Target 13: Genetic resources / ABS

Generated: 2026-04-19T20:28:10Z

Landscape

61 of 69 countries in this set address genetic resource access and benefit-sharing (ABS) as an explicit national target, with the Nagoya Protocol serving as the near-universal reference instrument across income groups and regions. The dominant pattern is framework-building: designating competent national authorities, establishing permit systems, setting up ABS clearing-house mechanisms, and — in many cases — drafting or activating the primary domestic legislation itself. Brazil reaches this target carrying more than 30 years of ABS implementation history and upwards of 17,000 sociobiodiversity products registered in its national genetic heritage management system; Bhutan reports having executed 14 ABS agreements yielding 14 products under a dedicated ABS Fund and the Biodiversity Act of 2022. At the other end of the spectrum, Afghanistan's NBSAP notes the country currently lacks data on its genetic resources, does not have the capacity to acquire it, and has higher priority issues — and formally designates a post-2030 NBSAP as the appropriate moment to revisit the issue.

Digital sequence information (DSI) — data generated by sequencing genetic material — has emerged as the most prominent forward-looking dimension, appearing in national target texts or action frameworks in well over half the set, reflecting the decisions at CBD COP 15 and COP 16 to establish a multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism (the Cali Fund) for DSI use. Traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources appears in nearly every plan as a companion strand, addressed through documentation programmes, community protocols, sui generis protection regimes, or standalone national targets. Quantified benefit-sharing commitments — as distinct from procedural goals — remain the exception across the set.

Variation

The Nagoya Protocol divides the set into distinct clusters by accession status. Most countries are Parties with domestic legislation in force: Brazil's Law 13,123/2015, Malaysia's Access to Biological Resources and Benefit Sharing Act 2017, Belarus's Law on the Management of Genetic Resources adopted in March 2024, and Bhutan's Biodiversity Act 2022 each anchor their respective NBSAPs. A second cluster commits to ratification or to a prior assessment process. Chile's national targets lay out an explicit sequence: "By 2026, the national discussion on access and sharing of benefits derived from the use of genetic resources will have been initiated in order to have a proposal for a legal framework," followed by "By 2030, the Nagoya Protocol will have been ratified and its implementation will have begun." Canada sits in the non-Party category: its NBSAP states that "Canada is not a Party to the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) and does not have a comprehensive ABS policy or guidance document; there is no guidance on commercial bioprospecting," while committing the federal government to "identifying and assessing measures that could allow Canada to become a Party to the Nagoya Protocol." Iceland and El Salvador occupy a comparable position, each committing to evaluate ratification prospects without a binding timeline.

Legislative maturity varies across Parties. Countries with enacted ABS laws and multi-year implementation records present programme architectures — permit registers, clearing-house mechanisms, benefit-sharing funds — already in operation. Slovenia conditions any legal regulation of access on the findings of a study on genetic resource utilisation. Tunisia ratified the Nagoya Protocol in March 2021 but acknowledges that no regulatory provision currently organises access to genetic resources or benefit-sharing, and that prior informed consent and mutually agreed terms procedures "are very poorly ensured."

The depth of DSI governance spans a similarly wide range. Several countries embed DSI in the national target text itself — DRC, Congo, Lesotho, Sudan, Germany, Vietnam, and Gabon among them. Benin allocates a dedicated specific objective (SO3.3) and a standalone budget line of 1,000 million FCFA to DSI capacity-building within its five-year programme. The Marshall Islands commits to maintaining an atoll-based expert on the CBD's Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group (AHTEG) on DSI. Eritrea sits at the opposite end: the NBSAP records that "little or no work has been done on DSI or genotyping" in the country.

Programme scale runs from single-measure or framework-reference commitments — Spain adopting a state plan for legality control, Malta referencing a national ABS regime, Sweden implementing the EU ABS Regulation — to fully costed multi-objective architectures. Cameroon's action plan operationalises ABS through four national objectives with gender-disaggregated targets, including that at least 40% of enterprises active in genetic resource valorisation under ABS agreements should be managed by women. India tracks nine national indicators through its Biological Diversity Act framework, with the Genome Saviour Award to communities and individuals counted alongside permit statistics and intellectual property trends as a monitored ABS outcome.

Standouts

Bhutan's fifth NBSAP records that the ABS target "received the highest achievement score (93.8%) in the fourth NBSAP review," with the Biodiversity Act of Bhutan 2022 enacted, its Rules and Regulations adopted in 2023, a dedicated ABS Fund established, and 14 ABS agreements executed leading to 14 ABS products.

Brazil's national target sets a numerical commitment: "By 2030, progressively and significantly increase by at least 30 per cent the benefits shared from the economic exploitation of finished products and reproductive material, including those involving digital sequence information, ensuring traceability and the publication of aggregated data on access and benefit-sharing practices."

Vietnam anchors its ABS monitoring to a different metric: monitoring indicator 13 "tracks the rate of increase in applications for genetic resource access and benefit-sharing compared to 2020, targeting 150% by 2025 and 200% by 2030." Where Brazil measures the value of benefits flowing out, Vietnam measures the volume of access requests coming in.

Norway's NBSAP describes a long-standing voluntary contribution: "Since 2009, Norway has contributed annually to the Plant Treaty's benefit-sharing fund at a level equivalent to 0.1 per cent of Norwegian seed revenue, corresponding to a voluntary user-based benefit-sharing scheme announced at the launch of the Global Seed Vault on Svalbard in February 2008." The NBSAP identifies this as the world's first voluntary user-based benefit-sharing scheme.

The Marshall Islands documents an active position within the multilateral DSI negotiating architecture: "RMI EPA is to maintain engagement with CBD processes on Digital Sequence Information and the Cali Fund, including through an atoll-based expert on the AHTEG on DSI, to help ensure allocation methodologies reflect atoll-based and large ocean-state countries (Action 6c)." The NBSAP pairs this with a programme to review publicly available international sequence databases for records referencing Marshall Islands biodiversity — including coral genotyping from the Super Reef project — drawn from decades of academic research.

The Netherlands itemises its ABS expenditure in detail: a WOT Genetic Resources total subsidy of EUR 3,476,026 per year (2022–2026), of which "approximately EUR 100,000 per year is allocated to CGN's ABS focal point activities and approximately EUR 50,000 per year to technical policy advice on ABS and DSI"; NVWA compliance enforcement at EUR 68,015 per year (500 hours); and voluntary contributions of US $250,000 per year to GIZ's ABS Initiative for capacity building (2023–2024).

Benin's Programme 3 (Access to Genetic Resources and Equitable Benefit-Sharing) allocates a total of 4,600 million FCFA over 2026–2030, with the budget broken across four specific objectives: "ABS texts and procedures 1,100 million FCFA, benefit-sharing mechanisms 1,000 million FCFA, indigenous knowledge participation 1,500 million FCFA, and DSI capacities 1,000 million FCFA."

Analysis

The GBF "significant increase in benefits shared" language is reproduced in nearly every national target, but numerical operationalisation is rare. Brazil sets a floor of at least 30% more revenue from finished products; Vietnam tracks a 200% increase in permit applications relative to a 2020 baseline; Cameroon targets at least 1.5 billion FCFA per year flowing to local populations from ABS agreements — up from a baseline of approximately 300–800 million FCFA — with at least 80 enterprises active in genetic resource valorisation. These three cases depart from the qualitative GBF formulation; most plans reproduce the "significant increase" language without specifying a threshold, which creates a structural measurement challenge for global indicator tracking under GBF headline indicators C.1 and C.2.

DSI appears in most plans as a stated priority, but domestic implementation steps are sparse. Most countries reference the Cali Fund and ongoing CBD negotiations rather than specifying data governance standards, sequencing mandates, or national DSI repositories. Benin's dedicated SO3.3 budget line, the Marshall Islands' participation in the AHTEG on DSI, and Iran's multi-section DSI governance framework — covering data management standards, ownership policies, national repositories, and dispute resolution — are examples of specified domestic steps; Eritrea's record that "little or no work has been done on DSI or genotyping" sits at the opposite end of the preparedness range.

Traditional knowledge is near-universally linked to ABS, but its governance architecture diverges in form. Some countries embed it entirely within ABS permit and clearing-house frameworks — Cameroon's four national objectives, India's nine monitored indicators including the Genome Saviour Award. Others treat it as a standalone national target with independent indicators and monitoring logic — Lebanon's NT14 running alongside NT15, Paraguay's National Targets 18 and 28. A third grouping addresses traditional knowledge primarily through intangible cultural heritage or indigenous rights instruments without explicit ABS linkage. The structural choice shapes which ministry leads, which indicators are tracked, and whether free, prior and informed consent is treated as a procedural requirement or a quantified performance metric.

A sovereignty-versus-opportunity axis runs through the policy framing across the set. Palestine and Senegal foreground ABS as an assertion of national sovereignty over genetic heritage — Senegal describes equitable sharing as "a lever for affirming sovereignty." Uganda, El Salvador, and Yemen frame the same target as an economic development pathway, through bioprospecting, gene-based enterprises, and non-timber forest product value chains. Afghanistan's NBSAP registers a third position: the country currently lacks data on its genetic resources, does not have the capacity to acquire it, and has higher priority issues, with a post-2030 NBSAP designated as the appropriate time to revisit. The range illustrates that a single global target text contains within it a diversity of national purposes — an observation about the structure of the data, not a ranking of approaches.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Afghanistan	Ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits that arise from the utilization of genetic resources and from digital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, and facilitating appropriate access to genetic resources, and by 2030, facilitating a significant increase of the benefits shared.	The NBSAP includes Target 13 to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and digital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources. Action 13.1 calls for promoting the technical transfer of genetic knowledge, technology, and benefit sharing to government staff and academic institutions (by 2030, MAIL responsible, NEPA as cooperator). The headline indicators are monetary benefits received (H13.1, Ministry of Finance responsible) and non-monetary benefits (H13.2, NEPA responsible), both by 2030. However, the NBSAP notes under Goal C that Afghanistan currently lacks data on its genetic resources, does not have the capacity to acquire it, and has higher priority issues. A post-2030 NBSAP is indicated as the appropriate time to revisit this issue.
Argentina	Implement policies, create legal and administrative rules, and promote capacity-building at all levels, with the aim of ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and digital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as associated traditional knowledge. Guarantee adequate access to such resources and achieve a significant increase in shared benefits by 2030, in accordance with international agreements on the matter.	National Target 13 commits to implementing policies, creating legal and administrative rules, and promoting capacity-building to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources, as well as associated traditional knowledge, with the aim of a significant increase in shared benefits by 2030 in accordance with international agreements. Theme 5 (Genetic Resources) provides extensive implementation detail across two sub-themes. The first (5.1) addresses a coordination system for the management and governance of genetic resources, with a Strengthening Plan (Table 2) involving: training workshops on ABS for all social groups; strengthening regulatory, administrative, and capacity frameworks for ABS contracts, Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT), and Prior Informed Consent (PIC); the Genetic Resources Roundtable established by Article 13 of Resolution 410/19; surveillance and compliance verification checkpoints; tools for users and benefit participants; awareness-raising on the importance and potential values of genetic resources; researcher training on Nagoya Protocol implementation; liaison spaces for indigenous peoples; and coordination between national data systems (SNDB, SNDG, SIB, SNDM). The second sub-theme (5.2) sets specific objectives for access to genetic resources: ensuring that access includes fair and equitable benefit-sharing (5.2.1); harmonising requirements for ABS applications across all jurisdictional levels (5.2.2); and promoting guides on requirements and regulations for access and benefit-sharing from traditional knowledge utilisation (5.2.3). The rationale notes that Argentina has extensive experience in genetic resource regulation, with multiple bodies and institutions having competence. It highlights the constitutional framework (Article 124: provinces hold original dominion over natural resources) and the need to harmonise provincial and national regulations given that utilisation and commercialisation are often interprovincial and international. The NBSAP also references the Nagoya Protocol, the ITPGRFA, and the COP 15 agreement on DSI benefit-sharing. Under Axis 2, the NBSAP calls for promoting genetic resource knowledge generation and conducting a survey, diagnosis, and register of existing National Genetic Resource Banks.
Austria		Under Chapter 6 (Strengthening Global Engagement), the strategy foresees development and implementation of concrete approaches for Austria to contribute to advancing biodiversity protection in multilateral conventions or organisations, explicitly naming the Convention on Biological Diversity, Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS), the Nagoya Protocol, the Cartagena Protocol, IPBES, FAO, UNFCCC and CITES. An ABS information initiative is foreseen to improve knowledge among the public and potential users, taking into account the topic of Digital Sequence Information (DSI). Under research, the strategy foresees advancement of species identification by means of DNA barcoding and metabarcoding within the initiative Austrian Barcode of Life (abol.ac.at), with long-term securing of these activities, which intersects with the knowledge-base side of ABS/DSI.
Belgium		The NBSAP devotes its entire Objective 6 to access and benefit-sharing from genetic resources. Belgium signed the Nagoya Protocol on 20 September 2011 and committed to ratification by 2014 to participate as a Party at the first COP/MOP. An impact study on Protocol ratification at Belgian level began at the end of 2011, with conclusions in spring 2013 and two stakeholder workshops held in 2012. Five operational objectives are set: (6.1) raise awareness about ABS by 2014; (6.2) ratify and implement the Nagoya Protocol by 2014; (6.3) have mechanisms for national and global ABS cooperation by 2020; (6.4) create operational mechanisms to protect traditional knowledge of indigenous and local communities by 2020; (6.5) have a functional ABS Clearing House by 2015. Belgium has already taken several implementation steps including patent legislation and development of the voluntary MOSAICC code of conduct for microbial genetic resources. The Royal Botanic Garden of Belgium participates in the International Plant Exchange Network (IPEN) for non-commercial exchange of plant material. Belgium ratified the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in 2007. The Interministerial Conference on the Environment confirmed in October 2011 that speedy ratification of the ABS Protocol is a high priority for Belgium.
Burkina Faso		The NBSAP addresses access and benefit-sharing through a multi-layered legal and institutional framework. Burkina Faso ratified the Nagoya Protocol on ABS on 30 October 2013, which defines conditions and modalities for access and benefit-sharing including traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ratified 5 December 2006) provides guidance for conservation, prospection, collection, characterisation, evaluation, and documentation of plant genetic resources, implemented in complementarity with the Nagoya Protocol. The 2015 Framework Law for Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral Activities commits the State to ensuring conservation, evaluation, and sustainable use of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. It stipulates that the State recognises, protects, and guarantees the inalienable rights of local communities regarding access to their traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, as well as the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising therefrom. The strategy includes a specific action for the promotion of digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources, involving the organisation of training and awareness sessions on sequencing and a study on the current state of DSI use. The monitoring-evaluation system draws on the information exchange centres of the Cartagena and Nagoya Protocols on ABS. The Benefit-sharing Fund of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources is listed among financing mechanisms available to the country.
Benin	Ensure fair and equitable sharing of genetic resources, guaranteeing the recognition of the rights of holders of these resources and the distribution of benefits arising from their use.	Access and benefit-sharing constitutes an entire strategic orientation (SO3) and dedicated programme (Programme 3) in the NBSAP. Strategic orientation 3 seeks to promote equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources in accordance with the Nagoya Protocol, as well as the valorisation of indigenous knowledge, integrating these principles into productive value chains (§74). Programme 3 comprises three specific objectives: SO3.1 strengthening the legal framework for access and benefit-sharing (updating ABS texts, procedures, and instruments including compliance); SO3.2 ensuring equitable sharing of benefits and valorisation of indigenous knowledge (traceable benefit-sharing mechanisms with standard contracts, registers, monitoring, plus participation and recognition mechanisms for indigenous knowledge); and SO3.3 strengthening capacities on digital sequence information (DSI), including protocols, training, and coordination (§83). The budgeted action plan allocates: ABS texts and procedures 1,100 million FCFA, benefit-sharing mechanisms 1,000 million FCFA, indigenous knowledge participation 1,500 million FCFA, and DSI capacities 1,000 million FCFA—totalling 4,600 million FCFA over 2026–2030 (§90). Performance indicators include: number of operational ABS procedures, ABS cases processed per year, value of benefits shared (financial and non-financial), ABS complaints registered and resolved per year, benefit-sharing agreements signed and monitored, community protocols recognised, and national protocols on DSI (§84). The baseline references adoption by the Council of Ministers of draft ABS directives in 2017 and reported insufficiency of legal protection measures for traditional knowledge. The monitoring framework includes national objective 9 on fair sharing of cultural resources and traditional knowledge, and national objective 13 specifically on fair sharing of genetic resources with indicators on agreements signed and permits granted (§127).
Brazil	Implement, monitor and operationalize, by 2030, Law No. 13,123/2015 through the adoption, implementation and enhancement of effective legal, policy, regulatory, administrative, systemic and capacity-building measures at all levels, to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and digital sequence information. This includes facilitating access to genetic heritage and ensuring appropriate access to associated traditional knowledge, with the free, prior and informed consent of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities. By 2030, progressively and significantly increase by at least 30 per cent the benefits shared from the economic exploitation of finished products and reproductive material, including those involving digital sequence information, ensuring traceability and the publication of aggregated data on access and benefit-sharing practices.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 13, committing to implement, monitor, and operationalise Law No. 13,123/2015 by 2030 through effective legal, policy, regulatory, administrative, systemic, and capacity-building measures at all levels. The target aims to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and digital sequence information, facilitate access to genetic heritage, and ensure appropriate access to associated traditional knowledge with free, prior, and informed consent of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities. A specific quantified commitment requires progressively and significantly increasing by at least 30 per cent the benefits shared from economic exploitation of finished products and reproductive material, including those involving digital sequence information, while ensuring traceability and publication of aggregated data on access and benefit-sharing practices. Strategic Objective C for 2050 envisions that monetary and non-monetary benefits from genetic resources, digital sequence information, and associated traditional knowledge are shared fairly and equitably and are substantially increased. Brazil's ABS framework is described as longstanding, with more than 30 years of experience and over 17,000 sociobiodiversity products registered in the National System for the Management of Genetic Heritage and Associated Traditional Knowledge (SisGen). The Cali Fund, established at COP16, is noted as a mechanism for benefit-sharing from digital sequence information, prioritising knowledge-holding Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities.
Bhutan	By 2030, increase the sharing of benefits from genetic resources, digital sequence information and traditional knowledge associated with biological resources	Bhutan's National Target 13 states: "By 2030, increase the sharing of benefits from genetic resources, digital sequence information and traditional knowledge associated with biological resources," aligned with KMGBF Target 13. The NBSAP reports that Bhutan has made significant progress since introducing its first ABS program in 2009: the Biodiversity Act of Bhutan 2022 was enacted, its Rules and Regulations adopted in 2023, a dedicated ABS Fund established, and 14 ABS agreements executed leading to 14 ABS products. The ABS target received the highest achievement score (93.8%) in the fourth NBSAP review. Two strategies are set out: strengthening the coordination mechanism for ABS to ensure fair benefit sharing and prevent misappropriation, and strengthening the repository of traditional knowledge. Actions include developing CEPA strategies on ABS, enforcing the Biodiversity Act 2022 and Rules and Regulations 2023, participating in regional and international ABS fora, upscaling bioprospecting and exploring branding and certification of bioprospecting-based products, establishing a Bhutan ABS Clearing House Mechanism, developing a strategy to make the ABS Fund innovative and sustainable, documenting traditional knowledge associated with biological resources and customary practices, and developing a strategy for protection and utilisation of traditional knowledge. The Access and Benefit Sharing Policy of Bhutan 2015 ensures equitable sharing in line with the Nagoya Protocol. Challenges include limited technical capacity, low public awareness on DSI, and weak product certification and market access systems.
Belarus	Ensuring the functioning of national mechanisms for regulating access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilisation, including on matters of monitoring the use of genetic resources (Nagoya Protocol) and ensuring biosafety (Cartagena Protocol).	The strategy's objective 13 is explicitly mapped to KMGBF Targets 13 and 17, committing to the functioning of national mechanisms for regulating access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilisation, including on matters of monitoring the use of genetic resources (Nagoya Protocol) and ensuring biosafety (Cartagena Protocol). Belarus acceded to the Nagoya Protocol pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 235 of 22 May 2014. The Law on the Management of Genetic Resources (No. 356-З) was adopted on 5 March 2024, providing the domestic legal framework. The state governance chapter describes existing mechanisms for state regulation of genetic resource management and associated traditional knowledge, as well as national clearing-house mechanisms for monitoring the use of genetic resources. The National Action Plan includes ensuring the granting of and modification of conditions for access to genetic resources (item 4, 2026–2030), assigned to the Ministry of Natural Resources and NAS of Belarus.
Canada		Canada is not a Party to the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) and does not have a comprehensive ABS policy or guidance document; there is no guidance on commercial bioprospecting. Canada implements the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the WHO Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework. The federal government engages in international ABS negotiations: enhancement of the ITPGRFA Multilateral System (AAFC); the Pandemic Agreement and International Health Regulations update (PHAC); operationalization of marine genetic resources and digital sequence information (DSI) provisions in the BBNJ Agreement (DFO); a new intellectual property and genetic resources disclosure instrument (ISED, GAC); and a new CBD multilateral mechanism for sharing benefits from DSI use (ECCC). Canada maintains ex situ collections including Plant Gene Resources Canada (AAFC), the National Tree Seed Centre (NRCan), Animal Genetic Resources of Canada (AAFC), Canadian Collections of Fungal Cultures (AAFC), and the Live Gene Bank for Inner Bay of Fundy Atlantic Salmon (DFO), with specimens imaged, sequenced, and made available in international databases. PHAC is scaling up genomic surveillance of pathogens with PT partners. Regarding Target 15c, Canada does not currently have measures for businesses to report on compliance with relevant ABS laws of other countries. The federal government commits to explore providing greater clarity to users and providers of genetic resources, sharing ABS best practices, identifying and assessing measures that could allow Canada to become a Party to the Nagoya Protocol, developing guidance on research and commercial bioprospecting, and enabling information sharing on benefit-sharing and compliance actions.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	13.1 By 2030, effective legal, policy, administrative and capacity-building measures are taken and implemented to guarantee a fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from appropriate access to and sustainable use of genetic resources, digital sequence information thereon, as well as associated traditional knowledge, with a view to promoting a significant increase in shared benefits in accordance with national legislation and applicable international agreements, notably the Nagoya Protocol, on access and benefit sharing. 13.2 By 2030, the value of biodiversity elements — micro-organisms, plants and animals — considered at the genetic, species and ecosystem/habitat levels, is significantly increased through national programmes and initiatives promoting their local and sustainable transformation, drawing on the inventory and exploitation of effective and sustainable traditional and industrial value-added techniques applicable to the national context, aiming to maximise economic, social and environmental benefits for populations, with a particular focus on local communities and vulnerable groups.	The DRC splits KMGBF Target 13 into two national objectives. Objective 13.1 commits to effective legal, policy, administrative and capacity-building measures ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits from access to genetic resources, digital sequence information (DSI), and associated traditional knowledge, in line with the Nagoya Protocol. Objective 13.2 commits to increasing the value of biodiversity elements — micro-organisms, plants and animals — through national programmes promoting local and sustainable transformation, drawing on traditional and industrial value-added techniques. The combined budget is approximately USD 20.5 million (USD 8 million for 13.1, USD 12.5 million for 13.2).
Republic of the Congo	Target 14/13: By 2030 at the latest, take and/or strengthen legal, political, administrative and capacity-building measures related to national and/or international benefit-sharing instruments arising from the use of genetic resources, traditional knowledge and digital sequence information derived from genetic resources.	National Target 14/13 commits by 2030 to take and/or strengthen legal, political, administrative and capacity-building measures related to national and/or international benefit-sharing instruments arising from the use of genetic resources, traditional knowledge and digital sequence information (DSI) derived from genetic resources. Result A2O14R14 (also appearing in the logframe as A3O15R1 — 'Legal instruments for benefit-sharing arising from the utilisation of genetic resources and traditional knowledge are adopted by the Government') contains five actions: designation of the various checkpoints for genetic resources (15 million FCFA); designation of the national competent authority for the issuance of permits for access to genetic resources (2025, pro memoria); status review / inventory of genetic resources and traditional knowledge (2025, 100 million FCFA); strengthening of CLPA/IPLC capacities in the conservation of traditional knowledge (2028, 100 million FCFA); and development of legal, political and administrative measures in favour of benefit-sharing derived from genetic resources (2026, 50 million FCFA). Indicators include number of genetic resource checkpoints, permits issued per year, designation text of the national competent authority, multi-resource inventories, reports of IPLC training workshops, legislative/administrative/political frameworks designed to ensure fair and equitable benefit-sharing, and a document on traditional knowledge published together with a report on the practice of digital sequencing. The target text explicitly includes DSI — aligning the NBSAP with the Cali Fund mechanism listed in Chapter 8 for redistribution of species-sequencing revenues. This result sits under Strategic Axis C: 'Share, in particular with CLPAs, in a fair and equitable manner, the monetary and non-monetary benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources and digital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources.' Responsible bodies include ministries for the environment, sustainable development, scientific research, the interior, justice and human rights, forests, higher education, culture, and the Inter-ministerial Secretariat for State action at sea and in inland waters.
Switzerland		The NBSAP addresses benefit-sharing from genetic resources under SBS Objectives 4 and 9. Switzerland ratified the Nagoya Protocol on 11 July 2014. Implementation required the introduction of new provisions in the Federal Act on the Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage (Articles 23n to 23q, Article 24h para. 3, and Article 25d NCHA). The Nagoya Ordinance, which entered into force on 1 February 2016, gives concrete form to these provisions. The action plan notes that the CBD and its protocols (Cartagena and Nagoya) govern access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilisation. Switzerland advocated for fair regulation of Digital Sequence Information (DSI) during the GBF negotiations and continues this commitment within the framework of ongoing CBD work on the topic. Measure M9 (Genetic diversity) contributes to Target 13. The national ex situ plan sets out guidelines for achieving international and national objectives in ex situ maintenance of genetic resources and must be implemented to achieve Objective 4 of the Biodiversity Strategy. Better coordination and prioritisation of ex situ conservation measures are among the measure's objectives.
Côte d'Ivoire	By 2020, access to genetic resources, knowledge, and practices of interest for biological diversity is governed by mechanisms ensuring the sharing of benefits arising therefrom.	The NBSAP dedicates Objective 17 to governing access to genetic resources, knowledge, and practices by mechanisms ensuring benefit-sharing. The strategy identifies ABS as the third objective of the CBD and states that Côte d'Ivoire has unreservedly acceded to the Nagoya Protocol. It calls for establishing regulations, administrative and technical procedures for transparency benefiting both suppliers and users of genetic resources. A key operational objective is the recognition and protection of traditional knowledge and practices. The strategy commits to identifying traditional knowledge contributing to conservation and sustainable use, and to developing legislative and regulatory texts to protect the rights of holders. This commitment appears both under Objective 17 and in the context of protected area management, where ritual leaders and traditional authorities are to retain governance roles. The strategy also commits to establishing a national ABS clearing-house under Article 14 of the Nagoya Protocol, to be set up once practical operating modalities are determined by the Conference of the Parties. The clearing-house is described as essential for legal certainty and transparency and for raising awareness about genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. The diversification of organism valorisation is linked to ABS, with the strategy noting that the rights of local communities concerning traditional knowledge deserve special protection through a system for controlling access and sharing benefits.
Chile	III.28: By 2026, the national discussion on access and sharing of benefits derived from the use of genetic resources will have been initiated in order to have a proposal for a legal framework. III.29: By 2030, the Nagoya Protocol will have been ratified and its implementation will have begun. III.30: Traditional knowledge that contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity is promoted, and its integration into management instruments is evaluated [by 2030].	The NBSAP dedicates Objective III to fair and equitable benefit-sharing from genetic resources and sets out a phased roadmap. National target III.28 states that by 2026 the national discussion on access and sharing of benefits derived from the use of genetic resources will have been initiated, with the aim of producing a proposal for a legal framework. National target III.29 commits that by 2030 Chile will have ratified the Nagoya Protocol and begun its implementation. National target III.30 provides that traditional knowledge contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity is promoted, and its integration into management instruments is evaluated, by 2030. The strategy notes that COP 16 adopted modalities for a multilateral mechanism on digital sequence information (DSI), including a global fund. The Agri-food Sustainability Strategy is listed as a linked instrument.
Cameroon		The NBSAP devotes extensive attention to access and benefit-sharing, anchored by a dedicated institutional framework and multiple action plan objectives. The National ABS Committee (Comite national APA), established by Order No. 111/PM of 06 October 2023 under MINEPDED, serves as the advisory body responsible for issuing opinions on access to genetic resources, their derivatives, and associated traditional knowledge; liaising with the Nagoya Protocol and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture; providing technical guidance on the negotiation of Mutually Agreed Terms in accordance with Prior Informed Consent; and maintaining an updated information system on genetic resource utilisation. The committee examines and issues binding technical opinions on files submitted by the Competent National Authority. The action plan translates ABS into four national objectives. Objective 9 addresses the promotion, strengthening, and valorisation of research programmes, genetic information, and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources. It sets targets for increasing national research programmes on genetic resources from approximately 12 to at least 30, expanding ABS permit applications from approximately 10 to at least 40 per year, creating at least 5 formalised ABS researcher networks, encouraging at least 80 national enterprises/SMEs to invest in the valorisation of genetic resources and traditional knowledge under ABS (with at least 40% managed by women), and establishing a national traceability and accounting system for monetary and non-monetary resources derived from genetic resource use. Action 9.3 targets training at least 1,500 persons and strengthening at least 120 institutions on ABS legal, technical, and operational frameworks, along with integrating ABS into the curricula of approximately 8 universities and at least 100 secondary establishments. Action 9.4 aims to strengthen the issuance of access documents (PIC, MAT, Access Declarations, ABS Permits) to at least 60 per year and to adopt or revise at least 8 legal/policy/regulatory texts relating to ABS. Objective 18 establishes control structures to operationalise the national ABS legal framework, including the development of a functional ABS checkpoint system integrating clearing-houses, research centres, scientific publication structures, standardisation bodies, and product certification authorities. The baseline of 45 internationally recognised compliance certificates published in the ABS Clearing-House is to be expanded to an operational national ABS register linked to the ABSCH with 100% of certificates published, operational by 2030. Objective 27 promotes the mobilisation and sharing of resources from the ABS process. It targets increasing financial and non-financial resources shared with local populations under ABS agreements from approximately 300-800 million FCFA/year to at least 1.5 billion FCFA/year, training at least 1,500 stakeholders in ABS negotiation and benefit management, and establishing a public register of ABS agreements with at least 90% of agreements published. The capacity building plan references training sectoral stakeholders in access and benefit-sharing. The Gender Action Plan recognises women's specific knowledge in non-timber forest products, medicinal plants, agro-biodiversity, and the transmission of traditional knowledge.
China	Benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources and DSI (digital sequence information) and associated traditional knowledge shall be shared fairly and equitably.	The NBSAP provides extensive coverage of access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing (ABS), with two dedicated Priority Actions (19 and 20) and additional regulatory measures. The 2030 strategic objectives explicitly state that benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources and DSI (digital sequence information) and associated traditional knowledge shall be shared fairly and equitably. Priority Action 19 calls for establishing a management system for ABS, strengthening management and supervision of collection, preservation, and utilisation of biological genetic resources, and improving accountability systems for access, utilisation, and import/export. A catalogue of biological genetic resources subject to key regulatory oversight is to be compiled, and measures for declaration and registration of important biological genetic resources are to be formulated. Pilot projects on benefit-sharing are to be carried out in Hunan, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, and other regions. The plan commits to researching and drafting the Regulation on Access to Biological Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing, defining management provisions for key processes including collection, utilisation, benefit-sharing, and import/export. Enterprise-level demonstration projects are specified to explore mechanisms and compile model cooperation agreements. Priority Action 20 addresses traditional knowledge through surveys, cataloguing, emergency protection, and establishment of a registration system. Regulations on the protection of traditional Chinese medicine traditional knowledge are to be formulated. Integration with intangible cultural heritage systems and geographical indication product status is specified. By 2030, the system for access, utilisation, and benefit-sharing from biological genetic resources is to be fundamentally established.
Czechia		Action Objective 9.3 directly addresses participation in international activities and information systems in the field of conservation and utilisation of genetic resources. The Strategy commits to implementing international treaties and commitments arising from the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Nagoya Protocol, Regulation (EU) No. 511/2014, and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1866. It also commits to the protection and sustainable use of plant genetic resources important for food and agriculture and fair and equitable sharing of benefits under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) through Standard Material Transfer Agreements (SMTA). Specific measures include supporting international ex situ conservation of rare gene pool items on the basis of reciprocity (Measure 9.3.1, deadline 2030, Ministry of Agriculture), and ensuring that users of genetic resources and digital sequence information (DSI/GSD) in the Czech Republic are informed about their obligations in the area of access and benefit sharing under Act No. 93/2018 Coll. (Measure 9.3.2, ongoing). The Czech Republic's involvement in EU research infrastructures related to genetic resources, such as the European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), is also committed to.
Germany	Up to and beyond 2030, Germany will actively advocate for efficient national rules to be established worldwide for easier access to genetic resources and for making available, sharing and providing open access to digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources. Germany also continues to push for implementation of the CBD multilateral mechanism for equitable benefit-sharing from the use of DSI on genetic resources.	The NBS 2030 addresses access and benefit-sharing through Target 20.4 and related targets. Germany commits to actively advocating for efficient national rules worldwide for easier access to genetic resources and for making available, sharing, and providing open access to digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources. Germany continues to push for implementation of the CBD multilateral mechanism for equitable benefit-sharing from the use of DSI. At the national level, Germany is working to ensure that users and providers of genetic resources know the requirements of the CBD, other relevant international ABS instruments, and national transposition legislation, and is developing measures to motivate DSI users to share benefits fairly and to support DSI provision. The strategy sets out specific advocacy positions: further developing existing ABS instruments toward efficient, standardised, multilateral, and simplified solutions; creating legal certainty for providers and users; avoiding duplicate benefit-sharing requirements from different ABS instruments; creating incentives for the private sector to contribute to the Cali Fund; and preventing hierarchy between instruments while ensuring mutually supportive implementation. The German government advocates internationally for the national-level mechanism not to entail taxes or charges. Target 20.5 commits Germany to continuing to fulfil its obligations under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the requirements of its Implementation Plan and Capacity-building Action Plan adopted at COP-MOP 10 in 2022. Germany signed the Cartagena Protocol in May 2000 and ratified it via the Cartagena Protocol Act in November 2003.
Denmark		Denmark addresses benefit-sharing from genetic resources through implementation of the Nagoya Protocol, which it has ratified. In the EU, the ABS (Access and Benefit Sharing) Regulation implements the Nagoya Protocol, ensuring that benefits from the exploitation of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge are shared equitably and fairly. Exploitation is to be based on prior consent and a private-law agreement on benefits between the recipient and the supplier of genetic resources. Denmark has also implemented the Nagoya Protocol domestically through the 2012 Act on the Division of Gains from Genetic Resources. The Nagoya Protocol grants any country sovereign rights to genetic resources within national jurisdiction, and it is up to the parties to specify conditions for access. The NBSAP notes that this target is relevant when companies extract genetic resources in developing countries or in areas populated by indigenous peoples. Annex 2 links "Companies and genetic resources" to Target 13.
Egypt	By 2027, take relevant actions and measures, including the issuance of national legislation for access to genetic resources, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, digital sequence information, and associated traditional knowledge	The NBSAP sets a national target of taking measures by 2027, including issuance of national legislation on access to genetic resources and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use, digital sequence information, and associated traditional knowledge. Egypt is cited as a party to the Nagoya Protocol, the international instrument under the CBD that regulates access and benefit-sharing. Implementation steps include: establishing seed and organism gene banks to preserve local genetic resources of threatened species; protecting wild and local species with unique genetic characteristics; supporting research using genetic resources sustainably across agriculture, medicine, and industry; clear agreements with local communities ensuring their share of products or profits; developing climate-resilient crop varieties; and reviving local plant and animal varieties. The NBSAP commits to protecting intellectual property rights associated with genetic resources and preserving traditional knowledge used in folk medicine, agriculture, and handicrafts. Benefit-sharing is articulated in both financial (profit shares, fees) and non-financial (technology transfer, capacity building, scientific information exchange) forms. Challenges cited include unlawful access to genetic resources, lack of legal awareness among local communities, overexploitation, and weak existing legislation. Future actions include establishing clear mechanisms consistent with international and domestic law, awareness and capacity building targeting local communities and researchers, and strengthened international cooperation.
Eritrea	Target 8: By 2030, fair and equitable access and benefits of sharing (ABS) that arise from the utilization of genetic resources, traditional knowledge and digital sequence information (DSI) facilitated and increased in accordance with applicable national legislation and international access and benefit-sharing instruments to genetic resources and assess the risks of biotechnology products.	Eritrea's National Target 8 commits to facilitating and increasing fair and equitable access and benefit-sharing arising from the utilization of genetic resources, traditional knowledge, and digital sequence information by 2030, with a total budget of USD 715,000. Eritrea acceded to the Nagoya Protocol on 11 June 2019. In 2024, the DoE prepared a working document assessing the capacity, agencies, national policy, laws, challenges, and opportunities relating to ABS. The NBSAP notes that apart from limited germplasm exchanges for research purposes and traditional medicinal plant use, no notable genetic resources have been shared from Eritrea. The Land Reform Proclamation No. 58/1994 declares all land state-owned with citizen usufruct rights; the Forest Conservation and Development Proclamation 155/2006 guarantees tree tenure rights for planters, though implementation guidelines are pending. The NBSAP identifies a knowledge gap on traditional knowledge across different communities, particularly concerning ethnobotany and medicinal plants, describing the need as "urgent" and the gap as "dire." Little or no work has been done on digital sequence information (DSI) or genotyping in Eritrea. The action plan includes conducting an ethnobotanical and indigenous knowledge survey (Action 8.1.1, 2027-2028, USD 75,000), compiling a national list of medicinal plants and knowledgeable persons (Action 8.1.2, 2029-2030), conducting workshops on the Nagoya Protocol and International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Action 8.2.1), establishing community-based seed banks (Action 8.3.2, 2027-2029, USD 70,000), developing a national ABS framework (Action 8.5.1, 2027), and endorsing and implementing the framework (Action 8.5.2, 2028-2030).
Spain		The NBSAP commits to adopting the State Plan for the control of the legality of the use of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge in Spain before 2023, in accordance with Royal Decree 124/2017 of 24 February concerning access to genetic resources from wild taxa and the control of their use. This measure aims to reduce the risk of use throughout national territory of genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources obtained illegally, both in Spain and in third countries that are Parties to the Nagoya Protocol.
Gabon	Increase the sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources, digital sequence information and traditional knowledge	Gabon's National Target 13 aims to increase the sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources, digital sequence information, and traditional knowledge. The strategic action is capacity-building and technology transfer, with indicators of the number of persons trained, equipment acquired, and at least 2 training sessions. The responsible stakeholders are MEEC and the Ministry of Scientific Research (MRS). The NBSAP's Goal C explicitly commits to sharing fairly and equitably the monetary and non-monetary benefits from the utilisation of genetic resources and digital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources. Gabon is party to the Convention on Biological Diversity and its protocols, including specifically the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing. The international framework also includes the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (TIRPA). The guiding principles include promoting traditional knowledge, innovations, and practices while strengthening the national scientific base. The monitoring and evaluation system will feed the ABS Clearing-House (ABS-CH) of the Nagoya Protocol. The NBSAP also notes erosion of cultivated varietal diversity, with certain traditional cassava, plantain, and yam varieties progressively disappearing due to the introduction of improved varieties and loss of associated traditional knowledge.
United Kingdom	The UK will take effective legal, policy, administrative and capacitybuilding measures at all levels, as appropriate, to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits that arise from the utilisation of genetic resources and from digital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, and facilitating appropriate access to genetic resources, and by 2030, facilitating a significant increase of the benefits shared, in accordance with applicable international access and benefit-sharing instruments.	The NBSAP sets UK target 13, committing to take effective legal, policy, administrative and capacity-building measures to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources and from digital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources. The target also commits to facilitating appropriate access to genetic resources, and by 2030 facilitating a significant increase of the benefits shared, in accordance with applicable international access and benefit-sharing instruments.
Equatorial Guinea	By 2030, update, implement and disseminate the National Strategy on Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS), as well as the regulatory and procedural framework relating to the modalities of access to genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge.	National Target 13 commits, by 2030, to strengthen the institutional, legal and operational framework of Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) in Equatorial Guinea, ensuring effective mechanisms for regulated access to genetic resources and fair and equitable sharing of monetary and non-monetary benefits arising from their utilisation, including those associated with research, biotechnology, bioprospecting and use of digital sequence information. Implementation conditions include drafting, approval and implementation of a National Law on Access and Benefit-Sharing; creation and operationalisation of the National ABS Committee / National ABS Office as competent authority; promotion of scientific research and bioprospecting with increased investment, infrastructure and capacities in biotechnology and biosafety; and awareness-raising and training on genetic resources, associated traditional knowledge and fair sharing of benefits. A feasibility and profitability study on biotechnology for ABS is budgeted at USD 1,000,000. Degree of alignment is HIGH for legal and strategic coherence with CBD and the Nagoya Protocol and MEDIUM for institutional and financial strengthening.
Hungary		The NBSAP identifies Objective 11 as conserving and ensuring access to genetic resources and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from their use. The status assessment provides extensive detail on Hungary's gene conservation infrastructure. The Gene conservation strategy, approved by Government Resolution 1049/2018 (II. 20.), was launched in 2019 and provides development and support for gene conservation institutions for five years. The National Centre for Biodiversity and Gene Conservation (NCBGC) coordinates gene conservation nationally through two pillars: the Plant Genetic Resources Institute (PGRI) at Tápiószele, which holds nearly 133,000 gene bank samples representing 57,003 unique items and is the 17th largest gene bank in the world and 8th in Europe; and the Institute for Farm Animal Conservation (IFAC) at Gödöllő, which manages 14 poultry breeds and the Hungarian giant rabbit as in vivo and in vitro national gene bank, with DNA bank expanding to include around 11,200 samples. Additional gene conservation actors include national park directorates (maintaining traditional livestock breeds), national stud farms, higher education institutions, breeding associations, ministerial background institutes, and NGOs. Currently, 68 fruit and 13 vegetable landraces are officially recognised in the National Register of Varieties.
Indonesia	National Target 12 (TN 12): Sustainable use and fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilization of genetic resources and traditional knowledge.	Strategy 2.4 (Sustainable Management of Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge) and National Target 12 (TN 12) operationalise the Nagoya Protocol, which Indonesia ratified through Law Number 11 of 2013. The NBSAP frames Digital Sequence Information (DSI) as an emerging cross-cutting issue following CBD COP 15 Decision 15/9 on a multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism (negotiations ongoing), and notes that DSI from Kenya has been used by 79 countries and DSI from Brazil by 111 countries. Complementary instruments include Government Regulation Number 14 of 2004 on Plant Variety Protection transfers, Government Regulation Number 48 of 2011 on Animal Genetic Resources and Livestock Breeding, Presidential Regulation Number 1 of 2021 on Microorganism Management, Government Regulation Number 56 of 2022 on Communal Intellectual Property (KIK), and Presidential Regulation Number 54 of 2023 on the Development and Utilisation of Herbal Medicine. TN 12 is measured by two indicators (both flagged as in development): number of joint agreement documents on access to and benefit-sharing (ABS) of genetic resources and/or traditional knowledge, and economic value derived from their utilisation including ABS. It is delivered through five action groups with lead entities KLH/BPLH, Kemenhut, KKP, Kementan, BRIN, Kemenkeu, BSN and private and non-state actors. The regulatory reform agenda (§190) explicitly lists completion of laws on genetic resources, DSI, and traditional knowledge for fair and balanced benefit-sharing as a priority gap.
India	Take effective legal, policy, administrative and capacity building measures at all levels to ensure and increase the fair and equitable sharing of benefits that arise from the utilisation of biological/genetic resources and digital sequence information as well as traditional knowledge, facilitating appropriate access and benefit-sharing from the utilisation of biological resources, and information as well as traditional knowledge instruments.	India's NBSAP commits to taking effective legal, policy, administrative, and capacity-building measures to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilisation of biological/genetic resources, digital sequence information, and traditional knowledge. The headline indicators are monetary benefits received in accordance with applicable Access and Benefit-sharing instruments (C.1) and non-monetary benefits arising from applicable ABS instruments (C.2), with component indicators on the total number of internationally recognised certificates published in the ABS Clearing-House. Nine national indicators are tracked: trends in intellectual property proposals (13.1); trends in cases seeking National Biodiversity Authority approval for transfer of research results to foreign nations, companies, or Non-Resident Indians for commercial purposes (13.2); trends in cases seeking third-party transfer for commercial utilisation (13.3); trends in cases seeking prior approval for accession of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge (13.4); trends in accessions in repositories and gene banks (13.5); trends in Genome Saviour Awards to communities and individuals (13.6); number of Benefit Sharing Agreements with stakeholders and BMCs (13.7); number of Certificates of Origin issued by BMCs to industries and traders (13.8); and number of MoUs signed between SBBs/BMCs and industries/traders (13.9). Lead agencies include the National Biodiversity Authority, State Biodiversity Boards, Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks, and the ICAR national bureaux for genetic resources.
Iran	Take effective legal, policy, administrative, and capacity-building measures to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilization of genetic resources and digital sequence information on genetic resources, and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources. Facilitate appropriate access to genetic resources and significantly increase benefits shared by 2030, in line with applicable international access and benefit-sharing instruments.	NT-13 commits to taking effective legal, policy, administrative, and capacity-building measures to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilisation of genetic resources, digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources, and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, and to facilitate appropriate access and significantly increase benefits shared by 2030. The National Goal-C header further specifies benefiting fairly from monetary and non-monetary facilities derived from DSI and traditional knowledge until 2050, with proper protection of traditional knowledge leading to the protection and sustainable use of biodiversity in line with internationally agreed access and benefit-sharing mechanisms. Four actions under NT-13 include focusing on capacity building and implementation of national laws on genetic resource exploitation, improving management and development of national genetic resource banks emphasising traditional knowledge and private sector involvement, and actively engaging in regional and international opportunities for sustainable and equitable exploitation of genetic resources and DSI. The NBSAP devotes multiple sections to DSI governance. It describes the current legal framework (broader data protection and cybersecurity laws, with no specific DSI law), research and development activities across universities and AREEO, data sharing through national biodiversity databases, and international cooperation including participation in GBIF. Challenges identified include technical capacity, data privacy and security, intellectual property rights, and capacity building. The NT-15 actions section adds further DSI measures: developing specific DSI data management standards, policies for DSI data ownership, promoting fair benefit-sharing through agreements or royalty payments, establishing IPR dispute resolution mechanisms, and creating secure national data repositories for DSI.
Iceland		The NBSAP addresses genetic resources through Guiding Principle B3. It notes that Iceland has not developed a general legal framework and regulations on the utilisation of genetic resources but has established a legal framework on genetically modified organisms. The policy commits to creating a clearer regulatory framework around the conservation of genetic diversity and the utilisation of genetic resources, and to assessing Iceland's position with respect to the Nagoya Protocol on access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. The Agricultural Genetics Committee's national plan for 2024–2028 covers the conservation of genetic diversity and sustainable utilisation of genetic resources, including Icelandic crop plants, forests, livestock and freshwater fish. Icelandic livestock breeds are noted as having considerable uniqueness, having changed little since the settlement period. Consultation comments proposed setting clear rules on the use of genetic resources and implementing the Nagoya Protocol. The Environment and Energy Agency is involved in granting permits for the utilisation of hot spring microorganisms.
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030	Action-oriented target 2-5: Strengthen access and benefit-sharing under the Nagoya Protocol and enhance conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources.	Action-oriented target 2-5 addresses access and benefit-sharing (ABS) through Japan's implementation of the Nagoya Protocol to the CBD. The Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources for Users in Japan (ABS Guidelines) came into effect in 2017 under the jurisdiction of MOE, MEXT, MHLW, MAFF, and METI. User compliance is monitored through notifications to MOE upon receipt of foreign genetic resources. The National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE) operates the Japan Bioresource Project and supports ABS-compliant access through bilateral agreements with provider countries. The government will continue to participate in negotiations on Digital Sequence Information (DSI) under the CBD and is supporting research and awareness-raising on DSI benefit-sharing. Traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources is addressed through documentation and protection under the Intangible Cultural Heritage framework and the Ainu Policy Promotion Act, with attention to the Ainu as the Indigenous people of Hokkaido.
Lebanon	NT 15: By 2030, the Lebanese Government reviews, updates, reinforces, and takes effective legal, policy, administrative and capacity-building measures at all levels, as appropriate, to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits that arise from the utilization of genetic resources and digital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources. This also includes facilitating appropriate access to genetic resources. By 2030, facilitating a significant increase of the benefits shared, in accordance with applicable international access and benefit-sharing instruments.	Two linked National Targets address benefit-sharing. National Target 14 commits that by 2030 traditional knowledge, uses and practices of local communities relevant to biodiversity and sustainable use are collected, evaluated, documented, preserved and shared based on free, prior and informed consent in accordance with national legislation. National Actions include conducting surveys to gather traditional knowledge (NA 14.1), documenting and archiving it and integrating it into education and community events (NA 14.2), raising awareness and building capacities to preserve local and traditional practices (NA 14.3), and ensuring resources to revive and sustain the Clearing-House Mechanism for sharing traditional knowledge (NA 14.4). National Target 15 commits the Lebanese Government to review, update, reinforce and implement legal, policy, administrative and capacity-building measures to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources and digital sequence information, as well as associated traditional knowledge, and to facilitate appropriate access to genetic resources and a significant increase in benefits shared in line with international instruments. Indicators include the number of internationally recognised certificates in the ABS Clearing-House, transfers under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Multilateral System (LARI, baseline December 2022), Headline Indicators C.1 and C.2 on monetary and non-monetary benefits received by Indigenous peoples and local communities, a national database of genetic resources from native species and its size, and a genetic-research indicator. National Actions include awareness-raising and capacity-building for law-enforcement personnel (forest guards, PA rangers, customs, municipal police) on ABS legislation (NA 15.1); specific capacity-building programmes and awareness campaigns on ABS and DSI (NA 15.2); developing a national database of genetic resources from native species; and conducting advanced research on genetics of native species including sequencing and barcoding (NA 15.5).
Lesotho	By 2030, appropriate legislation and policy instruments are in place for the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources, Traditional knowledge and Digital Sequence Information	Lesotho's National Target 12 commits to having appropriate legislation and policy instruments in place by 2030 for the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Digital Sequence Information. The total budget is USD 4,375,420, constituting the entirety of Goal C. The baseline notes that an ABS Project is currently operational, aimed at developing institutional, structural and legal frameworks on the Nagoya Protocol and providing capacity building. An IP Policy is being developed by the Law Office. A project on 'Promoting Conservation, Sustainable Utilization, and Fair and Equitable Benefit-Sharing from Lesotho's Medicinal Plants for Improved Livelihoods' is being implemented. The IKS Policy has been developed, and the Research and Innovation Policy has been produced by MICSTI. Strategic Initiative 12.1 includes four actions: developing/reviewing legislative, administrative and policy frameworks on ABS including national ABS policy, Traditional Knowledge Policy on biodiversity conservation, ABS legislation, IPR legislation review, administrative guidelines and community bylaws (USD 313,000, 2026/28); capacitating the National Focal Point and Competent National Authorities on Nagoya Protocol implementation including creating model ABS agreements (USD 882,360, 2026/30); sensitising and training CBOs, CSOs, local authorities, communities and marginalised groups on ABS, with prior informed consent obtained (USD 1,530,000, 2026/30); and facilitating equitable and fair sharing of benefits between providers and users through ABS agreements, permits, and mutually agreed terms (USD 1,650,060, 2026/30).
Libya	By 2030, update existing procedures and national legislation to ensure the effective operation of the Biosafety Protocol (Cartagena Protocol) and the Protocol on the Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Genetic Resources (Nagoya Protocol), as well as the documentation of traditional knowledge on the uses of natural and genetic resources.	The NBSAP directly addresses access and benefit-sharing through national Target 13 with a USD 8 million budget. The target commits to updating procedures and national legislation to operationalise both the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Nagoya Protocol on equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources, as well as documenting traditional knowledge on natural and genetic resource uses. Four priorities are specified: establishing a National Biosafety Committee for Genetic Mutation Products to develop methodologies for tracking genetically modified products and determining fees for approvals; establishing a national register for reference laboratories in biosafety and biotechnology, including registration of licences for intentional release into the environment; establishing a national committee to regulate access to biological resources and heritage knowledge and share resulting benefits; and developing national mechanisms and databases for documenting access requests, concluding benefit-sharing agreements (preserving state and community rights), and maintaining an inventory of national biodiversity and publicly available traditional knowledge without prejudice to intellectual property rights.
Madagascar		Target 13 (ABS) is allocated USD 1,981,648 (4.20% of Programme 2). The briefing provides a costed action breakdown: effective governance and management of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge (USD 893,804) to strengthen the ABS framework, improve its application and ensure sustainable and legally compliant exploitation of genetic resources and traditional knowledge; development of national capacities for ABS implementation (USD 739,362) to train and equip communities, knowledge holders, researchers, the private sector and institutions for equitable benefit-sharing and consistent application of the ABS mechanism; and monitoring, surveillance and knowledge management on ABS implementation (USD 348,482) to establish a national monitoring system, document practices, ensure transparency and strengthen governance through local and national committees. The data sub-section establishes a national system for technical monitoring and information capitalisation to document ABS applications and permits, benefit-sharing and associated traditional knowledge, with centralised data accessible to stakeholders. Capacity-building trains communities and traditional-knowledge holders to negotiate benefits, and trains local and sectoral authorities in legal procedures. Dedicated financing mechanisms and special funds at local and national level guarantee equitable redistribution of monetary and non-monetary benefits from genetic-resource use, support community actions and promote local innovation. The 2015-2025 NBSAPs review reports advances in implementation of access and benefit-sharing principles, with more involvement of local communities in governance of biological resources.
Marshall Islands		Sub-target 2.13 addresses governance of genetic resources, DSI, and traditional knowledge, delivered through the Nagoya framework and CHPO guidance at the MEA pathway level. Headline indicators C.1 (Monetary Benefits) and C.2 (Non-Monetary Benefits) track benefit-sharing from genetic resources and DSI, with MoFBPS and RMI EPA as data leads for monetary benefits, and RMI EPA and CHPO for non-monetary benefits. Binary indicator 13.B (Genetic Resources) tracks legal, policy, and capacity-building measures for fair and equitable sharing. The NBSAP contains detailed actions on ABS governance. OPC or MoFAT is to formally designate RMI EPA as the Competent National Authority for the Nagoya Protocol (Action 6a). RMI EPA is to submit the 1st National Report to the ABS Clearing-House by February 28, 2026 (Action 6b). RMI EPA is to maintain engagement with CBD processes on Digital Sequence Information and the Cali Fund, including through an atoll-based expert on the AHTEG on DSI, to help ensure allocation methodologies reflect atoll-based and large ocean-state countries (Action 6c). The NBSAP also calls for strengthening national institutional readiness for ABS implementation, including integration of traditional knowledge governance (Action 5.vii). Action 121 establishes a program to strengthen awareness regarding genetic research and DSI derived from RMI biodiversity. Sub-actions include engaging with academic researchers conducting genetic studies (such as coral genotyping for the Super Reef project), encouraging INSDC database deposition, reviewing publicly available INSDC records referencing RMI, engaging in regional PSIDS dialogue on DSI, and developing national guidance on genetic resource research and DSI over time. RMI EPA is also to access the Cali Fund for DSI (Action 95).
Malta		Action 4.5 commits to regulating access to national genetic resources through the National Regime on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS). Action 19.4 supports efforts to preserve and transfer traditional knowledge, such as agricultural and fishing practices, ethnobotanical and agrobiodiversity knowledge, through sponsorships and other forms of collaboration.
Malaysia	By 2030, Malaysia has enhanced its capacity to implement the Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) framework to realise the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilisation	Malaysia's NPBD Target 14 commits that "by 2030, Malaysia has enhanced its capacity to implement the Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) framework to realise the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilisation." The policy notes Malaysia has already institutionalised its ABS Framework through gazettement of the Access to Biological Resources and Benefit Sharing Act 2017, in line with the Nagoya Protocol, and that digital sequence information (DSI) is included within ABS scope. Target 14 has two actions. Action 14.1 (awareness and capacities to implement ABS) commits to strengthen institutional and legal capacities to enforce and operationalise the ABS framework at the state level; increase awareness and knowledge of ABS among users and providers through targeted outreach, training modules, and digital tools; strengthen literacy of IPLCs on rights to traditional knowledge to facilitate ABS implementation; and establish effective communication channels between regulating agencies and rights-holders. Action 14.2 (document and protect traditional knowledge) commits to enhance documentation of traditional knowledge, innovations, and practices of IPLCs; recognise and support customary laws, community protocols, procedures, and other similar systems; and integrate traditional knowledge associated with the utilisation of biological resources into the National Clearing-House Mechanism (CHM). Prior Informed Consent (PIC) is explicitly named as a requirement where traditional knowledge is used. A Key Indicator commits that by 2030, public awareness levels on ABS have increased compared to 2024 levels. The Ministry in charge of biodiversity and forestry is the lead, with Ministry of Science and Technology, MBC, JPSM, DWNP, FRIM, JAKOA, MAQIS, MyIPO, state focal points, state biodiversity agencies, IPTA/IPTS, CSOs/NGOs, and the private sector as partners.
Namibia		Strategic Goal 3 is dedicated to equitable access and sharing of benefits from biodiversity, organised under Thematic Pillar 3.1 on regulating access to genetic resources, benefit-sharing and traditional knowledge. Delivery is through two programmes: Programme 1 — Strengthening ABS Governance and Institutional Implementation, and a paired capacity-building programme. Implementation prioritises full operationalisation of the Access to Biological and Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge Act, No. 2 of 2017, and strengthening of the Competent National Authority (ABS Office) within MEFT. The approach covers institutional mandates, coordination, administration of access permits, prior informed consent (PIC) procedures, Material Transfer Agreements (MTAs) and benefit-sharing agreements. Emerging international developments relating to digital sequence information (DSI) are to be tracked. NBSAP 2 review notes limited ABS implementation to date and low awareness at local and sectoral levels, despite Namibia holding significant genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge with potential in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and biotechnology. Capacity development is structured across national, regional and local levels, including empowering IPLCs and traditional authorities to exercise PIC rights and negotiate mutually agreed terms (MAT). The Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) Council is identified as a collaboration partner to align ABS awareness with the IKS policy.
Nigeria	By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the fair and equitable sharing of Benefits Arising from their utilization is acceded to and its implementation through a national regime on ABS commenced.	National Goal 4 commits to formulating and implementing policies on sharing of benefits derived from biodiversity resources, balancing conservation and sustainable use, and establishing mechanisms at the three tiers of government to address conflicts on biological resource use. National Target 11 states: "By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the fair and equitable sharing of Benefits Arising from their utilization is acceded to and its implementation through a national regime on ABS commenced." Five actions are specified: accede to the ABS Protocol (Action 11.1, FDF, 2015–2020); develop a national ABS framework of legislation (Action 11.2, FDF, 2015–2020); designate appropriate structures of protected areas for sustainable harvesting of non-timber products by local people, to ensure benefits and guarantee protection of resources (Action 11.3, NPS, 2015–2020); develop and implement policy guidelines for bio-prospecting, access, benefit sharing, and associated traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights (Action 11.4, FDF, 2015–2020); and develop and implement sub-national ABS regimes at state and local government levels (Action 11.5, State Governments, 2015–2020). The monitoring matrix tracks accession to the Nagoya Protocol (target: 1, by 2016), adoption of a national ABS legislative framework (target: 100%, by 2017), and initiation of 36 sub-national BSAPs.
Netherlands		The NBSAP devotes a dedicated chapter to benefit-sharing from genetic resources, Digital Sequence Information (DSI), and associated traditional knowledge. The framework rests on the Nagoya Protocol, which the Netherlands ratified and implemented through the Nagoya Protocol Implementation Act (Wet Implementatie Nagoya Protocol), which entered into force on 23 April 2016. Compliance with the protocol is governed at the EU level by the EU ABS Regulation (Regulation 511/2014) and its Implementing Regulation (2015/1866), and at the national level by the Nagoya Protocol Implementation Act and related ministerial regulations. The Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) supervises compliance, and breaches of due diligence requirements are classified as economic offences. The policy memorandum 'Sources of Our Existence' (Bronnen van ons bestaan), adopted in 2002 and currently being updated, serves as the overarching guideline for government programmes on genetic resources. Its main policy objective is the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use. The memorandum states that the Dutch government does not consider it necessary to enshrine national sovereignty over access to genetic resources in domestic legislation, meaning no prior informed consent is required to obtain genetic resources in the Netherlands, though species protection, area protection, and property rights may restrict access in specific cases. The Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands (CGN) at Wageningen University & Research carries out the Statutory Research Task on Genetic Resources (WOT GB) under successive five-year agreements with the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Food Security and Nature (LVVN). CGN serves as the national focal point for ABS, providing education and information to user groups, and supports LVVN in international fora including the CBD, the Nagoya Protocol, the ITPGRFA, and the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The WOT programme also maintains ex situ crop collections, which are to be expanded on the advice of a Technopolis evaluation. On Digital Sequence Information, the Netherlands participates actively in multilateral negotiations under the CBD, including the operationalisation of the multilateral mechanism (MLM) for benefit-sharing from DSI and the establishment of the Cali Fund, decided at CBD COP-16 in 2024. The Netherlands has put itself forward as a candidate for the intersessional Steering Committee and Funding Allocation Committee and remains active in parallel fora (FAO, WHO, WIPO, BBNJ) to pursue policy-coherent solutions. Within the ITPGRFA, the Netherlands participates in the process to improve the Multilateral System for ABS, including discussions on DSI/GSD, expansion to all plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, and payment structures. The NBSAP identifies additional international engagement: development of ABS instruments for marine biological diversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) under UNCLOS, the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing System (PABS) under the WHO, and a disclosure requirement for patents based on genetic resources under WIPO. Budget figures are specified: CBD contributions of US $88,110 and ITPGRFA contributions of US $110,202 (both 2022-2023); WOT Genetic Resources total subsidy of EUR 3,476,026 per year (2022-2026), of which approximately EUR 100,000 per year is allocated to CGN's ABS focal point activities and approximately EUR 50,000 per year to technical policy advice on ABS and DSI; the SeedNL public-private partnership at EUR 450,000 per year (2023-2027); NVWA compliance enforcement at EUR 68,015 per year (500 hours); voluntary contributions of US $150,000 per year to the ITPGRFA MLS improvement process (2021-2023); and US $250,000 per year to GIZ's ABS Initiative for capacity building (2023-2024). The annex notes that the Nagoya Protocol agreements also apply to Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba, though the protocol is not yet specifically mentioned in the Nature Management and Protection Framework Act BES. An examination is to be conducted on whether amendment of this act is desirable to implement the protocol on the islands. The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) for biodiversity monitoring through the ARISE and eDentity infrastructures at Naturalis is noted, with the view that DNA barcoding should be kept outside ABS regulation.
Norway		Norway's approach to access and benefit-sharing operates through the Convention on Biological Diversity, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Plant Treaty), and the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Since 2009, Norway has contributed annually to the Plant Treaty's benefit-sharing fund at a level equivalent to 0.1 per cent of Norwegian seed revenue, corresponding to a voluntary user-based benefit-sharing scheme announced at the launch of the Global Seed Vault on Svalbard in February 2008. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault, managed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food with NordGen and the Crop Trust, holds more than 1.2 million seed samples from over 100 gene banks. Norway is among the largest donors to the Crop Trust. Norway actively promotes farmers' rights to seeds as a prerequisite for continued local stewardship of genetic diversity. On digital sequence information (DSI), Norway participates in the COP15 decision to establish a multilateral mechanism for benefit-sharing from DSI use and a fund; work was ongoing until COP16 in 2024, after which measures and instruments to implement the outcome in Norway must be considered. Norway emphasises open access to DSI as essential for research, innovation, public health, environment and food security. Traditional knowledge is framed through Sami reindeer husbandry, where knowledge transfer between generations underpins sustainable practice.
State of Palestine		The NBSAP records that the State of Palestine has not as yet signed the Nagoya Protocol (2010), but identifies it as very important to do so. Current Palestinian laws do not include any article related to the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit sharing of genetic resources, but two consultancies are noted (one on biosafety, one a review of the environmental law in SP), and one of the outputs of the latter is the recommendation to ratify the Nagoya Protocol; the results are to be included in the NBSAP. Decree-Law No. 14 of 2018 amends the Agriculture Law No. 2 of 2003: Chapter II on agricultural genetic resources states in Article 27 that agricultural genetic resources shall be deemed to be a property of the State and shall be subject to the principle of national sovereignty, while respecting individual property rights of common local strains; Article 28 mandates the Ministry, in coordination with other competent authorities, to (1) list local genetic strains and origins, (2) preserve and protect genes and genetic origins, and (3) adopt particular sources and mechanisms to reproduce genetic origins and strains. A new cultural heritage law (2018) regulates and protects tangible and intangible cultural heritage in line with CBD Article 8(j). The strategy also commits to maintaining genetic resources via gene banks, botanical gardens and seedbanks, and emphasises in situ conservation of crop wild relatives.
Paraguay	By 2030, at least 5 research studies will contribute to the protection and enhancement of knowledge about genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, for the development of public policies that guarantee the application of measures for their conservation and sustainable use, ensuring benefits derived from their utilisation.	National Target 18 of the NBSAP commits that by 2030 at least 5 research studies will contribute to the protection and enhancement of knowledge about genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, to inform public policies guaranteeing conservation, sustainable use, and fair and equitable benefit-sharing. Indicators include number of national research studies on genetic resources (baseline 0, target 5), number of policy instruments that promote protection of genetic resources (5 to 6), and number of FPIC processes linked to utilisation of traditional knowledge associated with resources (0 to 5). National Target 28 commits that at least five ancestral or traditional knowledge practices from indigenous peoples and local communities shall be recovered, documented and promoted with their free, prior and informed consent, guaranteeing collective and individual authorship rights; indicators include number of policy instruments recognising ancestral/traditional knowledge (3 to 4), FPIC processes (0 to 5), participatory processes (0 to 5) and authorship-rights registrations (0 to 5). Sectoral line 3.6.7 identifies the appropriate use of traditional knowledge, FPIC in indigenous communities, intellectual property rights and biosafety measures as core challenges, and highlights biobanks and germplasm banks as instruments to develop. Glossary definitions anchor traditional and ancestral knowledge in Law 234/93 ratifying ILO Convention 169, Law 904/1981, Law 3231/07 and Law 5469/2015. Partners identified include MADES, INDI, DINAPI, SNC, IPTA, SENACSA, INBIO, APROSEM, SENAVE, IPA, Academia, Indigenous organisations and communities.
Rwanda	By 2030, strengthen effective legal measures and strategies and ensure that the benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources and traditional knowledge are shared fairly and equitably.	The NBSAP sets National Target 13 to strengthen effective legal measures and strategies and ensure that benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources and traditional knowledge are shared fairly and equitably by 2030. Headline indicators track monetary and non-monetary benefits received, with component indicators on the number of regulations developed for fair benefit sharing and the number of authorisations granted for genetic resources. Complementary indicators include transfers of crop material from the Multilateral System of the ITPGRFA, total permits for access to genetic resources, internationally recognised certificates of compliance published in the ABS Clearing-House, and estimated percentage of monetary and non-monetary benefits directed to communities. The baseline states there is no baseline information for this target. The strategy notes that genetic erosion is a concern due to mass planting of exotic species and monocultures, and that the Government of Rwanda is prioritising the establishment of seed stands and botanical gardens for genetic improvement of multipurpose, biodiversity-supportive, and climate-adapted tree, shrub, and herb species. Strategic actions include developing a baseline of benefits from genetic resources, facilitating access and transfer of crop genetic materials at national and international levels with fair benefit sharing, developing and strengthening guidelines and permit application systems, implementing mechanisms for sharing monetary and non-monetary benefits with local communities, protecting and promoting traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, and enhancing international cooperation on ABS issues. National Goal 4 in Table 2 maps this target to GBF Goal C and Targets 13 and 15, supporting access and benefit-sharing aligned with the Nagoya Protocol. The costing allocates USD 900,000.
Saudi Arabia	Development and activation of national legislative frameworks for organising access to genetic resources and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use, including digital sequence information on genetic resources, including traditional knowledge associated therewith, and strengthening capacity-building programmes in this regard.	National Target 14 directly addresses the development and activation of national legislative frameworks for organising access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their use, including digital sequence information on genetic resources and traditional knowledge. The NBSAP fully aligns this target with GBF Target 13 and Global Goal (c). The Kingdom acceded to the Nagoya Protocol on 8 October 2020 and has already begun preparing two new pieces of national legislation: one for regulating access to genetic resources and DSI and the fair sharing of benefits, and a second on biosafety (for the Cartagena Protocol). The action plan for Goal 14 includes: reviewing and developing the legislative and regulatory framework for access and benefit-sharing (2026); establishing clear implementation mechanisms including mutually agreed terms (MAT) and prior informed consent (PIC) with transparency safeguards; recording and documenting national genetic resources for wildlife including gene banks and herbaria; and recording and documenting traditional knowledge and practices associated with genetic resource use. The NBSAP recognises the cultural heritage and traditional knowledge of Arab tribes, including systems such as the Hima, the art of falconry, and traditional agricultural practices, as relevant to biodiversity conservation. It commits to preserving and documenting the traditional knowledge of local communities related to biodiversity uses whilst ensuring their rights and entitlements in benefit-sharing. Indicators include monetary and non-monetary benefits received, total internationally recognised certificates of compliance, progress towards issuing a regulatory system, and number of qualified workers in this field.
Sudan	Take effective legal, policy, administrative and capacity building measures at all levels in Sudan, to fully implement the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization, and other international instruments of relevance, in order to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits that arise from the utilization of genetic resources originating from Sudan, and from digital sequence information on such genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with these genetic resources, and facilitating appropriate access to such genetic resources, in accordance with applicable international access and benefit sharing instruments.	National Target 13 commits Sudan to taking effective legal, policy, administrative and capacity building measures to fully implement the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits, and other international instruments, to ensure fair and equitable benefit-sharing from genetic resources originating from Sudan, including from digital sequence information and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources. The NBSAP dedicates Section 8.2.8 to ABS aspects related to biodiversity and includes a component target to incorporate Nagoya Protocol implementation in the national biodiversity finance plan. Budget allocations under Goal C include US$220,000 for cultivated plants (3 actions), US$130,000 for ABS aspects (3 actions). Under Goal D, wildlife receives US$2,200,000 (2 actions), cultivated plants US$50,000 (1 action), and ABS aspects US$4,950,000 (6 actions). The gender matrix identifies awareness raising on access to plant genetic resources and benefit-sharing among concerned stakeholders, with women comprising at least 50% of stakeholders. The monitoring framework tracks monetary benefits (royalties, intellectual property rights) and non-monetary benefits from genetic resources, total permits granted for access to genetic resources, national legislation on equitable sharing of benefits, entry into force of national PGR legislation, and presence of ABS regulations and capacities. Progress thresholds include ABS principles in formal agreements with foreign entities.
Slovenia		The NEAP 2020–2030 identifies that Slovenia lacks an established unified system of rules for access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing in accordance with the EU regulation on compliance measures for users from the Nagoya Protocol. The extent and methods of using genetic resources and their exchange and storage in collections in Slovenia are described as not fully known. Table 1 includes two dedicated measures. Measure 16 calls for drafting a comprehensive study on interest in genetic resources in Slovenia and on the methods and scope of their utilisation, ex situ keeping and sharing of benefits (MOP, by 2022). Measure 23 commits to improving capacities for practical application of legislation including supervision, raising awareness of the Nagoya Protocol and its goal, establishing a clearing-house mechanism, promoting best practices and diligent behaviour of users, and sharing benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources with the country providing these resources with the aim of promoting biodiversity conservation on a global scale. If necessary, legal regulation of access to genetic resources will be provided based on the study results. The NNPP funding section lists provision of access to genetic resources and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilisation as a priority for increased funding. International obligations include ratification of the Nagoya Protocol (Measure 48).
Senegal	Establish a national legislative and regulatory framework on the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and digital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources	The NBSAP defines national target (13) as establishing a national legislative and regulatory framework on the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and digital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources. The results framework prescribes two priority actions: adoption of ABS texts (indicator: number of agreements signed between the State and third-party users) and protection of traditional knowledge (indicator: number of rules on access to local resources and knowledge established). Senegal is a party to the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing. Strategic objective 3 of the NBSAP is to "improve access to and equitable sharing of monetary and non-monetary benefits arising from the use of genetic resources as well as associated traditional knowledge." The third guiding principle of the strategy concerns fair and equitable sharing, described as a lever for affirming sovereignty, mobilising financial and technical resources, and strengthening community participation. The diagnosis notes that legal gaps persist in the enforcement of ABS mechanisms. The NBSAP explicitly references digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources within the national target text.
Suriname	3.3 The access and benefit sharing provisions of the UNCBD are incorporated in national legislation and transparent procedures for bioprospecting, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits, recognizing the rights, including intellectual property rights, of all Surinamese citizens	Pathway 3 of the NBSAP is dedicated to fair and equitable benefit sharing and contains three national targets touching ABS. Target 3.1 commits to recognizing in legislation the collective traditional knowledge and associated intellectual rights of indigenous and tribal communities and notes that classical IP rights legislation 'offers insufficient protection to collective rights'. Target 3.2 (recorded in the financial overview at $1,699,530) commits ITP and other local communities to having capacities and respected structures for protecting their traditional knowledge and managing community territory biological resources. Target 3.3 commits to incorporating the access and benefit-sharing provisions of the UNCBD into national legislation, with transparent procedures for the protection of genetic resources, bioprospecting and equitable sharing of benefits, recognising the rights — including IP rights — of all Surinamese citizens. Total Pathway 3 cost is $4,938,606 (Target 3.1 $741,336; Target 3.2 $1,699,530; Target 3.3 $2,497,740). Actions include developing a national definition of traditional knowledge through engagement with rightsholders on FPIC principles, drafting and approving laws and regulations to protect traditional knowledge and IP rights, co-developing fair benefit-sharing procedures, and strengthening capacity of government, private and civil-society organisations on bioprospecting, FPIC and ABS mechanisms.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page	Promote access to and distribution of benefits derived from the sustainable use of biodiversity genetic resources, digital sequence information and associated traditional knowledge, as an opportunity to increase sectoral competitiveness and national development.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 6: promote access to and distribution of benefits derived from the sustainable use of biodiversity genetic resources, digital sequence information and associated traditional knowledge, as an opportunity to increase sectoral competitiveness and national development. El Salvador has not ratified the Nagoya Protocol, but the NBSAP commits to evaluating the possibilities of ratification. In the meantime, efforts will be directed towards increasing research, including access to genetic resources and obtaining digital sequence information, and preparing the framework for fair and equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms. The country has genetic resource conservation and research initiatives led by MARN, MAG (through CENTA), universities and the private sector. CENTA maintains a seed bank since 1994 with 342 species (193 medicinal/aromatic/food, 75 wild, 74 crops), currently being modernised with digitalisation under the RECLIMA project. The 'PhD. Jorge Ernesto Quezada' Molecular Biology Laboratory was inaugurated in 2022 with GIZ funding for forest genetic resource research. The University of El Salvador is advancing bioprospecting projects in cacao, antimicrobial resistance and foodborne pathogens. Traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources is identified as a field with great potential. The 'Strengthening Climate Resilience' project (MARN-UNDP, 2024) has compiled information on resilient crops and native species in Ahuachapán Sur. The indicator tracks the number of permits or their equivalent for genetic resources. The estimated cost is $1,288,000 covering research strengthening, bioprospecting and preparatory actions for Nagoya Protocol ratification.
Chad	NT16: By 2030, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilisation is in force and operational, in accordance with national legislation.	The NBSAP establishes National Objective 16 (NT16): by 2030, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilisation is in force and operational, in accordance with national legislation. The 2011–2020 reference notes non-implementation of strategies and measures taken to ensure ABS (National Strategy on ABS, ABS Framework); the 2030 target is implementation of ABS processes. Measures include updating the National Strategy and Action Plan for the Nagoya Protocol developed in 2017 to align with the NBSAP (2025–2030); revising the framework relating to access and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge in the Republic of Chad; accreditation of Indigenous and Local Communities (ILCs), where applicable, to guarantee engagement in species conservation; establishing Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT) and Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) for fair and equitable access for suppliers and acquirers; protecting all crop wild relatives by including them in seed banks and culture collections; adopting the legislative, administrative and policy framework ensuring fair and equitable benefit-sharing; sharing benefits equitably among all users; ending erosion of genetic diversity of wild relatives of domesticated animals, plants and fungi; and issuing certificates for access to genetic resources in accordance with ABS legislation. Related national instruments include the 2017 ABS Framework and the 2018 National Strategy on Access to Genetic Resources. Indicators include operational political, administrative or legislative frameworks ensuring fair and equitable benefit-sharing including those based on FPIC and MAT (I1GT13); total permits granted for access to genetic resources (I2GT13); internationally recognised certificates of compliance published in the ABS Clearing-House (I3GT13); and permits granted for genetic resources including those related to traditional knowledge (I4GT13).
Togo	Target 22 : Take effective legal, policy, administrative and technical measures to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and traditional and associated knowledge	The NBSAP designates National Target 22 under Strategic Objective 4 (Ensure the protection and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge), mapped to GBF Target 13. The target commits to taking effective legal, policy, administrative, and technical measures to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and traditional and associated knowledge. Togo ratified the Nagoya Protocol on ABS on 9 February 2016. The strategy identifies benefit sharing as a guiding principle, stating that the equitable sharing of benefits must be fair and equitable as stipulated in the CBD and the Nagoya Protocol, and that national and international trade must account for biodiversity conservation within local, regional, and national development. Capacity building includes training of national stakeholders on digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources (50 million CFA), with the CBD Secretariat and ABS Initiative as partners, and beneficiaries including local communities, communes, NGOs, universities, pharmaceutical laboratories, and traditional medicine practitioners. Among external financing sources, the NBSAP identifies the Multilateral Benefit-Sharing Fund arising from the use of DSI.
Thailand	Target 7: Establish measures and mechanisms for access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources by promoting the implementation and enforcement of access and benefit-sharing mechanisms and regulations.	National Target 7 commits Thailand to establish measures and mechanisms for access and benefit-sharing (ABS) of genetic resources. The target description (§113) states that the country will implement and utilise various mechanisms — legal, policy, administrative, and capacity-building — effective at all levels and across all appropriate sectors to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources, from digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources, and from traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, while facilitating appropriate access consistent with international ABS instruments. The importance-of-target section anchors the target in the three CBD objectives and references the Nagoya Protocol framework. Recommended actions comprise (1) legal, policy, and administrative measures, including institutional structures such as agencies for notification and authorisation, and administrative measures for permit issuance and import-export checkpoints to comply with international treaty obligations; and (2) capacity-building across all sectors on managing genetic resources, DSI, and associated traditional knowledge. The implementation table (§118) assigns measure 1 — promoting and encouraging concrete implementation of ABS mechanisms — to MNRE (DNP, BEDO, ONEP), MOAC (DOA, RICE, DLD, QSDS, DOF), MOPH (DTAM), MOC (DIP), MHESI (TISTR, BIOTEC), MIND (DIW), and educational institutions over 2023-2027, with RSPG, international organisations, and civil society supporting. Measure 2 develops capacity for research groups, local communities, and the private sector on ABS regulations and associated local knowledge. Measure 3 strengthens biosafety measures to support sustainable use and conservation.
Tunisia	By 2030, the operational framework on ABS is implemented and information through digital sequencing is acquired	The NBSAP dedicates Strategic Axis C and Objective C1 to implementing an operational framework for access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing, linked explicitly to KM-GBF Target 13 and Objective C. The national target states: "By 2030, the operational framework on ABS is implemented and information through digital sequencing is acquired." Tunisia developed a National ABS Strategy in 2017 within the framework of the Nagoya Protocol, which was ratified by Tunisia in March 2021. However, no regulatory provision currently organises access to genetic resources or benefit-sharing. Users can access local genetic resources without committing to a benefit-sharing process. Prior Informed Consent (PIC) and Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT) procedures are very poorly ensured. Measure C1.1 addresses regulation and institutionalisation, with actions to adopt legislative measures (C1.1.1) and establish a permanent national ABS commission (CN-APA) centralised at the Ministry of the Environment (C1.1.2), responsible for coordinating stakeholder interventions, examining access requests, addressing non-compliance, arbitration, and publishing ABS contracts. Measure C1.2 focuses on enhancing traditional knowledge, with actions to inventory and validate traditional knowledge linked to medicinal plants (C1.2.1, noting data are scattered and of unverified scientific value) and to establish a national sui generis regime for the protection of traditional knowledge (C1.2.2, noting Laws 99-57 and 2000-84 do not cover traditional knowledge). Measure C1.3 addresses genetic resource characterisation through digital sequencing techniques (C1.3.1) and integration into marketing circuits (C1.3.2). Genomic/cytoplasmic DNA sequencing is noted as poorly developed. The alignment analysis identified ABS as having high similarity between the previous NBSAP's SO 4.4 and the KM-GBF.
Uganda		Strategic Objective 3 is dedicated to this topic: "To promote inclusive, fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from utilization of genetic resources, including digital sequence information on genetic resources, and of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources." SO3 is mapped to KMGBF Targets 9, 13, 14, 15, and 18 in Table 22. The NBSAP explicitly addresses digital sequence information (DSI). Section 7.2.5 describes the Multilateral Benefit Sharing Fund from the use of DSI on genetic resources as a transformative approach to resource mobilization, noting that negotiations are geared to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits from DSI utilization. DSI is also listed among emerging issues incorporated into NBSAPIII (§64). Genetic resources are extensively documented: plant genetic resources range from indigenous wild fruits and vegetables to introduced crops; over 5,000 seed accessions are conserved in the National Gene Bank. The NAGRC&DB manages animal genetic resources. Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture contribute approximately 24.1% of GDP (UBOS 2021/22). Thematic Area 5 includes strengthening the role of IPLCs in biodiversity conservation and management with attention to traditional knowledge. Bio-trade priorities include ecotourism, wildlife use rights, non-wood forest products, natural ingredients, and carbon trade.
Viet Nam	Promote equitable access to, as well as fair sharing of, benefits from the use of genetic resources	The NBSAP commits to promoting equitable access to, and fair sharing of, benefits from the use of genetic resources as a specific objective. The Key Solutions section directs strengthening research and discovery of genetic materials and derivatives with high application value, and facilitating access to genetic resources for researching and developing commercial products for domestic and foreign organizations and individuals. Monitoring indicator 13 tracks the rate of increase in applications for genetic resource access and benefit-sharing compared to 2020, targeting 150% by 2025 and 200% by 2030.
Vanuatu	By 2030, Vanuatu adopts, implements, and enforces an effective Access and Benefit-Sharing legislative framework to ensure full compliance with the Nagoya Protocol.	The NBSAP commits to adopting, implementing, and enforcing an Access and Benefit-Sharing legislative framework to ensure full compliance with the Nagoya Protocol by 2030. The guiding principles emphasise equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, the vital role of indigenous knowledge systems, and respect for customary practices and community protocols. Principle 7 states that intellectual property rights related to biodiversity and genetic resources should be protected, and mechanisms should ensure that communities benefit equitably from the use of their knowledge and resources. At the provincial level, Tafea plans to register all patents of unique cultural and custom identity (artifacts) for Futuna, with DEPC, VKS, Community, VANIPO, Department of Industry, and Department of Tourism responsible. Target 13 is allocated 8 actions costing VUV 26,000,000.
Yemen	By 2030, engage communities in the value chain of products obtained from ecosystems in their surroundings and ensure fair rewards for managing, harvesting, and using genetic resources. Integrate the total economic value of biodiversity and ecosystems into national planning processes (national development plans, poverty reduction plans, national accounting systems) at national, regional, and sectoral levels.	The NBSAP addresses GBF Target 13 through National Target 13, which combines GBF Targets 13 and 14. The national target commits to engaging communities in the value chain of products obtained from ecosystems by 2030, ensuring fair rewards for managing, harvesting, and using genetic resources, and integrating the total economic value of biodiversity and ecosystems into national planning processes (national development plans, poverty reduction plans, national accounting systems) at national, regional, and sectoral levels. The strategy is aligned to the Nagoya Protocol and notes that close to half of Yemenis are dependent on forest and rangeland resources. Pathway 3 is dedicated to safeguarding communities' access and equitable benefit sharing from biological/genetic resources. Output 3.2 focuses on increased income generation from genetic resources, expecting national and multinational companies to improve their rewards structure for communities involved in propagation, domestication, and management of genetic resources. The Action Plan details specific activities: enacting national legislation for fair and equitable sharing of genetic benefits (US$0.03M, 2 years), developing a national value chain strategy for NTFPs (US$0.1M, 5 months), developing a national partnership strategy between communities and multinational corporations (US$0.1M, 6 months), encouraging plant and animal diversity for sustainable agriculture (US$2.0M, 3 years), building community capacity for gene-based enterprises (US$0.05M, 1 year), conducting research on genetic diversity (continuous), periodic updates to the national biosafety database/CHM (continuous), and collecting genetic resources and documenting traditional knowledge (continuous). The total indicative budget for increased income generation from genetic resources is US$5.02 million.
Zambia	By 2020, Zambia defines and enforces a generic national benefit sharing mechanism to genetic resources.	The NBSAP dedicates two national targets to genetic resources and access and benefit sharing. National Target 13 commits Zambia to defining and enforcing a generic national benefit sharing mechanism for genetic resources by 2018. National Target 14 commits to acceding to the Nagoya Protocol by 2016 and commencing its domestication by 2018. The strategy includes developing a generic national benefit sharing framework, domesticating it into sector-specific Benefit Distribution Systems (BDS) for forestry, fisheries, wildlife, agriculture, mining, and infrastructure development, and enacting legislation to enforce sectoral BDSs. National Target 12 addresses conservation of genetic diversity of cultivated plants, farmed and domesticated animals, and wild relatives by 2025. Zambia holds 7,278 germplasm accessions conserved ex-situ across at least 107 cultivated plant species (52% exotic, 33% naturalized, 15% indigenous), with 567 crop wild relatives. The total diversity of domesticated animals is 16 species. Three indigenous cattle breeds are identified: Barotse, Angoni, and Tonga. Actions include mainstreaming and upscaling micro-propagule initiatives in the National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS), mobilizing resources for collection and maintenance of indigenous livestock genetic resources, and developing conservation strategies for crop wild relatives.
Australia		The NBSAP does not contain a dedicated access and benefit-sharing framework for genetic resources or digital sequence information. However, Australia's commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity are noted to include sharing benefits arising from genetic resources in a fair and equitable way (§18). The enabler on equitable participation (§29) addresses Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property including Indigenous Ecological Knowledge, with commitments to free, prior and informed consent processes. The data enabler (§30) discusses First Nations data sovereignty and Indigenous cultural and intellectual property rights in the context of data initiatives.
Colombia		The NBSAP reports that for access to genetic resources and their digital information, the Directorate of Forests, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (Dirección de Bosques, Biodiversidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos) of the Ministry of Environment maintains a single management indicator counting permits or equivalents for access to genetic resources; a methodological factsheet exists but the data are not stored in a public information system. Related to traditional knowledge safeguards, the Plan commits during the 2025-2026 biennium to reach memoranda of understanding with Indigenous and Campesino communities to safeguard traditional knowledge and to define public and non-public data to be used for calculating the biodiversity-information indicator. No headline ABS commitment or quantified target is stated in the briefing beyond the management indicator.
European Union		The strategy mentions fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources linked to biodiversity as one of the elements the EU proposes should be included in the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. However, this is stated as a position for international negotiations rather than a domestic action plan. No specific measures on access and benefit-sharing, digital sequence information, or traditional knowledge governance are set out for implementation within the EU.
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030		The NBSAP acknowledges genetic diversity as a knowledge gap, stating that "current understanding of the biological and genetic diversity underpinning species evolution is limited, primarily due to the absence of a comprehensive inventory enabling an accurate assessment of its potential." Action C.3.1, which trains farmers in agroecology and sustainable local value chains for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and perfume and aromatic plants (PAPs), is tagged to GBF Target 13. However, the NBSAP does not contain specific measures on access and benefit-sharing from genetic resources, digital sequence information, or traditional knowledge frameworks.
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		The alignment analysis identifies Target 13 as one of those with the fewest direct contributions from the ENBioMex, at 9% of total actions (15% cited in the conclusions), with 68% of actions falling within the category of no apparent contribution. The document explains this is due to the very specific theme of access and benefit-sharing. Specific action lines with direct contributions include genetic research on species of particular interest (1.1.9), research in biotechnology and biosafety (1.1.10), policies for genetic resource conservation (2.1.12), conservation and sustainable use criteria (3.3.1), and several governance actions including ENBioMex binding (6.1.1), ecological criteria in territorial planning (6.2.3), and protection of traditional knowledge (6.1.9). The Annex 3 mapping shows traditional management practices (1.2.2) and information on specimens (2.2.2) also contribute directly.
Panama		The Nature Pledge states that Panama will ensure "ancestral knowledge and the benefits of nature are cared for, conserved and shared fairly and equitably." This constitutes a statement of principle on benefit-sharing but is not accompanied by specific measures, legislation or targets on access and benefit-sharing from genetic resources, digital sequence information or traditional knowledge.
Sweden		The NBSAP addresses target 13 only through a reference in section 2.2 to EU legislation on access and benefit-sharing. Sweden implements the Nagoya Protocol through Regulation (EU) No 511/2014 on compliance measures for users of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization in the Union (EU ABS Regulation), together with Regulation (2011:474) on simplified access to plant genetic resources. No national commitments, targets or new measures on benefit-sharing beyond these existing EU/national instruments are provided in the briefing, though the traditional-knowledge chapter (sections 11 and 12) touches on benefit-sharing in the context of Sámi knowledge without citing specific ABS instruments.
Luxembourg		Content addressing Target 13 was not identified in this NBSAP. The briefing does not contain references to access and benefit-sharing from genetic resources, digital sequence information, or traditional knowledge. Section §69, which was keyword-matched, discusses ocean conservation and whaling rather than ABS. Section §66 references international conventions including the CBD but does not address the Nagoya Protocol or ABS mechanisms specifically.