Target 11: Ecosystem services (NbS)

Generated: 2026-04-19T20:28:05Z

Landscape

Of the 69 countries with Target 11 data, 61 explicitly address ecosystem services and nature-based solutions, and 8 carry relevant content distributed across adjacent targets; no country leaves the target unaddressed. Countries converge on a shared Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework vocabulary — nature-based solutions, ecosystem-based approaches, nature's contributions to people — while diverging in framing, specificity, and the instruments through which they propose to act. Three orientations run across the set: ecosystem service accounting and valuation, with countries adopting the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) or building natural capital accounts; operational nature-based solution deployment integrated into climate, water, or restoration plans; and health- and water-linked framings that treat ecosystem function as a public-health indicator, tracking mortality from unsafe water or urban particulate matter alongside biodiversity outcomes. Pollination surfaces as the most universally named individual ecosystem service, generating dedicated cross-sectoral programmes from Norway's cross-ministerial action plan to Tunisia's five-year national programme to Switzerland's parliamentary-motion-driven insect mortality measure.

Variation

Delivery mechanism separates countries most visibly. Switzerland commits the Confederation to support at least 30 projects implementing nature-based and ecosystem-based measures by 2030; Cameroon sets a restoration target of at least 3,618,830 ha. Japan embeds nature-based solutions across a cross-ministerial Green Infrastructure Promotion Strategy and integrates ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction into basin-scale flood management. Thailand defines nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based adaptation explicitly in national target text and applies them across climate and restoration commitments, specifying that they must deliver social, economic, and cultural co-benefits for local communities.

Economic instruments diverge along three lines. Several countries anchor their approach in payment for ecosystem services: Brazil commits to regulating its Law on Payments for Environmental Services by 2025; Lesotho's Payment for Ecosystem Services initiative represents one of the largest single budget items in its NBSAP at USD 11.8 million; Nigeria sets a monitored target of 50 payments per year at ₦200 million. A second group pursues natural capital accounting: the Netherlands has developed Natural Capital Accounts tracking 12 ecosystem services valued at more than €13 billion per year; Germany's Federal Statistical Office maintains ecosystem accounts and the 2024 Annual Economic Report included a biodiversity indicator for the first time; Bhutan has adopted a SEEA National Implementation Plan covering 2024 to 2029. China's approach has no direct equivalent in the dataset: its national target commits to "basically establishing mechanisms for the realisation of ecological product value" by 2030, with the NBSAP explicitly exploring making ecological products "tradeable, pledgeable, and convertible to cash."

Pollinator specificity spans the widest observable range. Norway allocates approximately NOK 100 million annually for pollinator and biodiversity biotope measures through a cross-sectoral action plan signed by eight cabinet ministers. Tunisia commits to a five-year national programme for pollinating insects, including establishing Red Lists for wild pollinating insects. Switzerland's Measure M12, responding to parliamentary motions 19.3207, 20.3010, and 23.4028, requires geographic identification of insect hotspots with a spatial analysis of pollination concordance and deficits by 2028. Malta commits to a national pollinator policy framework by 2027. At the other end of the range, many countries enumerate pollination within a service list in the national target text without attaching dedicated instruments.

Temporal precision varies considerably. Brazil's national target text embeds two distinct near-term legislative deadlines — a national pollinator policy by 2026 and Payment for Ecosystem Services regulation by 2025 — directly in the target text rather than the supporting action plan. Yemen commits to providing water services to about 80% of its population through restored aquatic ecosystems by 2050, the longest-horizon and most explicitly population-scaled commitment in the dataset. Chile requires that at least 30% of approved strategic water resource plans in prioritised basins include nature-based solutions, without specifying intermediate milestones.

Urban and infrastructure integration ranges from binding mandate to illustrative case study. The Netherlands has incorporated nature-based solutions into the Policy Compass (Beleidskompas), the central methodology for policy-making within the national government, making their consideration a structural requirement across all policy domains. Luxembourg commits to systematically integrating nature-based solutions into urban planning, including in public spaces, infrastructure, and the design of buildings and their surroundings. Rwanda cites the Nyandungu Urban Wetland transformation into an eco-park as a documented nature-based solution example.

Standouts

Zambia's national strategy acknowledges that "the value of ecosystems and their biodiversity are not fully appreciated in Zambia" — a candid self-assessment that sits alongside detailed economic quantification. The strategy values forest sediment retention at cost savings of USD 237 million per annum and forest pollination services at approximately USD 74 million per annum.

Brazil's national target text contains two named legislative instruments with distinct deadlines embedded directly in the target: "Establish, by 2026, a national policy for pollinator protection, and regulate, by 2025, the Law on Payments for Environmental Services."

Norway's planning guidelines for climate and energy planning and climate adaptation require that "conservation, restoration or NbS be considered first" — alternatives require justification. The same NBSAP allocates "approximately NOK 100 million annually for pollinator and biodiversity biotope measures," pairing the regulatory mandate with a dedicated annual budget line.

The Netherlands reports that "the Natural Capital Accounts (NKR), developed by Statistics Netherlands and WUR, show that the 12 ecosystem services they track represent a value of more than €13 billion per year, with marine ecosystem services in the Dutch North Sea valued at €6 billion per year." Nature-based solutions have also been incorporated into the Policy Compass (Beleidskompas), described as "the central methodology for policy-making within the national government."

China's national target commits that "by 2030, mechanisms for the realisation of ecological product value shall be basically established," with the NBSAP explicitly exploring making ecological products "tradeable, pledgeable, and convertible to cash" — a China-specific formulation with no direct equivalent elsewhere in the dataset.

Switzerland's NBSAP commits the Confederation to support "at least 30 projects by 2030 implementing nature-based and ecosystem-based measures" through Measure M11, and through Measure M12 — responding to parliamentary motions 19.3207, 20.3010, and 23.4028 — requires that "by 2028, insect hotspots are to be geographically identified with a spatial analysis of pollination concordance and deficits."

Germany's Federal Action Plan on Nature-based Solutions for Climate and Biodiversity "contains 69 measures across ten fields of action, aimed at improving ecosystem condition and boosting their contribution to climate action." The 2024 Annual Economic Report included, "for the first time, a representative indicator of biodiversity in Germany."

Tunisia's actions include assessing and restoring oasis ecosystem services across ecosystems covering approximately 40,803 ha and home to 950,000 people — 10% of the Tunisian population — alongside developing a five-year national programme for pollinating insects that includes establishing Red Lists for wild pollinating insects.

Yemen's national target text commits to restoring and protecting aquatic ecosystems to "increase their capacity to sustainably provide water services to about 80% of Yemen's population by 2050" — the longest-dated and most explicitly population-scaled water-as-ecosystem-service commitment in the dataset.

Benin's Programme 2 allocates 13,000 million FCFA for "deploying sustainable management measures for ecosystem services in priority areas" and 6,000 million FCFA for "developing payment for ecosystem services approaches and associated mechanisms if adopted" — the conditional qualifier appearing verbatim in the cost table.

Analysis

The most detailed ecosystem service valuations do not track with the most operationalised nature-based solution delivery frameworks. Zambia quantifies pollination at USD 74 million per annum and sediment retention at USD 237 million per annum, while the strategy acknowledges that these values are not fully appreciated nationally. Indonesia values regulatory services of the Maros Pangkep Karst ecosystem at more than IDR 3 trillion per year. In both cases, the accounting exercises and the action programmes run on parallel tracks within the same NBSAP.

Pollination functions as a depth indicator across the set. The intensity of pollinator coverage tracks how far a country has moved beyond Target 11's standard service enumeration toward concrete sectoral implementation: from a clause in a target text service list, through a time-bound policy framework such as Malta's 2027 commitment, to Norway's multi-year cross-ministerial programme with a dedicated annual budget line.

India, Chad, Sudan, and Rwanda designate mortality from unsafe water and annual mean PM2.5 and PM10 levels as headline or component indicators for Target 11 — a methodological choice that bridges biodiversity accounting and public health frameworks and reflects populations most directly and immediately dependent on functioning ecosystems.

Every country in the explicitly-addresses bracket uses some combination of "nature-based solutions," "ecosystem services," and "nature's contributions to people," yet the distance between Norway's legally mandated nature-first planning requirement and Iceland's candid acknowledgement that ecosystem service assessment is "not yet systematically organised" — and that administrative responsibility for it remains undefined — represents a span of implementation maturity that the shared surface vocabulary does not convey.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Argentina	Restore, maintain and enhance nature's contributions to people through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches. These interventions contribute to protecting, recovering and sustainably using ecosystem goods and services such as air, water and climate regulation, soil health, pollination, disease risk reduction, native biodiversity, and protection against hazards and disasters.	National Target 11 commits to restoring, maintaining, and enhancing nature's contributions to people through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches. These interventions are to contribute to protecting, recovering, and sustainably using ecosystem goods and services including air, water, and climate regulation, soil health, pollination, disease risk reduction, native biodiversity, and protection against hazards and disasters. The current situation chapter provides context on the importance of ecosystem services, particularly through a detailed discussion of pollinators (Box No. 1): approximately 90% of wild flowering plants depend at least partially on animal pollination, and more than 70% of the world's most important food crops depend to some degree on animal pollination. The NBSAP cites evidence that pollinator absence or scarcity can limit agricultural production yields and affect the nutritional value of crops. Law No. 26,331 on Minimum Standards for Environmental Protection of Native Forests is highlighted as an important advance for reducing threats to biodiversity in forest ecosystems. The target also connects to Theme 6 (Valuation of Biodiversity), which calls for advancing guidelines and procedures to identify, establish, and weigh variables for valuing ecosystem goods and services derived from biodiversity.
Austria		The strategy treats ecosystem services as a central justification for restoration and conservation action. The restoration chapter (§3) is framed around the combined delivery of biodiversity conservation, climate protection, the avoidance of natural disasters becoming more frequent due to climate change, and the preservation of further ecosystem services. Mires, floodplains and water bodies are identified as carbon-rich habitats whose hydrological restoration is expected to deliver improved ecosystem services (flood retention, carbon storage), with a specific commitment to restore 5,000 ha of degraded or lost floodplain as effective flood retention areas. Under climate mainstreaming (§5.1), the conservation and improvement of open and green spaces is explicitly justified by their nature-based contributions: carbon storage, protection against natural hazards and flooding, rainwater infiltration, and fresh and cold air supply. Biodiversity and health (§5.7) cites the WHO/CBD report on biodiversity's role in purification of water, soil and air, pest and disease control, pollination and recreational function, and foresees targeted measures with biodiversity benefits such as school garden projects, Green Gym, outdoor classrooms, nature park schools, and oases in sealed urban neighbourhoods. Pollinator services receive specific attention: 48 FFH habitat types that are important for pollinators occur in Austria, Red Lists and systematic monitoring programmes for all pollinating insects are not yet available, and research on the ecological and economic significance of pollinators is foreseen including examination of the establishment of a dedicated chair for pollinators. Research measures include further development and application of methods for the assessment of ecosystem services.
Australia		The NBSAP addresses ecosystem services and nature-based solutions across multiple sections. The strategy estimates that half of Australia's GDP depends on nature. Ecosystem services are enumerated as including food, drinking water, fibre, building and manufacturing materials, carbon storage, air and water filtration, pollination, protection from storms and floods, and places for rest and recreation. Nature-based solutions feature in the climate target (§49), which identifies protecting blue carbon ecosystems and building biodiversity as both mitigation and adaptation measures. The broader Goal 2 discussion (§40) positions nature-based solutions and effective environmental management as reducing risks to biodiversity and local communities from drivers of decline and natural hazard disasters. The strategy commits to quantifying the value of nature through the Measuring What Matters Statement and environmental-economic accounting. The Nature Repair Market is being established to respond to growing demand for businesses to invest in nature-related projects. Progress measure 3B tracks quantification of natural capital including national environmental-economic accounts. Progress measure 12A tracks development of options for measuring natural capital and ecosystem services in monitoring and reporting systems. Objective 12 commits to integrating robust measures of natural capital and ecosystem services into monitoring and reporting.
Belgium		The NBSAP places ecosystem services at the centre of its green infrastructure approach. Green infrastructure is defined as encompassing ecological networks while also accounting for areas providing specific ecosystem goods and services. Its added value is described as coming from broader investments in natural capital for greening existing infrastructure, strengthening functionality of ecosystems, mitigating and adapting to climate change, and enhancing quality of life. Green infrastructure investments are characterised as having a high return over time, providing job opportunities, and being a cost-effective alternative or complement to grey infrastructure. Operational objective 3.3 states that ecosystems, their resilience, and their services are to be maintained and enhanced. The Strategy commits to stepping up efforts to integrate biodiversity into policies on natural resources management, agriculture, food security, forestry, fisheries, energy, spatial planning, transport, tourism, trade, and development. Under Objective 7, operational objective 7.4 aligns with the EU MAES initiative to map and assess the state of ecosystems and their services at national level by 2014 and assess the values of such services by 2020. A Belgian MAES working group was initiated in 2012. Operational objective 7.6 calls for improving knowledge of socio-economic benefits of biodiversity, including investigating relationships between health and biodiversity.
Benin		The NBSAP explicitly addresses ecosystem services through Strategic orientation 2 and Programme 2. The strategy identifies ecosystem services—soil fertility, pollination, hydrological cycle regulation, and erosion protection—as essential for maintaining agricultural productivity, forest sustainability, and aquatic ecosystem resilience. Their degradation directly affects incomes, livelihoods, and food security, particularly in rural and coastal areas (§33). Strategic orientation 2 makes restoration a priority, integrating nature-based solutions to strengthen ecosystem services in connection with land degradation neutrality targets. Strategic objective 2.1 specifically addresses the promotion of sustainable use of ecosystem services (§73). Programme 2 operationalises this with two lines of action: deploying sustainable management measures for ecosystem services in priority areas (13,000 million FCFA), and developing payment for ecosystem services approaches and associated mechanisms if adopted (6,000 million FCFA) (§89). Performance indicators include the number of sites with formalised sustainable management, operational incentive mechanisms including PES, and adoption of practices reducing pressures in target areas (§82). The NBSAP lists four strategic measures: protection and restoration of key ecosystems, strengthening of diversified food systems, reduction of socioeconomic vulnerability of rural and coastal populations through integrating biodiversity into local development, and promotion of sustainable natural resource management combining formal conservation, community approaches, and agroecological innovations (§33).
Brazil	Restore and maintain, by 2030, ecosystem services of provision, support, regulation, and culture; and map, assess, and monitor, by 2030, the supply, demand, provision, and deficits of priority ecosystem services by biome and coastal-marine system, such as air, water, and climate regulation; soil health; pollination; biological pest control; reduction of pest and disease outbreak risks; and protection against natural hazards and disasters. Establish, by 2026, a national policy for pollinator protection, and regulate, by 2025, the Law on Payments for Environmental Services, to enhance and expand the contributions and benefits of nature for people, particularly those in situations of social vulnerability, as well as Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 11, committing to restore and maintain ecosystem services of provision, support, regulation, and culture by 2030. The target includes a specific commitment to map, assess, and monitor the supply, demand, provision, and deficits of priority ecosystem services by biome and coastal-marine system by 2030. Priority services listed include air, water, and climate regulation; soil health; pollination; biological pest control; reduction of pest and disease outbreak risks; and protection against natural hazards and disasters. Two time-bound sub-commitments stand out: establishing a national policy for pollinator protection by 2026, and regulating the Law on Payments for Environmental Services by 2025. The target specifies that benefits of nature should be enhanced particularly for people in situations of social vulnerability, as well as Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities. Synergies are identified with UNFCCC/Paris Agreement/NDC and SDGs 1.5 and 15.4. The briefing's introductory chapter notes that approximately 76 per cent of food crop production in Brazil depends at least in part on pollination services provided by animals, and that BPBES published a Thematic Report on Pollination, Pollinators and Food Production in 2020.
Bhutan	By 2030, maintain and enhance nature's contribution to people	Bhutan's National Target 11 states: "By 2030, maintain and enhance nature's contribution to people," aligned with KMGBF Targets 11 and 14. The rationale notes that ecosystem services are foundational to Bhutan's development but remain under-recognized in economic terms, with natural assets like forests and watersheds not fully reflected in GDP or national accounts. A 2013 study estimated ecosystem service value at USD 15.5 billion annually, but no national update has followed; a 2019 forest-specific valuation estimated USD 394–1,269 million per year. Two strategies are outlined: promoting nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches, and mainstreaming the economic value of ecosystem services into national accounting. Actions include exploring and adopting NbS in climate adaptation and mitigation, disaster risk reduction, water and food security, habitat restoration, and livelihoods; implementing at least two NbS related to biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihoods; exploring isolation and identification of beneficial soil microbes and insects for biofertilizer production and bioprospecting; and implementing the National Implementation Plan for the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) in Bhutan (2024–2029).
Canada		Canada addresses Target 11 through nature-based solutions, ecosystem-based approaches, and ecosystem accounting. StatCan is developing the Census of Environment following the UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting—Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA). Parks Canada is assessing and mapping carbon stocks and dynamics in key ecosystems in national parks and national marine conservation areas under Enhanced Nature Legacy, and will develop guidance on synergistic conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem carbon. The Natural Climate Solutions Fund (NRCan's 2 Billion Trees, ECCC's Nature-Smart Climate Solutions Fund, AAFC's Agricultural Climate Solutions) supports conservation and restoration of wetlands, peatlands, grasslands, and forests with dedicated funding for Indigenous-led natural climate solutions. INFC's Natural Infrastructure Fund supports projects using natural or hybrid approaches including urban forests, wetlands, floodplains, coastal zones, and stormwater ponds. INFC's Disaster Mitigation and Adaptation Fund provides over $3.8B for structural and natural infrastructure. The National Adaptation Strategy structures action around five key systems including Nature and Biodiversity and Health and Well-being. DFO is developing a strategic plan for an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management. ECCC's Strengthened Freshwater Action Plan targets the Great Lakes, Lake Winnipeg, Lake of the Woods, St. Lawrence River, Fraser River, Wolastoq/Saint John River, Mackenzie River, and Lake Simcoe. ECCC works on wetland conservation through the North American Waterfowl Management Plan, the Ramsar Convention, and the Federal Policy on Wetland Conservation. The government commits to developing tools and guidance for assessing and reporting on NBS/EbA benefits, including from Indigenous perspectives, and to exploring criteria and principles for Payment for Ecosystem Services initiatives.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	By 2030, integrated plans, programmes and projects are developed and implemented to restore, preserve, enhance and strengthen nature's contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services such as the regulation of air, water and climate, soil health, pollination, and the reduction of disease risks and natural disasters, based on nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches, for the benefit of human populations and biodiversity.	Objective 11 commits the DRC to integrated plans, programmes and projects that restore, preserve, enhance and strengthen nature's contributions to people by 2030, including regulation of air, water and climate, soil health, pollination, and the reduction of disease and disaster risks. Implementation is based on nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches. The estimated budget is USD 18 million.
Republic of the Congo	Target 12/11: By 2030 at the latest, ensure that ecosystems, in particular water, contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of local communities and indigenous populations.	National Target 12/11 commits by 2030 to ensure that ecosystems, in particular water, which contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of local communities and indigenous populations. Result A2O12R12 contains seven actions: establishment of the national biodiversity consultative committee (NCBC/NABC) including thematic groups (2026, 50 million FCFA); formalisation of platforms dedicated to scientists and to local communities and indigenous populations (2025, 50 million FCFA); updating of the national Nagoya Protocol strategy in accordance with national legislation (2027, 100 million FCFA); strengthening of forest certification mechanisms (2025, 100 million FCFA); strengthening of the technical capacities of traditional practitioners (2026, 100 million FCFA); enhancement of the value of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) (2026, 500 million FCFA); and conducting studies on air, water and soil quality (2027, 1,000 million FCFA). Indicators include the decree establishing the NCBC, IUCN Red List Index (for species used), air/water/soil quality indices, number of certified forest concessions, number of NTFPs enhanced and marketed, number of traditional practitioners benefiting from capacity building. The NBSAP's ecosystem-services framework covers provisioning services (water, food, timber), regulating services (climate regulation, erosion control, water cycle), supporting services (photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, soil formation), and cultural services (educational, aesthetic, spiritual, ecotourism, scientific). Carbon sequestration, hydrological services and air quality from forests are identified as significant contributions. Drinking water provision from freshwater ecosystems is recognised as a primordial provisioning service. Responsible bodies include ministries for sustainable development, scientific research, higher education, local development, health, forests, water resources, the interior, culture, and small and medium enterprises, with local authorities.
Switzerland		The NBSAP addresses Target 11 through multiple measures under SBS Objective 6. The action plan notes that although examples of nature-based and ecosystem-based approaches exist, their use at regional and municipal levels and in businesses remains scarcely widespread, mainly due to the absence of practical experience, lack of incentives, and unfamiliarity with such approaches among responsible actors. Measure M11 (Nature-based solutions), under FOEN responsibility with communes and third parties as partners, aims to have the Confederation support at least 30 projects by 2030 implementing nature-based and ecosystem-based measures. Possible examples include enhancement and creation of ecologically valuable green and open spaces, comprehensive near-natural water regime strategies at regional level, promotion of green solar roofs, and incentives for conversion to alternative land use on peatland and organic soils. Measure M12 (Combating insect mortality), responding to parliamentary motions 19.3207, 20.3010, and 23.4028, addresses the decline of insect populations. From 2030, insect-friendly management is to be accepted as a basic principle in all sectors and enshrined in legislation where necessary. By 2026, possible legal adaptations are to be examined; by 2028, insect hotspots are to be geographically identified with a spatial analysis of pollination concordance and deficits. The harmful effects of light pollution are to be mitigated, with monitoring to track insect population trends including biomass measurement. Desealing, renaturalisation, and the creation of near-natural biotopes are identified as contributing to improved local climate and species diversity while sequestering carbon.
Chile	II.16: At least 30% of approved strategic water resource plans in prioritised basins (PERHC) will include nature-based solutions (NbS). II.17: At least five economic instruments that promote the maintenance of the Contributions of Nature to People will have been designed and implemented [by 2028]. II.26: A natural capital information tool is being implemented to inform decision-making [by 2030].	The NBSAP devotes Objective II explicitly to maintaining and improving nature's contributions to people and addresses this theme through multiple national targets. National target II.16 commits that at least 30% of approved strategic water resource plans in prioritised basins (PERHC) will include nature-based solutions. National target II.17 requires that at least five economic instruments promoting the maintenance of the Contributions of Nature to People will have been designed and implemented by 2028. National target II.26 provides that a natural capital information tool is being implemented to inform decision-making by 2030. The strategy discusses the ecosystem services framework and highlights the climate-biodiversity nexus, pointing to the role of peatlands and kelp forests in carbon capture as examples of nature's contributions.
Cameroon	Restore by 2030 approximately 30% of degraded ecosystems in order to rehabilitate, maintain and enhance the contributions of nature to people, including functions and ecosystem services.	The NBSAP provides extensive coverage of ecosystem services across all major ecosystem types and establishes Objective 5 to "restore by 2030 approximately 30% of degraded ecosystems in order to rehabilitate, maintain and enhance the contributions of nature to people, including functions and ecosystem services." This is tracked through GBF indicator 2.1 (areas undergoing restoration) and indicator B.b. The National Platform of the Science-Policy Interface on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (PN SPBES), established by Decision No. 00184/D/MINEPDED/NBASAP of 09 November 2017 under MINEPDED, serves as the national advisory supervisory body for all assessments carried out on biodiversity and ecosystem services, ensuring the reliability of data sources, validating assessment methods, and overseeing scoping reports, thematic assessment reports, and policy briefs. The National Land Use Plan (NLUP, 2021) constitutes a strategic tool for organising the use of national space, contributing to conservation of natural ecosystems and ecological corridors, limitation of critical habitat conversion, and promotion of biodiversity-friendly spatial planning. The briefing documents ecosystem services across all six major ecosystem types. Dense tropical rainforests provide essential ecosystem services. Mountain ecosystems provide provisioning services (timber, fuelwood, NTFPs, medicinal plants, Prunus africana), regulating services (water capture, climate regulation with per-hectare carbon reserves above the national average), cultural services (sacred landscapes, ecotourism) and supporting services (ecological connectivity). Wooded tropical savannas supply natural pastures, shea, medicinal plants, and contribute to carbon sequestration and watershed hydrology. Freshwater ecosystems provide drinking water, agricultural irrigation, inland fisheries, and natural filtration/purification, with papyrus marshes storing 411.02 tC/ha. Semi-arid ecosystems support pastoral production, gum arabic, and hydrological regulation. Action 5.1 increases areas restored, with a baseline of 1,663,120 ha and a target of at least 3,618,830 ha (30% of estimated degraded land). This includes revegetating and stabilising riverbanks (target: 1,500 km from baseline approximately 450-600 km) and improving seed bank production (from approximately 40% to approximately 70%). Action 5.2 secures restored areas, targeting 1,000,000 ha secured by IPLCs (from baseline estimate 300,000 ha) and 45% of restored areas with demarcated security perimeters (from baseline estimate 15%). Action 5.3 creates botanical gardens for ex-situ conservation of medicinal plants (target: 10 gardens including 1 national, 4 regional and 5 community/university). The Restoration Initiative (TRI) operates in degraded landscape zones including savannas with IUCN, GEF and MINEPDED support, explicitly referencing nature-based solutions. Multiple ecosystem restoration programmes operate nationally, including the AFR100 Programme, the Great Green Wall, and the National Reforestation and Restoration Programme.
China	By 2030, mechanisms for the realisation of ecological product value shall be basically established, the capacity to convert ecological advantages into economic advantages shall be significantly enhanced, and ecosystem diversity shall be notably improved.	The NBSAP addresses ecosystem services and nature-based solutions across multiple Priority Actions. Priority Action 14 explicitly references Nature-based Solutions (NbS) and Ecosystem-based Approaches (EbA) to enhance ecosystem climate resilience and carbon sink functions, with ecosystem carbon sink monitoring and accounting systems to be established. Priority Action 17 on ecological product value realisation provides a framework for assessing and monetising ecosystem services. The plan requires establishing biodiversity and ecological product value assessment standards, carrying out baseline information surveys and comprehensive value assessments, and progressively establishing ecological product value conversion platforms and market transaction systems. Localities are encouraged to conduct profit-and-loss accounting and compensation for biodiversity and ecological product value. The assessment framework under Priority Action 22 calls for improving assessment standards for ecosystem service functions and the economic value of species resources. Priority Action 26 on investment and financing explores incorporating biodiversity factors into the green finance system and deepening payment mechanisms for ecosystem services, with market-based conservation and restoration compensation mechanisms. Urban ecosystem service functions are addressed under Priority Action 18, which calls for improving urban ecosystem service functions and self-sustaining capacity, expanding the supply of high-quality ecological products, and improving public well-being.
Colombia		The NBSAP reports that IDEAM generates information on changes in water-use efficiency, air, soil and water quality, energy and mineral extraction rates and carbon monitoring through publicly accessible systems, and that DANE has advanced the measurement and estimation of the economic contribution of provisioning services (nutrition, water, materials derived from plants and animals, and energy/biomass). Actions required by 2030 include: prioritisation of ecosystem services to incorporate (pollination, carbon absorption by the AFOLU sector, water resources, fisheries, regulation of extreme climate phenomena such as mangroves and floodplains, and cultural services) in 2025; identification, organisation and processing of information during the 2025-2029 biennium; and specific advancement on pollination and tourism-associated ecosystem services. The Plan presents a portfolio of financial solutions for biodiversity management that supports Target 11 implementation: habitat banks funded with compensation resources (20-30 year duration); habitat banks funded with voluntary contributions; payments for environmental services (PES) with public resources (4+ years); PES with private resources; public funds (1-5 years) for territorial projects with environmental impact; green credit lines from traditional banking (1-3 years); and community funds (1-2 years) for sustainable landscape use. Finally, NDC indicators referenced under Target 8 also inform Target 11, including protection actions in 24 supply watersheds, POMCA plans adjusted with climate considerations, and the sustainable-management programme for mangroves and seagrasses.
Czechia		The Strategy places ecosystem services and nature's contributions to people as a central rationale, referencing them from the Introduction onward. The National Platform for Ecosystem Services (NPES) is designated to ensure a functional interface between science and policy and to involve key actors across ministries and sectors. Action Objective 8.2 commits to the pilot introduction of valuation of nature's contributions to humans, including ecosystem services, as a complementary tool in selected decision-making processes. Specific measures include: ensuring support for the NPES with regular meetings (at least once a year) by 2030; pilot testing of selected ecosystem service assessment methodologies in specific decision-making processes; supporting science and research on various values of nature through TAČR calls; identifying gaps in nature conservation practice where the ecosystem services concept would support conservation objectives; developing a concept for using ecosystem service assessments in agricultural, forestry, and water management planning; and supporting the development and use of ecosystem accounting within the System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA-EA) by 2030. Nature-based solutions are referenced in the context of climate adaptation, with the Strategy stating that activities aimed at adapting to climate change should make maximum use of mutual synergies with biodiversity conservation, for example by applying nature-based solutions. Recommendations for nature-based approaches to urban environment planning and management are also committed to.
Germany	By 2030, the value of natural capital in Germany – ecosystems and ecosystem services – will find greater expression in the annual economic reports issued by the German government and in political and economic decisions (including strategies, programmes and planning) in all relevant sectors.	The NBS 2030 addresses ecosystem services and Nature-based Solutions across multiple action areas. Target 13.1 commits to significantly advancing Nature-based Solutions up to and beyond 2030 to jointly address biodiversity loss and climate change. The Federal Action Plan on Nature-based Solutions for Climate and Biodiversity contains 69 measures across ten fields of action, aimed at improving ecosystem condition and boosting their contribution to climate action. Target 16.1 on the value of natural capital requires that by 2030, the value of ecosystems and ecosystem services will find greater expression in the annual economic reports issued by the German government and in political and economic decisions across all relevant sectors. The 2024 Annual Economic Report included, for the first time, a representative indicator of biodiversity in Germany. The strategy calls for the National Welfare Index (NWI) and ecosystem accounts at the Federal Statistical Office to supplement GDP as measures of prosperity. The 2050 vision integrates ecosystem services throughout, stating that the overarching objective is to bring biodiversity status to a good level across all major landscape and habitat types, recognising that humans depend on the ecosystem services that nature provides. The strategy frames ecosystem services as including climate stabilisation, water filtration, soil fertility, food provision, and recreation. Action area 16 notes that the hidden value of natural capital — ecological, provisioning, and cultural services — has not been adequately reflected in political and economic decisions and calls for deploying information campaigns, legal requirements, economic incentives, labelling, and public procurement to mobilise businesses for biodiversity conservation.
Denmark		The NBSAP presents Target 11 as closely linked to pollution reduction, noting that the target aims to restore and enhance nature's contribution through ecosystem functions and services including air, water, climate, soil, pollination, and disease risk reduction. Annex 2 maps all pollution-related initiatives (River Basin Management Plans, Pesticide Strategy, Chemicals Initiative, PFAS measures, National Biocidal Initiative, Historical Pollution, Air Pollution, and Plastics Action Plan) to both Target 7 and Target 11. These initiatives collectively address ecosystem functions by reducing pressures on the aquatic environment (nitrogen reduction of 10,400 tonnes/year, restoration of 41 lakes, 5,500 km of waterways), reducing pesticide risks (halving use compared with 2011), managing air quality (clean-air zones, emissions regulation), and tackling plastic pollution (80 per cent separated from incineration by 2030). The climate section identifies healthy ecosystems as climate regulators, with the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030 setting targets for protection and restoration of wetlands, turf mosses, and coastal ecosystems as vital elements of climate adaptation. Internationally, the Strategic Partnership Agreement with Forests of the World uses nature-based solutions, and the IUCN partnership is linked to Target 11 in Annex 2.
Egypt		The NBSAP frames ecosystem services as an organising pillar. It quantifies protective services: the value of Red Sea coastal protection from erosion by coral reefs and mangrove trees is estimated at approximately 80 million Egyptian pounds per square kilometre, the annual economic loss from pollinator decline due to pesticide use is estimated at hundreds of millions of Egyptian pounds, and Lake Burullus carbon sequestration is estimated at 407 million euros. The strategy calls for a national natural-capital accounting roadmap that feeds into the System of National Accounts (SNA). A dedicated section on Nature-Based Solutions sets out principles including embracing nature-conservation standards, integration with engineering solutions, site-specific cultural and traditional-knowledge contexts, equitable distribution of benefits, preservation of biodiversity and cultural diversity, landscape-scale application, and integration into overall policy design. The Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Knowledge Network (drawing on IPBES linkages) is articulated with eight principles covering cooperation, reducing bias, currency of information, accessibility and participation, quality standards, international linkages, support for creative individuals, and avoiding duplication. Seaweed farming is cited as an aquaculture-based ecosystem-service delivery mechanism (nutrient filtration, carbon sequestration, nursery habitat).
Spain		The NBSAP treats nature-based solutions and ecosystem services as cross-cutting themes. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in Spain found that 45% of ecosystem services have degraded or are being used unsustainably, with regulation services most negatively affected (87% in critical or vulnerable state). Nature-based solutions are to be promoted as instruments for responding to multiple societal challenges. In climate change adaptation, identification of NbS as reference good practices is planned. For climate mitigation, methodological proposals for identifying, promoting, and monitoring NbS are to be developed. In disaster risk management, an ecosystem restoration strategy favouring resilience and disaster prevention is to be promoted, with river restoration assessed as a priority for managing flood and drought risks while conserving aquatic and riparian biodiversity. The NBSAP commits to integrating natural capital into national accounts through a national natural capital accounting system within environmental accounting, enabling measurement of changes in stock and flows of natural capital. Economic and statistical valuation of natural capital and ecosystem services is to be promoted. The monitoring system will include information on ecosystem services, particularly within the Green Infrastructure Strategy framework. Urban NbS are explicitly supported through grants for urban greening, renaturalisation of urban environments, and building rehabilitation incorporating fauna-friendly criteria. The Biodiversity Foundation is to develop these programmes under the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan.
European Union		Nature-based solutions are a recurring theme across the strategy. The EU Nature Restoration Plan explicitly aims to bring back diverse and resilient nature to all landscapes and ecosystems, supporting the recovery of nature and the long-term productivity and value of natural capital. The strategy frames ecosystem services — climate regulation, water regulation, soil health, pollination, disaster prevention and protection — as central benefits to be delivered through restoration. The Commission commits to developing an EU-wide methodology to map, assess, and achieve good condition of ecosystems so they can deliver benefits such as climate regulation, water regulation, soil health, pollination, and disaster prevention. Methods, criteria, and standards for measuring the environmental footprint of products and organisations are to be developed by 2021, including through life-cycle approaches and natural capital accounting. The Commission is to support establishment of an international natural capital accounting initiative. Nature-based solutions are to be systematically integrated into urban planning, and particular attention is to be paid to incentivising and eliminating barriers for the take-up of nature-based solutions by businesses. The Nature Restoration Plan's legally binding targets are to focus on ecosystems with the most potential to capture and store carbon and to prevent and reduce the impact of natural disasters — directly linking restoration to ecosystem service delivery.
Gabon	Restore, maintain and enhance nature's contributions to people	Gabon's National Target 11 aims to restore, maintain, and enhance nature's contributions to people. The strategic action is to continue establishing the bodies and export licences of the Nagoya Protocol and the Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) framework, with MEEC as the responsible stakeholder. The indicator is the adoption of law and regulatory texts. The NBSAP's Goal B is to "sustainably value biodiversity to strengthen nature's contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services." The strategy acknowledges that biodiversity loss generates consequences for ecosystem services and socio-economic systems. The document identifies pollinators (wild and domestic bees, pollinating insects) as contributing to crop productivity, and insectivorous birds and bats as participating in biological pest control. Ecosystem services are also addressed through innovative financing mechanisms: payments for ecosystem services (PES) and carbon credits on voluntary markets are identified as potential funding sources. The debt-for-nature swap with France is cited as an experience to build upon. Mangrove restoration includes awareness-raising on ecosystem services provided by mangroves, and community involvement through compatible income-generating activities.
United Kingdom	The UK will restore, maintain and enhance nature's contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, such as the regulation of air, water and climate, soil health, pollination and reduction of disease risk, as well as protection from natural hazards and disasters, through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches for the benefit of all people and nature.	The NBSAP sets UK target 11, committing to restore, maintain and enhance nature's contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services. The target lists specific services: regulation of air, water and climate, soil health, pollination and reduction of disease risk, as well as protection from natural hazards and disasters. These are to be delivered through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches for the benefit of all people and nature.
Equatorial Guinea	By 2030, restore degraded ecosystems, with emphasis on terrestrial, coastal, marine and fluvial ecosystems.	National Target 11 commits to restore degraded ecosystems in terrestrial, coastal, marine and fluvial domains, strengthening ecosystem services, climate resilience and the well-being of populations, through ecosystem-based approaches and nature-based solutions. Implementation conditions include restoration through sustainable forest management, active restoration of degraded terrestrial, fluvial, coastal and marine ecosystems, contribution to climate mitigation and adaptation, sustainable forestry production systems with native species via rural extension programmes, establishment of forest germplasm collection stations and a national germplasm bank, and community awareness campaigns on sustainable forest use. The ENPADIB recognises that Equatorial Guinea's biodiversity provides climate regulation, water resource protection, soil fertility, provision of food and raw materials, and cultural, social and scientific values. Degree of alignment is rated HIGH in objectives and LOW in current capacities (requires strengthening); Target 11 is linked to USD 5,000,000 in its ENPADIB funding line.
Hungary		The NBSAP extensively addresses ecosystem services and nature-based solutions through multiple objectives. The concept of ecosystem services was incorporated into the Nature Conservation Act in 2017. A major national conservation project (EEEOP-4.3.0-CCHOP-15-2016-00001, 2016–2021) produced the Ecosystem Map of Hungary at 20×20 metre resolution classifying ecosystems into 56 categories, developed methodology for evaluating 12 selected ecosystem services (pollination, climate regulation, microclimate regulation, flood risk mitigation, recreation, among others), and established status assessment methodology using multiple indicators. Objective 16 commits to evaluating ecosystem services and integrating conservation and restoration considerations into sectoral policy decision-making. Target 16.1 calls for recording changes in ecosystem status and services, validating assessments, developing sectoral collaborations for data gaps, and extending the Ecosystem Map thematically. Target 16.2 commits to designing decision support tools that account for ecosystem service values, mapping planning processes in key sectors, and integrating results into strategic planning and ecosystem accounts. Target 16.3 focuses on raising awareness through campaigns and sector-specific guides. Objective 14 addresses water management as a nature-based solution, including restoring natural river functions, creating wetlands, restoring oxbow lakes, and revitalising traditional floodplain management ('fokgazdálkodás'). Objective 15 covers green infrastructure development and maintenance.
Indonesia	National Target 10 (TN 10): Sustainable use of ecosystem services.	Strategy 2.2 (Increase of the Sustainable Use of Ecosystem Services) and National Target 10 (TN 10): Sustainable Use of Ecosystem Services address ecosystem functions and nature-based solutions. The NBSAP values regulatory services of the Maros Pangkep Karst Ecosystem at more than IDR 3 trillion per year, provider services through water utilisation at more than IDR 400 billion per year, and cultural services at almost IDR 800 billion per year. Ocean accounting in 2021 at the Gili Matra Marine Tourism Park valued capture fisheries at IDR 36.74 billion/year, coral reefs at IDR 36.59 billion/year, seagrass at IDR 6.59 billion/year and mangroves at IDR 3.11 billion/year. Balikpapan City's protection of the Sungai Wain Protected Forest is cited as an ecosystem-services case. TN 10 is measured by one indicator — quantified economic value of environmental-services utilisation (IDR), currently in development — and is delivered through four action groups: identification and economic valuation of ecosystem functions and services; strengthening ecosystem functions for disaster risk reduction; preparation of conservation areas for implementation of carbon economic value; and development of sustainable nature-based tourism. Lead entities are KLH/BPLH, Kemenhut, KKP, Kementan, Kemenkeu, Kemen PU, Kemenpar, BPS, BRIN, BNPB and local governments. Nature-based Solutions and Ecosystem-based Approaches are central: 25.03 percent primary forest cover, 13.4 Mha peatland, 3.36 Mha mangrove and ~30,000 km² seagrass anchor the NbS portfolio, and the Ocean Health Index reached 75.65 in 2022.
India	Ensure nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches for the benefit of all people and nature, covering health, pollination, climate, soil formation and disease risk, as well as prevention of air, water pollution and reduction of disasters, through ecosystem-based approaches.	India's NBSAP addresses ecosystem services through nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches for the benefit of all people and nature, covering health, air and water quality, pollination, climate, soil formation, disease risk reduction, and protection from hazards and disasters. The headline indicator is services provided by ecosystems (B.1), with component indicators on annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in cities, proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality, and level of water stress. Complementary indicators include proportions of local administrative units with established water and sanitation management procedures, air emission accounts, and the proportion of population using safely managed drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, along with mortality rates attributed to unsafe water. Two national indicators are tracked: status and trends of ambient air quality and water quality monitoring at selected sites for physico-chemical parameters, trace metals, pesticides, and bacteriological parameters in metropolitan cities and critically polluted areas (11.1); and trends in soil health parameters in agricultural ecosystems (11.2). Lead agencies include the Central Pollution Control Board, State Pollution Control Boards, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, and ICAR-NBSSLUP.
Iran	Restore, maintain, and enhance nature's contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services like air, water, and climate regulation, soil health, pollination, disease risk reduction, and protection from natural hazards, through nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches.	NT-11 commits to restoring, maintaining, and enhancing nature's contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services such as air, water, and climate regulation, soil health, pollination, disease risk reduction, and protection from natural hazards, through nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches. Five specific actions are listed: developing guidelines for modern methods of exploiting genetic resources, water, and soil with environmental risk assessments before new projects; ensuring operational guidelines for exploiting biodiversity include statements to protect pollinating insects; creating mechanisms for implementing a national action plan for wetland protection and management with native bio-management and prevention of unauthorised water harvesting; establishing a market for exchanging non-conventional waters and preventing soil pollution with private sector involvement; and providing training on sustainable protection of water and soil cycles and the food web. NT-1 separately calls for using nature- and people-oriented solutions to address challenges such as climate change and water resource sustainability.
Iceland	That ecosystem services to society be assessed and their importance taken into account.	The NBSAP addresses ecosystem services under Guiding Principle E3, with the objective that ecosystem services to society be assessed and their importance taken into account. The policy defines ecosystem services as both tangible (material cycles, fertile soil, timber, pharmaceutical ingredients, food, clean water) and symbolic (cultural aspects, arts, outdoor recreation, tourism, regional development). The policy notes that the implementation of ecosystem service assessments and the management of related information are not systematically organised in Iceland. No decision has been taken on whether such assessment should take place, what approaches are best suited, or which parties should be involved. It references the UN Statistics Division's System of Environmental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA) as the international system most nations utilise. Nature-based solutions are addressed under D3, where the policy prioritises climate actions that are positive for biodiversity, including land reclamation, ecosystem restoration on land, in freshwater and on shores, and blue-green stormwater solutions in urban areas. The importance of ecosystems for carbon sequestration is emphasised. Responsibility for ecosystem services is not defined within the administrative system, though the Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Climate is identified as best suited due to connections to biodiversity, climate, resource use and natural hazards.
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030		Basic Strategy 2 positions Nature-based Solutions as a central response to societal challenges, with Action-oriented targets 2-4 and 3-1 operationalising NbS, ecosystem-based adaptation, and Eco-DRR. The government will promote green infrastructure (as defined in the MLIT-MAFF-MOE Green Infrastructure Promotion Strategy) to deliver flood control, heat mitigation, water purification, pollination, and cultural services. The Act on Improvement of Water Cycle and basin-wide flood control programs (e.g. River Basin Disaster Resilience and Sustainability by All) integrate ecosystem functions into water management. Coastal ecosystems (tidal flats, seagrass beds, mangroves) deliver coastal protection co-benefits. Ecosystem service assessments will be developed to support decision-making, drawing on the Japan Biodiversity Outlook and IPBES methodologies. Payment for Ecosystem Services will be promoted to internalise nature's contributions into local economies.
Lebanon	NT 12: (Nature's Contributions to People) – commits to restoring, maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services via NbS and valuation approaches.	National Target 12 addresses the restoration, maintenance and enhancement of nature's contributions to people through Headline Indicator B.1 (services provided by ecosystems by ecosystem type and realm, applied through the SEEA accounting framework, reported every five years). National Actions commit to assessing ecosystem functions and services in representative protected areas covering at least three ecosystem types (NA 12.1); promoting adoption of nature-based solutions such as artificial reefs, artificial ponds and wetlands and restoration of degraded corridors to mitigate natural hazards and enhance ecosystem services (NA 12.2); and collaborating with MoA, Green Plan, LARI and local NGOs to mainstream agrobiodiversity, wild-crop relatives and climate-resilient native species in ecosystem restoration, agroforestry and crop selection over at least 50 hectares (NA 12.3). Under the finance target, NA 22.6 additionally commits to conducting economic valuation studies for nature reserves, coastal zones, maritime public domains, high mountains, riparian nature sites and at least 20% of public forests, and to incorporating biodiversity valuation into SEAs and EIAs using frameworks such as TEEB and BIOFIN.
Lesotho		The NBSAP III addresses ecosystem services and nature-based solutions across multiple national targets. National Target 11 explicitly calls for initiating and implementing Nature-based Solutions Programmes, including developing an NbS strategy, restoring wetlands and rangelands, rehabilitating degraded areas, maintaining biodiversity hotspots, implementing ICM and watershed management activities, and establishing sustainable agricultural initiatives (USD 2,941,176, 2027/30). National Target 2 includes developing and implementing Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) initiatives (USD 11,764,705), with outputs including identifying and valuating essential ecosystem goods and services, identifying buyers and sellers, and developing exchange agreements. Community eco-tourism and sustainable livelihood programmes are also planned (USD 1,470,588). The baseline documents several existing programmes focused on ecosystem services: the ICM programme implemented by ReNoka across sectoral plans, land rehabilitation activities using the ICM compendium, and projects such as ROLL (Regeneration of Livelihoods and Landscapes), IACOV (Improving Adaptive Capacity of Vulnerable and Food-insecure Populations), and the Wool and Mohair Value Chain Competitiveness Project. The NBSAP II review records progress on community eco-tourism activities through the SGP, wetland protection, and community capacitation on rehabilitation and restoration of forests and rangelands.
Luxembourg		Nature-based solutions and ecosystem services form a structural thread throughout Luxembourg's NBSAP. The national restoration plan is explicitly framed as serving both biodiversity recovery and the restoration of ecosystem services, and is described as presenting "effective means of climate change mitigation and adaptation." The strategy commits to mapping, monitoring, and assessing ecosystem services as soon as possible, where appropriate in accordance with European Commission guidelines. Ecosystem services are referenced across multiple sectoral chapters: forests provide carbon sequestration and storage, soil stabilisation, air and water purification, and recreation; freshwater ecosystems provide water regulation, flood protection, spawning and nursery areas, and nutrient pollution removal; sensitive grasslands deliver pollination and other ecological services; soils regulate carbon storage, nutrient cycling, and climate. The urban greening chapter calls for nature-inspired solutions to be "systematically integrated into urban planning, including in public spaces, infrastructure and the design of buildings and their surroundings." Green infrastructure and nature-based solutions are to be promoted for reducing air, water, and noise pollution, flood protection, and mitigating droughts and heatwaves. On the restoration plan itself, Luxembourg sets binding national objectives and timelines for restoration of ecosystems that contribute to European objectives, including halting degradation of 100% of habitats and species of Community interest in unfavourable status by 2026, and restoring favourable conservation status for 30% by 2030. The approach is described as creating "green jobs" that reconcile economic activities with nature and contribute to guaranteeing the long-term productivity and value of natural capital. A feasibility study for a model of valorisation, accounting, and payment for ecosystem services is planned, drawing on the experience of the demonstration farm network. The Klimabonusbësch premium for private foresters is framed as payment for ecosystem services provided by multifunctional forests.
Libya		The NBSAP addresses ecosystem services and nature-based solutions through its action plan, with relevant actions distributed across national Targets 10 and 11. Target 11's priorities include expanding park and garden sites, establishing green belts, and increasing green spaces to improve air quality (a nature-based solution for air regulation), and improving wastewater treatment with reuse in the forest sector for timber production (ecosystem-based water management). The indicators preceding Target 10 reference programmes to protect natural pollinators and restore soil integrity, both of which are ecosystem service maintenance actions. The descriptive sections document Libya's rangeland ecosystem services: rangelands cover approximately 13.3 million hectares, provide an estimated 562,000 tons of annual feed requirements for grazing animals, prevent soil erosion, reduce desertification effects, and supply firewood, aromatic and medicinal plants, and non-traditional foods. Coastal wetlands and lagoons are described as providing shelters and breeding sites for fish, mollusks, and marine organisms, as well as waterfowl habitat.
Madagascar		Target 11 (Ecosystem services and NbS) is allocated USD 14,194,889 (30.05% of Programme 2). The data sub-section states that scientific research programmes on ecosystems and their contributions to human well-being are prioritised to demonstrate the direct link between ecosystem health and quality of life, with existing data on ecosystem services and NbS initiatives, as well as traditional and local knowledge, capitalised and standardised reference frameworks developed to ensure rigour and comparability of environmental assessments. Sustainable financing combines public, parafiscal and international resources: the State allocates a dedicated budget, fiscal and parafiscal systems are optimised, and special treasury accounts are reactivated to guarantee the exclusive use of funds for conservation. Innovative mechanisms — Payments for Ecosystem Services, green funds and National Forest Funds — are promoted, and international partner support is strengthened to bridge financial gaps and provide expertise and technologies needed for sustainable ecosystem management.
Marshall Islands		Sub-target 2.11 addresses management of ecosystem services as functional systems for people, delivered through EEZ biodiversity research, EPA permits, KPIs, and Reimaanlok Steps 3–7. Headline indicator B.1 (Ecosystem Services) tracks services provided by ecosystems as flows between ecosystem assets and economic units, with MIMRA and MoNRC as data leads. The NAP treats biodiversity as a critical natural defense and prioritizes nature-based solutions alongside engineered infrastructure for shoreline protection. The SLASP framework for sustainable aggregate sourcing directly links mineral security to climate adaptation while protecting biodiversity. The National Agenda 2030 presents biodiversity as fundamental to economic prosperity, food security, and national survival. The NSP recognizes the nation's heavy dependence on natural resources and the need for sustainable management. The alignment synthesis notes that ecosystem services are recognized in national planning and community practice but are not yet compiled into formal ecosystem-accounting frameworks capable of generating trend data. The RMI is still developing the capacity to report on these indicators, and progress toward comprehensive national-level quantification will require continued investment in monitoring capacity.
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030		The NBSAP addresses ecosystem services and nature-based solutions through multiple actions. Action B.3.2 explicitly commits to developing nature-based solutions and valorising ecosystem services for silviculture, targeting 10 projects in 5 different Wilayas by 2030. The strategy describes agro-sylvo-pastoral zones covering approximately 15% of the national territory, noting they provide vital ecosystem services including non-timber forest products such as gum arabic, as well as essential grazing land for livestock. Axis B's planned measures state that restoring and protecting vulnerable ecosystems (B.1) is paramount for maintaining ecological resilience, while sustainable natural resource management (B.3) is vital to ensure future generations can benefit from ecosystem services. Actions B.1.4 (biodiversity spatial planning) and B.1.5 (mining site rehabilitation) are also tagged to Target 11.
Malta		The NBSAP addresses ecosystem services and nature-based solutions across multiple national targets and actions. National Target 7 commits to increasing the coordinated and strategic application of nature-based solutions, including blue-green infrastructure, for climate change mitigation and adaptation, noise abatement, ecosystem resilience, and urban biodiversity. Action 7.1 integrates NbS into climate policy tools. Action 7.2 establishes greening initiatives for climate adaptation, ecological connectivity, and pollution reduction. Action 2.5 commits to a comprehensive national policy framework on pollinators by 2027, addressing pressures, threats, and knowledge gaps. Action 15.1 encourages the private sector to value its impacts and dependencies on natural capital, including biodiversity, and disclose them in non-financial statements. Action 16.1 commits to further integrating the values of biodiversity and ecosystem services in national policies and planning processes. The Mitigation Hierarchy is adopted as a guiding principle to limit negative impacts on biodiversity and achieve biodiversity net gain.
Namibia	Nature's contributions to people are enhanced and maintained through the effective implementation of nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches	National Target 11 commits that nature's contributions to people are enhanced and maintained through the effective implementation of nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches. Delivery occurs through Programme 20: Enhancing nature's contributions to people through ecosystem-based approaches. In terrestrial and freshwater systems, implementation emphasises ecosystem functions related to water regulation, soil protection, flood attenuation, rangeland productivity, pollination and landscape connectivity, supporting adaptation to droughts, floods and land degradation. In coastal and marine environments, actions focus on functions supporting fisheries productivity, coastal protection, nutrient cycling and climate regulation, with attention to ocean warming, acidification and changes in productivity. Across all ecosystems, nature-based solutions are designed with safeguards to ensure ecological integrity, social inclusion and long-term effectiveness, and to avoid maladaptation. The briefing notes a gap in the Primary Implementation Instruments (listed as 'To insert'), indicating this element is still being populated. Chapter 2 provides the underlying rationale: ecosystem services include water regulation, soil protection, climate regulation, food provision and cultural values, with wildlife-based tourism and fisheries through the Benguela Current contributing materially to employment and GDP.
Nigeria	By 2020, a comprehensive programme for the valuation of biodiversity is developed and implemented, and payments for ecosystem services (PES) and goods are mainstreamed into the national budget.	National Target 2 states: "By 2020, a comprehensive programme for the valuation of biodiversity is developed and implemented, and payments for ecosystem services (PES) and goods are mainstreamed into the national budget." This target is mapped to Aichi Target 1 and Strategic Goal 1. Actions under this target include conducting economic valuation of biodiversity and national studies on 'The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity' (TEEB) (Action 2.1, NCF, 2016–2020); integrating biodiversity valuation into national accounts, strategies, and planning processes (Action 2.2, Budget and National Planning, 2016–2020); establishing and implementing a national procedure for Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) to enhance private sector investment and corporate social support for biodiversity protection (Action 2.3, FDF, 2016–2020); and strengthening the provisions of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) to promote biodiversity and ecosystem service values (Action 2.4, EA, 2016–2020). The monitoring matrix sets targets of 50 payments for ecosystem services per year, ₦200 million in PES payments per year, and 100 PES beneficiaries by 2020. The financing mechanisms table includes PES schemes allowing downstream users to pay for upstream forest protection, and the TEEB approach is listed in capacity development plans for training key personnel in biodiversity financing and economics.
Netherlands		The NBSAP frames nature-based solutions (NbS) as a cross-cutting approach supporting both biodiversity and societal challenges in climate adaptation, water management, and health. Ecosystem services identified include fertile soils, clean water, clean air, climate adaptation, pollinators for food crops, natural pest and disease resistance, building materials, medicines, industrial raw materials, and contributions to recreation and tourism. The NL2120 knowledge programme, funded with €110 million from the National Growth Fund (of which €40 million conditionally), is the centrepiece investment. The programme brings together governments, nature organisations, engineering firms, dredging companies, and knowledge and vocational institutions to research NbS across various landscape types including high sandy soils, peatland meadow areas, and urban areas. It combines a national knowledge programme with practical experience in ongoing area-based projects, focusing on the functioning of natural solutions, innovative earning models, and societal transition processes. The consortium is supported by the Ministries of LVVN and IenW. Green-Blue Infrastructure (GBDA) targets 10% coverage by 2050, creating a fine-meshed network of semi-natural landscape elements that support climate-adaptive capacity of agricultural ecosystems against weather extremes, provide refuges and migration opportunities for species, and promote wild pollinators and general nature quality. Landscape elements such as hedgerows reduce wind speed, herb-rich margins serve as biodiversity arteries, and nature-friendly banks filter nutrients and retain water. The Action Programme on Climate Adaptation for Nature aims by 2030 to equip governments and land managers to deal with climate risks to nature, deploy nature-inclusive solutions for climate adaptation, and give climate adaptation a structural place in policy. Freshwater ecosystems are identified as buffers for dry periods and water storage during heavy rainfall. The Programmatic Approach to Large Waters (PAGW), with an estimated investment volume of approximately €1.8 billion (2018 estimate), improves ecosystem functions and services of the Netherlands' large waters. Through NbS and transitions in use and management, the programme realises a baseline for sustainable ecological water systems meeting conditions for the Water Framework Directive and Natura 2000 objectives. Wageningen University & Research is investigating possibilities for boosting and accelerating NbS application. NbS have also been incorporated into the Policy Compass (Beleidskompas), the central methodology for policy-making within the national government. On knowledge development, several instruments map natural capital and ecosystem services. The Natural Capital Accounts (NKR), developed by Statistics Netherlands and WUR, show that the 12 ecosystem services they track represent a value of more than €13 billion per year, with marine ecosystem services in the Dutch North Sea valued at €6 billion per year. The Ecosystem Services Valuation Database (ESVD) contains over 10,000 data points from more than 1,100 studies worldwide. The Natural Capital Atlas (Atlas Natuurlijk Kapitaal) and the Green Benefits Planner provide tools for municipalities and other decision-makers. The Natural Capital Model enables spatial visualisation of future scenarios' effects on ecosystem service delivery. The Knowledge and Innovation Agenda for Agriculture, Water and Food 2024-2027 includes a mission on resilient nature with innovation programmes in NbS, ecosystem services, and nature-inclusive society. The Nature-Inclusive Agenda 2.0, drawn up by public and private frontrunners, aims to strengthen the movement towards a nature-inclusive society by 2050, where societal and economic activities are interwoven with nature and space for biodiversity is consciously created. Concrete NbS examples cited include the Prins Hendrik Sand Dyke on Texel (sand reinforcement creating dune landscape and salt marsh for water safety and biodiversity), the Sand Motor, integrated river management, Amsterdam Rainproof, Smart Rivers, climate buffers, natural banks, and the Bee Landscape West Brabant.
Norway		The NBSAP integrates ecosystem services through nature accounting, nature-based solutions and sector instruments. The Norwegian Environment Agency and Statistics Norway are establishing biophysical accounts on selected ecosystem services (crops, timber, pollination, climate adjustments, nature-based tourism) and assessing methods for monetary ecosystem-service accounts under the UN framework. Pollination is treated as a primary ecosystem service: the national pollinator strategy (2018) and the cross-sectoral action plan for wild pollinating insects (2021–2028) aim to ensure viable populations of wild bees and other pollinating insects, with priority areas of increased knowledge, good biotopes, and communication; approximately NOK 100 million annually is allocated for pollinator and biodiversity biotope measures. Nature-based solutions (NbS) are defined in line with the UNEA5 (2022) agreement. The Government commits to actively promote NbS where appropriate, to establish a working group to phase out peat in cultivation media and soil improvement, and, internationally, to extend NICFI to 2035 and strengthen continued international and regional (Nordic) partnerships on NbS. Planning guidelines for climate and energy planning and climate adaptation require that conservation, restoration or NbS be considered first. Drinking water, wastewater, soil health and outdoor recreation are framed as ecosystem-service priorities, with new national targets for water and health launched 16 February 2024 and a monitoring programme for soil in forests and pastures initiated by NIBIO. The Hurdal Platform commits to improved sustainability in agriculture through use of outfield pastures, summer pastures, climate adaptation, investment in soil and a national centre for mountain agriculture. EEA funds of around EUR 90 million for the current period support biodiversity conservation and sustainable use abroad.
Panama		Nature-based Solutions are a stated implementation approach for the restoration target. The NBSAP commits to restoring "the contributions of nature to people — such as ecosystem functions and services including air and water regulation, soil fertility, disaster protection and disease risk reduction" and to strengthening connectivity between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The strategy frames NbS as central to ecosystem-based adaptation, with Regional Climate and Nature Observatories serving as platforms for restoration, biodiversity protection, water management and community resilience. The LDN strategy emphasises that sustainable soil management restores ecosystems while driving resilient territorial development. Integrated actions are expected to increase ecological resilience from mangroves to watersheds and tropical forests.
State of Palestine		The NBSAP devotes a foundational section to ecosystem services and nature's contribution to people, framing biodiversity benefits as ethical, aesthetic, utilitarian and ecological, and adopting the IPBES "nature's contribution to people" framing. It states that value to nature and natural capital can be accounted for using the SEEA framework as part of national accounts to inform decision-making, and that integrating nature and biodiversity considerations in Environmental Fiscal Reforms is needed. The protected-areas section identifies ecosystem services and benefit sharing (Annex II of COP Decision 14/8) as the first item in its 17-point work programme, to be addressed by setting biosphere reserves that take into account local needs. The climate section sets out an internal target — EQA Target 8 — to raise the efficiency of ecosystems to provide ecological services for climate adaptation and combating desertification, including a 50% increase in carbon uptake by 2022. Section 5.4 (Recommendation 11) records that the European Commission promotes 'like for like or better' or 'Nature-Based Solutions' under sustainable-finance taxonomy, and links this to biodiversity offsetting debates. The strategy also recommends quantifying the role of biodiversity (including invertebrates, lower plants and fungi) in ecosystem-service provision and integrated ecosystem-service assessment.
Paraguay		The NBSAP defines Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in its glossary as measures to protect, conserve, restore, sustainably use and manage terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems while simultaneously seeking human wellbeing, ecosystem services, resilience and benefits for biodiversity. Sectoral line 3.6.5 positions NbS and Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) at the centre of climate and risk management, with 2030 targets of 60% of local governments implementing mitigation and adaptation measures under Decree 3,934/25 and 100% of governorates trained in NbS and ecosystem-based approaches. Pollination is identified as a key ecosystem service (88% of fruit crops, 40% of grains, 40% of horticultural crops, 50% of industrial crops, 70% of oilseeds rely on animal pollination globally). Restoration initiatives (Itaipu Preserva along the 1,524 km reservoir strip; INFONA's National Forest Restoration Plan; PROEZA agroforestry; PoliLAC 2024–2028) are framed as operational vehicles for NbS. EbA actions listed include silvopastoral systems, solar energy replacement of fossil-fuel pumps, organic agriculture, water harvesting and sowing, efficient firewood use in ecological stoves, and beekeeping. The NBSAP 2025–2030 is expressly positioned as the national instrument for implementing the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, with mainstreaming into the MADES Institutional Strategic Plan 2024–2028, the National Environmental Policy (PAN) and the National Development Plan 2050.
Rwanda	By 2030, restore, maintain, and enhance ecosystem services and nature's contributions to people through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches to improve human well-being, resilience, and sustainable development.	The NBSAP sets National Target 11 to restore, maintain, and enhance ecosystem services and nature's contributions to people through nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches by 2030. Component indicators include mortality rate attributed to unsafe WASH services, annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality, and annual soil loss by erosion. Complementary indicators track community participation in water and sanitation management, safely managed drinking water services, and respiratory disease rates. The baseline references several large-scale ongoing projects enhancing ecosystem service supply: TREPA (60,000 ha), COMBIO, Green Amayaga (263,000 ha), Volcanoes Community Resilience Project (37,000 ha), Congo-Nile Divide Restoration Project (10,000 ha), and Forest Investment Program (25,000 ha). Economic valuations include Nyungwe National Park at USD 4.8 billion (2014), Rugezi wetlands at USD 374 million, Mukura Landscape at USD 1.4 million/year, Akagera Wetland Complex at USD 12 million/year with USD 1.1 billion in carbon storage, and Kigali City wetlands at over USD 22 million/year for provisioning services. Strategic actions include strengthening and expanding air pollution monitoring stations across all districts, promoting behavioural shifts towards low-emission practices (walking, cycling, gas cooking), enforcing measures for reducing industrial and vehicle emissions, increasing research on forest diseases and pests, improving ecosystem services in urban areas through NbS-integrated urban planning, promoting WASH through greening school initiatives, and conducting air quality research. The agriculture sector plan includes implementing soil erosion control measures using NbS in high-risk areas (MINAGRI, 2024–2028). The forestry sector plan includes research on forest diseases and pests (RFA, 2025–2030). The Nyandungu Urban Wetland transformation into an eco-park is cited as a successful NbS urban example. The costing allocates USD 11.9 million.
Saudi Arabia	Maximising social and economic benefits provided by ecosystem services and strengthening ecosystems and/or nature-based solutions.	National Target 12 aims to maximise social and economic benefits provided by ecosystem services and strengthen ecosystems and/or nature-based solutions. The target emphasises restoring and maintaining ecosystem functions essential for human well-being, including improving air and water quality, climate regulation, soil safety, pollination, and reducing risks of diseases and natural disasters. It calls for effective, innovative, and sustainable mechanisms including nature-based solutions for addressing environmental and social issues. The NBSAP explicitly links this national target to GBF Target 11, particularly regarding the restoration, maintenance, and strengthening of ecosystem functions and services. It also links to Global Goal (a) on ecosystem integrity and Goal (b) on sustainable use and assessment of nature's contributions to people. The national action plan includes raising public awareness on nature-based solutions and their role in achieving sustainable development (2026–2030). Indicators include percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services, economic output from protected areas, and national strategies being developed. The financial mobilisation section references nature-based solutions as positive incentives that should replace harmful subsidies, and the Kingdom seeks to adopt financing mechanisms that support nature-based solutions and environmentally friendly practices.
Sudan	Restore, maintain and enhance nature's contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, such as regulation of air, water, and climate, soil health, pollination and reduction of disease risk, as well as protection from natural hazards and disasters, through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches for the benefit of all people and nature.	National Target 11 calls for restoring, maintaining and enhancing nature's contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services such as regulation of air, water, and climate, soil health, pollination and reduction of disease risk, as well as protection from natural hazards, through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches. Budget allocations under Goal B include US$1,000,000 for wildlife (2 actions) and US$1,500,000 for health aspects (2 actions). Under Goal D, marine biodiversity receives US$950,000 for 2 actions. The monitoring framework uses National Environmental Accounting (NEA) as a headline indicator, measuring social services provided by ecosystems, regulation of air quality, water quality and quantity, and protection from hazards and extreme events. It includes indicators for ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management) unit establishment and trend in pasture land increase. The monitoring also tracks species providing medicine, environmental products, recreation lots, and natural capital indicators aligned with the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA).
Sweden	Interim target on wild pollinators: the diversity of wild pollinators shall be improved and the decline in their populations halted by 2030 at the latest	The NBSAP presents target 11 as a cross-cutting benefit delivered through restoration, marine and wetland protection, forest conservation, and ecosystem-based management. The EU Nature Restoration Regulation and the Water Framework Directive are cited as contributing to target 11 on restoring, maintaining and enhancing nature's contributions to people, including protection against natural hazards and disasters. Conservation of primary and old-growth forests is described as crucial for ecosystem services, with long-term conservation of these forests contributing to target 11. Marine protected areas and the Marine Environment Government Bill's expansion of protection contribute to target 11, as does the EU Water Resilience Strategy (one of whose overarching goals is to restore and protect the water cycle). Wetland re-wetting contributes to target 11 through ecosystem services including flood buffering, drought and fire protection, and water regulation. Ocean scrubber-emission measures and Ospar action contribute to targets 7 and 11. Ecological compensation under the Environmental Code is framed as a way of counteracting net losses of biodiversity and ecosystem services. A new interim target on urban green spaces providing that a majority of municipalities shall, by 2030 at the latest, maintain and integrate urban green spaces and ecosystem services in planning, construction and management of cities and towns has been adopted (see target 12). A new interim target on wild pollinators (by 2030) has been adopted. Sida support for biodiversity is identified as contributing to targets including 11.
Slovenia		The NEAP 2020–2030 frames ecosystem services as central to the natural capital approach. The programme explicitly identifies ecosystem services provided by soil (food supply, water purification, carbon binding, flood mitigation, biodiversity support), forests (soil protection, erosion prevention, flood mitigation, carbon sink, drinking water provision, species habitat) and other ecosystems. The programme adopts the European Environment Agency's ecosystem-based development model, placing fundamental social systems within ecosystem boundaries. Slovenia commits to mapping ecosystem services on the basis of existing data, assessing the status of ecosystems and ecosystem services, and evaluating ecosystem services at the national level (Table 1, Measure 44; MOP/MKGP/SURS, from 2022 onwards). Green infrastructure is addressed through a dedicated section. Taking into account the EU Strategy for Green Infrastructure (2013), Slovenia considers the Natura 2000 network as priority green infrastructure and commits to maintaining and establishing corridors for mobile species. Specific measures include maintaining corridors for large carnivores with up to two new green bridges in the motorway network by 2030 (Measure 45; MZI/DARS), providing passages for amphibians at state road sections with the most adverse impact (Measure 46; DRSI/MZI), and creating at least nine new demonstration examples of achieving nature conservation goals on state-owned land, each on at least 50 hectares (Measure 47). The NNPP funding section lists establishment of green infrastructure outside protected areas and Natura 2000 as a priority for increased funding.
Senegal	Strengthen ecosystem goods and services for the benefit of communities	The NBSAP defines national target (11) as strengthening ecosystem goods and services for the benefit of communities. The results framework prescribes two priority actions: promotion of the participation of private stakeholders and local authorities in ecosystem protection (indicator: number of successful private or community initiatives, or financial volume actually mobilised by category), and development of local micro-projects focused on ecosystem services (indicator: number of ecosystem services regenerated — listing restored habitats, bee colonies, ark colonies, oyster colonies, bird colonies, and availability of fruits and fodder). Ecosystem services are a recurring theme across the NBSAP. The general objective commits to preserving the integrity of biological heritage and promoting the sustainable use of ecosystem services. Strategic objective 2 is to "sustainably use and manage biological diversity and ecosystem services." The NDS 2025–2029 includes conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services among its expected outcomes. The Dakar lakes are cited as generating 2.6 billion FCFA per year as an illustration of ecosystem service value. The principles section establishes ecosystem-based management as the second guiding principle, maintaining and restoring vital ecosystem functions. Nature-based solutions against coastal erosion are a separate priority action under target (8).
Suriname	2.4 Based on increased evidence-based understanding on ecosystem services, Suriname's public, private and societal organizations incorporate nature-based solutions in urban planning, climate resilience, food production systems and the development of sustainable livelihood options.	National Target 2.4 commits Suriname to incorporating nature-based solutions in urban planning, climate resilience, food production systems and the development of sustainable livelihood options, on the basis of increased evidence-based understanding of ecosystem services. The narrative notes that initiatives are currently implemented on an ad-hoc basis at small scale and that decision-makers need increased awareness of the multi-functional benefits — examples cited include combining apiculture with agricultural systems for pollination, green-grey infrastructure for coastal protection by mangroves, multi-functional urban green spaces, conservation of native fruit trees for food security, and corridor planning to address fragmentation. Suriname's forests are described as supplying invaluable services balancing climate in carbon and hydrological terms. Actions update the national ecosystem services assessment and valuation; develop a system for natural capital accounting; and provide cross-sectoral recommendations on incorporating ecosystem services and nature-based solutions in urban planning, infrastructure development, pollution management and climate adaptation. Total Target 2.4 cost is $1,286,784.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page		The NBSAP addresses ecosystem services and nature-based solutions through multiple dedicated instruments. The Ecosystem Services Regeneration Strategy applies protocols to drive conservation and enhance ecosystem services with a productive focus, including a mechanism for issuing biodiversity unit (BU) certificates for corporate responsibility projects in the coffee sector. The Environmental Valuation Metric and Environmental Compensation Scheme is designed to ensure recovery of affected ecosystems, seeking net gain in ecosystem services. The Environmental Incentives and Disincentives Programme aligns economic interests with conservation and restoration, including payment for environmental services (PES). The PREPP promotes agroforestry and agricultural practices that strengthen the functionality and connectivity of ecosystems, contributing to restoration in productive areas. World Bank studies (2020) estimated that ecosystem services associated with medicinal plants, honey, fodder, fruits and fauna generate $15–$30 million annually, while recreation, water and biodiversity services generate approximately $51 million. Challenges identified include ensuring the provision of ecosystem services, particularly for water and food supply, and the implementation of the Environmental Compensation and Incentives Programme. Greater implementation of nature-based solutions is sought particularly in the construction and tourism sectors. The NBSAP commits to promoting payment for ecosystem services mechanisms as part of its financing strategy, with BIOFIN implementation from 2025.
Chad	NT14: By 2030, ecosystems that provide essential services, in particular water and that contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and poor and vulnerable populations.	The NBSAP links Global Target 11 to National Objective 14 (NT14): by 2030, ecosystems that provide essential services, in particular water and those that contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and poor and vulnerable populations. The 2011–2020 reference describes insufficient drinking water, sanitation and hygiene; the 2030 targets are a significantly reduced mortality rate and improved rates of access to drinking water, hygiene and sanitation. Measures include a research programme on ecosystems and the services they provide; promoting nature-based solutions (NbS) for water resource management and ecosystem restoration; establishing monitoring systems to assess ecosystem condition and conservation measure impacts; adopting laws and regulations to protect and restore ecosystems in distress; developing sustainable ecosystem management plans with specific restoration actions; seeking NGO and donor partnerships for local restoration; awareness-raising on the importance of ecosystem services; implementing the Water and Sanitation Master Plan (SDEA); maximising NbS benefits for species; and involving local communities — including women and indigenous groups — in the planning and implementation of restoration and ecological network preservation projects. Indicators include national environmental and economic accounts on air quality regulation, water quality and quantity, and protection against disasters and extreme events provided by ecosystems (I1GT11); and mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation deficiencies and lack of hygiene (inadequate WASH services) (I2GT11).
Togo	Target 8 : Strengthen nature's contributions to people by taking into account ecosystem functions and services such as air, water and climate regulation, soil health, pollination and disease risk reduction, as well as protection against natural risks and disasters	The NBSAP designates National Target 8 under Strategic Objective 1, mapped to GBF Target 11, committing to strengthen nature's contributions to people by taking into account ecosystem functions and services such as air, water and climate regulation, soil health, pollination and disease risk reduction, as well as protection against natural risks and disasters. The NBSAP identifies four types of ecosystem services: provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services. The national target text enumerates specific service categories — air, water and climate regulation, soil health, pollination, disease risk reduction, and natural disaster protection — providing a detailed scope for implementation.
Thailand		The plan commits across multiple national targets to maintain and restore ecosystem services through nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches. National Target 2 (§79) prioritises conservation, protection, and restoration of areas of high biodiversity importance to maintain effective ecosystem services across terrestrial, inland waters, and marine/coastal ecosystems, aiming to restore degraded ecosystems to their original integrity and ecosystem-service capacity prior to human-induced changes, including the reestablishment of ecosystem connectivity. National Target 4 (§94-§95) defines and applies nature-based solutions — actions to protect, conserve, restore, or modify ecosystems to address social, economic, and environmental challenges while simultaneously enhancing human well-being, ecosystem services, and resilience — and ecosystem-based adaptation approaches that use biodiversity and ecosystem services to address adverse climate effects, encompassing sustainable management, conservation, and restoration with multiple social, economic, and cultural co-benefits for local communities. Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction is defined as sustainable management, conservation, and restoration to reduce disaster risk. The Master Plan for Climate Change Adaptation 2015-2050 (§49) anchors this approach in national policy, incorporating NbS/EbA particularly in water management and natural resource management under the National Adaptation Plan.
Tunisia	Ecosystem goods and services are maintained at their 2018 baseline level or improved, inter alia through Nature-based Solutions (NbS)	The NBSAP dedicates Objective B3 to preserving and strengthening ecosystem services and functions for the benefit of populations, linked explicitly to KM-GBF Target 11. The national target states: "Ecosystem goods and services are maintained at their 2018 baseline level or improved, inter alia through Nature-based Solutions (NbS)." Measure B3.1 focuses on assessing and restoring regulating services of oasis, coastal, and wetland ecosystems. Oases cover approximately 40,803 ha and are home to 950,000 people (10% of the Tunisian population). Actions include assessing and restoring oasis ecosystem services (B3.1.1), encouraging beekeeping in oases (B3.1.2), and assessing and restoring coastal forest ecosystem services (B3.1.3, covering 51,345 ha). Measure B3.2 addresses biodiversity-health linkages through the One Health approach, with actions to strengthen wild animal health surveillance (B3.2.1), strengthen knowledge on zoonoses (B3.2.2), integrate policies for a common One Health vision (B3.2.3), and appoint a national focal point for biodiversity and health (B3.2.4). Measure B3.3 targets restoring fauna's contribution to ecosystem services, including developing a 5-year national programme for pollinating insects (B3.3.1) and a national programme for soil fauna inventory and monitoring (B3.3.2). The pollinator programme includes establishing Red Lists for wild pollinating insects, estimating pollination service contributions to agriculture, and strengthening regulations for bee protection during pesticide use. Measure B3.4 proposes a national mechanism to promote NbS for ecosystem services restoration (B3.4.1) and a collaborative digital platform (B3.4.2).
Viet Nam	The value of biodiversity and ecosystem services is assessed, maintained and enhanced through the sustainable use of biodiversity while limiting negative impacts on biodiversity; nature-based solutions are implemented and applied in the socio-economic development, natural disaster prevention and climate change adaptation	Ecosystem services and nature-based solutions are a central theme of the NBSAP. The viewpoint section frames biodiversity as "vital natural capital for green economy development" and states that adopting an ecosystem approach is crucial. The specific objectives commit to assessing, maintaining, and enhancing the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services through sustainable use, and to implementing nature-based solutions in socio-economic development, natural disaster prevention, and climate change adaptation. The Key Solutions section directs the integration of NbS into development, disaster prevention, and climate adaptation. Revenue from forest environmental services, biodiversity-related environmental services, and payments for ecosystem services are listed among the capital resources for strategy implementation.
Vanuatu	By 2030, nature's contributions to people, including pollination, soil fertility, seed dispersal, nutrient cycling, disaster resilience, and the regulation of air, water, climate, and soil health, are restored, maintained, and enhanced. This shall be achieved, in particular, through locally led, ecosystem-based and nature-based solutions that benefit all of Vanuatu's people, especially Indigenous Peoples and local communities.	The NBSAP commits to restoring, maintaining, and enhancing nature's contributions to people by 2030, including pollination, soil fertility, seed dispersal, nutrient cycling, disaster resilience, and the regulation of air, water, climate, and soil health, through locally led, ecosystem-based and nature-based solutions. Provincial implementation focuses on water ecosystem services: Torba will establish and protect Community Water Protection Zones, protect and fence community water spring boxes across multiple islands, and expand seagrass habitats to preserve turtles; Penama plans to support improvements to water supply systems and construct new systems for fishponds, farming, and livelihood activities; Tafea will construct new water supply systems in Central Tanna and identify/assess prioritised water catchments and watersheds. Target 11 is allocated 5 actions costing VUV 41,000,000.
Yemen	By 2030, restore 20% of priority degraded ecosystems to enhance the flow of ecosystem services to support community livelihoods and the national economy, including providing disaster risk reduction services. Restore and protect aquatic ecosystems to increase their capacity to sustainably provide water services to about 80% of Yemen's population by 2050.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 11, aligned to GBF Target 11, committing to restore 20% of priority degraded ecosystems by 2030 to enhance the flow of ecosystem services to support community livelihoods and the national economy, including providing disaster risk reduction services. The target further commits to restoring and protecting aquatic ecosystems to increase their capacity to sustainably provide water services to about 80% of Yemen's population by 2050. This target operates in parallel with National Target 2 (restoration) but emphasizes ecosystem services as the desired outcome — particularly nature-based solutions for disaster risk reduction and water provision. The Action Plan includes restoration and rehabilitation activities to enhance ecosystem functions and services, with specific indicators covering ecosystem services provided, number of households benefiting, ecosystem contribution to household income, area under restoration, and increases in agricultural and rangeland productivity in restored areas. Community strengthening programmes are included to make communities effective partners in ecosystem management, including protected areas.
Zambia	By 2025, Zambia takes deliberate actions to protect critical ecosystems of the Zambezi, Kafue, Chambeshi, Bangweulu and Luangwa watersheds.	The NBSAP provides detailed economic valuation of ecosystem services and commits to their protection. Forest ecosystem services are quantified: carbon valued at approximately $15 million per annum (social cost) with carbon stocks worth about $150 per hectare on average (up to $745/ha for intact forests); sediment retention by forests estimated at 274 million tonnes generating cost savings of $237 million per annum; and forest pollination services valued at approximately $74 million per annum. Forests also regulate water flows, contribute to flood attenuation, and support hydropower generation. National Target 15 commits to protecting critical ecosystems of the Zambezi, Kafue, Chambeshi, Bangweulu, and Luangwa watersheds by 2025. The strategy identifies Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) as a key approach, and the resource mobilization strategy includes Payment for Ecosystem Services as an innovative financing source. The M&E framework calls for at least three valuation tools (environmental, social, economic) to be assessed and applied by 2020. The strategy acknowledges that the value of ecosystems and their biodiversity are not fully appreciated in Zambia.
Afghanistan	Afghanistan will not address Target 11. Target 2 addresses this issue through promotion of ecosystem resilience.	The NBSAP explicitly states that Afghanistan will not address Target 11 (restore, maintain, and enhance nature's contributions to people through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches). The justification provided is that Target 2 addresses this issue through promotion of ecosystem resilience. In Annex 1, all fields for Target 11 — responsibility, cooperators, and completion dates — are marked as "None." The headline indicator (services provided by ecosystems) is noted as undeveloped by the CBD.
Burkina Faso		The NBSAP's definitions section references ecosystem functions and services in the context of OECMs, and the overall strategy objective refers to ensuring conservation, restoration, and sustainable use of biological diversity. Restoration targets for forest cover (22.72% to 30%), degraded land recovery, and wetland management contribute to maintaining ecosystem services. The establishment of the National Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (NP-BES) in collaboration with WASCAL/CABES represents a specific institutional action relevant to this target. However, the NBSAP does not frame actions in terms of nature-based solutions or explicitly quantify ecosystem service restoration and maintenance targets as envisioned by Target 11.
Belarus		The NBSAP does not contain an objective explicitly mapped to KMGBF Target 11. However, ecosystem services language appears in the strategy: objective 2 (mapped to Target 2) commits to restoration of ecological systems "in order to improve the state of biological diversity and enhance ecosystem functions and services." The strategy's overarching goals reference maintaining the reproductive capacity of the biosphere and preserving the capacity to meet economic, aesthetic, and other needs of present and future generations. The restoration measures in the Action Plan (peatland rehabilitation, meadow/wetland restoration) serve ecosystem service functions, though they are framed as restoration rather than nature-based solutions.
Côte d'Ivoire		The NBSAP discusses ecosystem services throughout but does not use the term "nature-based solutions" or frame a dedicated programme around the concept. The strategy describes forests as climate regulators through carbon sequestration (the CNF arboretum stores 189.67 tC/ha) and notes that vegetation cover plays a primordial role in water supply by protecting watersheds and limiting drying that reduces water reserves. The ecosystem approach is adopted as a guiding principle — defined as a strategy for integrated management of land, water, and living resources promoting conservation and sustainable use. The strategy calls for identifying biological resources likely to promote ecosystem resilience, including for agriculture, and for improved physical management of freshwater ecosystems using integrated watershed management. However, these references remain at the level of principles and diagnostic observations rather than constituting a nature-based solutions programme with specific commitments.
Eritrea		The NBSAP does not have a dedicated target on nature-based solutions or ecosystem services as framed by GBF Target 11. However, nature-based solutions are embedded across several national targets. The NBSAP's vision explicitly references ecosystem services: "Eritrea's biodiversity is valued, protected, managed, restored and sustainably used to ensure equitable benefits to the people of Eritrea, now and in the future." Ecosystem restoration under National Target 1 functions as a nature-based solution, particularly through afforestation (millions of trees planted annually), community-managed closures covering over 400,000 hectares, and soil and water conservation programmes including watershed treatment, hillside terraces, stone bunds, check dams, and diversion canals. The dissemination of 152,165 improved stoves (Adhanet Mogogo) reduces fuel wood consumption by 50%. Mangrove restoration in the Dahlak Archipelago provides ecological services including habitat for marine invertebrates, fish, and birds. Climate adaptation measures under National Target 7 employ nature-based approaches: dam construction, establishment of closures and protected areas, and promotion of climate-smart agriculture. These actions serve the dual purpose of biodiversity conservation and enhancing ecosystem resilience to climate impacts.
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		The alignment analysis identifies Axis 2 (Conservation and restoration) as having the greatest direct contribution to Target 11, with 12 actions. Axes 5 and 6 contribute only minimally in an enabling capacity (6% between the two). Specific action lines with direct contributions include ecosystem services valuation studies (1.1.3), in situ conservation tools (2.1.3), eco-hydrological connectivity (2.1.8), national restoration policy (2.3.1), ecosystem rehabilitation and restoration (2.3.2), soil recovery (2.3.4), restoration of urban and peri-urban areas (2.3.5), restoration with adaptive management (2.3.6), valuation of ecosystem services (3.2.2), productive reconversion (3.2.4), diversification of use (3.2.5), payment for environmental services (3.2.8), and conservation in urban and peri-urban areas (2.1.9). Information systems on conservation status (1.4.2, 1.4.3) also contribute directly.
Malaysia		Malaysia's NPBD does not set a stand-alone target on ecosystem services or nature-based solutions, but treats them as underpinnings of the policy. The call-for-conservation chapter catalogues regulating, supporting, provisioning, and cultural services: carbon sequestration by rainforests, mangroves, and oceans; flood regulation and soil-erosion prevention; pollination (including flying foxes for durian production); mangroves and seagrass beds as feeding and nursery grounds (marine catches 1.48 million tonnes in 2013, up from ~800,000 tonnes in 1980); and tourism as the second highest foreign currency earner (RM86.1 billion in 2019 receipts, 26.10 million tourists). Action 3.2 commits local authorities to increase green and blue spaces, repurpose brownfields for urban forests and green lungs, and integrate native species into urban landscapes. Action 4.1 commits to develop a national System of Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) framework that acknowledges biodiversity and ecosystem-service values in the country's economy; develop and mainstream a Sustainable and Responsible Taxonomy for Biodiversity; and develop a framework for biodiversity-related financial disclosure. Action 17.2 commits to establish legal and financial mechanisms for Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes in the Malaysian context, alongside REDD Plus Finance Framework operationalisation. The policy does not set quantified ecosystem-service-coverage or NbS beneficiary metrics comparable to KMGBF Target 11.
Uganda		Strategic Objective 1 is mapped to KMGBF Target 11 in Table 22, and the ecosystem approach is listed as overarching principle 5 of NBSAPIII. The NBSAP recognises that Uganda's people depend increasingly on protected areas for ecosystem services (clean water, tourism revenues, medical products). The One Health Approach is acknowledged as a cross-cutting principle. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are described in detail as a financing mechanism, with NEMA Guidelines (2015) defining PES schemes and options including purchase of high-value habitat, payment for access to species/habitat, payment for biodiversity-conserving management practices, and tradable rights. Design considerations for pro-poor PES are specified. Biodiversity offsets are also described, with developers of large infrastructure projects encouraged to use them as part of EIS review. However, the NBSAP does not describe nature-based solutions as a specific strategy framework, nor does it set targets for restoring or maintaining ecosystem functions and services through NbS interventions.