Target 16: Sustainable consumption

Generated: 2026-04-18T01:17:04Z

Landscape

Of 69 countries with Target 16 extractions, 35 explicitly address sustainable consumption, 24 treat it as adjacent to circular-economy or awareness policy, and 10 carry no identifiable content. Three delivery frames recur: food-waste reduction (Germany, Norway, Japan, Canada, Denmark), circular-economy and waste management (Australia, Iceland, Malaysia, Bhutan), and awareness and education (Afghanistan, Congo, Gabon, Libya, Chad). A smaller cluster anchors the target in quantified footprint metrics — Austria's 5.31 gha-per-person baseline, Rwanda's 0.55 per-capita figure from the Global Footprint Network, Germany's 11 million tonnes of annual food waste. Named instruments run from Extended Producer Responsibility (Bhutan, India, Malaysia) to eco-labelling (Spain, Sudan, Tunisia, Chad) to single-use plastics statutes (Chile, Gabon, Panama). Several NBSAPs reproduce the KMGBF language verbatim; others localise it around specific statutes, procurement rules, or development strategies.

Variation

Commitments split between the quantified and the qualitative. Germany, Norway, Canada, and Japan set 2030 food-waste-halving targets against named baselines; Brazil, India, and the United Kingdom adopt the KMGBF framing without national numerical reductions. Delivery mechanisms diverge: food-waste legislation in Germany, Norway, Spain, and Tunisia; circular economy as the primary frame in Australia, Denmark, Iceland, and Malaysia; awareness and education as the primary frame in Afghanistan, Congo, Gabon, Libya, and Chad; public procurement leverage in Denmark, Norway, Rwanda, and Spain.

Instruments named include Extended Producer Responsibility (Bhutan, India, Malaysia), eco-labelling (Spain, Rwanda, Sudan, Suriname, Chad, Tunisia), and single-use plastics laws (Chile, Gabon, Panama). Footprint framing differs: Austria and Slovenia target per-capita ecological-footprint reductions via their Development Strategies; Germany, Luxembourg, Austria, and Madagascar name imported-consumption footprints; most African and small-island NBSAPs carry no footprint metric. Scope also varies — Australia merges Target 16 with Target 7, Canada with Target 15b, Congo with Target 17.

Chile targets "a law that promotes the valorisation of organic waste" by 2027, building on "the Single-Use Plastics Law (21,368) was enacted in 2021." The Netherlands' NBSAP states that "the government does not see a major role for itself in this regard. It further states that the previously maintained target of halving the Dutch ecological footprint by 2050 is not endorsed by this government." The United Kingdom reproduces KMGBF Target 16 word-for-word with a footnote that "UK does not recognise rights of nature or Mother Earth but acknowledges different value systems." India tracks "quantifiable indices from Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) and number of companies following circular economy principles (16.4); and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) adopted for hazardous waste, plastic wastes, used batteries, and tyres (16.5)." Rwanda's baseline "cites food waste index values of 164 for Kigali and 117 for Musanze (UNEP 2024), no baseline on material footprint per capita, and an average ecological footprint per capita of 0.55 (Global Footprint Network, 2022 data)." Libya's target commits to "reduce food and non-food waste by 50%, to change public behavior regarding excessive consumption of natural resources and food, are planned and implemented, linking all of this to national poverty reduction efforts."

Standouts

Germany's food-waste-halving line reads: "By 2030, the amount of food waste from private households, hospitality and catering, trade and production in Germany will have been halved (in relation to 2015 levels)." Japan attaches specific tonnages — the government "commits to halve food loss and waste from 2000 levels by 2030, with a current baseline of approximately 5.22 million tons (FY2020) of food loss; the target halves both business-origin food loss (from 5.47 million tons to 2.73 million tons)." Canada commits to "develop a Food Loss and Waste Reduction Action Plan that outlines efforts to cut food waste in half by 2030," sitting alongside separate Canada-wide waste-reduction goals of 30% by 2030 and 50% by 2040. The NBSAP reports that "in 2020, only about 6% of materials consumed in Canada were recycled," underscoring the scale of the circular-economy gap the plan is intended to close.

Norway routes the target through procurement. "Public procurement amounts to approximately NOK 780 billion annually; from 1 January 2024, climate and environmental considerations must be assigned a weighting of at least 30 per cent in public procurements (or met via requirement specifications when this yields better outcomes), with justification required where neither requirements nor criteria are imposed."

Austria and Iceland anchor consumption in per-capita footprints. Austria sets a "Reduction of the ecological footprint of each person by 50% (metric: Baseline: 5.31 gha/person)." Iceland's policy, by its own account, "states that Icelanders are among the nations with one of the largest ecological footprints per capita, noting considerable scope for improvement."

Cameroon frames consumption through post-harvest infrastructure. "Activity 10.3.1 targets 20 operational cold storage units with 25,000 tonnes of cold storage capacity (from a baseline of 4 cold storage warehouses with approximately 7,200 tonnes capacity). Activity 10.3.2 targets 800 processing units supported and 1,200,000 tonnes/year processed by 2030." Lebanon names a consumer-facing tool not paralleled elsewhere in the set: "Develop consumer tools (e.g., product QR codes summarising life cycle and tracking consumer behaviour) (NA 19.1)."

Analysis

Countries with large domestic consumption footprints anchor their targets in quantified food-waste halving and per-capita metrics; countries with smaller consumption footprints more often frame the target through awareness, education, and local-product substitution. Eco-labelling and certification recur across both groups as a shared instrument, though the schemes differ — EU Ecolabel, KRAV, and Nordic Swan in Europe; national forest-product labels in Sudan; green-labelling standards still under development in Suriname. Post-harvest loss and food security sit inside the consumption target for Cameroon, India, the Marshall Islands, and Vanuatu, linking production-side losses to consumer-facing Target 16 rather than to Target 10. A substantial share of NBSAPs in the "relevant_to" set cross-reference SDG 12 or national circular-economy strategies in place of a dedicated biodiversity consumption target. Ten countries (Benin, Belarus, Switzerland, Côte d'Ivoire, Czechia, Eritrea, Hungary, Nigeria, Vietnam, Yemen) carry no identifiable Target 16 content; Yemen's plan addresses eco-labelling under production-side Target 10.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Afghanistan	Ensure that people are encouraged and enabled to make sustainable consumption choices significantly reducing overconsumption and substantially reducing waste generation.	The NBSAP includes Target 16 to ensure that people are encouraged and enabled to make sustainable consumption choices, significantly reducing overconsumption and substantially reducing waste generation. Action 16.1 calls for exploring Afghan-relevant approaches to incentivise people to make sustainable choices (by 2030, NEPA responsible, Ministry of Information and Culture as cooperator). The indicator is a report suggesting best approaches to incentivise Afghan citizens to make sustainable lifestyle choices.
Argentina	Before 2030, increase education, digital education, the development of and access to adequate, accurate information and alternatives to current production models so that people choose sustainable consumption options and know the origin and components of products, reducing food waste, significantly reducing excessive consumption, and substantially reducing waste generation. Establish legislative and support policy frameworks for sustainable production to promote the health of the population and ecosystems.	National Target 16 commits to increasing education, digital education, and the development of and access to adequate, accurate information and alternatives to current production models by 2030, so that people choose sustainable consumption options and know the origin and components of products. The target calls for reducing food waste, significantly reducing excessive consumption, and substantially reducing waste generation, while establishing legislative and support policy frameworks for sustainable production to promote the health of the population and ecosystems. The strategy links this target to Theme 3 (Awareness, Outreach and Education on Biodiversity), including effective compliance with the Comprehensive Environmental Education Law (Ley de Educación Ambiental Integral, No. 27,621), and to Axis 2 (Knowledge and Information Management). Training actions under Axis 4 address sustainable primary product transformation, including disseminating and raising awareness among producers and consumers about sustainable transformation practices (4.3.B.5), gathering and disseminating information on sustainable transformation activities (4.3.B.6), and incorporating sustainable transformation concepts in training for enterprises and public institutions (4.3.B.7).
Austria		Sustainable consumption is addressed through the ecological-footprint objective in Chapter 5 (reduction of each person's ecological footprint by 50% from a baseline of 5.31 gha/person) and through dedicated objectives under global engagement (§6): awareness of the biodiversity impacts of consuming imported products has increased, and the share of food from sustainable production in food imports has doubled. Concrete measures include development of a baseline and information basis for focusing on key topics and target groups for targeted awareness-raising on sustainable consumption; establishment of transparency (e.g. with a traffic light system) on biodiversity-damaging, highly resource-intensive processes in global value chains, including origin labelling for end consumers, in coordination with EU instruments (EU Ecolabel, Sustainable Product Initiative, Ecodesign Directive); development and implementation of a strategy to reduce the import of biodiversity-damaging products (e.g. palm oil, soybean oil) and products manufactured using biodiversity-damaging practices and agents (biocides banned in Europe, genetically modified organisms); development of information materials on biodiversity impacts of monoculture products from the Global South; outreach activities including campaigns, dialogue formats, consultations and mobilisation campaigns; monitoring of achieved changes in consumption using food as an example; and transition to seasonal, regional and (where applicable) organically produced food in canteens of all public and private catering facilities and school buffets under the 'Austria Eats Regional' (Österreich isst regional) initiative. Awareness-raising (§9.1) addresses impacts of consumer behaviour and behavioural change (including dietary habits) on local and global biodiversity, advantages of small-scale agricultural production and biodiversity-promoting agricultural practice, and advantages of a varied and diverse diet (health, ecological, taste). Food waste is not explicitly addressed with a numerical target in the included briefing sections.
Australia	Increase the circularity of Australia's economy, to reduce our material footprint and waste generation by 2030. Reduce pollution in Australia's environment and its impacts on biodiversity, including reducing plastic pollution.	The national target on circularity and pollution reduction is stated to align with both GBF targets 7 and 16. The strategy frames a circular economy as a holistic economic strategy to reduce material footprint, improve materials efficiency, and reduce waste and pollution — addressing drivers of biodiversity loss stemming from patterns of consumption, production, and disposal. In a circular economy, products are designed to be reused, repaired, and recycled, minimising waste and maximising resource efficiency. Objective 8 calls for sustainable consumption and production, noting their potential to generate multiple benefits to the environment, society, and the economy, including enhanced predictability of raw materials and products within supply chains. Progress measures track the circularity rate of Australia's economy (8E), total material footprint (8F), resource productivity (8G), total waste generated per person (8H), and average resource recovery rate from all waste streams (8I).
Brazil	Raise awareness, promote and build capacity, by 2030, among individuals and companies to make sustainable production and consumption choices that reduce food waste, excessive consumption and waste generation, in an equitable and inclusive manner. Priority should be given to sectors with the greatest impact on biodiversity, ensuring that all people can live well and in harmony with nature.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 16, committing to raise awareness, promote, and build capacity by 2030 among individuals and companies to make sustainable production and consumption choices that reduce food waste, excessive consumption, and waste generation, in an equitable and inclusive manner. Priority is to be given to sectors with the greatest impact on biodiversity, ensuring that all people can live well and in harmony with nature. The threats chapter identifies the current model of economic growth as intensifying unsustainable natural resource use, driven by demand for higher production and consumption levels, increasing deforestation, ecosystem conversion, natural resource exploitation, pollution, and pesticide use. The NBSAP notes that the National Solid Waste Plan (PLANARES) is among the instruments relevant to this target. Synergies are identified with UNEA Resolution 5/14, the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production, SDGs 4.7, 8.4, 9.4, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.5, 12.8, and 12.a, and the Ocean Decade.
Bhutan	By 2030, promote sustainable consumption and production to reduce waste	Bhutan's National Target 16 states: "By 2030, promote sustainable consumption and production to reduce waste," aligned with KMGBF Targets 15 and 16. The rationale notes that experience with SCP in Bhutan remains limited and institutional support is still evolving. Two strategies are outlined: promoting SCP to minimize waste, and promoting R&D on SCP technologies and innovations. Actions include instituting compliance monitoring mechanisms to minimize waste at source, exploring and implementing Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) to reduce waste, exploring Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in waste reduction and management, conducting R&D on post-production waste reduction technologies, and carrying out research on the adverse impacts of waste on biodiversity.
Canada		Canada has one of the highest rates of material consumption globally; in 2020, only about 6% of materials consumed in Canada were recycled. Canada-wide waste reduction goals are 30% by 2030 and 50% by 2040 (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment). ECCC leads engagement on circularity, with six engagement sessions by 2025-26. The federal government is advancing a circular plastics economy with CIRNAC, DFO, ECCC, HC, NRC, NRCan, StatCan, and TC. On Right to Repair and value-retention processes, ECCC and ISED are working to extend the use and useful life of products; Budget 2024 announced a targeted repair framework for home appliances and electronics, and bills C-244 and C-294 are before the Senate to amend the Copyright Act. A Roadmap to Extend the Life of Plastics in End-of-Use Electronics will be published in 2024. Food Policy for Canada's $20M Food Waste Reduction Challenge (AAFC) offered prize funding for food-waste solutions. Proposed Competition Act amendments would address misleading greenwashing (Target 15b). By 2025, an instrument to strengthen labelling for plastics recyclability and compostability will be implemented. ECCC and HC are publishing a labelling strategy on chemicals of concern in products in 2024. The Greening Government Strategy commits the federal government to divert at least 75% by weight of non-hazardous operational and plastic waste from landfill by 2030 and strive to achieve 100% diversion of construction and demolition waste. The federal government commits to develop a Food Loss and Waste Reduction Action Plan that outlines efforts to cut food waste in half by 2030, and to explore advancing circularity through a Sustainable Agriculture Strategy.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	By 2030, populations have access to the necessary means to make sustainable consumption choices regarding biodiversity products in order to contribute to the reduction of the global consumption footprint and the safeguarding of the planet, notably through: » the establishment and enforcement of policy, legislative and regulatory frameworks conducive to sustainable practices; » improved access to education, relevant information, substitute solutions and traditional knowledge, with respect for the rights of holders; support for effective food conservation practices, sustainable energy production, notably biomass, as well as waste reduction, recycling and recovery.	Objective 16 commits the DRC to ensuring that populations have access to the means to make sustainable consumption choices regarding biodiversity products by 2030, contributing to reduction of the global consumption footprint. Measures include enforceable policy, legislative and regulatory frameworks conducive to sustainable practices; improved access to education, relevant information, substitute solutions and traditional knowledge; and support for food conservation, sustainable biomass energy, and waste reduction, recycling and recovery. The estimated budget is USD 12.9 million.
Republic of the Congo	Target 17/16: By 2030 at the latest, ensure that the population, comprising decision-makers, local and indigenous communities, civil society and non-governmental organisations, is aware of the value of biodiversity and takes measures it can to conserve and use it sustainably, in particular by guaranteeing food security and significantly reducing waste production, so as to enable everyone to live pleasantly in harmony with Mother Earth.	National Target 17/16 commits by 2030 to ensure that the population — comprising decision-makers, local and indigenous communities, civil society and non-governmental organisations — is aware of the value of biodiversity and takes measures it can to conserve and use it sustainably, in particular by guaranteeing food security and significantly reducing waste production, so as to enable everyone to live pleasantly in harmony with Mother Earth. Result A4O17R17 contains five actions: development of the political and legal framework conducive to changes in dietary habits (2028); reduction of food product imports while promoting sustainable local production (2029); reduction of agricultural technical itineraries that deplete the soil (2029); organisation of awareness-raising campaigns among all stakeholders on the value of biodiversity (2029); and awareness-raising of the Congolese population on eco-citizenship (2028). Indicators include the extent to which (a) global citizenship education and (b) education for sustainable development — including gender equality and human rights — are mainstreamed at all levels in national education policies, curricula, teacher training and student assessment (SDG 4.7.1); number of protocols that take into account technical itineraries; recycling rate; rate of change in imports of chemical inputs that have a negative impact on forest and wildlife resources; and number of stakeholders made aware of the value of biodiversity. Responsible bodies include ministries for the environment, sustainable development, agriculture, forests, scientific research, commerce, the promotion of indigenous peoples, communication, health, the interior, sanitation, along with TFPs, NGOs, CSOs and local authorities. Budget figures are not specified in the extracted table for this result.
Chile	By 2027, there is a law that promotes the valorisation of organic waste and circular economy concepts are disseminated across territories	The NBSAP addresses sustainable consumption through national target II.27, which states that by 2027 there is a law promoting the valorisation of organic waste and circular economy concepts are disseminated across territories. The strategy identifies "Achieving sustainable consumption patterns" as a priority area and invokes the principle of transformative change, which references consumption patterns. Institutional infrastructure is already in place: the Circular Economy Office exists within the Ministry of the Environment (MMA), and the Single-Use Plastics Law (21,368) was enacted in 2021. The Agri-food Sustainability Strategy is listed as a linked instrument.
Cameroon		The NBSAP dedicates Objective 10 to promoting sustainable consumption and reducing post-harvest losses, structured around three actions with detailed metrics and baselines. Action 10.1 focuses on capacity strengthening on sustainable consumption. Activity 10.1.1 targets a 30% reduction in total waste tonnage compared to a 2018 baseline of 29,756 tonnes (with 41% ecologically treated). It also addresses post-harvest loss reduction from a baseline of approximately 25% (all products combined, FAO/ITC synthesis). Activity 10.1.2 targets 12 validated and disseminated national educational materials on sustainable consumption (from a baseline of 2 materials). Activity 10.1.3 targets approximately 3,000 cumulative practical educational activities across the territory, including school green clubs, recycling sessions, composting and energy-saving demonstrations (from a baseline of approximately 120 documented activities). Activity 10.1.4 targets 500,000 households and 5,000 industries reached through national awareness-raising campaigns on sustainable consumption. Activity 10.1.5 provides for at least 5 incentive measures for the acquisition of renewable energy equipment, including customs facilitations and exemptions. Activity 10.1.6 targets treatment of 60% of the estimated industrial liquid effluent volume (approximately 50,600 m3/year) from a baseline of approximately 84,290 m3/year estimated discharge. Action 10.2 promotes alternatives to non-biodegradable single-use products. Activity 10.2.1 targets 50 local ecological alternatives promoted or introduced on the local market. Activity 10.2.2 targets at least 20% substitution of targeted single-use items by local or sustainable alternatives. Activity 10.2.3 targets 25% of consumers having regularly adopted at least one ecological alternative to single-use products. Action 10.3 establishes a mechanism to reduce post-harvest losses. Activity 10.3.1 targets 20 operational cold storage units with 25,000 tonnes of cold storage capacity (from a baseline of 4 cold storage warehouses with approximately 7,200 tonnes capacity). Activity 10.3.2 targets 800 processing units supported and 1,200,000 tonnes/year processed by 2030 (from a baseline of 50-200 formal/semi-formal units processing approximately 100,000-400,000 tonnes/year). Activity 10.3.3 targets 100,000 stakeholders trained on good post-harvest practices and organic waste management with at least 60% sustainable adoption 12 months after training (from a baseline of approximately 10,000 stakeholders trained with 15-30% adoption rate). The Communication and Awareness-Raising Plan supports sustainable consumption messaging through media campaigns, educational programmes and community outreach, with emphasis on involving the private sector in disseminating messages on environmental responsibility and sustainable consumption.
Germany	By 2030, the amount of food waste from private households, hospitality and catering, trade and production in Germany will have been halved (in relation to 2015 levels).	The NBS 2030 addresses sustainable consumption through food waste reduction and nature-friendly consumption targets. Target 8.5 commits to halving food waste from private households, hospitality and catering, trade, and production in Germany by 2030 relative to 2015 levels. Currently around 11 million tonnes of food waste are disposed of in Germany annually, split fairly equally between avoidable and unavoidable waste. Target 16.3 on nature-friendly consumption calls for biodiversity considerations to be incorporated into environmental certification and labelling schemes for products and services and into footprint calculations in the European internal market by 2030, so that consumer information on biodiversity impacts is significantly improved. Germany's consumption footprint is to be reduced by 2030. The strategy notes that the conservation of biodiversity worldwide requires a fundamental change in consumer behaviour in Germany, and calls for information on product lifetimes and repairability, higher standards for environmental statements on labels, product reuse, and sufficiency-oriented lifestyles. Action area 16 more broadly identifies the need for sustainable consumption, a sustainable financial system, and sustainable investments, and calls for sustainability indicators to supplement GDP in prosperity measurement.
Denmark		The NBSAP addresses sustainable consumption through circular economy, green procurement, waste reduction, and food waste initiatives. The National Circular Economy Action Plan 2020-2032 contains 129 initiatives covering less waste, better recycling, better use of biomass, sustainable construction, and plastics in a circular economy. The plan constitutes the national plan for waste prevention and management. The National Strategy for Public Procurement ('Green Procurement for a Green Future') targets public procurement worth over DKK 400 billion annually (over 14 per cent of GDP). A target has been set that, where official labelling systems exist, all publicly procured acquisitions must be eco-labelled or meet equivalent requirements by 2030. The strategy includes skills development for government purchasers, a cross-government food policy, criteria for green data centres, and annual calculations of the climate footprint of public procurement. The EU Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation extends ecodesign requirements to virtually all physical products, introduces digital product passports, and provides for common European product labelling. The regulation specifically prohibits the destruction of unsold clothing and footwear. Denmark has comprehensive waste management targets including specific recycling targets for household, packaging, plastic, glass, paper, metal, building, food, and textile waste. The waste sector is to be climate-neutral by 2030, and 80 per cent of Danish plastics are to be separated from incineration by 2030. Sector-specific targets include 50 per cent plastic recycling in agriculture by 2025 (80 per cent by 2030) and 25 per cent in building/construction by 2025 (75 per cent by 2030). The Food Waste Strategy 2024-2027 contains 15 initiatives to reduce food waste across all five stages of the food value chain, including the ONE/THIRD think tank, the voluntary agreement 'Denmark against Food Waste,' and DKK 15 million for food waste research in 2024.
Egypt		The NBSAP frames sustainable consumption through the halving of solid waste in Egypt as an integrated approach combining strengthened sustainable-consumption choices, improved waste management, and support for innovation in environmental technology. It calls for broad cooperation between government, the private sector, and civil society to ensure effective and sustainable implementation strategies. Annex 4 reproduces the KMGBF Target 16 formulation — enabling sustainable consumption through supportive policy, education, and information, halving global food waste by 2030, significantly reducing overconsumption and waste generation. Programme 4 ("Investing in Biodiversity") commits to supporting innovation in sustainable production and consumption. Dedicated Egyptian initiatives to support sustainable production and consumption are referenced elsewhere in the strategy. The briefing does not, however, set a quantified national target for food-waste halving or for per-capita consumption footprint reduction specific to Egypt.
Spain		The NBSAP addresses sustainable consumption through several avenues. Measures to promote circularity in the natural environment with biodiversity conservation criteria are to be incorporated into triennial action plans of the Spain Circular 2030 Strategy. Implementation of legal measures to reduce food waste is planned in accordance with Law 7/2022 of 8 April and the future Law on prevention of food losses and food waste. The development of measures aimed at promoting consumption of sustainably produced food is called for within the CAP Strategic Plan, in line with the EU Farm to Fork Strategy. Green public procurement is to be expanded, with products and services prioritised according to biodiversity impact. Priority is to be given to items with organic farming certification, forest certification, or the ecolabel ecological label. Creation of quality marks for environmentally sustainable products and services is to be supported, alongside the future EU sustainable food labelling framework. For deforestation-free supply chains, the NBSAP commits to ensuring sustainable agricultural supply free from deforestation and forest degradation by 2025, in line with Spain's adherence to the Amsterdam Declaration. EU legislation preventing market entry of forest products causing natural forest loss is to be actively promoted. All wood-based materials must come from legitimate sources under FLEGT and EUTR legislation.
Gabon	Encourage sustainable consumption choices to improve waste management	Gabon's National Target 16 aims to encourage sustainable consumption choices to improve waste management. Two strategic actions are specified: conduct awareness-raising campaigns, and integrate environmental education into curricula. The key indicators are at least 2 awareness-raising campaigns and manuals available. Responsible stakeholders include MEEC, the Ministry of Communication, NGOs, and the Ministry of Education. Relevant legislative action includes Ordinance No. 0012/PR/2024 on combating single-use plastics, which promotes the circular economy and sustainable alternatives. The strategy also mentions the Environmental Education Support Project in Gabonese Primary Schools (PAEEG) in its institutional framework.
United Kingdom	The UK will ensure that people are encouraged and enabled to make sustainable consumption choices, including by establishing supportive policy, legislative or regulatory frameworks, improving education and access to relevant and accurate information and alternatives, and by 2030, reduce the global footprint of consumption in an equitable manner, including through halving global food waste, significantly reducing overconsumption and substantially reducing waste generation, in order for all people to live well in harmony with Mother Earth.	The NBSAP sets UK target 16, committing to ensure that people are encouraged and enabled to make sustainable consumption choices, including by establishing supportive policy, legislative or regulatory frameworks, improving education and access to relevant and accurate information and alternatives. By 2030, the target commits to reducing the global footprint of consumption in an equitable manner, including through halving global food waste, significantly reducing overconsumption and substantially reducing waste generation. A footnote states that the UK does not recognise rights of nature or rights of Mother Earth but acknowledges different value systems.
Equatorial Guinea	By 2030, increase sustainable consumption alternatives, strengthen public policies, education, access to information, as well as incentive and recognition systems aimed at natural and legal persons who use and manage biological resources rationally and sustainably throughout the national territory.	National Target 16 commits, by 2030, to promote structural changes in consumption and use patterns of biological resources, encouraging sustainable practices through public policies, environmental education, access to transparent information and systems of incentives and recognition for individuals and entities that manage biodiversity responsibly. Implementation conditions include conducting national studies on the use of biodiversity that identify natural and legal persons making the greatest use of biological resources; designing and implementing awareness-raising and education programmes on sustainable consumption and biodiversity conservation; and establishing positive incentive systems and public recognition schemes for responsible practices. A budget line of USD 1,500,000 is attached in §244 to awareness campaigns and socio-economic studies. Indicators include positive incentives established, national public financing allocated to biodiversity conservation, and programmes supporting sustainable alternative uses. Degree of alignment is MEDIUM (behavioural change target, dependent on education, sustained incentives and availability of information).
India	Ensure that people are encouraged and enabled to make sustainable consumption choices in an equitable manner to reduce the footprint of unsustainable consumption.	India's NBSAP commits to ensuring that people are encouraged and enabled to make sustainable consumption choices in an equitable manner, reducing the footprint of unsustainable consumption. The headline indicator references the number of countries developing, adopting, or implementing policy instruments aimed at encouraging and enabling sustainable consumption choices (16.b), with component indicators on material footprint per capita, global environmental impacts of consumption, ecological footprint, and food waste index. Five national indicators are tracked: trends in consumer awareness enabling sustainable choices (16.1); post-harvest storage and distribution losses of Central/State Pool Stocks of wheat and rice (16.2); number of municipal corporations using waste segregation techniques (16.3); quantifiable indices from Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) and number of companies following circular economy principles (16.4); and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) adopted for hazardous waste, plastic wastes, used batteries, and tyres (16.5). Lead agencies include Mission LiFE Cell of MoEFCC, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Food Corporation of India, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, and CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute.
Iran	Encourage and enable sustainable consumption choices among Iranians by establishing supportive policy, legislative, or regulatory frameworks, improving education, and providing access to relevant and accurate information and alternatives. By 2030, reduce the global footprint of consumption in an equitable manner, including through halving global food waste, significantly reducing overconsumption, and substantially reducing waste generation, to enable all people to live well in harmony with nature.	A sub-target within the NT-15 section commits to encouraging and enabling sustainable consumption choices among Iranians by establishing supportive policy, legislative, or regulatory frameworks, improving education, and providing access to relevant and accurate information and alternatives. It sets goals for reducing the global footprint of consumption in an equitable manner by 2030, including halving global food waste, significantly reducing overconsumption, and substantially reducing waste generation, to enable all people to live well in harmony with nature. Two actions are listed (one incomplete): creating specialised towns, areas, and complexes within urban and rural boundaries for IT, creative industries, handicrafts, production and service industries, clean industries, and waste management within the HADI Master Plan framework, preserving the rural-urban environment and biodiversity.
Iceland	That society as a whole participate in nurturing biological diversity by changing its consumption habits and that options less harmful to the environment be made available.	The NBSAP addresses sustainable consumption under Guiding Principle E2 on the circular economy, with the objective that society as a whole participate in nurturing biological diversity by changing consumption habits and that less environmentally harmful options be made available. The policy states that Icelanders are among the nations with one of the largest ecological footprints per capita, noting considerable scope for improvement. The policy calls for changes in lifestyles and more sustainable consumption habits, with emphasis on buying less frequently and in smaller quantities, using items for longer, and choosing more environmentally friendly, reusable and repairable products. It identifies the need to reduce demand for natural resources and thereby pressure on ecosystems, as well as pollution from the production, use and disposal of goods. The policy also flags the ease of purchasing goods from abroad at low prices that meet no quality requirements and contain polluting substances harmful to health. It calls for greater emphasis on biodiversity in circular economy policymaking, and for developing guidelines on biodiversity's role in life cycle assessment procedures and ecological footprint calculations.
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030	Action-oriented target 4-4: Promote consumption behavior that takes biodiversity into account, including halving food loss and waste.	Action-oriented target 4-4 addresses sustainable consumption. The government commits to halve food loss and waste from 2000 levels by 2030, with a current baseline of approximately 5.22 million tons (FY2020) of food loss; the target halves both business-origin food loss (from 5.47 million tons to 2.73 million tons) and household-origin food loss under the Act on Promotion of Food Loss Reduction and the Fourth Basic Plan for the Promotion of Shokuiku. The Act on Promotion of Resource Circulation for Plastics (2022) and the Plastic Resource Circulation Strategy aim to reduce single-use plastics and increase recycled content. Sustainable fashion is pursued jointly by MOE, METI and CAA through awareness-raising on reuse, rental, and circular apparel. Consumption of environmentally friendly agricultural, forestry and fishery products is promoted, with 69.3% of citizens choosing such products (FY2021, target >75% by FY2025). Certification labels (fishery eco-label, forest certification) will be expanded.
Lebanon	NT 19: Encourage and enable people to make sustainable consumption choices by establishing supportive policy, legislative or regulatory frameworks, and by improving education and access to relevant and accurate information and alternatives. By 2030, reduce Lebanon's national consumption footprint in an equitable manner, by reducing overconsumption and waste generation and food waste, so that all people can live well in harmony with nature.	National Target 19 commits Lebanon to encourage and enable people to make sustainable consumption choices by establishing supportive policy, legislative or regulatory frameworks and by improving education and access to relevant and accurate information and alternatives, and by 2030 to reduce Lebanon's national consumption footprint in an equitable manner by reducing overconsumption, waste generation and food waste so that all people can live well in harmony with nature. Progress is tracked through a binary contribution to Headline Indicator 16.b (whether Lebanon has developed, adopted or implemented policy instruments enabling sustainable consumption), a national indicator on the number of measures improving education and access to information, a replicated Food Waste Index, a replicated Material Footprint per Capita indicator (coordinated with UNEP) and a national Recycling Rate indicator. National Actions include developing consumer tools to encourage sustainable consumption behaviour such as QR codes on products providing product-life-cycle summaries and tracking sales records (NA 19.1), and developing and implementing a national strategy to reduce marine litter by encouraging and enabling sustainable consumption choices (NA 19.2, linked to NA 8.8).
Libya	By 2030, national, sectoral and local programs to increase environmental awareness in relation to biodiversity conservation and reduce food and non-food waste by 50%, to change public behavior regarding excessive consumption of natural resources and food, are planned and implemented, linking all of this to national poverty reduction efforts.	The NBSAP directly addresses sustainable consumption through national Target 16 with a USD 5 million budget. The target commits to planning and implementing national, sectoral, and local programmes to increase environmental awareness about biodiversity conservation and to reduce food and non-food waste by 50%, with the aim of changing public behaviour regarding excessive consumption of natural resources and food, linked to national poverty reduction efforts. Three priorities are specified: preparing a national strategy for awareness, education, and training regarding biodiversity, including an assessment of target groups and activities for desired behavioural changes, and a list of awareness tools and programmes (by 2024); developing awareness-raising and training materials using a package of tools and methods (by 2024); and implementing awareness-raising activities for target groups with distribution and dissemination of public awareness and capacity-building materials (by 2030).
Madagascar	By 2030, national consumers readily and systematically adopt sustainable practices for purchasing and using goods and services, as well as waste management, in the service of biodiversity conservation, particularly in high-impact sectors.	The NBSAP commits that by 2030, national consumers readily and systematically adopt sustainable purchasing and use practices for goods and services and waste-management practices supporting biodiversity conservation, particularly in high-impact sectors. The NBSAP notes that 80% of the population depends directly on natural resources. Eight actions are implemented around four strategic axes, with estimated financial needs of USD 4,709,841 (5.83% of Programme 3), allocated as: knowledge of consumption impacts on biodiversity (USD 691,716); regulatory, institutional and economic environment favourable to sustainable consumption (USD 2,321,143); structures and systems guaranteeing accessibility of sustainable consumer goods and services (USD 1,401,158); and Social and Behavioural Change towards sustainable consumption (USD 295,825). Strategic axis 1 establishes a national knowledge system on consumption impacts on biodiversity, including a validated diagnostic report, goods and resources waste index (indicator 16.CT.1: food waste index), biodiversity footprint of national consumption, imported material footprint (16.CT.2) and imported ecological footprint (16.CT.3). Strategic axis 2 develops and strengthens legal instruments on sustainable consumption (indicator 16.b: prohibition texts, establishment of taxes), incentive-based economic instruments creating waste recovery sectors (indicator 16.CY.2: national recycling rate and tonnes of materials recycled), and institutional instruments prescribing environmental clauses in public procurement. Strategic axis 3 deploys standardised green markets, refilling stations and standardised repair, maintenance, exchange and rental spaces, and promotes sustainable waste management services. Strategic axis 4 designs SBC communication tools, revises curricula to integrate Sustainable Consumption, trains teachers and conducts awareness campaigns with measured behavioural change.
Marshall Islands		Sub-target 3.16 calls for relevant and accessible information for people to make consumption choices based on nutrition and biodiversity conservation and/or mitigation, delivered through EPA outreach and national KPIs. Binary indicator 16.B (Sustainable Consumption) tracks whether policy instruments have been developed, adopted, or implemented to encourage and enable sustainable consumption choices, including mechanisms to improve awareness regarding consumption impacts on biodiversity and policy instruments to reduce food waste, overconsumption, and waste generation. RMI EPA is the data lead, with EPA, MoNRC, and MoHHS as reporting sources.
Malaysia		Malaysia's NPBD addresses sustainable consumption through Target 4 Action 4.6, "strengthen sustainable consumption and production to support biodiversity conservation." The policy identifies unsustainable consumption and production as among the root causes of biodiversity loss, climate change, and pollution. Commitments under Action 4.6 include: strengthen mainstreaming of the circular-economy approach across all segments of society and relevant production sectors to reduce dependencies on imports and new resources and reduce wastage; promote lifestyles that encourage sustainable consumption and the use of environment-friendly products to reduce consumption footprints; strengthen policies, legislation, and economic instruments to improve national consumption patterns and reduce over-consumption and waste generation; and expand the Supplier Relationship Management (SRM), Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), and Polluter Pays frameworks to evaluate business supply chains and ensure goods, materials, and services are sustainably sourced. The Ministry in charge of economy is the lead agency, with the Ministry in charge of biodiversity and forestry, the Ministry in charge of finance, state focal points, CSOs/NGOs, and the private sector as partners. The policy does not set a quantitative per-capita footprint or food-waste-reduction metric.
Norway		Norway's approach to sustainable consumption combines food waste reduction, green public procurement and the circular bioeconomy. A trade agreement across five ministries and twelve trade organisations supports the national target of a 50 per cent reduction in food waste by 2030; the Government-appointed Food Waste Committee presented recommendations in January 2024 including proposals for food waste legislation, changes to the trade agreement and consumer information initiatives; households account for approximately half of food waste. Public procurement amounts to approximately NOK 780 billion annually; from 1 January 2024, climate and environmental considerations must be assigned a weighting of at least 30 per cent in public procurements (or met via requirement specifications when this yields better outcomes), with justification required where neither requirements nor criteria are imposed. The Norwegian Agency for Public and Financial Management (DFØ) provides guidance, and a legislative committee for public procurements (appointed November 2022) has proposed unification and clarification of rules including climate and environment and highlighted efficient and sustainable use of community resources in the objectives of a new act. The circular bioeconomy is framed as central to reduced pressure on resources; the Government commits to follow up the action plan for a circular economy, investigate a national mission on the circular economy, promote circular solutions internationally, and enhance Norwegian legislation in line with the EU on sustainable products (longer useful life, repair, recycling), digital product passports and labelling, preventing greenwashing, increasing sustainable bioeconomy use, and enhancing food waste reduction. Local authorities use their planning and purchasing power to promote reuse, repair, recycling and circular products; the Green Deal (since 2016) funds local authority circular projects.
Rwanda	By 2030, all sectors are equipped and implement strategies to promote sustainable consumption and production among individuals, businesses, and government entities in Rwanda to reduce waste, minimise overconsumption and support biodiversity conservation.	The NBSAP sets National Target 16 requiring all sectors to implement strategies promoting sustainable consumption and production among individuals, businesses, and government entities by 2030 to reduce waste, minimise overconsumption, and support biodiversity conservation. Component indicators include updated food waste index, material footprint per capita, and ecological footprint. Complementary indicators cover education policies on responsible consumption, recycling rate, Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), and promotion of circular economy. The baseline cites food waste index values of 164 for Kigali and 117 for Musanze (UNEP 2024), no baseline on material footprint per capita, and an average ecological footprint per capita of 0.55 (Global Footprint Network, 2022 data). Strategic actions include establishing baseline information on material footprint per capita, identifying and developing strategies for sustainable consumption and production across sectors, increasing public awareness on sustainable consumption, promoting eco-labelling and certification schemes, encouraging businesses to adopt sustainable practices, integrating sustainable consumption criteria into public procurement, conducting LCIA research for food waste management, and promoting circular economy across all sectors with a focus on private sector innovation. The agriculture sector plan includes promoting sustainable production and consumption (MINAGRI, 2025–2030) and developing strategies for sustainable consumption/production in fisheries (RAB, 2025–2030). The costing allocates USD 1.6 million.
Saudi Arabia	Transitioning towards sustainable patterns of use of natural resources and biodiversity components.	National Target 9 addresses the transition towards sustainable patterns of use of natural resources and biodiversity components. The target includes four indicators: food waste indicator, rate of recycling of raw materials at the national level, grazing regulation indicator, and percentage of camels and sheep transitioning from traditional to modern husbandry patterns. The national action plan specifies: conducting an inventory and assessment of current use patterns of biodiversity components including water, land, soil, forests, marine and fisheries resources, and wild species (2028); supporting and enhancing natural resource use efficiency through circular economy principles, waste reduction, and resource efficiency programmes in productive sectors (2026–2030); encouraging the private sector to adopt sustainable production and consumption practices through incentive programmes, environmental accreditation and certification, innovation support, and corporate social responsibility (2026–2030); and enhancing public awareness on sustainable use of natural resources and impacts of consumption patterns through media campaigns and awards (2026–2030). The agricultural sector strategy also references food security governance, specifically reducing food loss and waste, as a strategic initiative.
Sudan	Ensure that by 2030, the national and state governments, business and stakeholders at all levels in Sudan have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable consumption, and people are encouraged in the meantime to make sustainable consumption choices, and to reduce waste, including by improving education and raising awareness on alternatives, in order to keep the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits.	National Target 16 commits Sudan to ensuring that by 2030, governments, businesses and stakeholders have implemented plans for sustainable consumption, and people are encouraged to make sustainable consumption choices and reduce waste, through improving education and awareness on alternatives. Budget allocations under Goal D include US$300,000 for rangeland (1 action), US$900,000 for forests (1 action), and US$250,000 for inland waters (1 action). The gender matrix identifies a key action: implementing a national certification and labelling scheme for sustainably sourced forest products, coupled with a public awareness campaign to educate consumers about the environmental impacts of their consumption choices and promote certified products, with 50% women targeted as consumers. The monitoring framework tracks sustainability in consumption of wild species, food waste index, and public awareness levels, with indicators on waste prevention, re-use, recycling, recovery, and disposal. Education for sustainable development, including gender equality and human rights, is mainstreamed at all levels in national education policies, curricula, and teacher education as a complementary indicator.
Chad		The NBSAP links Global Target 16 to National Target 1 (NT1) and National Target 17 (NT17). The 2011–2020 reference notes that the population is not well informed about the importance of local products and is not sufficiently aware of environmental education. The 2030 target is that the National Environmental Education Strategy (Stratégie Nationale de l'Éducation Environnementale, SNEE) is disseminated throughout the national territory, with improvement of the poverty index. Measures include minimising the impacts of food production on biodiversity by reducing consumption of animal proteins and eliminating food waste; increasing the use of eco-labelling to help consumers make informed and sustainable choices; and supporting the use of local products. Indicators include the degree to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development, including gender equality and human rights, are integrated at all levels in national education policies, curricula, teacher training and student assessment (I1GT16); and the level of poverty in developing communities (I2GT16).
Togo	Target 21 : Promote responsible and sustainable consumption practices through policy, legislative or regulatory frameworks	The NBSAP designates National Target 21 under Strategic Objective 3, mapped to GBF Target 16, committing to promote responsible and sustainable consumption practices through policy, legislative, or regulatory frameworks. The strategy's alignment with Agenda 2063 references sustainable consumption and production patterns as a priority area. Guiding principle (iv) on sustainable and equitable use of biodiversity states that sustainable development meeting current needs without compromising future generations must be incorporated in a way reflecting equity. The national target focuses on the regulatory and legislative framework for promoting sustainable consumption rather than specifying quantified targets such as the GBF's halving of food waste.
Tunisia	Implement measures to reduce by half (50%) food waste, waste production and overconsumption	The NBSAP dedicates Objective D3 to making sustainable consumption choices and reducing overconsumption, linked to KM-GBF Target 16. The national target states: "Implement measures to reduce by half (50%) food waste, waste production and overconsumption." The alignment analysis had identified Target 16 as having no clear similarity with the previous NBSAP targets. Measure D3.1 proposes six actions to encourage sustainable consumption: informing and educating the public (D3.1.1), including through preparation for driving licences, pregnancy, school years, and holidays; taking regulatory measures including banning non-conforming products (D3.1.2); regulating sustainable public procurement (D3.1.3, noting a 2019 draft legal text exists); supporting the Tunisian Organisation for Consumer Defence (D3.1.4); labelling products with Ecolabels (D3.1.5); and establishing a programme on sustainable consumption patterns (D3.1.6). Measure D3.2 addresses overconsumption through limiting superfluous purchases, promoting durable and local products, and reducing food waste (D3.2.1-D3.2.2). Measure D3.3 covers waste reduction from food product manufacturing, including sorting and recycling food waste (D3.3.1), taxing paper advertising distributed in streets (D3.3.2), and supporting the circular economy (D3.3.3).
Vanuatu		The NBSAP includes four implementation activities under Target 16 within Strategic Area 3: reviewing and incorporating sustainable consumption choices into relevant governance frameworks (MB.12, VUV 6,000,000, short-term); developing a National Healthy Food Standard (MB.13, VUV 3,000,000, short-term); conducting awareness and training on food safety, security, and healthy food standards across six provinces annually (MB.14, VUV 6,000,000, short-term); and encouraging recycling programs in schools and communities (MB.15, VUV 5,000,000, short-term). No baseline exists for sustainable consumption choices, though existing policies across productive and trade sectors address some aspects. Vanuatu has recently enacted a product stewardship scheme to establish a self-sustaining system for collecting, recycling, and exporting waste. Target 16 is allocated 11 actions costing VUV 64,550,000.
Belgium		The NBSAP references sustainable consumption in the context of public awareness but does not set specific targets for reducing food waste or overconsumption. Section 8.2 states that Belgian household consumption and production patterns have a significant impact on the environment and biodiversity, and that it is crucial to convince people of the necessity to evolve towards sustainable production, consumption, land use, and mobility patterns. The Strategy also mentions the need to raise public awareness of consumption behaviours that increase threats to wild ecosystems (in the context of GMO-related discussion). However, no quantified consumption targets, food waste reduction measures, or detailed sustainable consumption action plans are included.
Burkina Faso		The NBSAP references SDG 12 (Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns) among its foundations. The National Green Economy Strategy (SNEV) 2019–2023 aims to green the national economy, including reducing environmental impacts through rational use of goods and services and greening production processes to create decent green jobs. The logical framework includes plastic consumption targets (zero plastic bags per household in the three largest cities by 2030) and a ten-fold increase in plastic waste recycling. However, the NBSAP does not set targets for halving food waste or reducing overconsumption and the ecological footprint as envisioned by Target 16.
China		The NBSAP references sustainable consumption but without the depth or specificity of the KMGBF target's focus on halving food waste and reducing overconsumption footprints. Priority Action 6 on whole-of-society action calls for fostering biodiversity-friendly consumption and lifestyles, refusing to consume wild animals and their products, reducing consumption footprints in a fair manner, and reducing food waste and overconsumption. Priority Action 16 mentions improving green supply chain management and green product standards systems, and strengthening certification and management of green food and organic agricultural products. Policy mechanisms for public participation reference carbon footprints, carbon credits, and carbon points combined with big data to improve records of whole-of-society participation. Green points mechanisms are to be explored for public participation in biodiversity conservation. However, no specific quantified targets for food waste reduction or consumption footprint reduction are provided, and the treatment remains at the level of general guidance rather than specific commitments with measurable outcomes.
Colombia		Sustainable consumption is listed as Target 16 within the alignment tables of the NBSAP, cross-referenced under National Target 3 (Harnessing the biodiversity economy) alongside targets for businesses (15), biosafety of biotechnology (17), incentives (18) and knowledge development (20). The Plan presents no specific headline indicator, quantified commitment or costed action on sustainable consumption beyond its inclusion in the overall framework of 191 actions and its linkage to the biodiversity-economy commitment, green businesses and circular economy under Conpes 3934, 4023 and 4129. The monitoring framework flags sustainable production and consumption as an area where data consolidation is still required.
European Union		The strategy does not directly address food waste reduction or set targets for reducing overconsumption. However, several measures relate to the consumption footprint. The Commission is to present a legislative proposal to avoid or minimise the placing of products associated with deforestation or forest degradation on the EU market and to promote forest-friendly imports and value chains. The Circular Economy Action Plan and European Strategy for Plastics address resource consumption and waste. Green public procurement criteria are to be strengthened to boost nature-based solutions, with public authorities' purchasing power noted as representing 14% of EU GDP. The 'user pays' and 'polluter pays' principles are promoted to reflect environmental costs in pricing. The Farm to Fork Strategy, referenced as a companion strategy, is noted as the main vehicle for food system sustainability, but food waste targets are not specified in this document.
Indonesia		Sustainable consumption is addressed obliquely rather than through a dedicated IBSAP national target. The green-economy section (§43) lists the circular economy as a new source of economic growth alongside quality tourism, renewable energy and marine processing industries under the RPJPN 2025-2045. Certification schemes SVLK, ISPO and CBIB (§137) provide consumer-facing sustainability signals for forestry, palm oil and fisheries products. The IBSAP financing strategy (§177) flags circular economy bonds as a potential thematic-bond adaptation of Indonesia's SDGs bond framework. No TN indicator tracks food waste reduction or overconsumption, and no quantified target for halving food waste is set. The global KMGBF Target 16 language is reproduced in §214 without a paired national commitment.
Lesotho	By 2030, public institutions, the private sector, and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve sustainable production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits	The NBSAP III does not include a national target specifically addressing food waste reduction or overconsumption as framed by GBF Target 16. National Target 1 refers to sustainable production and consumption, committing that by 2030 public institutions, private sector and stakeholders have taken steps to achieve sustainable production and consumption and kept the impacts of use of natural resources within safe ecological limits. However, the associated action plan focuses narrowly on reviewing the national EIA process (USD 176,480) rather than on consumption patterns, food waste, or resource footprint reduction. The Plastic Levy Regulation 2022 and the recycling and waste management initiatives under National Target 6 are tangentially relevant to reducing consumption impacts.
Luxembourg		The NBSAP does not directly address food waste reduction or overconsumption in the manner specified by Target 16. However, several sections touch on consumption-related themes. Section 68 addresses imported deforestation, noting that approximately 10% of annual global deforestation results from consumption by EU Member States. Luxembourg has joined the Alliance on Tropical Rainforests and commits to an ambitious European regulation concerning the making available on the EU market, and export from the EU, of raw materials and products linked to deforestation and forest degradation. The strategy frames this as reducing the impact of production and consumption patterns on imported deforestation. Section 36 calls for reshaping food systems while bringing together all actors in the production chain, acknowledging that current food systems have an impact on natural resources and biodiversity. Section 44 mentions promoting local production and consumption chains, citing the GrinGo initiative as an example. The strategy also supports a short-distance market for sustainably produced products in several sections. These references address consumption patterns indirectly through supply-chain sustainability rather than through food waste reduction or consumer behaviour change.
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030		The NBSAP does not contain measures specifically addressing sustainable consumption patterns or food waste reduction. However, several capacity-building actions in the action plan are tagged to GBF Target 16: C.1.1 (designing biodiversity modules for school programmes), C.1.2 (training 2,500 teachers on biodiversity), and C.2.1 (co-creating biodiversity awareness events with NGOs). These education and awareness actions may contribute to shifting consumption behaviour but do not constitute a dedicated sustainable consumption programme.
Malta		The NBSAP does not contain a dedicated target on sustainable consumption or food waste reduction. Action 14.1 introduces market-based instruments to incentivise a shift in investments towards circular economy, as well as value chains and infrastructure that support conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and implementation of the Polluter Pays Principle. These instruments include economic incentives that promote the internalisation of environmental costs, fiscal instruments, deposit-refund systems, environmental labelling, and finance towards environmental initiatives. While this supports sustainable consumption patterns, it does not address food waste or overconsumption as specified in KMGBF Target 16.
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		The alignment analysis notes that for the first time among all targets, Axis 5 (Education, communication, and environmental culture) stands out with the greatest direct contribution (12 actions), followed by Axis 4 (7 actions). The ENBioMex contributes in an enabling manner with 24% of its actions. Specific action lines with direct contributions include sustainable consumption in urban settings (4.7.2), environmental education for wildlife management (5.2.6), educational communication programmes for responsible consumption and sustainable procurement (5.3.7), curricula and educational materials (5.1.1), citizen participation (5.2.3), capacities for decision-makers (5.2.4), training of environmental promoters (5.2.5), exchange of experiences (5.2.9), educational communication materials (5.3.5), and biodiversity communication guidelines (5.3.1). From Axis 3, sustainability criteria (3.1.1) and conservation and sustainable use criteria (3.3.1) also align.
Namibia	Resource-efficient and biodiversity-friendly production and consumption practices are promoted, including through waste reduction, reuse and recycling, to reduce pollution and pressure on ecosystems	National Target 16 commits that resource-efficient and biodiversity-friendly production and consumption practices are promoted, including through waste reduction, reuse and recycling, to reduce pollution and pressure on ecosystems. The NBSAP assigns delivery to Programme 26: Promoting resource-efficient and biodiversity-friendly production and consumption. The briefing does not contain the Purpose, Implementation approach, Instruments, Considerations or Activities sections for Programme 26 on sustainable consumption; that programme heading appears but the subsequent detailed sections on consumption/waste were excluded or merged with the Biosafety programme text in the briefing. Consequently no specific measures, actions, responsible bodies, or quantitative commitments on food waste, waste reduction, reuse or recycling can be extracted from the briefing.
Netherlands		The NBSAP's coverage of sustainable consumption and footprint reduction is present but dispersed and qualified by explicit policy hedging. The executive summary states that consumers who wish to make sustainable choices must have the opportunity to do so, but that the government does not see a major role for itself in this regard. It further states that the previously maintained target of halving the Dutch ecological footprint by 2050 is not endorsed by this government, while noting that many activities in existing policy areas contribute to reducing the footprint, such as agricultural and food policy, climate policy, and circular economy policy. Under the dedicated Action Target 16 heading, the NBSAP focuses on policies for sustainable agricultural production that contribute to reducing the national and international footprint. These include mission-driven innovation programmes, implementation of the European Deforestation Regulation, agricultural emissions policy, crop protection policy, the Action Plan 'Growth of organic production and consumption', and policy on reducing food losses in the production chain. The LVVN Attache Network is noted as having an international role in pursuing policy objectives related to water, climate, food, and biodiversity. On agricultural emissions, the government strives for a balanced policy package to achieve emissions reductions consistent with climate neutrality by 2050, working towards target-based steering with achievable, business-specific targets for greenhouse gas and nitrogen emissions. Measures include support for innovation and emission reductions, a broad cessation scheme for entrepreneurs wishing to leave the sector, the area-based approach 'Space for Agriculture and Nature' (Ruimte voor Landbouw en Natuur), development of a measurement protocol for methane emission monitoring, and manure policy under the Nitrates Directive aimed at improving water quality. The Nature-Inclusive Agenda 2.0 maps the Leisure Economy Domain to Action Target 16 (Footprint), though no further detail is provided on this domain's specific contributions in the briefing.
Panama		The Nature Pledge commits to a circular economy that "eradicates plastic pollution and transforms waste into innovation and opportunities" and to reducing plastic pollution by 50% by 2035. The strategy also references food sovereignty. However, the NBSAP does not address food waste reduction, overconsumption footprint, or consumption-side measures beyond plastics and waste.
State of Palestine		The NBSAP addresses sustainable consumption indirectly via waste-management and agrobiodiversity provisions. According to UNEP (2003), 70% of solid waste in SP is organic and can be reduced via composting to generate fertilisers; volunteer groups, recycling enterprises, paper/cardboard and plastic recycling start-ups, construction-waste reuse, and upcycling initiatives are described as growing. The NSSWM 2017–2022 includes objectives for a more participating and aware public. The agrobiodiversity section encourages home gardens, community gardens, food forests, fair-trade and organic produce, and traditional dryland farming systems including olive–almond intercropping. No specific commitment to halve food waste or reduce overconsumption is stated.
Paraguay		The NBSAP embeds sustainable production and consumption within its alignment to the National Environmental Policy and the National Development Plan 2050, listing 'responsible production and consumption' among priority areas for integration. Glossary definitions of 'sustainable production' and 'sustainable production systems in harmony with biodiversity conservation' frame the NBSAP's conceptual approach. Youth consultations identified unsustainable agricultural practices and livestock expansion as priority threats and called for 'changes in production systems' that address direct and indirect drivers of biodiversity loss through ecological and social principles, circular economy, nature-based solutions and responsible consumption. The youth priorities annex urges a shift from the current production model to one prioritising traceability, food security, good environmental practices, and fair and equitable trade; sustainable tourism access; local consumption; and a just energy transition using renewable energy. The briefing does not contain a dedicated national target or quantified commitment on halving food waste, reducing overconsumption or measurable per-capita consumption metrics.
Sweden		The NBSAP indicates that some elements of the Framework, rather than being addressed through dedicated environmental targets, are covered by policy instruments and strategies, and cites Circular Economy – Sweden's Transition Strategy (M2020/01133) as relevant to targets 7 and 16. Circular-economy and resource-efficiency measures, including in the Industrial Strategy 2025, are described as contributing to lowering pressure on ecosystems. The EU Waste Directive is cited with its food-waste reduction requirements (10 per cent in processing/manufacturing and 30 per cent per capita in retail/household — see target 7), relevant both to pollution and to consumption-side reductions. Ecolabelling (KRAV, Demeter, Nordic Swan, EU Ecolabel; EU organic labelling under Regulation (EU) 2018/848) is cited as giving consumers information to promote sustainable consumption patterns. No specific national target on halving food waste or reducing overall consumption footprint is provided.
Slovenia		The NEAP 2020–2030 frames unsustainable consumption as a foundational challenge. The ecological footprint analysis shows Slovenia's footprint at 5.1 gha in 2016, exceeding the EU average (4.6 gha) and more than double the country's biocapacity (2.2 gha). The programme cites the Development Strategy of Slovenia's commitment to reduce the ecological footprint by 20% by 2030 (from 4.7 gha/person in 2013 to 3.8 gha/person). The carbon footprint, largely from transport and energy, accounts for around 60% of the ecological footprint. The monitoring framework (Table 16) includes circular economy indicators from the European Commission's monitoring framework across four thematic areas: production and consumption (EU self-sufficiency, green public procurement, waste generation, food waste), waste management (recycling rates), secondary raw materials, and competitiveness and innovation. The programme notes that measures for resource efficiency mainly concern guidelines for departmental operations and envisions a resource efficiency/circular economy hub whose form has not yet been determined. The green budget reform section (§94) addresses transforming subsidies and incentives with negative environmental effects and notes that the revenue from environmental tax is already relatively high, with CO2 emission charges generating approximately EUR 138 million annually.
Senegal		The NBSAP lists GBF Target 16 under the "Sustainable use" intervention mechanism, indicating the strategy intends to engage consumers "with a view to improving sustainable practices and behaviour." The NDS 2025–2029 includes "adoption of sustainable consumption practices" as an expected outcome. The fifth guiding principle (Sustainable use and innovation) calls for optimal valorisation of natural resources based on actual ecosystem capacities. The resource mobilisation strategy references circular economy and waste valorisation. The capacity building section recommends education and communication to stimulate civic awareness and transform individual and collective behaviour towards more sustainable and nature-respecting lifestyles. However, the results framework does not contain a specific national target (16) with dedicated priority actions, indicators, or quantified commitments on food waste reduction or overconsumption. The treatment remains at the level of general principles and orientation rather than concrete programming.
Suriname		Sustainable consumption is touched on within Target 2.5 actions but not given a stand-alone target or quantified consumption-reduction goal. Action 2.5.4 commits to developing national standards and an associated institutional structure for 'green labelling' of biodiversity-responsible products, and action 2.5.5 commits to strengthening company capacity to integrate green/sustainability principles and to 'promote sustainable consumption through short courses on biodiversity and ecosystem services'. The biodiversity-context narrative observes that the living standard for both men and women has generally increased since the early 2000s, leading to increased consumption and, by extension, pollution. No food-waste, footprint or consumption-reduction metric is specified.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page		KMGBF Target 16 is listed as an associated global target under National Target 7 (integration of biodiversity into development). The NBSAP references sustainable production and consumption in several places: the KMGBF is described as urging the private and financial sectors to 'act in the transition towards sustainable production and consumption patterns.' Challenges include the 'greater promotion and acceleration of the transformation of production and consumption systems towards more sustainable models.' Opportunities include 'awareness-raising on sustainable production and consumption systems, including the private sector.' However, the indicator correlation matrix proposes no headline indicator for Target 16, and the NBSAP does not include specific measures to halve food waste, reduce overconsumption, or set quantified consumption-reduction targets as defined by KMGBF Target 16.
Thailand		The sections reviewed do not set a dedicated national target on enabling sustainable consumption choices, halving food waste, or reducing overconsumption. The Pollution Prevention and Reduction approach (§22) focuses on fostering understanding and cooperation with industrial and service entrepreneurs on product and service design to minimise post-consumption waste, seeking alternatives through substitute substances or substitute plants, and supporting systematic reduction of chemical use. Appendix A aligns the plan with SDG 12.1 (10-Year Framework of Programs on Sustainable Consumption and Production), SDG 12.2 (sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources by 2030), SDG 12.3 (halving per capita global food waste by 2030), SDG 12.5 (reducing waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse), and SDG 12.8 (ensuring people have information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles). This represents alignment with global sustainable consumption goals rather than a dedicated national biodiversity target on consumption patterns.
Uganda		Strategic Objective 6 is mapped to KMGBF Target 16 in Table 22. The Vision 2040 linkage table references "adoption of environmental patterns of production and consumption" as a national development commitment. SDG 12 (Promote sustainable consumption and production patterns) is listed among the SDGs that NBSAPIII contributes to. However, the NBSAP does not describe specific measures to reduce food waste, decrease overconsumption, or otherwise directly address the substance of Target 16.
Zambia		The NBSAP references Aichi Target 4, which calls for governments, business, and stakeholders to take steps towards sustainable production and consumption within safe ecological limits. National Target 1 commits to raising awareness of biodiversity values among Zambians, especially local communities, so they can take steps to conserve and use biodiversity sustainably by 2020. The strategy addresses the production side of sustainability through targets on sustainable fisheries, forestry, and agriculture management, but does not contain specific commitments on reducing food waste, decreasing overconsumption, or changing consumption patterns as distinct from production practices.
Benin
Belarus
Switzerland
Côte d'Ivoire
Czechia
Eritrea
Hungary
Nigeria
Viet Nam
Yemen