs Assessment and Biodiversity Finance Plan, to be finalised in 2026. Existing national instruments identified for coordination include the Environmental Services Regime (Law 3001/06), environmental and forestry compensation mechanisms, green and sustainable bonds issued by the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF), and results-based payment systems associated with climate change mitigation and adaptation. Sectoral line 3.6.8 also targets reform of harmful incentives, design of new instruments (environmental funds, compensation schemes, green bonds), strengthening of existing mechanisms, and linkage with the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and Global Environment Facility (GEF).
Rwanda	By 2030, mobilise five hundred (500) million USD from all sources and align financial flows with the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in Rwanda.	The NBSAP sets National Target 19 to mobilise USD 500 million from all sources and align financial flows with the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity by 2030. Headline indicators track international public funding (including ODA), domestic public funding, and private funding for biodiversity. Complementary indicators include GEF funding and fines/fees collected from environmental degradation. The baseline derives the USD 500 million target from consolidated targets in REMA's Strategy (2022–26), Rwanda's GGCRS, and RGF targets. The total NBSAP costing across all 22 targets is USD 355.05 million. The NBSAP notes that Rwanda is significantly dependent on external aid (40% of development budgets), with foreign grants and loans constituting 39–72% (average 56%) of total government biodiversity expenditures. Government biodiversity expenditures could range from 13.6 to 28.7 billion RWF by 2024/25. Strategic actions include conducting a biodiversity expenditure review and needs assessment, developing a dedicated biodiversity window under the Rwanda Green Fund (FONERWA), identifying funding sources including government allocations, international grants, and private sector partnerships, establishing partnerships with private sectors, philanthropies, and NGOs, updating a national biodiversity finance plan, enhancing private sector engagement through CSR and public-private partnerships, and supporting environmental inspection and digital finance for fines/fees collection. The NBSAP identifies multiple funding channels: national government budgets, Rwanda Green Fund, GEF, UNDP (including BIOFIN since 2018), World Bank, Nordic Development Fund, AFD, KfW, UK Aid, and SIDA. Innovative financing mechanisms identified include biodiversity offsets, PES, green bonds, and conservation trust funds. FONERWA's ongoing Biodiversity Facility development is highlighted. The costing allocates USD 8.5 million to the resource mobilisation activities themselves.
Saudi Arabia	Increasing financial resources from all necessary sources for implementing plans and supporting efforts to conserve and protect biodiversity.	National Target 18 aims to increase financial resources from all necessary sources for implementing plans and supporting biodiversity conservation efforts. The NBSAP explicitly links this to GBF Target 19 on mobilising financial resources. The Kingdom's strategy identifies four pillars: increasing financing from diverse sources (government budgets, semi-governmental entities, private sector, innovative sources, sustainable research); bridging the financial gap by improving resource efficiency and directing spending towards critical priorities; aligning all public and private financial flows with biodiversity targets; and financial reform including reducing harmful subsidies. Innovative financing mechanisms specifically named include: green bonds, biodiversity bonds, blue bonds, sustainability-linked bonds, biodiversity credit markets, blended finance, results-based finance, biodiversity offsets, and environmental fees. The NBSAP references the global financing gap of $700 billion annually and the GBF's call for $200 billion annually by 2030. The national action plan specifies: conducting a comprehensive assessment of the current financial situation and policies (2026); assessing financial needs and financing gaps for biodiversity (2026); developing a national strategy for mobilising financial resources including diverse sources and mechanisms (2026); and exploring and activating innovative financing mechanisms including private sector engagement (2026–2030). Responsible entities include the Ministry of Finance, Environmental Fund, Public Investment Fund, National Development Fund, Saudi Central Bank, Saudi Aramco, Ma'aden Company, SABIC, and other major national companies. Indicators include: total public and private financing for biodiversity, number of international partnerships providing biodiversity funding, and innovative financing for biodiversity.
Sudan	Substantially increase and mobilize financial resources for effectively implementing the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Sudan from all sources, such as from domestic, international, public and private resources, including by significantly increasing domestic resource mobilization, facilitated by the preparation and implementation of a national biodiversity finance plan or similar instruments according to national needs, priorities and circumstances, while enhancing the effectiveness, efficiency and transparency of resource provision and use.	National Target 19 is the most extensively addressed target in the NBSAP, with dedicated component targets under every biodiversity component calling for financial resource mobilization. The NBSAP estimates a total budget of US$409,525,000 for implementation across 304 actions, distributed across four national goals: Goal A (Protect and Restore) at US$283,955,000, Goal B (Prosper with Nature) at US$18,490,000, Goal C (Share Benefits Fairly) at US$10,150,000, and Goal D (Invest and Collaborate) at US$96,930,000. An additional US$2,355,000 is needed for the monitoring framework, and US$20,000 is already secured for a national gender plan of action. The largest component budgets are pollution aspects at US$120,190,000 (mainly for hazardous chemical incinerators), wildlife biodiversity at US$120,550,000, and forest biodiversity at US$74,435,000. Chapter 10 identifies numerous possible funding sources including Sudan's Ministry of Finance, GEF, the ITPGRFA Benefit Sharing Fund, CTCN, CGIAR, Global Crop Diversity Trust, Green Climate Fund, IGAD, IFAW, IUCN, LDCF, PERSGA, World Bank, WWF, various UN agencies (FAO, UNDP, UNEP, UNESCO), bilateral agencies (JICA, GIZ, USAID, Sida, FINIDA), and the EU. Component targets for financial mobilization are set under cultivated plant agrobiodiversity (domestic, international, public and private), rangeland (all sources for conservation of range and domestic animals), forests (progressive increase in financial resources from all sources per Article 20 of the Convention), inland waters (by 2030 progressive increase), climate change (funding mobilization mechanisms for assessment and adaptation), and biosafety (monitoring and evaluation of biotechnology use).
Sweden		Chapter 12 addresses resource mobilisation directly. The Government approach is that Sweden works for a broad and integrated approach to resource mobilisation for biodiversity, strengthens engagement and dialogue, and implements the development-assistance reform agenda contributing to effective implementation of the Framework. In 2024, more than 8.5 billion SEK was used for biodiversity across the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Swedish Forestry Agency and Swedish Board of Agriculture (KN2025/01235). Funding is allocated within expenditure area 20 (Climate, Environment and Nature) and expenditure area 23 (Land-Based Industries, Rural Areas and Food). On international finance, Sweden contributes 8 billion SEK to the Green Climate Fund second replenishment 2024–2027 and just over 4 billion SEK to GEF-8. During GEF-8 up to one-third of direct allocation goes to biodiversity. Sida's support for biodiversity amounted to 2.27 billion SEK in 2024 (increasing 2021–2024); more than half directed to bilateral projects and approximately 40 per cent channelled through multilateral organizations. Sida guarantees entered into between 2020 and 2023 are expected to mobilize approximately 3.8 billion SEK for biodiversity; in 2024 a major environmental guarantee was signed through the Inter-American Development Bank to mobilize up to 469 million USD for Amazon forest conservation and sustainable forest management. The Swedish National Debt Office borrowed 20 billion SEK via a green bond on 1 September 2020 to finance environment- and climate-supporting state expenditures. Municipalities issue green bonds via Kommuninvest to finance nature conservation and related measures. Private capital is mobilized through the Mistra BIOPATH programme, Swedish Export Credit Corporation (SEK), TNFD-aligned disclosure, Swedfund investments, and the emerging voluntary nature-credits framework (with CRCF delegated act on peatland re-wetting expected in 2026 and the Swedish Biocredit Alliance participating). The SEPA 2026 assignment on business and biodiversity contributes to target 19.
Slovenia	By 2030, funding sources will be provided for research and programmes and projects that support the conservation and restoration of BD.	The NEAP 2020–2030 provides a detailed funding framework for biodiversity and environmental measures. The annual costs of measures for achieving goals in biodiversity and natural values are estimated at EUR 47 to 53 million. The programme identifies specific funding sources: the state budget as a permanent and reliable source (including dedicated funds such as the climate fund), municipal budgets, EU programmes and financial instruments, donor funds, and other sources including SKZG (Farmland and Forest Fund) and SiDG (state forest company). The programme states that earmarking funds for environmental protection will require ensuring an increase in budgetary funds for areas with a significant deficit, as a priority for biodiversity conservation and natural values, and ensuring the transfer of part of budget revenues from environmental taxes to the Environmental and Climate Fund. The Strategic Plan's National Objective 12 states: by 2030, funding sources will be provided for research and programmes and projects that support the conservation and restoration of biodiversity. Measures include providing sources for financing research (12.1.1), providing funding sources partially replenished with profits from natural resource exploitation (12.1.2), enhancing capacities of national services overseeing biodiversity conservation (12.1.3), and earmarking funds for contractual protection and custodianship (12.1.4). Measure 48 in Table 1 commits to implementing the official development aid commitment of 0.33% of GDP, including contributions to GEF and programmes of ratified international agreements. Environmental tax revenues include approximately EUR 138 million annually from CO2 emission charges and EUR 27 million from wastewater discharge, among other items.
Senegal		The NBSAP dedicates a full section to resource mobilisation strategy, giving priority to national resource mobilisation. Strategic axis 4 is "Mobilisation of resources and innovative financing," and strategic objective 4 is to "strengthen capacities for mobilising the financial, technical and human resources necessary for strategy implementation." The financing architecture includes multiple instruments. Domestically: an annual green budget to structure financing around climate and nature protection; green taxonomy to direct financing towards high-impact projects; a proposed Trust Fund for Protected Areas for sustainable, autonomous financing of national parks, reserves, classified forests, and MPAs; strengthening of the polluter pays principle (revaluation of pollution taxes on classified installations — 3.4 billion FCFA recovered); and a carbon tax project under development for the oil and gas sector. PPPs are being reoriented for protected area valorisation, with increased private sector contributions. Internationally: intensified environmental diplomacy to mobilise bilateral and multilateral funds; carbon credits from mangroves in Casamance and Sine-Saloum and southern/south-eastern forests; debt-for-nature-and-climate swaps; CSR+ (enhanced environmental Corporate Social Responsibility); green bonds (first already launched); and access to GBFF, Green Fund, and climate finance. Training on green financial engineering is planned to prepare eligible projects for these funds. The conclusion identifies innovative financing activation — carbon credits and green taxation — as a structural requirement for autonomy of action.
Suriname	4.2 Suriname has increased its national budget for biodiversity-related policy areas, and has improved knowledge of and access to international finance, including innovative schemes such as payment for ecosystem services and biodiversity offsetting, and synergies with climate financing.	National Target 4.2 commits Suriname to increasing its national budget for biodiversity-related policy areas and to improving knowledge of and access to international finance, including innovative schemes such as payment for ecosystem services and biodiversity offsetting and synergies with climate financing. The narrative anchors finance mobilisation in Suriname's status as a developing country and SIDS, references the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund and GEF, and notes long project cycles for big multilateral donors. Actions strengthen capacity for fund allocation and mobilization across government and scientific institutes; consult on legislation governing international climate and forest financing and benefit-sharing mechanisms; coordinate annual budget allocation for biodiversity activities across government; develop regulations to designate a portion of extractive industries revenues to a national nature and environment fund; and actively seek synergies with biodiversity in forest, climate, SDG and other international financing applications. Total Target 4.2 cost is $1,257,654; the financial overview puts the total NBSAP cost at $14,280,622 across 21 national targets, naming Government of Suriname, GEF, GCF, GBFF, UNDP, IDB, World Bank, EU, FAO/WECAFC, CRFM, CeDePesca, Caribbean Biodiversity Fund, SCF, NGO networks and private sector among potential funders.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page		The NBSAP dedicates Chapter 7 to financing, estimating total implementation costs at approximately $493 million ($98.7 million per year over five years). KMGBF Target 19 is explicitly listed as an associated global target. The indicator framework adopts indicators D.1 (international public finance), D.2 (domestic public finance) and D.3 (private finance). Public expenditure on biodiversity from 2020 to 2024 ranged from $5.76 million to $29.3 million annually across MARN, MAG, MITUR and FIAES. The NBSAP characterises this as a critical financing gap, noting that the state of biodiversity financing at the governmental level was reviewed holistically for the first time. Key financing opportunities identified include: - The $350 million Debt Conversion Agreement for the Conservation of the Lempa River (over 20 years) - BIOFIN (Biodiversity Finance Initiative) implementation from 2025 with UNDP support - The Green Finance Roadmap led by the Central Reserve Bank (BCR) - Biodiversity credits and carbon markets - Payment for environmental services (PES) - Agricultural Development Bank green bonds - Environmental compensations through FIAES - Blended finance, impact investment, and philanthropy Nature tourism and PNA revenue contributions generated close to $200 million in 2023 (0.8% of GDP). The agricultural sector represents 5.8% of GDP and offers implicit opportunities to finance biodiversity through productive reconversion investments.
Chad	NT20: By 2030 at the latest, the mobilisation of financial resources necessary for the effective implementation of the revised Strategic Plan 2025–2030 for biological diversity from all sources and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed Resource Mobilisation Strategy, will have increased considerably compared to current levels.	The NBSAP establishes National Objective 20 (NT20): by 2030 at the latest, the mobilisation of financial resources necessary for the effective implementation of the revised Strategic Plan 2025–2030 for biological diversity from all sources, and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed Resource Mobilisation Strategy, will have increased considerably compared to current levels. The 2011–2020 reference describes the financing mechanism as being in an embryonic state; the 2030 target is an advocacy strategy for mobilising additional funds involving parliamentarians, the government and civil society. The Conclusion notes that Global Target 19 calls for at least $200 billion per year globally by 2030, including at least $30 billion per year from developed to developing countries; Chad could benefit from at least $250 million per year or approximately $1.25 billion over the five years of NBSAP implementation. The NBSAP's estimated budget is approximately 340 billion FCFA (stated as 500,000 million dollars). Measures/commitments listed in §52–53 include: significantly increasing national resource mobilisation through national biodiversity financing plans; leveraging private financing and blended finance; promoting innovative instruments (payments for ecosystem services, green bonds, biodiversity credits and offsets, benefit-sharing mechanisms) with environmental and social safeguards; maximising co-benefits with climate finance; strengthening collective actions of IP/LC and non-market-based approaches; improving effectiveness, efficiency and transparency of resource provision and use; monitoring systems to assess use of funds and impact on biodiversity; publication of regular reports; fiscal incentives for enterprises investing in conservation and restoration; participation in international initiatives; and developing innovative financing mechanisms. Named instruments include the Fonds Spécial pour l'Environnement (FSE), the 2014 Investment and Financial Resource Mobilisation Strategy in biodiversity, and designated national authorities for the Green Climate Fund and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Indicators include Official Development Assistance for biodiversity; public and private expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems; and the percentage of international biodiversity research projects led by in-country institutions.
Togo	Target 24 : Significantly increase financial resources from all sources, in an effective and timely manner by facilitating their access, including national, international, public and private resources	The NBSAP designates National Target 24 under Strategic Objective 5, mapped to GBF Target 19, committing to significantly increase financial resources from all sources in an effective and timely manner, including national, international, public, and private resources. The NBSAP provides detailed financial figures: total resources required for 2021-2030 implementation amount to 116,295,000,000 FCFA. Resources currently mobilised through ongoing projects at MERF, from internal and external sources, total 21,535,000,000 FCFA. The financing gap is estimated at 94,760,000,000 FCFA (approximately 172,300,000 USD). Internal financing sources include the State budget through the Public Investment Programme (PIP), with contributing projects such as PNR2, PNGAP, the Fuelwood Energy Project, PRECAFE2, PQAT, and the Green Tourism Development Project. Special funds include the Fund for Mineral Activities (FPDAM), the Integrated Water Resources Management Fund (FGIRE), and the National Investment Fund for Climate Change and Sustainable Development (FNICC-DD). The private sector is identified as an additional source, including cement factories, mining and extractive industries, agri-food industries, and private individuals. External sources include the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund, the Multilateral Benefit-Sharing Fund from DSI, and coalition initiatives including the High Ambition Coalition for Nature and the Partnership for Accelerating NBSAP Implementation. Multilateral partners listed include GEF, GCF, AF, LDCF, SCCF, FAO, UNDP, UNEP, World Bank, IFC, AfDB, and OPEC Fund. Bilateral partners include KfW/GIZ, USAID, FFEM, AFD, EU, JICA, and others. The NBSAP proposes establishing a Financial Resource Mobilisation Unit with Partners (Project Management Office: PMO) within the ministry responsible for the environment, with competence to formulate projects for GEF, GCF, and AF. It also calls for accelerating the establishment of trust funds and public-private partnerships.
Thailand	Target 9: Mobilize financial resources for biodiversity conservation from both domestic and international sources.	National Target 9 commits Thailand to mobilise financial resources for biodiversity conservation from both domestic and international sources. The State of Funding section (§13) documents, via the BIOFIN/UNDP Biodiversity Expenditure Review, that the government allocated 558.3 billion baht for biodiversity-related conservation and research over fiscal years 2018-2022, and that the allocation as a share of total national budget dropped from 0.46-0.38 percent between 2018-2021 to 0.16 percent in 2022. The Financial Mechanisms and Investment target (§127, §130) commits to increase financial resources from all sources to higher levels, making them more efficient, timely, and accessible from both domestic and international, public and private sources. Measures include: (5) significantly increase domestic resource mobilisation through national biodiversity financial plans and agency/local-government budget plans; (6) increase international financial resources, including official development assistance and voluntary contributions from donor countries, to supplement domestic budgets during initial plan implementation; (7) mobilise financial-sector engagement and private-business participation through blended finance and dedicated funds; (8) stimulate innovative financing including payment for ecosystem services, green bonds, biodiversity offsets and credits, and benefit-sharing arrangements with environmental and social safeguards; (9) enhance efficiency of financial support across funding sources to promote co-benefits with climate; and (10) enhance the role of collective actions by indigenous peoples and local communities through community-based natural resource management and civil society partnerships. The plan commits to implementing the Biodiversity Finance Plan 2023-2027 (§159) to mobilise resources throughout the action plan period.
Tunisia	By 2030, national and international financial support is increased by at least 20%	The NBSAP dedicates Objective D6 to mobilising national and international financial resources for the KM-GBF, linked explicitly to Target 19. The national target states: "By 2030, national and international financial support is increased by at least 20%." The previous NBSAP 2018-2030 was costed at approximately 1,150.886 million Tunisian dinars (MDT), with 61.7% for priority 5 actions (restoration and resilience) and 35.5% for priority 4 (reducing threats). A 2016 resource mobilisation strategy identified an annual budget deficit of approximately 17 million dinars. Implementation of all NBSAPs has been hampered by lack of funding. The strategy identifies six innovative financing mechanisms from the agricultural sector: payment for use of agricultural biodiversity, forest and pastoral biodiversity, contributions on imports, payment for ecosystem services (hydrographic basins), special payment for esparto grass services, and compensation for chemical inputs. Additional mechanisms include compensation for land use changes affecting biodiversity (equipment sector) and GHG emissions (energy/transport). These measures from the 2016 strategy have not been applied due to insufficient regulatory texts. Measure D6.1 proposes eight actions for national resources: adopting 2016 strategy financing mechanisms (D6.1.1), establishing payments for environmental services in agriculture (D6.1.2), developing green markets (D6.1.3), applying the polluter-pays principle (D6.1.4), converting harmful subsidies (D6.1.5), establishing a transparency framework (D6.1.6), using ABS contract benefits (D6.1.7), and creating a framework for private sector involvement (D6.1.8). Measure D6.2 addresses international resources through the Green Climate Fund, green bonds, GEF financing, and BIOFIN, plus South-South and North-South cooperation.
Uganda	7.1: By 2025, a biodiversity finance plan is developed and operationalized.	Finance mobilisation receives the most detailed treatment of any target in this NBSAP. Strategic Objective 7 — "To promote innovative and sustainable funding solutions for implementing NBSAPIII" — is mapped to KMGBF Targets 18 and 19. A dedicated thematic area (Thematic Area 7) and an extensive chapter on financing and resource mobilisation address this target. The minimum cost for implementing NBSAPIII action plans for 2025-2030 is estimated at USD 105,809,000 (approximately USD 10,580,900 annually). National target 7.1 states: "By 2025, a biodiversity finance plan is developed and operationalized," corresponding to KMGBF Targets 18 and 19. A BIOFIN process has been conducted to explore innovative sustainable funding mechanisms. The NBSAP identifies at least ten distinct financing mechanisms: 1. Domestic financing (government allocations, budget support, trust funds) — with a call to raise local government ENR allocation from 2-5% to 10% of local revenue 2. Global Environment Facility — Uganda described as one of Africa's most successful GEF recipients 3. Bilateral and multilateral financing 4. Multilateral Benefit Sharing Fund from DSI 5. Conservation trust funds 6. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) 7. Biodiversity offsets 8. Ecological fiscal reforms (taxes, subsidies, charges) 9. Green markets and bio-trade (ecotourism, wildlife use rights, NWFP, carbon trade) 10. Climate finance (REDD+, carbon projects, NAMAs) 11. Private sector (CSR, multi-stakeholder partnerships) 12. NGOs 13. Blended finance The NBSAP commits to implementing CBD COP15 decision 15/7 measures on resource mobilisation and states that the National Biodiversity Finance Plan (a BIOFIN outcome) should be consulted for detailed financial planning.
Viet Nam		Financial resource mobilisation is a dedicated key solution (Solution 5) in the NBSAP. The strategy identifies six capital resource categories: state budget, integration with national target programs, domestic and foreign credit institutions, revenue from forest and biodiversity environmental services and payments for ecosystem services, organizational and individual contributions, and other lawful sources. The strategy commits to balancing and allocating state capital budget for prioritized tasks, prioritizing ODA mobilisation, and enhancing investment efficiency. It calls for implementing public-private cooperation models for conservation and sustainable use, and for researching and applying innovative financial mechanisms including biodiversity credit schemes, debt-for-nature and biodiversity conservation swaps, green bonds, and green credits. The Ministry of Finance is tasked with researching and finalizing finance and credit policies, and the Ministry of Planning and Investment with collating and allocating investment capital and mobilizing international funding. Provincial People's Committees are directed to propose fund allocations and mobilize resources from central government and other sources.
Vanuatu	By 2030, Vanuatu mobilizes and secures 2.4 billion vatu financial resources from domestic, international, and private sources to support the implementation of the NBSAP for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. This includes establishing environmental trust funds; innovative financing schemes such as payments for ecosystem services and biodiversity offsets; and increased government support at the community, provincial, and national levels, aligned with decentralization principles.	The NBSAP sets a specific finance mobilisation target of VUV 2.4 billion from domestic, international, and private sources by 2030, with the total costed NBSAP implementation requirement of VUV 2,846,950,000. The Means of Implementation section contextualises this against Vanuatu's GDP (approximately VUV 117 billion, meaning the NBSAP represents several percent of annual GDP over 2025-2030) and notes that Vanuatu is among the most aid-dependent countries in the Pacific (ODA averaging ~US$150 million/year). Principle 8 frames biodiversity spending as investment, citing that every VUV 100 invested in mangrove restoration can save VUV 600 in disaster relief. Strategic Area 4 includes 18 activities (RM.05-RM.22): establishing an Environmental Trust Fund (RM.05, VUV 2,000,000), with provision under the EPC Act and draft SOPs; operationalising Biodiversity and Conservation Trust Funds at national, provincial, and community levels (RM.06, VUV 40,000,000, target: operational by 2027); mobilising private sector engagement through CSR, blended finance, PPP, and other innovative financing, with the PPP Act enacted in 2024 (RM.07, VUV 20,000,000); building CSO and community capacity in financial management and proposal writing (RM.08, VUV 40,000,000, target: 50 CSOs/communities trained by 2030); equipping CSOs with bookkeeping and financial reporting tools (RM.09, VUV 60,000,000); establishing proper coordination of biodiversity-related funds at national level (RM.10, VUV 5,000,000); conducting a study of conservation area network management costs (RM.11, VUV 6,500,000); establishing national PA financing mechanisms (RM.12, VUV 5,700,000); developing resource owner incentives in Community Conservation Areas (RM.13, VUV 25,000,000); developing a Biodiversity Finance Plan for DEPC and COM approval by 2026 (RM.14, VUV 40,000,000); engaging funders and sectors benefiting from biodiversity and ecosystem services (RM.15, VUV 2,200,000); encouraging environmental levies through business activities within registered CCAs (RM.16, VUV 1,000,000); exploring REDD+ and carbon market opportunities (RM.17, VUV 20,000,000); establishing community-based environmental trust funds (RM.18, VUV 10,000,000, target: 5 by 2030); strengthening CCA management capacity for funding proposals (RM.19, VUV 4,000,000); facilitating PES, alternative income-generating practices, and national financing mechanisms (RM.20, VUV 25,000,000); developing biodiversity budgeting guidelines for all Government Ministries, with a budget tagging pilot begun in 2026 with MFEM support (RM.21, VUV 20,000,000); and assessing tourism revenue re-invested in conservation (RM.22, VUV 1,000,000). Provincially, Malampa's Uri MPA requires 10% of marine resource sale proceeds to be directed to MPA management funds. Tafea plans to develop water bottling to fund biodiversity conservation through PES on Futuna. Target 19 national activities total VUV 730,200,000 across Strategic Area 4 (Targets 18 and 19 combined).
Yemen	By 2030, mobilize financial resources from all funding sources sustainably to bridge the biodiversity financing gap by 20%, and increase it to 80% by 2050.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 17, aligned to GBF Target 19, committing to mobilize financial resources from all funding sources sustainably to bridge the biodiversity financing gap by 20% by 2030, and increase to 80% by 2050. The strategy estimates the total indicative budget for NBSAP III at approximately US$500 million (US$100 million annually over 2025-2030). Current biodiversity expenditure is estimated at approximately US$13 million annually (less than 1% of national expenditure, based on 9.1% of GDP). During NBSAP II, international funding accounted for approximately 80% of biodiversity financing. The financing strategy identifies multiple revenue streams: domestic public spending supported by PES schemes (polluter-pays principles, park fees, tourism levy, carbon tax, harvest permits), domestic private sector through public-private partnerships (PPPs) for national parks and fishery industry, in-kind community contributions through co-management, and international funding from multilateral and bilateral sources including GEF, UNDP, UNEP, World Bank, GCF, GBFF, Adaptation Fund, LDCF, REDD, and OECD sources. Five strategic actions (ACT 4.1 through ACT 4.5) address: developing a biodiversity financing strategy detailing gaps and sources, building institutional capacity for international funding mobilization, developing a stakeholder engagement strategy for community in-kind contributions, designing and operationalizing PES schemes, and establishing an Environmental Protection Fund. The Action Plan details budgets: financing strategy (US$0.4M, 2 years), institutional capacity building (US$0.05M), stakeholder engagement (US$0.05M, 1 year), PES design (US$0.03M, 2 years), and Environmental Protection Fund establishment (US$0.3M, 2 years). The total indicative budget for reducing the financing gap is US$1.18 million.
Zambia	By 2025 Zambia mobilizes adequate internal and external financial resources compared to the period 1999 to 2014 for effective implementation of NBSAP2.	National Target 18 commits Zambia to mobilizing adequate internal and external financial resources compared to the period 1999–2014 for effective implementation of NBSAP2 by 2025. The strategy explicitly addresses a lesson from NBSAP1 that implementation was constrained by the absence of a clear financing framework, with activities being mostly ad-hoc and project-based with low coordination. NBSAP2 adopts a diversified approach to resource mobilization leveraging finance from: Government budgetary allocations; CBD Financial Mechanism including the Global Environment Facility (GEF); bilateral and multilateral Overseas Development Assistance; private financing sources; and innovative sources including Foundations and Payment for Ecosystem Services. The Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) project is tasked with costing the NBSAP and recommending sources of funds. The M&E framework tracks the volume of Government funding per annum and the volume of funding from multilateral/bilateral and innovative sources including private. The Ministry of Finance and the MLNREP through the GEF Focal Point share responsibility for resource mobilization. The resource mobilization strategy is to be developed by 2016. The NBSAP2 revision itself was funded through GEF via UNEP, with additional support from The Nature Conservancy and the Zambian Government Treasury.
Argentina		Argentina does not have a dedicated national target mapping to KMGBF Target 19's core action of mobilising $200 billion per year from all sources for biodiversity. However, National Target 15 addresses innovative financing mechanisms for NBSAP implementation, generating resources based on the remuneration of positive socio-environmental externalities and compensation of negative ones. The strategy mentions specific financing instruments for the protected areas system (1.3.B.6): implementing innovative fundraising mechanisms such as remuneration of PA environmental services and biodiversity offsetting, directed preferentially towards the costs of incremental development of provincial or regional PA systems without substituting ordinary budgets. The objective of achieving financing for adequate management of at least 50% of existing and future PAs (1.3.B.3) represents a concrete financing commitment. The Executive Summary notes that the NBSAP update process received financial support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through UNDP. The ENEEI (invasive alien species strategy) was also implemented through a GEF project. No aggregate financial mobilisation targets or specific dollar amounts are stated.
Australia		The NBSAP does not set a specific financial mobilisation target for biodiversity. However, several sections address biodiversity finance mechanisms. The strategy references the Nature Repair Market as responding to growing demand for businesses to invest in nature-related projects that deliver environmental benefits (§7). Progress measure 3C tracks the extent of funding delivered nationally for biodiversity from both private and public sector finance. The strategy notes that the value of conserving biodiversity outweighs the costs of restoration and frames collective investment through mechanisms like the Nature Repair Market as central to achieving restoration targets (§43). Increased funding for Indigenous Protected Areas and the Indigenous Rangers Program is mentioned (§29).
Iceland		The NBSAP does not set a national finance mobilisation target or specify a funding figure for biodiversity. The GBF goal D on investment and cooperation is described in §15, noting the need to secure $700 billion annually and align financial flows. Within the domestic policy, several sections reference the need for funding: §47 calls for enhancing and integrating incentive schemes for restoration and ensuring funding is available; §92 calls for public funding for research projects and for competitive funds such as the Icelandic Centre for Research (Rannís) to offer dedicated programmes for biodiversity research. The consultation appendix records calls for long-term funding and political support, but the policy defers the action plan with funded, time-bound actions to a subsequent document.
Malta		The NBSAP does not set a quantified biodiversity finance mobilisation target. Action 20.2 commits to providing Official Development Assistance (ODA) to third countries for biodiversity programmes, where possible, addressing the objectives of the CBD in line with the National Implementation Plan on Official Development Assistance Policy. Action 14.1 introduces market-based instruments including fiscal instruments and finance towards environmental initiatives. The Concluding Remarks list mobilisation of sufficient resources as one of the enabling conditions for NBSAP implementation. These references touch on finance flows but do not set specific resource mobilisation targets or quantified commitments aligned with KMGBF Target 19.
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		The alignment analysis identifies Target 19 as the target with the least direct and enabling contribution from the ENBioMex (6% and 11% respectively). The document explicitly explains this gap: during the development of the ENBioMex, the topics of resource mobilisation and financing were considered as a separate section in the document and not as part of the actions to be implemented within the framework of the Strategy. The conclusions reiterate that Target 19 showed only 9% of direct actions for this reason. The direct contributions that do exist come from Axes 2, 6, and 3, while all axes contribute in an enabling capacity. Specific actions include financial instruments for conservation (2.1.5), funding sources (3.3.2), payment for environmental services (3.2.8), local financial capacities (6.3.10), and transparency and accountability (6.3.1).