Target 14: Mainstreaming

Generated: 2026-04-18T01:01:29Z

Landscape

Target 14 draws the widest participation of any target in this set: 65 of 69 countries explicitly address mainstreaming, with the remaining four — Burkina Faso, Eritrea, Mexico, and Panama — treating it as a cross-cutting theme rather than a discrete national target. Three instruments recur across nearly all plans as primary delivery channels: environmental and social impact assessment (EIA) and strategic environmental assessment (SEA), natural capital accounting linked to national statistical systems, and inter-ministerial or cross-sectoral coordination bodies. The institutional architecture ranges from constitutional provisions — Argentina embeds mainstreaming obligations in Articles 41 and 240 of the National Constitution, and Norway anchors integration in Sections 8–12 of the Nature Diversity Act — to presidential instructions naming specific ministries as duty-bearers, to strategy-level policy committees with no formal legal status. A second wave of mainstreaming, extending into the private sector through corporate disclosure requirements, biodiversity taxonomies, and public procurement criteria, is visible in a cluster of predominantly but not exclusively high-income countries. Sub-national reach varies: some plans specify integration down to the commune or district level with explicit numerical targets, while others operate at the national level alone.

Variation

Institutional anchor. Inter-ministerial committees serve as the primary governance mechanism in Mauritania, Luxembourg, Cameroon, and Gabon, where the National Commission on Biodiversity Management is designed as a multi-stakeholder platform. Presidential instructions or council-of-ministers directives anchor mainstreaming in Indonesia, Belarus, Iran, and — proposed — Colombia. Constitutional or statutory mandates provide the framework in Argentina, Norway, and Austria.

Sectoral scope. The number of sectors named in target texts and action plans ranges from three or four in Switzerland and the Marshall Islands to 22 explicitly enumerated sectoral strategies in Palestine. Senegal's national target text names eight sectors: agriculture, livestock, fisheries, tourism, urban planning, mining, transport, and energy. Several NBSAPs explicitly name extractive industries — oil and gas, mining, deep mining — among the sectors to be integrated (Libya, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia), while others restrict named sectors to agriculture and forestry. Cameroon's Objective 19 commits to raising the number of national and sectoral policies explicitly integrating biodiversity from approximately 6 to at least 15, with sectoral action plans rising from approximately 4 to at least 12.

SEEA and natural capital accounting. Explicit adoption of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) as a named indicator or action appears in Congo, Madagascar, Chad, Rwanda, Vanuatu, Yemen, Brazil, India, and Malaysia, among others. Several other NBSAPs reference natural capital valuation in aspirational terms without specifying an implementation pathway. Mauritania commits that "the State budget allocated to biodiversity is to reach 2% of the overall budget by 2028," and separately targets 50 businesses with biodiversity in their governance and corporate social responsibility policies and 50 businesses certified by recognised environmental labels by 2030.

Sub-national reach. Indonesia's Presidential Instruction Number 1 of 2023 tracks the number of local governments integrating the Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (IBSAP) into planning documents against targets of 38 in 2023, 138 in 2025, 238 in 2030, and 552 in 2045. Cameroon targets support for "at least 80 DLAs (communes and regions) in integrating biodiversity into Communal Development Plans and Regional Development Plans, from a baseline of approximately 10 DLAs supported on an ad hoc basis." Rwanda integrates biodiversity into district annual plans and performance contracts. Mauritania creates 13 regional multi-sectoral committees at the Wilaya level. Several NBSAPs confine mainstreaming commitments to the national level.

Private sector mainstreaming. Biodiversity disclosure requirements appear in Chile, Germany, Malaysia, the European Union, Malta, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Malaysia proposes a Sustainable and Responsible Taxonomy for Biodiversity as a classification instrument to aid responsible investment. The Netherlands identifies the Nature-Inclusive Collective — "a broad public-private network operating across ten domains: business parks, construction, energy, financial sector, health, infrastructure, agriculture, education, leisure economy, and water" — supported by the Ministry of LVVN through a programme office since 2022, with a dedicated ambassador chairing the Nature-Inclusive National Consultation (NiNO) since 2023. Biodiversity criteria in public procurement appear in Austria, Spain, Germany, Denmark, and Belgium. Many NBSAPs, particularly in lower-income contexts, include no explicit private-sector mainstreaming mechanism.

Quantification. Vietnam's monitoring indicator 14 tracks the percentage of strategies, plans, programs, and public investment projects integrating biodiversity conservation requirements, targeting 70% by 2025 and 100% by 2030. Indonesia specifies ministry and local government counts across four time horizons to 2045. Mauritania sets 2% of the national budget for biodiversity by 2028. Cameroon specifies 80 decentralised local authorities from a baseline of 10. The majority of NBSAPs frame mainstreaming commitments qualitatively, without binding numerical integration targets.

Standouts

Vietnam specifies a precise integration schedule. Monitoring indicator 14 tracks "the percentage of strategies, plans, programs, and public investment projects integrating biodiversity conservation requirements, targeting 70% by 2025 and 100% by 2030."

Indonesia anchors mainstreaming at the executive level while extending it to the local government tier through a 20-year numerical cascade. The NBSAP records that "Presidential Instruction Number 1 of 2023 on Mainstreaming Biodiversity Conservation in Sustainable Development directs 19 Ministries/Institutions and Regional Governments to integrate biodiversity into development actions," with the number of local governments that have integrated the IBSAP into planning documents tracked against targets of "38 in 2023; 138 in 2025; 238 in 2030; 552 in 2045."

Austria pairs its biodiversity mainstreaming instrument with the pre-existing climate check and extends its scope to international trade agreements and EU farm policy. The NBSAP commits to "carrying out a 'biodiversity check' in conjunction with the climate check for laws, regulations and funding programmes," with "review of international (trade) agreements and EU requirements, including the CAP, for negative or positive consequences for biodiversity" designated as a mandatory biodiversity check.

The Democratic Republic of Congo extends the concept of mainstreaming to the conflict context in a formulation distinctive to this set. National Target 14.2 reads in full: "By 2030, policy, legal and strategic measures are taken to reduce specific pressures affecting biodiversity, notably armed conflicts, bush fires, droughts, floods, pests, zoonotic diseases, while implementing adapted actions for prevention, mitigation and ecological restoration."

Canada names the precise institutional channel through which biodiversity effects enter Cabinet-level decision-making. Beginning in 2024, "the new Climate, Nature, and Economy Lens, led by ECCC and implemented through the Cabinet Directive on Strategic Environmental and Economic Assessment, requires biodiversity effects (positive or negative) to be considered in proposals submitted to Cabinet, the Prime Minister, and the Minister of Finance."

Norway cites independent external reviews of its existing mainstreaming regime. The NBSAP records that "EVAPLAN (2018) found biodiversity is not adequately safeguarded in local planning" and that the Menon/Eco-fact AS (2024) review identified "critical gaps in how environmental impact is managed in major transport projects, discrepancies between project-phase assessments and actual impacts, inadequate monitoring, and a tendency for planned remedial measures not to work in practice."

Analysis

Multiple NBSAPs explicitly document that mainstreaming in previous strategy cycles was difficult to verify, treating this record as a design constraint for the current plan. Benin records that "the 2011–2020 NBSAP explicitly aimed at systematic integration of biodiversity into policies/strategies and into annual work plans and performance reports, but that monitoring weaknesses made this integration difficult to verify." Uganda identifies gaps in mainstreaming of biodiversity into sectoral plans, programmes, and strategies as a key obstacle to NBSAP II. Saudi Arabia and Eritrea each cite integration shortfalls in prior periods as a driver of the current approach; Eritrea frames lost opportunities to integrate into line-ministry programmes as a lesson that shaped NBSAP III's design. Norway cites an independent review finding that planned remedial measures tend not to work in practice. This self-documentation of implementation debt — present across income levels and governance contexts — is a pattern that few other targets in this set exhibit at comparable scale.

SEEA adoption appears as a convergent aspiration — from Congo to Madagascar to Rwanda to Vietnam to Vanuatu — suggesting that the GBF's emphasis on natural capital accounting has entered national planning discourse widely. Few NBSAPs, however, report the SEEA as fully operational at the time of drafting; the dominant pattern is aspirational alignment with the standard rather than implemented accounting.

Presidentialisation of mainstreaming — anchoring biodiversity integration at the highest executive level through presidential instructions, cabinet directives, or council-of-ministers resolutions — appears in Indonesia, Belarus, Iran, Canada, and Colombia, where a Presidential Directive is proposed. The instrument appears across sharply different governance contexts and income levels, reflecting a strategic choice to route integration through executive authority rather than incremental inter-ministerial negotiation.

The EIA and SEA instrument is named in virtually every NBSAP in the set, yet several countries simultaneously document quality and enforcement gaps in their existing procedures. Norway's 2024 review documented "critical gaps in how environmental impact is managed in major transport projects." Cameroon sets a target of revising ESIA standards to incorporate biodiversity management plans, from a baseline of 0–5 currently doing so. Lebanon quantifies annual SEA training sessions as a delivery mechanism, citing institutional capacity constraints. The instrument serves as the default mainstreaming channel across the set while the gap between mandate and practice remains openly recorded in the plans themselves.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Afghanistan	Afghanistan will fully integrate biodiversity conservation into policies, regulations, planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies, accounts, law enforcement and assessments of environmental impacts at all levels.	The NBSAP commits Afghanistan to fully integrating biodiversity conservation into policies, regulations, planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies, accounts, law enforcement, and assessments of environmental impacts at all levels. Three actions are defined. Action 14.1 calls for holding workshops (Biodiversity Roundtables) in all relevant ministries and major stakeholders describing the NBSAP and societal commitments to implement it (by 2030, NEPA responsible, Ministry of Information and Culture as cooperator). Action 14.2 calls for implementing approval procedures for industrial development projects affecting the environment as outlined in the Environment Law and the Environmental Impact Regulations (by 2030, NEPA responsible, Ministry of Justice as cooperator). Action 14.3 calls for enacting and enforcing legislation and regulations governing hunting, rangeland use, and protected areas (by 2030, NEPA responsible, with Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Interior, and MAIL as cooperators). Portfolio #1 adds broader governance measures: further developing poverty eradication policies and enhancing policy coherence.
Argentina	Ensure the integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning and development processes, poverty eradication strategies, strategic environmental assessments and environmental impact assessments. Have an ecosystem services valuation system linked to national accounts, at all levels of government and across all sectors, particularly those that cause significant impacts on biodiversity, progressively harmonising all relevant public and private activities.	National Target 14 commits to ensuring the integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning and development processes, poverty eradication strategies, strategic environmental assessments, and environmental impact assessments. It calls for an ecosystem services valuation system linked to national accounts at all levels of government and across all sectors, particularly those causing significant impacts on biodiversity, progressively harmonising all relevant public and private activities. Axis 8 (Inter-institutional and Cross-sectoral Coordination) provides the implementation framework. The general objective (8.A) calls for promoting the integration of biodiversity into public policies of all State bodies at the national, provincial, and municipal levels through coordinated policy formulation with a strategic focus on conservation, sustainable use, and sustainable production. Five specific objectives detail the approach: consolidating and formalising CONADIBIO as the inter-institutional coordination space for NBSAP implementation (8.1); generating and strengthening cross-sectoral and inter-jurisdictional spaces on biodiversity (8.2); strengthening coordination of public biodiversity policies at national, provincial, local, and ecoregional levels (8.3); promoting coordination between management bodies and research bodies (8.4); and promoting harmonisation of regulations linked to NBSAP implementation (8.5). Axis 9 (International Cooperation) adds a regional dimension: advancing coordinated regional policies (9.1), promoting minimum common regional biodiversity objectives especially for shared ecoregions with an ecosystem-based approach (9.2), promoting joint regional indicators (9.3), and disseminating Argentina's international position on biodiversity issues (9.4). Regional organisations UNASUR, MERCOSUR, and CELAC are identified as strategic coordination spaces. The constitutional framework (Annex II) reinforces mainstreaming: Article 41 of the National Constitution establishes the right to a healthy environment and the duty to preserve it; the 1994 reform introduced minimum environmental protection standards; Article 14 of the Civil and Commercial Code recognises collective-impact rights; and Article 240 requires that the use of goods not affect ecosystem functioning and sustainability. The General Environmental Law (No. 25,675) and the federal framework through COFEMA provide the administrative structure.
Austria		Chapter 5 of the strategy is explicitly titled 'Initiating Transformative Change in Society and Integration of Biodiversity into All Sectors – Mainstreaming'. The overarching objectives are that biodiversity is taken into account in the processes and cycles of all relevant sectors, and that the ecological footprint of each person is reduced by 50% (baseline 5.31 gha/person). The chapter operationalises mainstreaming through dedicated subsections on climate protection and adaptation (§5.1), energy (§5.2), transport and transport infrastructure (§5.3), industry, trade, commerce and consumption (§5.4), raw material extraction and production (§5.5), tourism and recreational use (§5.6) and biodiversity and health (§5.7), each with its own objective, immediate/medium-term measures and key actors. Public procurement is named as a key lever at approximately 14% of GDP, operationalised through the Austrian Action Plan for Sustainable Public Procurement (naBe, adopted 2010 and updated by Council of Ministers decision in June 2021). The naBe criteria catalogue is binding for federal institutions and the Federal Procurement Agency (Bundesbeschaffung GmbH) and recommended for federal provinces and municipalities, covering 16 procurement groups. Municipalities are identified as having a key role with an annual procurement volume of EUR 22 billion. Under Chapter 7 (Improvement of the legal framework), the strategy foresees close substantive coordination with further Austrian strategies (Mire and Floodplain Strategy, Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change, Austrian Spatial Development Concept, Austrian Forest Strategy, Bioeconomy Strategy) and EU legal provisions (EU IAS Regulation, Water Framework Directive), and carrying out a 'biodiversity check' in conjunction with the climate check for laws, regulations and funding programmes. Review of international (trade) agreements and EU requirements, e.g. the CAP, for negative or positive consequences for biodiversity is foreseen as a mandatory biodiversity check. Under global engagement, strengthened efforts are foreseen for 'mainstreaming' of biodiversity in multilateral agreements.
Australia		Mainstreaming biodiversity is one of the three enablers of change in the NBSAP: "Mainstream nature into government and business decision-making, including in financing, policies, regulations and planning processes." The strategy frames undervaluing nature in financial and business decision-making as a root cause of biodiversity decline. Goal 1 positions community stewardship and valuing nature in decision-making within a sound regulatory regime. Objective 7 identifies opportunities to improve planning, regulation, environmental impact assessment, and approvals processes. The strategy references Australia's Nature Positive Plan, the Nature Repair Market, and environmental-economic accounting as mechanisms for mainstreaming. Figure 5 maps multiple objectives to GBF Target 14, including objectives under both Goal 1 (stewardship, understanding of value) and Goal 3 (knowledge, information, measuring progress).
Belgium		Mainstreaming biodiversity into other policy sectors is a cross-cutting theme throughout the NBSAP. The Strategy calls for stepping up efforts to integrate biodiversity into the development and implementation of policies on natural resources management, agriculture, food security, forestry, fisheries, energy, spatial planning, transport, tourism, trade, and development. Operational objective 4b.2 addresses biodiversity criteria in public procurement policies. Operational objective 8.3 calls for raising awareness among and providing training courses for sectors that impact biodiversity, with specific communication strategies for the private sector. Objective 13 addresses integration of biodiversity concerns into relevant international organisations and programmes including FAO, UNDP, WTO, WHO, WIPO, and ITTO. Operational objective 11.4 calls for Belgium to encourage partner countries to integrate biodiversity and biosafety into their Poverty Reduction Strategies and National Strategies for Sustainable Development. The Strategy's closing section states that the operational objectives should not merely be good intentions but should specify targets, measures, schedules, budget, responsible actors, and target groups.
Benin		Biodiversity mainstreaming is a structuring principle of the NBSAP. The theory of change states that the strategic axes must serve as instruments of national mobilisation and as tools for integrating biodiversity into decision-making processes at all levels—Government, decentralised local authorities, sectoral ministries, grassroots communities, and society at large. This principle is intended to result in greater attention to biodiversity in the provision of public goods and services (§54). The integration principle specifies that national policies, strategies, and programmes must integrate biodiversity issues, and that activities with perverse effects and negative incentives must be eliminated (§59). The lessons learned from previous NBSAPs note that the 2011-2020 NBSAP explicitly aimed at systematic integration of biodiversity into policies/strategies and into annual work plans and performance reports, but that monitoring weaknesses made this integration difficult to verify (§12). For the 2026-2030 NBSAP, the method requires: (i) a mapping of determining sectors (agriculture, infrastructure, mining, energy, finance, local authorities), (ii) commitments by sector, (iii) compliance indicators (presence of biodiversity indicators in annual work plans and reports), and (iv) an annual inter-sectoral review. Additionally, the lessons call for a 'programme-project coherence review' where every action must specify its link to a GBF target, a national objective, an indicator, and a responsible structure, examined in an annual review (§12). The structural causes analysis identifies insufficient sectoral integration—contradictions between sectoral development policies and biodiversity conservation objectives—as a persistent challenge (§42).
Brazil	Ensure, by 2030, the full integration of biodiversity and sociobiodiversity and their multiple values — including environmental, economic, social, and cultural dimensions into development policies, programmes, plans, and projects, as well as into poverty and hunger eradication strategies. This integration should also be reflected, as appropriate, through environmental-economic accounts across all sectors; strategic environmental assessments; environmental impact assessments; climate risk analyses; payment for environmental services programmes; and climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. The objective is to ensure that the management and use of biological resources and ecosystem services are incorporated into decision-making processes across and within all levels of government and economic sectors, particularly those with significant impacts on biodiversity and sociobiodiversity. Efforts should progressively align all relevant public and private activities, as well as fiscal and financial flows, with the objectives and targets of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), while upholding the rights of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 14, committing to ensure by 2030 the full integration of biodiversity and sociobiodiversity values — including environmental, economic, social, and cultural dimensions — into development policies, programmes, plans, and projects, as well as into poverty and hunger eradication strategies. The target specifies multiple integration mechanisms: environmental-economic accounts across all sectors, strategic environmental assessments, environmental impact assessments, climate risk analyses, payment for environmental services programmes, and climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. The target aims to ensure that biological resources and ecosystem services management are incorporated into decision-making across and within all levels of government and economic sectors, particularly those with significant impacts on biodiversity and sociobiodiversity. It calls for progressively aligning all relevant public and private activities, as well as fiscal and financial flows, with the NBSAP's objectives and targets, while upholding the rights of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities. At the subnational level, EPAEBs and EPALBs are presented as instruments to facilitate mainstreaming biodiversity into local-level sectoral policies. A Monitoring Strategy under development involves IPEA and IBGE, and a Financing Strategy is being developed to systematise funding mechanisms. Synergies are cited with SDG 15.9.
Bhutan	By 2030, enhance mainstreaming and integration of NBSAP into national, sectoral, and local plans	Bhutan's National Target 14 states: "By 2030, enhance mainstreaming and integration of NBSAP into national, sectoral, and local plans," aligned with KMGBF Target 14. The rationale notes that four Biodiversity Action Plans have been implemented since 1997, but integration of biodiversity priorities into national, sectoral, and local plans has remained limited, resulting in fragmented implementation and reduced efficiency. One strategy with four actions is identified: endorsing the NBSAP as the national guiding document, establishing a multi-sectoral committee (or entrusting an existing committee) to oversee NBSAP implementation, conducting sector-specific workshops to identify entry points for NBSAP targets and incorporate relevant actions into sector plans, and aligning Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) 3.0 with the fifth NBSAP to integrate biodiversity into climate commitments. National Target 11 also contributes to mainstreaming through the SEEA implementation, and National Target 12 through revising Building Codes.
Belarus	Incorporating matters of conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into draft state programmes and other documents (concepts, strategies, forecasts) related to the use of natural resources and affecting natural complexes and ecological systems.	The strategy's objective 14 is explicitly mapped to KMGBF Target 14 and commits to incorporating matters of conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into draft state programmes and other documents (concepts, strategies, forecasts) related to the use of natural resources and affecting natural complexes and ecological systems. The Resolution itself (§1) directs republican state administration bodies and local executive and administrative bodies to take the strategy's provisions into account when preparing state programmes, action plans, schemes, and normative legal acts. The state governance chapter describes existing mainstreaming mechanisms including state environmental expert review and environmental impact assessment for projects with harmful impacts on biological diversity, and compensatory measures for such projects. The National Action Plan's first item (item 1, 2026–2030) specifically requires the incorporation of biodiversity, genetic resources, and genetic engineering safety issues into draft state programmes and other documents, assigned to all responsible state bodies.
Canada		Canada addresses Target 14 through cross-government instruments integrating biodiversity into decision making, planning, regulation, and accounting. Beginning in 2024, the new Climate, Nature, and Economy Lens, led by ECCC and implemented through the Cabinet Directive on Strategic Environmental and Economic Assessment, requires biodiversity effects (positive or negative) to be considered in proposals submitted to Cabinet, the Prime Minister, and the Minister of Finance; this directive replaces the Cabinet Directive on the Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan, and Program Proposals. Under the Impact Assessment Act, IAAC assesses, mitigates, and monitors biodiversity effects for major projects, including through regional and strategic assessments. The Greening Government Strategy (TBS) commits core departments and agencies to net-zero operations by 2050 and includes biodiversity and NBS commitments. StatCan is developing the Census of Environment following SEEA-EA, and ECCC is working with the US and Australia through the Partnership of Cooperation on Natural Capital Accounting, Environmental-Economic Accounting, and Related Statistics. ECCC and DFO are advancing integration of ecological goods and services into regulatory cost-benefit analyses. Co-developed distinctions-based Indigenous Nature Tables enable ongoing collaboration. The National Conservation Exchange pilot (ECCC) is developing a science-based approach for recognizing biodiversity and bio-cultural benefits to incentivize private sector conservation investments. ECCC is developing a National Environmental Learning Framework for release by 2025. The federal government commits to introducing a nature accountability bill in 2024, which if passed would establish an accountability and transparency framework with meaningful checkpoints, and to developing and implementing an Effects Management Framework grounded on the mitigation hierarchy, adaptive management, and inclusion of Indigenous perspectives.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	14.1 By 2030, biodiversity and its multiple values are fully integrated into the development of policies, regulations, planning and development processes, environmental and social impact assessments as well as national accounting, in all sectors interacting with biodiversity at national, provincial and local levels. 14.2 By 2030, policy, legal and strategic measures are taken to reduce specific pressures affecting biodiversity, notably armed conflicts, bush fires, droughts, floods, pests, zoonotic diseases, while implementing adapted actions for prevention, mitigation and ecological restoration.	The DRC splits KMGBF Target 14 into two national objectives. Objective 14.1 commits to full integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning, environmental and social impact assessments and national accounting, in all sectors interacting with biodiversity. Objective 14.2 commits to policy, legal and strategic measures to reduce specific pressures affecting biodiversity — notably armed conflicts, bush fires, droughts, floods, pests and zoonotic diseases — with prevention, mitigation and ecological restoration actions. The combined budget is USD 16 million (USD 8 million each).
Republic of the Congo	Target 15/14: By 2030 at the latest, ensure that biodiversity is integrated into national and local development planning strategies and processes, environmental and social impact assessments, poverty reduction and incorporated into national accounts and all sectors, in particular those with significant impacts on biodiversity, and progressively align all relevant public and private activities, as well as fiscal and financial flows, with the objectives and targets of this NBSAP (National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan).	National Target 15/14 commits by 2030 to ensure that biodiversity is integrated into national and local development planning strategies and processes, environmental and social impact assessments, poverty reduction, and incorporated into national accounts and all sectors — in particular those with significant impacts on biodiversity — and to progressively align all relevant public and private activities as well as fiscal and financial flows with the objectives and targets of the NBSAP. Result A3O15R15 contains nine actions. Mainstreaming of biodiversity into development policies, strategies, plans and programmes is budgeted at 100 million FCFA (National Development Plan and sectoral plans). Integration of biodiversity into school and university curricula (2026, 200 million FCFA) and strengthening teacher capacities (2026, 10 million FCFA) operationalise the education pillar. Promotion of biodiversity in research programmes and technological innovation (2026, 100 million FCFA); strengthening of the environmental assessment validation mechanism (ESIA and SEA) (2026, 50 million FCFA); strengthening of the capacities of the inter-ministerial technical commission responsible for validating environmental assessments (2027, 50 million FCFA); strengthening NSI (National Institute of Statistics) staff capacities in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) (2026, 20 million FCFA); inclusion in the new National Development Plan (NDP) of conservation, restoration and protection activities for biological ecosystems (2027, 100 million FCFA); and monitoring of the environmental and social management plan produced (2026, 150 million FCFA). Indicators include availability of textbooks, curricula and learner manuals that incorporate biodiversity, research and technological innovation programmes, number of ESIA/SEA stakeholders, System of Environmental-Economic Accounting used by the NSI, and next NDP document with ESMP reports produced. Responsible bodies include ministries for the environment, planning, forests, small and medium enterprises, pre-school/primary/secondary education and literacy, scientific research, technical and vocational education, higher education, finance, agriculture, along with the NSI, Ministry of the interior and local authorities.
Switzerland		The NBSAP addresses mainstreaming through multiple pathways: spatial planning (E1), foreign trade, energy production (E4), and integrated risk management (M13). For foreign trade, the action plan notes that Switzerland's biodiversity footprint increased by 8% per person between 2000 and 2018. Through free trade agreements, Switzerland endeavours to introduce provisions relating to social and environmental aspects of trade, including obligations on CITES, wildlife crime, invasive alien species, and trade and biodiversity, strengthened by improved dispute settlement mechanisms. No new AP SBS II measure is included for this dimension. For energy production, review mandate E4, assigned to the Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), aims to ensure cantonal authorities have the aids necessary by 2030 for optimal enforcement of legal provisions on site assessment for renewable energy installations, in order to limit negative effects on biodiversity. The Energy Act includes regulations on designation of suitable zones, and there are provisions aimed at reducing the impact of existing renewable energy installations. Measure M13 (Integrated risk management in the field of biodiversity), under FOEN with the Federal Office for Civil Protection as a partner, aims to establish by 2030 the foundations for integrated risk management including risk analysis, risk assessment, and review of possible implementation measures. The measure will develop case studies (e.g. cyanobacteria proliferation, pollination failure, increase in harmful organisms) and identify possible tipping points.
Côte d'Ivoire		The NBSAP establishes sectoral integration as a guiding principle, stating that conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are to be taken into account in the relevant decision-making processes of sectoral or cross-sectoral development policies, including legislative processes, plans, programmes, and individual decisions. This principle is operationalised in several ways: integrating biodiversity safeguarding requirements into spatial planning from the design stage; improving application of environmental impact assessment procedures for development projects; involving the private sector through reporting instruments, voluntary measures for entities generating significant threats, and mobilised subsidies; and integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services into domestic and sectoral planning efforts with promoted budgetary allocations. The PNIA (National Agricultural Investment Plan) explicitly incorporates a forest cover target (20% coverage) within the agricultural investment programme, illustrating cross-sectoral integration.
Chile	II.20: From 2027 onwards, the public sector begins reporting on the implementation of the NBS. II.26: A natural capital information tool is being implemented to inform decision-making at the public and private levels [by 2030]. II.22: By 2027, companies that voluntarily participate in the Pilot Business Action Plan for Biodiversity adopt internationally recognised standards to transparently disclose the impacts, dependencies and risks to biodiversity of their operations and the actions to reverse them.	The NBSAP pursues mainstreaming biodiversity into policies and planning through institutional innovation and reporting requirements. National target II.20 states that from 2027 onwards the public sector begins reporting on the implementation of the National Biodiversity Strategy (NBS). National target II.26 provides that a natural capital information tool is being implemented by 2030 to inform decision-making at the public and private levels. National target II.22 requires companies in the Pilot Business Action Plan for Biodiversity to adopt internationally recognised disclosure standards by 2027. The Natural Capital Committee, created in 2023, brings together the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Economy, the Central Bank, and the CTCI. The strategy reports that 91 policies were reviewed for their contribution to the implementation of the NBS and the KMGBF. Linked instruments include Law 19,300 (General Environmental Framework Law), the Environmental Impact Assessment System (SEIA), and the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).
Cameroon		The NBSAP dedicates Objective 19 to increasing the mainstreaming of biodiversity in public policies, sectoral development strategies and action plans at national, regional and local levels. It is structured around two actions. Action 19.1 addresses the integration of biodiversity into national and territorial sectoral policies and plans. Activity 19.1.1 calls for a diagnostic assessment of mainstreaming across target sectors, with the baseline of approximately 6 national and sectoral policies explicitly integrating biodiversity objectives to be raised to at least 15. Activity 19.1.2 targets advocacy with key ministries (MINEPAT, MINADER, MINFOF, MINEPIA, MINTOUR) and decentralised local authorities (DLAs), aiming to increase the number of sectoral action plans integrating biodiversity from approximately 4 to at least 12. Activity 19.1.3 provides for the development and validation of at least 5 guidelines (1 national, 2 regional, 2 local) for integrating biodiversity into strategic documents, from a baseline of approximately 2 partial and non-harmonised guidelines. Activity 19.1.4 targets support for at least 80 DLAs (communes and regions) in integrating biodiversity into Communal Development Plans and Regional Development Plans, from a baseline of approximately 10 DLAs supported on an ad hoc basis. Action 19.2 focuses on capacity building of institutional and local actors. Activity 19.2.1 provides for the development of at least 6 dedicated modules on biodiversity in pilot training schools for public officials (ENAM, IRIC, NASLA), from a baseline of zero validated modules. Objective 15, on participatory and inclusive spatial planning, reinforces the mainstreaming agenda. It targets at least 30 spatial development plans integrating biodiversity (from a baseline of 3 to 5), at least 25 protected areas with complete development and management plans by 2030 (from 18), the adoption of a specific legislative text on indigenous and local population rights relating to biodiversity, and at least 50 regional/local plans (SRADDT/PLADDT/PSG) integrating restoration measures and sustainable practices in the cocoa sector (from 10-15). Action 15.2 requires biodiversity management plans in Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs), targeting at least 40 ESIAs integrating biodiversity management plans (from 0-5) and at least 4 revised ESIA standards/directives. Action 15.3 targets at least 85% implementation of obligations arising from international biodiversity conventions at the national level (from approximately 55%). The National Land Use Plan (2021) is identified as a strategic lever for mainstreaming, contributing to conservation of natural ecosystems and ecological corridors, limitation of critical habitat conversion, and promotion of biodiversity-friendly spatial planning. The BIODEV 2030 Programme addresses integration of biodiversity into priority sectors and reduction of pressures on forests.
China	By 2030, biodiversity conservation shall be incorporated into the medium- to long-term plans of all regions and relevant fields.	Biodiversity mainstreaming is the first of four Priority Areas in the NBSAP, encompassing six Priority Actions (1-6). The guiding ideology calls for integrating biodiversity conservation concepts into the entire process of ecological civilisation development. The plan requires incorporating biodiversity conservation into national economic and social development plans at all government levels, as well as medium- to long-term sectoral development plans, work plans, and related action programmes. Priority Action 1 accelerates the legal framework for biodiversity conservation, including promulgation of the National Parks Law and revision of laws covering wild animals and plants, biosafety, sustainable use, ABS, ecological conservation red lines, and natural protected areas. Priority Action 3 requires that biodiversity conservation objectives and their multiple values be continuously incorporated into the development plans of all government levels and related departments. Biodiversity impact assessment is to be incorporated into management requirements for large-scale engineering construction and resource development projects. For urban areas, biodiversity is to be integrated into urban repair, ecological restoration, and smart transformation processes. Enterprises are guided to include biodiversity in ESG reports and environmental information disclosure. Biodiversity is also to be incorporated into various demonstration programmes including Ecological Civilisation Construction Demonstration Zones and National Garden Cities. By 2030, biodiversity conservation is to be incorporated into the medium- to long-term plans of all regions and relevant fields, and the policy and regulatory framework for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use is to be fully established.
Colombia		Mainstreaming is addressed through Commitment 1 of the NBSAP (Cross-sectoral integration and coherence for territorial biodiversity management and climate action, as determinants of planning and territorial ordering), which engages agricultural, mining-energy, industry, tourism and housing sectors in adopting a landscape approach and binding environmental determinants in territorial ordering. The Plan contains 191 national-level actions under the leadership of 15 ministerial portfolios (MinAmbiente, MinAgricultura, MinTransporte, MinMinas y Energía, MinDefensa, MinVivienda, MinJusticia, MinComercio, MinCiencias, MinSalud, MinIgualdad, MinCultura, MinHacienda, MinEducación, MinTIC) plus two administrative departments (DNP, DANE), the legislative branch (Congreso de la República), business associations, the insurance sector, the ART, IGAC, MPC, MRA and the Fifth Commission of the National Prior Consultation Space for Black, Afro-Colombian, Raizal and Palenquero Communities. 79% of the Plan's execution is to be carried out through the differential pathway, cross-sectoral leadership and particular leadership of each government entity. Cross-sectoral coordination is further proposed through the reorganisation of the CICC into the CICCyB (Intersectoral Commission on Climate Change and Biodiversity), with specific committees for Financial Management, International Affairs, Technical (including working groups on participatory planning, ecosystem integrity, biodiversity economy and environmental crimes), Technical and Scientific Information Management, Special Advisory from Non-State Actors, and Regional Articulation. Caribbean and Insular regional recommendations call for harmonising the investment budget across agriculture, education, health and infrastructure and aligning public health and environmental policies with the National Targets, with emphasis on territories most affected by biodiversity loss. The Comptroller General's Office recommends cross-sectoral coordination to address drivers of biodiversity loss, integrating not only the environmental sector but also sectors responsible for land-use change and exploitation of natural resources.
Czechia		The Strategy identifies the need for deeper integration of nature conservation and landscape management with other policies and promotes sustainable development based on respect for natural values. It acknowledges that nature and landscape protection is closely linked to activities in spatial planning, transport, agriculture, forestry, and water management, but that insufficient coordination between these areas limits the effectiveness of biodiversity measures. The Strategy commits to strengthening systematic, coordinated, and long-term inter-ministerial cooperation across relevant sectors of public administration, using both existing mechanisms and new platforms such as the Government Council for Sustainable Development and the National Platform for Ecosystem Services (NPES). In implementing the Strategy's objectives, emphasis will be placed on mutual synergy with other sectoral policies and strategies. Action Objective 8.2 advances mainstreaming through the pilot introduction of ecosystem service valuation as a complementary tool in selected decision-making processes, including the evaluation of impacts of public sector policies and projects. Measure 8.2.5 commits to developing a concept for using ecosystem service assessments in agricultural, forestry, and water management planning.
Germany		Biodiversity mainstreaming is a cross-cutting theme of the NBS 2030. The 2050 vision states the aim of taking nature conservation into consideration responsibly in all spheres of society, integrating ecosystem contributions into economic activity, and boosting nature-friendly consumption. The strategy calls for pursuing benefit-maximising strategies that generate synergies between policy areas, particularly climate, land use, economic, and social policy, to integrate biodiversity targets into the various sectors. The NBS 2030 comprises 21 action areas covering all topics key to biodiversity conservation, reflecting its whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach. The strategy promotes interministerial and cross-sectoral cooperation, and all ministries are called on to take biodiversity into account in their own programmes and strategies. Action area 16 specifies that a green legal framework is needed for a nature-friendly economy and calls for deploying information campaigns, legal requirements, economic incentives, labelling, and public procurement to mobilise businesses for biodiversity conservation. Target 16.2 requires that by 2030, businesses will align strategies, reporting, activities, and financial flows with the GBF, and the German government and state enterprises will apply biodiversity criteria in public procurement. The strategy notes that the classic metrics of economic policy must be supplemented by sustainability indicators within an expanded system of prosperity measurement, and the 2024 Annual Economic Report included a biodiversity indicator for the first time.
Denmark		The NBSAP's entire Chapter 4, "Sectoral Integration of Nature and Biodiversity," serves as the mainstreaming chapter. It describes initiatives integrating biodiversity into the circular economy and public procurement (§38-43), agriculture, forestry and fishing (§44-57), cities (§58), business and biodiversity (§58-64), data (§65-68), and subsidies (§70-72). The NBSAP states that Target 14 aims to integrate biodiversity and nature into all levels of policy decision-making, which is relevant when environmental assessments are carried out for specific projects. The Annex 2 overview links the Ecology Strategy, the Agreement on a Green Denmark, and grant schemes under the European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund specifically to Target 14. The Agreement on Agriculture (2021) states that agricultural production must take account of nature and biodiversity, and the CAP Plan 2023 includes mandatory requirements for good agricultural and environmental conditions. The Agreement on a Green Denmark (2024) is described as providing concrete answers to agriculture's climate and nature challenges while paving the way for restructuring Danish land.
Egypt		The NBSAP establishes Programme 3 ("Mainstreaming Biodiversity into Decision-Making, Policies, and Development Sectors") and Programme 4 ("Investing in Biodiversity") as its principal instruments for this target. Programme 3 seeks to build public awareness, capacities of local communities, and inter-institutional cooperation, and it includes projects on public education on biodiversity, establishment of a national biodiversity platform, transformative change as a cross-cutting issue, ecotourism, biodiversity governance, capacity building, business-community engagement, and green economy. Programme 4 targets integrated sustainable natural-resource management, advanced biodiversity governance policies, innovation in sustainable production and consumption, knowledge management, and sustainable financing mechanisms. Mainstreaming steps in Annex 1 include: integrating biodiversity-protection objectives into national plans (urban planning, agriculture, industry, energy); updating environmental laws to protect habitats and threatened species; creating cross-sectoral coordination institutions; cooperating with civil society; directing agricultural and industrial development toward sustainability (organic farming, green industry); applying green-economy tools (environmental taxes, financial incentives for biodiversity-friendly companies); applying strategic environmental assessment to development projects; supporting environmental research; and investing in green technology. The Biodiversity Financing Plan (2024–2030) commits to integrating biodiversity financing into national and sectoral policies and aligning with Egypt's Vision 2030 on sustainable resource use, effective governance, and economic diversification. The Annex 4 restatement of KMGBF Target 14 on full integration of biodiversity into policies, EIA, SEA, national accounts, and fiscal and financial flows is endorsed.
Spain		The NBSAP identifies limited integration of natural heritage and biodiversity into economic sectors as a problem to be resolved, and addresses mainstreaming through multiple sectoral measures. For the business sector, dialogue is to be strengthened through the Spanish Business and Biodiversity Initiative (IEEB), promoting integration of natural capital into business activities. Quality marks for environmentally sustainable products and services are to be supported. Guidance offering clear methodologies is to be developed for companies and private organisations to ensure investment projects are neutral or positive for biodiversity, within the EU Taxonomy framework (Regulation 2020/852). Natural heritage and biodiversity criteria are to be included in management of the state institutional public sector. For green public procurement, products and services in the Green Public Procurement Plan are to be reviewed and increased before 2024, with an inventory of products consumed by Public Administrations prioritised according to biodiversity impact. Mandatory green and biodiversity-friendly public procurement by any Public Administration is to be regulated. The NBSAP also mainstreams biodiversity into defence (conservation plans for Ministry of Defence lands), agriculture (PEPAC environmental architecture), tourism (Sectoral Plan for Nature Tourism and Biodiversity), circular economy (biodiversity criteria in Spain Circular 2030 Strategy), and urban planning (Spanish Urban Agenda).
European Union		The strategy treats mainstreaming as a cross-cutting theme under its 'Enabling Transformative Change' section. A new European biodiversity governance framework is to map obligations and commitments and set out a roadmap for implementation, with a monitoring and review mechanism based on a clear set of agreed indicators. The Commission is to assess by 2023 whether a legally binding governance approach is needed. For business integration, a new sustainable corporate governance initiative is planned for 2021, addressing human rights and environmental duty of care and due diligence across economic value chains. The Non-Financial Reporting Directive is under review to improve the quality and scope of disclosures including on biodiversity. The Commission is also building a European Business for Biodiversity movement. Biodiversity considerations are to be better integrated into public and business decision-making through methods, criteria, and standards for measuring the environmental footprint of products and organisations. Education mainstreaming is pursued through a proposed Council Recommendation on education for environmental sustainability and through a new Knowledge Centre for Biodiversity. In trade policy, the Commission is to ensure full implementation of biodiversity provisions in all trade agreements and better assess the impact of trade agreements on biodiversity. The Commission's 'biodiversity proofing framework' is to be strengthened to ensure EU funding supports biodiversity-friendly investments.
Gabon	Mainstream biodiversity into decision-making at all levels	Gabon's National Target 14 commits to mainstreaming biodiversity into decision-making at all levels. The strategic action is to create a National Commission on Biodiversity, with a regulatory text as the key indicator. MEEC is the responsible stakeholder. The NBSAP dedicates Axis 3 entirely to tools and solutions for implementation and mainstreaming, covering national targets 14–23. The strategy notes that Gabon already has a legislative and regulatory corpus for environmental protection that calls for integrating the environmental dimension into all development projects across all sectors. The guiding principles specify cross-sectoral integration as a core principle: making biodiversity a cross-cutting component of agricultural, forestry, mining, energy, tourism, and urban policies. The Ministry in charge of the Environment is positioned as the conductor of inter-ministerial coordination and technical guarantor of strategic coherence, responsible for drafting new biodiversity texts including a draft biodiversity law that would transpose Multilateral Environmental Agreements into domestic law. The National Commission on Biodiversity Management is described as a multi-stakeholder platform that will ensure integration of biodiversity into sectoral planning documents and the involvement of all stakeholders.
United Kingdom	The UK will ensure the full integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning and development processes, poverty eradication strategies, strategic environmental assessments, environmental impact assessments and, as appropriate, national accounting, within and across all levels of government and across all sectors, in particular those with significant impacts on biodiversity, progressively aligning all relevant public and private activities, and fiscal and financial flows with the goals and targets of this framework.	The NBSAP sets UK target 14, committing to full integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning and development processes, poverty eradication strategies, strategic environmental assessments, environmental impact assessments and, as appropriate, national accounting. This integration is to occur within and across all levels of government and across all sectors, in particular those with significant impacts on biodiversity. The target also commits to progressively aligning all relevant public and private activities, and fiscal and financial flows with the goals and targets of the GBF.
Equatorial Guinea	By 2030, strengthen and expand public awareness and the cross-cutting integration of biodiversity and its values across all layers of society, promoting the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of natural resources in public policies, planning processes and social and economic behaviour.	National Target 14 commits, by 2030, to strengthen and expand public awareness and the cross-cutting integration of biodiversity and its values across all layers of society, ensuring effective integration into education, territorial planning, environmental management, sectoral policies and production and consumption practices at national, regional and local levels. Implementation conditions include drafting and implementation of a National Plan for Awareness-Raising, Education and Information on Biodiversity; permanent awareness campaigns targeting local communities, the private sector, public administrations, the education system and civil society; implementation and monitoring of management plans for coastal areas including analysis of maritime traffic and environmental impact; and training programmes on genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. Separate lines of action in §244 include preparation, implementation and evaluation of management plans for urban solid and liquid waste in island and coastal zones (USD 1,000,000). Alignment rated MEDIUM–HIGH (cross-cutting target dependent on intersectoral coordination and sustained resources).
Hungary		The NBSAP identifies mainstreaming as its key strategic objective: ensuring that biodiversity conservation considerations are properly integrated into cross-sectoral policies, strategies, programmes and their implementation, so that short-term economic interests do not compromise the long-term conservation of biodiversity. Objective 16 specifically commits to evaluating ecosystem services and integrating conservation and restoration considerations into relevant sectoral policy decision-making processes. Target 16.2 calls for mapping planning and decision-making processes in key sectors that directly affect natural and near-natural ecosystems — listing conservation, environment, spatial planning and development, urban development, transport, construction, agriculture, forestry, water protection, and water management. It further commits to integrating ecosystem services assessments into the strategic planning of these sectors, reviewing necessary legal and economic regulations, and developing cross-sectoral cooperation. The strategy is aligned with the National Framework Strategy on Sustainable Development, the 5th National Environmental Programme, and the 5th National Conservation Plan, with each intended to be mutually supportive in implementation.
Indonesia	National Target 16 (TN 16): Mainstreaming biodiversity into national development.	Strategy 3.2 (Mainstreaming Biodiversity and Inclusive Participation) and National Target 16 (TN 16): Mainstreaming Biodiversity into National Development anchor KMGBF Target 14 implementation. Presidential Instruction Number 1 of 2023 on Mainstreaming Biodiversity Conservation in Sustainable Development directs 19 Ministries/Institutions and Regional Governments to integrate biodiversity into development actions, with Strategic Environmental Assessments (KLHS) under Government Regulation Number 46 of 2016 as the principal instrument. TN 16 is measured by four indicators: number of ministries/agencies that have integrated the IBSAP into planning documents (7 in 2020; 17 in 2023; 17 in 2025; 17 in 2030; 60 in 2045); number of local governments (provincial and regency/city) that have integrated the IBSAP into planning documents (38 in 2023; 138 in 2025; 238 in 2030; 552 in 2045); proportion of local governments with a Local Biodiversity Management Index of at least 0.5 (47 percent in 2023; 55 percent in 2025; 65 percent in 2030; 80 percent in 2045); and number of non-government actors integrating the IBSAP into planning documents (106 in 2025; 131 in 2030; 156 in 2045). TN 16 is delivered through six action groups: enhancement of biodiversity education through formal and non-formal education; communication, education and public awareness (CEPA); biodiversity management planning at national level; planning and implementation at provincial, district and village levels; and development of a biodiversity economic accounting system. Complementary regulation includes the Biodiversity Management Index (IPK) as a main development indicator in the RPJPN 2025-2045 and RPJMN 2025-2029, with annual measurement at national and regional levels. The Adiwiyata School programme has integrated environmental education in more than 27,000 schools (12.50 percent of 217,283 schools in 2020/2021). Implementation is led by all 19 mandated ministries and Bappenas, Kemenkeu, BRIN, Kemendiktisaintek, Kemendikdasmen, Barantin, Kemendagri, Kemenag, Kemendesa PDT, BPS, BSN, POLRI, TNI, Kejaksaan, Supreme Court and local governments.
India	Ensure the full integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning, development processes, poverty eradication strategies and national accounting at all levels.	India's NBSAP commits to ensuring the full integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning, development processes, poverty eradication strategies, and national accounting at all levels. The headline indicator tracks the number of countries integrating biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning, and development processes (14.b), with a component indicator on the integration of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting into national accounting and reporting systems. Four national indicators are tracked: trends in preparation and implementation of State Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans (SBSAPs) (14.1); trends in preparation and implementation of Local Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans (LBSAPs) (14.2); trends in percentage of multi-purpose schemes with biodiversity-attributable expenditure, such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) (14.3); and compliance on earlier strategic environmental impact assessments (14.4). Lead agencies include the National Biodiversity Authority, State Biodiversity Boards, BMCs, CS-III Biodiversity Division of MoEFCC, Forest Survey of India, and Forest Conservation Division MoEFCC.
Iran	Ensure the full integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning and development processes, poverty eradication strategies, strategic environmental assessments, environmental impact assessments, and national accounting at all levels of government and across all sectors, aligning public and private activities with the KM GBF goals and targets.	NT-14 commits to the full integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning and development processes, poverty eradication strategies, strategic environmental assessments, environmental impact assessments, and national accounting at all levels of government and across all sectors, aligning public and private activities with KM GBF goals and targets. Four actions are listed (one incomplete). All new large-scale development plans by executive bodies, private sectors, cooperatives, and NGOs must be evaluated against environmental standards and criteria approved by the Presidential Supreme Council of Environmental Protection, as assessed by the Department of Environment. The NBSAP prohibits exploitation and harvesting of wood from Iran's natural forests, within the framework of Sustainable Forest Management and the Modern Forestry Plan based on the 7th Five-Year Development Plan. A third action calls for implementing the national action plan for wetland protection and management, prioritising native biomanagement, allocation and provision of environmental water needs, and preventing unauthorised water harvesting, engaging local communities in the plains around wetlands and lakes.
Iceland		The NBSAP's overarching thrust concerns ensuring that biological diversity issues receive greater weight in public policymaking, planning and decision-making at all levels of government. This mainstreaming objective is woven throughout the document rather than confined to a single section. The policy calls for integrating the ecosystem approach methodology into all decision-making concerning land use and planning. It requires that plans for utilisation and developments — energy production, fisheries, agriculture, aquaculture and material extraction — be evaluated with regard to their impact on ecosystems alongside economic viability assessment. The policy also emphasises strengthening the discussion of biodiversity effects in environmental impact assessments. Under Guiding Principle E, the policy addresses the business sector's role in systematically assessing impacts on biodiversity and the importance of integrating biodiversity with health policy. Section 1.3.2 lists numerous recently adopted national policies and plans that incorporate biodiversity considerations, including the Climate Action Plan 2024, the National Planning Strategy 2024–2038, the Agricultural Policy to 2040, the Food Policy to 2040, and the Regional Development Plan 2022–2036.
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030		The NBSAP addresses mainstreaming of biodiversity across government decision-making through integration into the National Spatial Strategy, sector plans (Forest and Forestry Basic Plan, Fisheries Basic Plan, Agriculture Basic Plan, River Basin Management), and the Fifth Basic Environment Plan. Environmental Impact Assessment under the EIA Act applies to large-scale development (including renewable energy projects above specified thresholds). The siting of wind and solar projects will be guided by promotion zones and conservation zones under the Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures, to avoid biodiversity-sensitive areas. Sectoral integration covers infrastructure (MLIT's Green Infrastructure), agriculture (MIDORI Strategy), fisheries (revised Fisheries Act), forestry (Forest and Forestry Basic Plan), and urban planning (Urban Greening Plans). Wildlife management is integrated through the Act on the Protection and Control of Wild Birds and Mammals and Designated Wildlife Management Programs at prefectural level. Prefectures and municipalities are supported in developing Biodiversity Regional Strategies.
Lebanon	NT 16: By 2030, government entities mainstream biodiversity priorities, including conservation, benefit-sharing, pressure alleviation, sustainable management, and sustainable use of natural resources, into their policy-making processes and implementation.	National Target 16 commits that by 2030 government entities mainstream biodiversity priorities–including conservation, benefit-sharing, pressure alleviation, sustainable management and sustainable use of natural resources–into their policy-making and implementation. The NBSAP adopts an adapted Headline Indicator 14.b (binary: integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into sectoral policies, regulations, plans or strategies including agriculture, tourism, urban planning, water management, forestry and fisheries, as well as into development processes and poverty-eradication strategies at all government levels) and a percentage indicator on integration of biodiversity in national accounts. National Actions include strengthening the MoE's capacity to run the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) process by establishing a dedicated unit or expert group (NA 16.1); conducting at least 10 training sessions annually on the SEA Decree (number 8213/2012) for public-sector employees at central and local levels (NA 16.2), with separate indicators tracking sessions administered and officials trained; publishing comprehensive guidelines for ecological impact assessments as part of SEA and delivering at least five sector-specific training sessions annually (NA 16.3); developing a cross-sectoral planning enhancement programme integrating environmental considerations into at least seven key sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, forestry and tourism (NA 16.4); and capacity-building in public institutions concerned with biodiversity conservation (NA 16.5). Separate mainstreaming is written into NA 11.2, 11.3 and 11.4 covering agriculture, fisheries/aquaculture and forestry strategies.
Lesotho	By 2030, biodiversity values have been integrated into all strategic development plans at national, Sectoral, Departmental, and Local levels	Two national targets address mainstreaming. National Target 16 commits to integrating biodiversity values into all strategic development plans at national, sectoral, departmental and local levels by 2030, with a total budget of USD 6,865,216. National Target 10 commits to developing and implementing an effective participatory NBSAP adopted as a policy instrument across all sectors. The NBSAP II review records progress: Department of Environment functions have been decentralised to district level; biodiversity values have been mainstreamed into the NSDP, Climate Change, Land Management and Energy Policies; EIA functions have been institutionalised in government structures and local councils; some councils have drafted by-laws for natural resources and biodiversity; and Natural Capital Accounting has been integrated into policy and decision-making. Strategic Initiative 16.1 includes six actions: implementing biodiversity priorities in the NSDP 2 Extended (USD 352,942, 2026/28); integrating biodiversity into sectoral plans and programmes with M&E systems and data management protocols (USD 1,176,470, 2026/30); developing Integrated Land Use Plans with spatial and zoning maps (USD 2,058,825, 2027/30); reviewing and updating the Decentralisation Policy to mainstream biodiversity (USD 100,500, 2027/28); mainstreaming biodiversity into development plans at community and district levels (USD 176,479, 2026/27); and developing and implementing community-based biodiversity conservation projects (USD 3,000,000, 2026/30).
Luxembourg		The NBSAP frames biodiversity mainstreaming as a central pillar of "transformative change," noting that the IPBES 2019 Global Assessment concluded that conservation objectives can only be realised through deep change on economic, social, political, and technological fronts. The strategy commits to establishing an Interministerial Committee for Nature Protection (Comite Interministeriel Protection de la Nature, CIPN) that brings together portfolios spanning finance, economy, agriculture, consumer affairs, urban planning, infrastructure, spatial planning, and education to coordinate cross-ministerial biodiversity measures. The MECDD is designated as the pivotal interlocutor for integrating nature protection principles into other domains and sectors. The European biodiversity strategy provisions the NBSAP references include a natural capital accounting framework based on EU taxonomy, a taxation and pricing system reflecting environmental costs, and green public procurement criteria. Cross-sectoral budgetary integration is identified as a necessary complement to dedicated nature conservation budgets, with applications in finance, public works, agriculture, and consumption. At the international level, Luxembourg commits to integrating biodiversity into bilateral and multilateral agreements, measuring the impacts of trade agreements on biodiversity, and supporting developing partner countries (Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Laos, Mali, Nicaragua, Niger, Senegal) in integrating biodiversity into their national sustainable development strategies and sectoral policies through alignment of official development assistance.
Libya	By 2030, biodiversity values are identified and mainstreamed into sectoral policies and national planning processes, ensuring that environmental impact assessments (strategic, site-level) are applied to all development projects (governmental and private).	The NBSAP directly addresses biodiversity mainstreaming through national Target 14 with a USD 4 million budget. The target commits to identifying and mainstreaming biodiversity values into sectoral policies and national planning processes, and ensuring that environmental impact assessments (both strategic and site-level) are applied to all development projects, governmental and private. Three priorities are specified: conducting a national-level economic assessment of ecosystem values using international standards for the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity (by 2025); developing and updating guidelines on how to conduct environmental impact assessment studies at both strategic and project levels (by 2024); and preparing and implementing projects to integrate biodiversity concepts and values into seven named sectors — oil and gas, mining, agriculture, infrastructure, fisheries and fish farming, tourism, and transportation (by 2030).
Madagascar	By 2030, biodiversity and its multiple values are integrated into decision-making at all levels.	The NBSAP commits to integrating biodiversity and its multiple values into decision-making at all levels by 2030. Target 14 mobilises thirteen actions structured around three strategic axes, with estimated financial needs of USD 7,935,695 (9.83% of Programme 3), broken down as: integration of biodiversity into planning instruments, processes and decisions (USD 1,303,653); integration of biodiversity into various economic models (USD 1,768,324); and financing (USD 4,863,718). Strategic axis 1 covers assessment of planning instruments, development and adoption of legislative and regulatory tools for biodiversity integration, promotion of biodiversity integration into main planning instruments, and strengthening of cross-sectoral coordination mechanisms. Strategic axis 2 establishes financial and regulatory incentives including a certification and labelling standard, develops biodiversity-integration tools and standards, conducts targeted analysis of priority sectors, and puts in place means for biodiversity integration in decision-making. Strategic axis 3 covers assessment of biodiversity values and ecosystem services, information/education/communication on natural capital values, a baseline on available financial mechanisms, institutional and technical capacity development to mobilise and manage biodiversity financing, and effective consideration of biodiversity in State budgetary and financial policies including implementation of the SEEA (indicator 14.CT.1) and creation of dedicated biodiversity budget lines. Lead actors include the Ministry in charge of the environment, forests and sustainable development, ministries of land-use planning, land tenure, interior and finance, DAJC, STD, IOGA, C3EDM, LTAs, CSOs, TFPs, INSTAT, research centres, ONE, the National Assembly Environment Commission and Parliament.
Marshall Islands		Sub-target 3.14 calls for holistic resource management and implementation of bilateral and multilateral environmental agreements, delivered through national plans and MEA coordination. Binary indicator 14.B (Values Integration) tracks integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning, and development processes. Mainstreaming is structurally embedded in the NBSAP. Section 1.2 demonstrates how biodiversity is addressed across multiple national plans: Agenda 2030 (economic prosperity, food security), the NSP (sustainable resource management), the NDC (nature-based adaptation), the NAP (ecosystem-based resilience), and the SLASP (aggregate sourcing with biodiversity protection). Each policy description explains how biodiversity is integrated. Action 5.iv calls for advancing the long-term strategic approach to mainstreaming biodiversity by strengthening integration of biodiversity considerations into national planning, climate adaptation, fisheries, shoreline protection, and infrastructure planning. Action 70 directs all RMI agencies to implement actions in relevant national regulations and plans and to review and update them to align with the NBSAP. Action 83a calls for integrating biodiversity risk screening into infrastructure project design, prioritization, and investment processes under the NIIP. Nearly every MEA engagement action (§33–36) references sub-target 3.14, indicating mainstreaming through international obligations.
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030		Mainstreaming biodiversity into public policies is the first strategic axis (Axis A) of the NBSAP and the most extensively developed theme in the strategy. The axis is justified by the inadequacy of biodiversity governance mechanisms identified during national and regional consultations. The action plan creates governance structures: an inter-ministerial and multi-sectoral committee for NBS monitoring by 2025 (A.1.1) and 13 regional multi-sectoral committees at the Wilaya level by 2025 (A.1.2). Biodiversity integration is mandated across five priority sectors: mining (A.2.1, by 2026), agriculture (A.2.2, by 2026), urban planning (A.2.3, by 2030), silvopastoral (A.2.4, by 2026), and maritime fishing (A.2.5, by 2026). Action A.2.6 establishes legal and administrative frameworks to incentivise businesses to monitor, evaluate, and report on their biodiversity impacts, targeting 50 businesses with biodiversity in their governance and CSR policies and 50 businesses certified by recognised environmental labels by 2030. Legal framework actions include a regulatory impact assessment (A.3.1, by 2025) and a unified legislative text on biodiversity preservation covering all national ecosystems (A.3.2, by 2026). The State budget allocated to biodiversity is to reach 2% of the overall budget by 2028 (D.2.2).
Malta	By 2030, pressures on biodiversity from economic activities are reduced, while positive impacts are increased, by mainstreaming biodiversity across the private sector. This supports the transition towards sustainable technologies and practices, including along the supply, trade, and value chains.	Mainstreaming biodiversity into decision-making is a central theme of the NBSAP. The Introduction identifies the NBSAP as the principal instrument for driving the integration of biodiversity concerns into relevant sectoral and cross-sectoral plans, programmes, and policies, covering both public and private sectors. National Target 15 commits that by 2030, pressures on biodiversity from economic activities are reduced while positive impacts are increased by mainstreaming biodiversity across the private sector, supporting the transition towards sustainable technologies and practices along supply, trade, and value chains. Action 15.1 commits to mainstreaming biodiversity within financial institutions and businesses, guided by the CBD Long-term Strategic Approach to Mainstreaming Biodiversity, encouraging non-financial disclosure of natural capital impacts and dependencies. Action 16.1 further integrates the values of biodiversity and ecosystem services in national policies and planning processes. Action 5.2 ensures that EIAs and AAs assess the adverse effects of projects and activities on biodiversity.
Malaysia	By 2030, biodiversity conservation has been effectively mainstreamed into development frameworks	Malaysia's NPBD Target 4 commits that "by 2030, biodiversity conservation has been effectively mainstreamed into development frameworks." The policy acknowledges prior efforts (the 2010 Common Vision on Biodiversity guidebook, the National Physical Plan, the ESA framework, the upcoming National Coastal Physical Plan, and revised State Structure Plans and Local Area Plans) and flags implementation gaps across federal–state coordination. Target 4 has six actions. Action 4.1 (financial sector): develop a national System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) acknowledging biodiversity and ecosystem-service values in GDP; develop and mainstream a Sustainable and Responsible Taxonomy for Biodiversity; develop a framework for biodiversity-related financial disclosure; and incentivise ESG adoption by companies. Action 4.2 (sectoral policies): ensure linear-infrastructure developments include measures to avoid, minimise, and mitigate habitat fragmentation and wildlife roadkill; strengthen safeguards in dams and river engineering; site township, commercial, industrial, and renewable-energy developments away from water catchments, forest reserves, and important biodiversity areas; mandate Marine Mammal Observers on seismic exploration vessels in the EEZ; and develop and mainstream the One Health approach. Action 4.3 (project-level assessment) strengthens Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and monitoring to include biodiversity as a crucial component. Action 4.4 addresses pollution monitoring. Action 4.5 strengthens safeguards against mining pressures. Action 4.6 mainstreams sustainable consumption and production and the circular economy. Target 2 Action 2.4 commits to strengthening public-consultation processes, Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) for projects affecting IPLCs, and increasing public access to gazettes, management plans, and EIAs. The Ministry in charge of finance leads Action 4.1; the Ministry in charge of biodiversity and forestry leads Actions 4.2, 4.3, and 4.5; the Ministry in charge of agriculture and food security leads 4.4; and the Ministry in charge of economy leads 4.6.
Namibia	Biodiversity values and ecosystem services are integrated into policies, regulations, planning and decision-making across all sectors of development.	National Target 14 commits that biodiversity values and ecosystem services are integrated into policies, regulations, planning and decision-making across all sectors of development. Programme 24 delivers this target by supporting integration of biodiversity into sector strategies, investment frameworks and public decision-making tools, and aligning public policies, investment frameworks, and fiscal and financial decision-making with biodiversity objectives, including progressively reducing financial flows that undermine biodiversity. Implementation instruments include National Development Plan 6 and sectoral policies, integrated land-use and spatial planning frameworks, and the Environmental Management Act. Activities prioritise review of outdated laws in agriculture, land management, mining and fisheries; urgent development or finalisation of a set of core policies — Invasive Alien Species policy, Restoration and rehabilitation policy, Inland fisheries policy, Land use planning policy, and IKS policy; updates to the CBNRM policy, Mining policy and the Regional Planning and Development Policy of 1997 to promote biodiversity-inclusivity and integrate Indigenous and Local Knowledge; mainstreaming of biodiversity into education, health, transport, trade, finance and governance sectors; training of policymakers on biodiversity mainstreaming and valuation of ecosystem services; mainstreaming into NDP6/7 and sectoral strategic plans; and strengthened enforcement of the Environmental Management Act and Strategic Environmental Assessment regulations.
Nigeria	By 2020, 30% of Nigeria's population is aware of the importance of biodiversity to the ecology and economy of the country.	National Goal 1 is "Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity into national planning and societal values." Mainstreaming is the central organizing principle of the NBSAP, spanning multiple national targets. National Target 1 states: "By 2020, 30% of Nigeria's population is aware of the importance of biodiversity to the ecology and economy of the country." Actions include conducting outreach and awareness campaigns, including radio jingles and public discussions (Action 1.1, NOA); producing publications in local languages on biodiversity and ecosystem services (Action 1.2); including biodiversity subjects in primary, secondary, and tertiary education curricula (Action 1.3, FME); hosting an annual National Forum on Biodiversity for legislators and other sectors (Action 1.4, FDF); hosting an annual National Biodiversity Dialogue and Press Conference (Action 1.5, FDF); and promoting environmental social media networking among Nigerian youth (Action 1.6, FDF). National Target 2 mainstreams PES and biodiversity valuation into the national budget (covered under Target 11 summary). National Target 10 calls for the revised NBSAP to be adopted as a policy instrument with implementation commenced in a participatory manner, including establishing sub-national BSAPs for all 36 states and LGAs and strengthening multi-stakeholder committees on biodiversity-related conventions. The sectoral mainstreaming plan (§58) identifies seven steps: review sectoral policies and budgets, create awareness among decision-makers, influence lawmakers, build capacity of stakeholders who can influence budgets, create stakeholder networks, establish an Inter-Agency Committee for sustainable financing, and integrate biodiversity education into national curricula at all levels.
Netherlands		The NBSAP addresses mainstreaming of biodiversity into decision-making through a multi-layered framework of institutional instruments, cross-sector partnerships, and spatial policy integration. The centrepiece is the Nature-Inclusive Agenda (Agenda Natuurinclusief), a societal initiative that has grown into the Nature-Inclusive Collective (Collectief Natuurinclusief), a broad public-private network operating across ten domains: business parks, construction, energy, financial sector, health, infrastructure, agriculture, education, leisure economy, and water. The Ministry of LVVN has supported the Collective through a programme office since 2022. The Collective's goal is a nature-inclusive society by 2050, focusing on enriching the 70% of unprotected nature in the Netherlands. Since 2023, there is an ambassador for nature-inclusivity who chairs the Nature-Inclusive National Consultation (NiNO). The Nature-Inclusive Agenda 2.0, adopted in autumn 2023, describes ambitions towards 2050 and concrete actions for 2024-2026. An independent 'Investment Agenda Nature-Inclusive' has been commissioned to indicate the costs and benefits associated with the Agenda 2.0 ambitions, and an administrative exploration of inter-authority collaboration is expected before summer 2025. For integrating biodiversity into government decision-making processes, the NBSAP identifies several instruments. Natural Capital Accounts (Natuurlijk Kapitaalrekeningen, NKR), developed by Statistics Netherlands and Wageningen University & Research, implement the UN System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA) and contain the extent, quality, and monetary value of ecosystem services from 2013 onward; components are included in the Broad Prosperity & Sustainable Development Goals Monitor. The Ministry of LVVN has had nature-based solutions (NbS) included in the Policy Compass (Beleidskompas), the central methodology for policymaking within the national government, and finances a Wageningen University & Research project to make NbS applicable for policymakers. Biodiversity is one of the six themes within Socially Responsible Commissioning and Procurement (MVOI). An exploration by PIANOo on behalf of LVVN found that biodiversity is not yet firmly embedded in the SRP criteria and that the number of tenders referencing biodiversity is currently limited. Follow-up steps focus on integrating biodiversity criteria into all commissioning and procurement categories, starting with sectors where the impact is greatest: infrastructure and water, construction, and agriculture. The SCBA Guide for Nature (MKBA Werkwijzer Natuur), developed by CE Delft and Arcadis, enables the determination of effects of policy options on ecosystems and biodiversity in social cost-benefit analyses, with attention to changes in broad prosperity and the societal value of nature expressed as ecosystem services. In spatial policy, the Preliminary Draft National Spatial Strategy (Voorontwerp Nota Ruimte) integrates nature and green spaces into two of its three spatial movements, working towards a balance between agriculture and nature and towards a nature-inclusive living environment in cities and villages. The Environment and Planning Act (Omgevingswet) provides the main objective of balancing protection and utilisation of the physical living environment. The Health Domain of the Nature-Inclusive Collective recommends incorporating the concept of Planetary Health, or nature-inclusive health, in international cooperation around the biodiversity plan when action targets are evaluated.
Norway		The NBSAP frames mainstreaming through cross-sectoral regulations. Under Section 7 of the Nature Diversity Act, the principles in Sections 8–12 (knowledge base, precautionary principle, ecosystem approach and cumulative environmental effects, user-pays, environmentally sound techniques) shall guide the exercise of all public authority. The environmental assessment system under the Planning and Building Act and regulations on environmental assessments requires impact assessment for spatial plans and measures under other regulations, including impacts on biodiversity. The Instructions for the Preparation of Central Government Measures (official studies) require impacts on nature to be described and assessed, with criteria including uncertainty and irreversibility triggering more thorough investigation. The Ministry of Finance's Circular R-109 and DFØ guidance facilitate consideration of biodiversity in socioeconomic analyses; Circular R-108/23 applies the Government's project model to large investments. Management plans for marine areas (updated spring 2024, White paper no. 21 (2023–2024)) and regional water management plans implement integrated and ecosystem-based management; ten overarching principles for marine area use have been published in an Ocean Industry Plan. On Svalbard, the Svalbard Environmental Act, specific environmental targets and an overarching principle that environmental considerations are assigned the greatest emphasis in conflicts govern integrated management. Agriculture and reindeer husbandry policies integrate biodiversity sub-targets (sustainable agriculture, ecological sustainability for reindeer husbandry). The Government explicitly acknowledges weaknesses — EVAPLAN (2018) found biodiversity is not adequately safeguarded in local planning; the Nature Risk Commission (NOU 2024:2) and Menon/Eco-fact AS (2024) review found critical gaps in how environmental impact is managed in major transport projects, discrepancies between project-phase assessments and actual impacts, inadequate monitoring, and a tendency for planned remedial measures not to work in practice.
State of Palestine		The NBSAP devotes multiple sections to mainstreaming, anchored in CBD Article 13 (Communication, Education and Public Awareness) and COP Decision XIII/22. EQA (2020) proposed actions to promote behaviours associated with environmental preservation, including: creating environmental clubs; completing the integration of environmental education into curricula at different levels; activating environmental media instruments; organising environmental awareness campaigns targeting different social segments; establishing a national centre for environmental training and education; and developing a plan to promote environment-friendly initiatives. The mainstreaming-methods section reports that over 400 initial action points were gathered and narrowed to 76 priority action points under 17 targets in the NBSAP (Section 5.2 and Annex 1). M&E (Section 5.3) commits to integrate biodiversity into broader national policies, strategies and plans (national development plans, poverty-reduction strategies, climate-change adaptation plans, etc.) and into sectoral policies, with M&E tailored to 22 sectoral strategies (Empowerment, Education, Agriculture, Health, International Relations, Justice, Culture and Heritage, Employment, Energy, Local Governance, Housing, Water and Wastewater, Social Protection, Communications and IT, Security, Public Finance Management, National Economy, Tourism and Antiquities, Transport, Higher Education, Civil Services, Land Public Services) and three cross-sectoral strategies (Social Cohesion, Youth, Environment). Stakeholder consultation operated through the [email protected] list with over 400 subscribed stakeholders.
Paraguay		The NBSAP adopts mainstreaming as a guiding principle, defined as the integration of biodiversity across all sectors of national development and intersectoral coherence to generate synergies. Policy integration is operationalised through explicit alignment with three cross-cutting instruments. The MADES Institutional Strategic Plan 2024–2028 (PEI) coincides with NBSAP indicators in ecosystem restoration, protected-area management and environmental governance, and is identified for further integration of community and indigenous participation, intergenerational equity, ancestral knowledge, genetic diversity, sustainable finance, responsible production and consumption, and explicit biodiversity–climate linkage. The National Environmental Policy (PAN) is translated into operational measurable targets by the NBSAP, with priority linkages in environmental governance, responsible production and consumption, climate adaptation, and sustainable finance and incentives. The National Development Plan 2050 incorporates the NBSAP as the Environment and Energy pillar, aligning ecosystem and species conservation, sustainable production and green economy, reduction of inequalities through indigenous and rural inclusion, climate resilience, and biotechnology innovation. Sectoral line 3.6.8 on sustainable finance establishes cross-sectoral reform of harmful incentives and design of new financial instruments as mainstreaming vehicles.
Rwanda	By 2030, ensure that biodiversity and its multiple values are integrated into policies, laws, regulations, plans, and decision-making processes across all sectors and levels of governance.	The NBSAP sets National Target 14 to ensure that biodiversity and its multiple values are integrated into policies, laws, regulations, plans, and decision-making processes across all sectors and levels of governance by 2030. Component indicators track the number of policies, regulations, and plans that include biodiversity consideration, with complementary indicators on cross-sectoral collaborations and public awareness and participation. The baseline notes that Rwanda already has a range of laws, policies, regulations, and guidelines focusing in part on biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity is integrated into the National Strategy for Transformation (NST2, 2024–2029), Vision 2050, and the NLUDMP. However, the NBSAP acknowledges that integration across sectors has been incomplete, particularly in agriculture, infrastructure, tourism, and mining, with conflicting sectoral priorities leading to habitat loss. Strategic actions include strengthening budget tagging and producing a biodiversity budget statement report for the Climate, Environment and Natural Resources (CENR) sector; integrating biodiversity values into national development plans, national accounting, local government strategies, and sectoral policies; promoting the valuation of ecosystem services in decision-making; integrating biodiversity into sectoral and district annual plans and performance contracts; mainstreaming biodiversity into ESIA guidelines; revising the Rwanda National Biodiversity Policy; developing Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) for national biodiversity monitoring; and developing national biodiversity standards aligned with international standards. The BIOFIN initiative (since 2018) integrates biodiversity finance into national strategies. The costing allocates USD 700,000.
Saudi Arabia	Full mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation values and considerations into decision-making processes, policies, strategies, and plans of development sectors in the Kingdom.	National Target 15 commits to the full mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation values and considerations into decision-making processes, policies, strategies, and plans of development sectors in the Kingdom. The NBSAP explicitly links this target to GBF Target 14. The target is described as one of the most essential for addressing negative impacts of development sectors on biodiversity. It aims to mainstream biodiversity into poverty reduction strategies, environmental impact assessments, and across all levels of government, private, and public sectors, including agriculture, forestry, fisheries, aquaculture, finance, tourism, health, manufacturing, infrastructure, energy, mining, and deep mining, progressively aligning all activities with the objectives of the Framework and the SDGs, and aligning public and private financial flows. The target encompasses several fundamental aspects: legislation, policies, planning, spatial planning, land use, integrated environmental assessment, cross-sectoral coordination, awareness, community participation, sustainable financing, innovation, and technology. A lessons-learned section acknowledges that biodiversity concepts were not adequately mainstreamed into agricultural, urban, industrial, or tourism planning in the previous strategy period. The NBSAP notes this target is linked to all four Goals of the Global Biodiversity Framework, directly or indirectly.
Sudan	Integrate Biodiversity in Decision Making at Every Level.	National Target 14 focuses on integrating biodiversity into decision-making at every level, including in strategies and plans for poverty reduction. The NBSAP allocates budget under Goal D for Target 14 actions across multiple components: US$130,000 for cultivated plants (3 actions), US$200,000 for rangeland (1 action), US$290,000 for forests (3 actions), US$100,000 for wildlife (1 action), US$1,050,000 for inland waters (4 actions), US$1,600,000 for pollution aspects (3 actions), and US$270,000 for biosafety (1 action). The gender matrix includes actions on awareness and interest raising about wildlife biodiversity values for decision makers and local communities to encourage inclusion in strategies and plans including poverty reduction, and non-class activities in educational institutes to encourage incorporating biodiversity including inland waters and wetlands economic accounting into curricula. Awareness materials on wetlands' role in the environment are also specified for all levels of stakeholders. The monitoring framework is embedded across multiple other targets rather than having a standalone set of indicators.
Sweden		The NBSAP identifies sectoral mainstreaming of biodiversity as a necessary and central part of halting and reversing biodiversity loss and as contributing to target 14. The 26 national authorities with a special responsibility for the environmental targets are to assess which environmental quality objectives are most relevant to their activities and work toward their achievement. An example given is the Swedish Transport Administration, which adapts the management of road verges and develops species-rich road and railway environments. Chapter 10 on business and biodiversity states that dialogue, cooperation, experience exchange and dissemination of knowledge on business's dependence and impact on biodiversity should be strengthened between relevant authorities and actors. SEPA is assigned, through the 2026 appropriations letter, to work with relevant authorities and actors on cooperation, experience exchange and knowledge dissemination concerning business's dependence and impact on biodiversity, with the assignment reported in 2028 and containing proposals for continued work — explicitly cited as contributing to targets 14, 15 and 19. The State Ownership Policy 2025 expects state-owned enterprises with substantial environmental impact to establish ambitious targets and concrete transition plans. The Mistra BIOPATH programme integrates biodiversity into the financial system and business. Swedish Export Credit Corporation (SEK) is cited as working to integrate biodiversity into financial decision-making.
Slovenia	BD content will be included in key national and local strategies and decision-making processes by 2030 at the latest.	The NEAP 2020–2030 identifies integrating biodiversity conservation goals in the policies of key sectors as one of the most important challenges. The Strategic Plan sets National Objective 8: biodiversity content will be included in key national and local strategies and decision-making processes by 2030 at the latest. Measures include ensuring the inclusion of biodiversity in programming and strategic documents (8.1.1), ensuring that commitments concerning biodiversity conservation are included in sectoral action plans (8.1.2), implementing comprehensive environmental impact assessment and acceptability assessments for plans and projects (8.2.1, 8.3.1), improving the quality of environmental reports through a system of reviews/authorised persons (8.2.2), and preserving the mosaic nature of the landscape within spatial planning (8.3.2). The programme also calls for better use of instruments such as the assessment of plans and programmes and ensuring that biodiversity conservation measures identified in those plans are put into practice. National Objective 2 specifically targets mainstreaming into agriculture, forestry, water management and aquaculture programmes. The monitoring section (§31) notes that biodiversity data are important for assessment of conformity of plans and programmes in administrative procedures of environmental impact assessment.
Senegal	Integrate biodiversity into key sectoral strategies such as agriculture, livestock, fisheries, tourism, urban planning, mining, transport and energy	The NBSAP defines national target (14) as integrating biodiversity into key sectoral strategies such as agriculture, livestock, fisheries, tourism, urban planning, mining, transport and energy. The results framework prescribes a priority action: introduction of biodiversity into investment project selection criteria (indicator: percentage of new projects with a high ecological footprint authorised in areas of interest for biodiversity conservation — parks, reserves, classified forests, MPAs, wetlands, beaches, offshore zones). The capacity building section specifies that training modules will be delivered on incorporating biodiversity into sectoral policy development and budget framing at both ministerial and decentralised levels, to enable Territorial Authorities to better integrate the biodiversity dimension into their Development Plans (PDD and PDC). The advocacy component aims to encourage local elected officials to systematically integrate biodiversity into Communal and Departmental Development Plans and allocate specific budgetary resources to ecosystem conservation. The conclusion recommends integrating biodiversity into productive sectors, particularly agriculture, fisheries, and mining.
Suriname	4.6 Suriname has harmonized environmental and economic policies and all relevant government-, civil society- and private sector organizations are involved in the NBSAP implementation.	The whole of Pathway 4 is framed around mainstreaming biodiversity into national policy. National Target 4.6 commits Suriname to having harmonized environmental and economic policies and to involving all relevant government, civil-society and private-sector organisations in NBSAP implementation; the financial overview budgets this target at $1,728,048. National Target 4.8 commits to increased understanding of synergies between biodiversity protection and the SDGs, with a $144,708 action to formalize collaboration of the UNCBD national focal point with the SDG National Commission and Platform. The narrative emphasises that 'not just the environmental sector, but all sectors, in particular Suriname's land- and sea-use sectors, must take responsibility', and identifies the lessons learned from the previous NBSAP — that the strategy was not well enough integrated in national planning and policies — as a driver of the mainstreaming focus. Detailed action tables for Target 4.6 were not included in the briefing.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page	Integration and valuation of the contributions of biodiversity to development.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 7: integration and valuation of the contributions of biodiversity to development. KMGBF Target 14 is explicitly listed as an associated global target. The indicator tracks the number of harmonised sectoral and national policy, legal, technical and/or environmental planning instruments that integrate the biodiversity approach, with the baseline to be defined. The NBSAP commits to modernising legal frameworks for coherence in instruments affecting territorial management and environmental planning, and to promoting the recognition of biodiversity in the National System of Environmental and Economic Accounts. The BCR (2023) data — agricultural and forestry sector at 6.5% of GDP and nature tourism and PNAs at 0.8% — are identified as starting points for making biodiversity contributions visible in national economic development. The country's environmental regulatory framework has evolved through the National Environmental Policy (2022), National Climate Change Plan (2022), and PREPP (officialised 2025). The NBSAP promotes digitalised environmental monitoring and applied technologies for assessing land-use change and ecosystem degradation. The estimated cost for integration of biodiversity into development, including financing strategies, financial schemes and economic alternatives, is $5,090,000.
Chad	NT2: By 2030 at the latest, the values of biological diversity have been integrated into national and local development planning strategies and processes and poverty reduction, and incorporated into national accounts, as appropriate, and into reporting systems.	The NBSAP links Global Target 14 to National Objective 2 (NT2): by 2030 at the latest, the values of biological diversity have been integrated into national and local development planning strategies and processes and poverty reduction, and incorporated into national accounts, as appropriate, and into reporting systems. Measures include integrating biodiversity into all sectoral policies (agriculture, livestock, infrastructure, urban planning, tourism, etc.); training decision-makers and local stakeholders on integrating biodiversity into local development plans; using biodiversity indicators in national accounts; participation of stakeholders in the planning and implementation of policies integrating biodiversity values; adapting national reporting systems to include biodiversity indicators in the National Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper III (NPRSP III / SNRPIII); integrating the No Net Loss or Net Positive Impact on biodiversity principle into development and planning policies affecting species; and establishing a mechanism ensuring strategic environmental assessments and Environmental and Social Impact Assessments for all major development projects, in a thorough and transparent manner. Indicators include the extent to which national objectives aimed at integrating biodiversity values into policies, regulations, planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies, and accounting are integrated across all sectors and in environmental impact assessments (I1GT14), and integration of biodiversity into national accounting and reporting systems via implementation of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (I2GT14).
Togo	Target 9 : Strengthen the consideration of biodiversity in sectoral policies through the establishment of a systematic process for assessing the impact on biodiversity in the development and revision of key sectoral policies such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, tourism, urban planning, transport and energy	The NBSAP designates National Target 9 under Strategic Objective 1, mapped to GBF Target 14, committing to strengthen the consideration of biodiversity in sectoral policies through the establishment of a systematic process for assessing the impact on biodiversity in the development and revision of key sectoral policies such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, tourism, urban planning, transport, and energy. The institutional framework assigns biodiversity mainstreaming roles across multiple ministries: the ministry responsible for planning for public investment integration, the Ministry of Mines and Energy for mining and energy policies, and ANGE (National Agency for Environmental Management) for coordinating environmental assessments and overseeing Environmental and Social Management Plans. The national NBSAP monitoring committee is tasked with monitoring efforts to integrate biodiversity into policies, programmes, and projects across all sectors. Guiding principle (ix) states that national policies, strategies, and sectoral programmes must integrate biodiversity issues, and that activities with perverse effects and negative incentives must be eliminated. The diagnostic analysis notes biodiversity integration into communal development plans and the majority of sectoral planning documents as strengths, while weak synergy between sectoral programmes and weak implementation of policies are identified as weaknesses.
Thailand	Target 8: Integrate biodiversity into the operations of all sectors by developing guidelines for incorporating biodiversity management into various sector operations and creating local-level biodiversity management plans. Target 12: Strengthen policy and legal frameworks for biodiversity by developing appropriate policy and legal frameworks.	Strategy 3 of the National Biodiversity Action Plan 2023-2027 is explicitly a mainstreaming strategy that integrates biodiversity considerations into national policies, sectoral strategies, planning processes, and development projects across all development sectors, including tools, financial support mechanisms, incentives, and legislation. National Target 8 commits Thailand to integrate biodiversity into the operations of all sectors by developing guidelines for incorporating biodiversity management into sector operations and creating local-level biodiversity management plans; Strategy 3's 2030-horizon goal is to push for at least five local-level biodiversity management plans and to disclose at least 20 percent of biodiversity-related data. National Target 12 aims to strengthen policy and legal frameworks for biodiversity by developing appropriate policy and legal frameworks. The plan commits to whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches (§156) for integrating National Biodiversity Targets into policies and joint operations of public, private, and civil-sector stakeholders, with mechanisms for cooperation, capacity-building, and transparency. Monitoring (§160) commits to integrate biodiversity considerations into decision-making processes of all sectors using a continuous monitoring and evaluation information platform that collects results from all responsible and supporting agencies and gathers information on collaborative efforts from the private sector, education sector, and civil society.
Tunisia	By 2030, biodiversity and its multiple values are integrated into economic policies and sectors	The NBSAP dedicates Objective D1 to integrating biodiversity into national policies, linked explicitly to KM-GBF Target 14. The national target states: "By 2030, biodiversity and its multiple values are integrated into economic policies and sectors." The alignment analysis found that Target 14 of the KM-GBF has the greatest number of similar national targets (11 national targets, 8 strategic objectives). The gaps analysis notes that integration of biodiversity into sectoral policies was proposed in the previous NBSAP under action priority 2 but does not clearly report mechanisms for integrating biodiversity into sectors with adverse effects such as transport, agriculture, fishing, aquaculture, and forestry. Measure D1.1 proposes integrating biodiversity values into relevant sectoral policies through 11 actions: establishing a transparency framework (D1.1.1), developing knowledge for integration (D1.1.2), developing sectoral integration plans (D1.1.3), and specific integration into agriculture (D1.1.4), land transport (D1.1.5), building (D1.1.6), health (D1.1.7), and tourism (D1.1.8). The tourism sector analysis notes that the National Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development to 2035 addresses biodiversity only timidly. Integration into national disaster risk management (D1.1.10) and cross-sectoral approaches under the three Rio conventions (D1.1.11) are also proposed. Measure D1.2 strengthens institutional capacities including creating a directorate of environmental economics (D1.2.1), a national biodiversity body (CNB) (D1.2.2), integrating biodiversity into regions (D1.2.3), and ensuring political support (D1.2.4). Measure D1.3 proposes establishing a Law on biodiversity (D1.3.1), regulatory texts for regional biodiversity commissions (D1.3.2), integration into national policies (D1.3.3), and a legal text creating the national biodiversity body (D1.3.4).
Uganda		Mainstreaming biodiversity is a recurring theme across the NBSAP. Strategic Objectives 1, 3, 4, and 6 are all mapped to KMGBF Target 14 in Table 22. Guiding principle (e) states that NBSAPIII "will also include measures to mainstream biodiversity into sectoral and cross-sectoral policies and programs." Overarching principle 8 calls for integration with other national development plans including the NDP, the National Poverty Reduction Strategy, and the National Environment Policy. Lessons from NBSAPII (§61) note that successful integration of NBSAP targets into national and sectoral plans is considered essential, though further efforts are needed at the district level. Among the key obstacles to NBSAPII implementation were inadequate mainstreaming of biodiversity into sectoral plans, programmes and strategies, and inadequate awareness of NBSAPII among implementing partners at the sub-national level. NBSAPIII is framed as linked to Uganda's Vision 2040, NDP IV, and the SDGs through a conceptual framework showing cross-cutting alignment. The climate finance section advocates that NAMAs and NAPs should integrate biodiversity criteria. The NBSAP also identifies biodiversity offsets and environmental fiscal reform as mainstreaming mechanisms.
Viet Nam		Mainstreaming biodiversity into policy and planning is a dedicated key solution (Solution 3) in the NBSAP. The strategy directs incorporating biodiversity targets into national, sectoral, and local strategies, plans, and regulations, and provides guidance on integrating biodiversity conservation into public investment projects. It calls for integrating biodiversity conservation requirements into national target programs. MARD is specifically tasked with integrating biodiversity conservation into its development plans, programs, and projects. Monitoring indicator 14 tracks the percentage of strategies, plans, programs, and public investment projects integrating biodiversity conservation requirements, targeting 70% by 2025 and 100% by 2030. The strategy also calls for exploring ways to incorporate biodiversity conservation criteria into environmental protection criteria.
Vanuatu		The NBSAP makes biodiversity mainstreaming a guiding principle and dedicates Strategic Area 3 to it. Principle 4 states that biodiversity must be integrated across all sectors — agriculture, forestry, fisheries, tourism, infrastructure, and education — as a shared national responsibility. The integration and mainstreaming principle promotes mainstreaming across sectoral policies, planning instruments, and budgetary processes. The implementation plan includes five national-level activities: conducting a stakeholder-led review of policies, regulations, and planning to incorporate biodiversity values into the legal framework (MB.01, VUV 5,000,000, medium-term); developing a biodiversity mainstreaming guideline for government, private sector, and CSOs (MB.02, VUV 3,000,000); supporting provincial and municipal biodiversity planning with six provincial development priorities reflected in biodiversity policy plans (MB.03, VUV 30,000,000); monitoring progress on biodiversity policies and programmes (MB.04, VUV 25,000,000, long-term); and developing a System of Environmental Economics accounts covering land, inland waters, and oceans (MB.05, VUV 10,000,000, long-term). Provincial consultations were held in 2024. At the provincial level, Penama plans to designate an economic development zone, establish a Biodiversity Conservation Network, develop screening SOPs for proposed developments, and create relocation plans for coastal communities. Tafea plans capacity building through value-added initiatives. Target 14 is allocated 15 actions costing VUV 62,000,000.
Yemen	By 2030, engage communities in the value chain of products obtained from ecosystems in their surroundings and ensure fair rewards for managing, harvesting, and using genetic resources. Integrate the total economic value of biodiversity and ecosystems into national planning processes (national development plans, poverty reduction plans, national accounting systems) at national, regional, and sectoral levels.	The NBSAP addresses mainstreaming through National Target 13 (which combines GBF Targets 13 and 14) and through Pathway 5 (use of appropriate economic instruments). The strategy commits to integrating the total economic value (TEV) of biodiversity and ecosystems into national planning processes — national development plans, poverty reduction plans, and national accounting systems — at national, regional, and sectoral levels by 2030. Output 5.1 under Pathway 5 is dedicated to mainstreaming economic value of ecosystems in national planning processes. The strategy identifies the failure to capture ecosystem values in decision-making as an underlying cause of ecosystem degradation, leading to undervaluation and low budgets for biodiversity conservation. Mainstreaming is envisioned at both the institutional level (through national accounts based on the World Bank's WAVES framework) and the individual level (through PES instruments such as polluter-pays charges). Five strategic actions (ACT 5.1 through ACT 5.5) address: building institutional capacity on ecosystem valuation and mainstreaming approaches, undertaking periodic ecosystem valuation exercises, developing a sustainable income account framework incorporating natural resource values, developing WAVES for the country, and incorporating economic value into all strategic plans. The implementation section also emphasizes that the key to successful NBS implementation is mainstreaming across all key economic sectors' national plans and decision-making processes. The indicative budget for market correction from distortions is US$1.22 million.
Zambia	By 2020, biodiversity values have been integrated into the Seventh National Development Plan (SeNDP), provincial and district development plans and planning processes as well as reporting systems are being incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate.	The NBSAP commits to mainstreaming biodiversity across government planning under Strategic Goal A. National Target 2 calls for integrating biodiversity values into the Seventh National Development Plan (SeNDP), provincial and district development plans and planning processes, and incorporating these into national accounting systems by 2020. National Target 3 commits to having selected incentives for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use in place by 2019, with the most harmful subsidies identified and their gradual phase-out initiated. The M&E framework specifies that specific chapters within the SeNDP integrating biodiversity values, as well as the number of sectoral, provincial, and district development plans integrating biodiversity values, are key performance indicators. The strategy also calls for mainstreaming biodiversity conservation into poverty eradication and economic development, and for developing appropriate valuation tools (environmental, social, economic) by 2020. The broader policy landscape lists 13 national policies relevant to biodiversity, and the NBSAP2 itself was designed to align with Vision 2030, the Revised SNDP, and the post-2015 development agenda.
Burkina Faso		The NBSAP references several legal instruments that integrate biodiversity considerations into sectoral decision-making. The Environment Code (2013) requires activities likely to have significant environmental impacts to undergo Strategic Environmental Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment, or Environmental Impact Notice. The Forestry Code (2011) makes certain activities contingent on prior EIA/EIN approval. The Agrarian and Land Reorganisation Law (2012) establishes biodiversity conservation as a general principle of spatial planning. The logical framework tracks the average rate of ESMP implementation monitored (44.12% to 50% by 2030) and the number of facilities inspected (50 to 80). The strategy is operationalised at decentralised levels through communal and regional annual investment plans, and the implementation instruments include formulation of coherent projects and programmes across sectors. However, the NBSAP itself identifies a gap: the limited consideration of the sustainable use of biological resources in national and local planning, and the lack of specific programming, monitoring, evaluation, and capitalisation tools for biological diversity initiatives. This acknowledged shortcoming indicates that mainstreaming biodiversity across all decision-making remains a work in progress.
Eritrea		The NBSAP does not have a dedicated mainstreaming target corresponding to GBF Target 14. However, mainstreaming biodiversity into government and society is a cross-cutting theme throughout the document. The NBSAP states that "care has been taken to ensure that the proposed actions can easily be mainstreamed into the plans and programmes of different sectors without creating additional burden on them." The updating process included a rapid review of inter-institutional/sectoral processes and policies to align them with the GBF (Component 3), and the identification of actions that assist in filling institutional gaps towards a whole-of-government approach. The NBSAP notes that NBSAP-2015 failed partly because it was not mainstreamed: line ministries developed strategies and programmes into which NBSAP actions could have been integrated, representing "lost opportunities." The implementation framework calls for a National Steering Committee to ensure action plans are mainstreamed into routine programmes of relevant institutions. Proclamation No. 179/2017 requires Environment Units in relevant ministries, and the NBSAP action plan includes establishing these units (Action 10.3.1, 2026). The updating process also identified no biodiversity-harmful subsidies. The scope of updating included reviewing biodiversity expenditure across sectors and developing policy coherence with the GBF.
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		The conclusions identify Target 14 (Integration of biodiversity) as having 72% of the 160 ENBioMex actions contributing to its fulfilment — the third-highest share among all targets. The document notes that the ENBioMex promotes the integration of biodiversity into productive sectors and has a cross-cutting vision of the gender perspective. The Context section references CBD Article 6, which requires parties to integrate conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programmes, and policies. ENBioMex Axis 6 (Integration and governance) includes actions specifically aimed at mainstreaming: consolidation of the institutional framework and public policies for integration (6.2), mainstreaming across government programmes (6.2.4), ecological criteria in territorial planning (6.2.3), and policy evaluation systems (6.2.1). Numerous actions across all other axes also show direct contributions to this target.
Panama		The NBSAP's central organising principle — integrating biodiversity, climate and land degradation agendas under a single framework — constitutes a form of cross-sectoral mainstreaming. The strategy reports that the adoption of the National Ocean Policy and Wetlands Policy has made it possible to integrate biodiversity criteria into the management of productive and territorial sectors. The proposed National Green Transition Cabinet (Gabinete Nacional de Transición Verde) and CONACLABIT are designed to integrate existing sectoral committees into a single body, and the draft Framework Law on Climate Change and Green Transition provides a legislative vehicle. However, the NBSAP does not detail sector-by-sector mainstreaming plans or biodiversity impact assessments for non-environmental policies.