Target 10: Agriculture / forestry

Generated: 2026-04-18T00:00:28Z

Landscape

Of 69 countries with data for Target 10, 59 explicitly address sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry; the remaining 10 — including Australia, Thailand, Mexico, and Namibia — address productive-sector sustainability through broader natural-resource or mainstreaming objectives without a biodiversity-specific agricultural target. The four production sectors named in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) Target 10 appear across virtually all submissions, though their relative weight varies by national context: pastoral and agro-sylvo-pastoral systems dominate in the Sahel, timber certification in tropical forest states, and organic farming metrics and Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) architecture in Europe. A recurring structural pattern is the nesting of NBSAP commitments within a pre-existing national sectoral instrument — Japan's MIDORI Strategy, Indonesia's Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO)/Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK) licensing framework, and EU member states' CAP Strategic Plans each function as the operative delivery mechanism. Quantified area or percentage commitments appear in roughly a third of submissions: Libya commits, by 2030, to "develop and implement national actions and programs aimed at achieving sustainable farming methods for 40% for existing agricultural and forestry areas, as well as applying sustainable aquaculture methods for 50%"; Lesotho sets 30% of agriculture, aquaculture, and forestry area; El Salvador specifies 103,991 hectares within agroecosystems. The majority of submissions state directional or process-based commitments without a numeric threshold.

Variation

The range of quantification specificity runs from El Salvador's named hectarage — "Sustainable use and management of biodiversity in at least 103,991 ha within agroecosystems, through the implementation of sustainable and resilient production systems" — to Burkina Faso's baseline-to-target progression under sustainable agro-sylvo-pastoral management, tracking land cover change from 50,000 hectares in 2013 to 275,000 hectares by 2030, to formulations that commit to an increase in biodiversity-friendly practices without a numeric floor.

The primary compliance mechanism divides submissions into three clusters. The first relies on regulatory mandates tied directly to business licensing: Indonesia's ISPO is mandatory for palm oil operations, and its Good Fish Cultivation Practices (CBIB) scheme is a condition for aquaculture business licences; Iran's NT-14 action plan specifies "prohibiting the exploitation and harvesting of wood from Iran's natural forests, to preserve, restore, and develop forests within the framework of Sustainable Forest Management and a Modern Forestry Plan based on the 7th Five-Year Development Plan." The second uses results-based payment and subsidy schemes: the Netherlands announces "a boost for agricultural nature management of €500 million annually from 2026 ... with a foreseen gradual growth until 2035 in hectares, participating collectives, and management packages"; Cameroon structures sector-by-sector subsidies totalling 75 billion FCFA — at least 25 billion for cooperatives adopting Good Agricultural Practices, 30 billion for livestock cooperatives, and 20 billion for fisher cooperatives. The third routes compliance through voluntary supply-chain certification: Gabon commits to certifying all managed concessions under Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standards; Malaysia directs its sector toward No Deforestation, No Peat, No Exploitation (NDPE) policies and certification under the Malaysian Palm Oil Certification Council (MPOCC) and Malaysian Timber Certification Council (MTCC).

Sectoral balance varies. Some submissions treat all four sectors at comparable depth — Japan, the Netherlands, Bhutan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Cameroon each do so. Others concentrate on forestry (Afghanistan, Chad, Iran, Vietnam), on agriculture (El Salvador, Palestine), or on fisheries and aquaculture (Norway, Marshall Islands). The Marshall Islands presents a small-island framing, with a sub-action calling for "transitioning from senile coconut monoculture to biodiversity-aligned agroforestry systems, engaging with Tobolar Copra Processing Authority on replanting, the US Forest Service Coconut Tree Census project, and MICS coconut tree surveys across priority atolls" — the problem and the solution both grounded in atoll geography and the copra economy.

Temporal horizons differ. Côte d'Ivoire and Zambia carry pre-2030 legacy targets alongside newer commitments; Japan and Denmark extend planning horizons to 2050 and the end of the century respectively; Indonesia stages milestones through 2045. Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLC) integration is explicitly woven into sustainable production commitments in Norway, the Republic of Congo, Senegal, Vanuatu, and Palestine, with the Marshall Islands centering a flagship action on integrating improved systems with traditional farming rather than replacing it.

Standouts

The European Union sets a dual agricultural floor: "At least 25% of agricultural land is under organic farming management, and the uptake of agro-ecological practices is significantly increased," alongside a co-stated commitment that at least 10% of agricultural area be under high-diversity landscape features. These figures operate as benchmarks against which member-state CAP Strategic Plans are assessed — Germany has set a 30% organic farming target by 2030; the Netherlands structures delivery through 40 agricultural collectives managing specific habitats for over 12,000 farmers.

Indonesia anchors its cross-sector sustainability indicator to licensing data. The country tracks Target 9 through a single indicator — percentage of business units verified as implementing sustainable production practices in silviculture, agriculture, and fisheries — and the NBSAP records "a 2020 baseline of 29.27 percent (ISPO data), achievement of 46.43 percent in 2023, and targets of 50 percent in 2025, 55 percent in 2030 and 70 percent in 2045." Forestry (SVLK), palm oil (ISPO), and aquaculture (CBIB) are integrated into this single multi-decade indicator.

Iran's is the one outright prohibition on wood harvesting from natural forests in the dataset, with the NT-14 action plan specifying "prohibiting the exploitation and harvesting of wood from Iran's natural forests, to preserve, restore, and develop forests within the framework of Sustainable Forest Management and a Modern Forestry Plan based on the 7th Five-Year Development Plan." This contrasts with the certification- or quota-based approaches taken by most other forest-rich countries.

Japan's organic farming commitment carries explicit milestones at each stage: organic area grows from 25,200 hectares in 2020 to 63,000 hectares by 2030 as "an interim step," with "expansion of organic farming to 1 million hectares (approximately 25% of farmland) by 2050" under the MIDORI Strategy.

The Netherlands commits "a boost for agricultural nature management of €500 million annually from 2026 ... with a foreseen gradual growth until 2035 in hectares, participating collectives, and management packages" — the largest named recurring financial commitment to agricultural biodiversity management in the dataset, operating as a continuing annual expenditure within a three-layer CAP architecture rather than a one-time investment.

Gabon identifies one of Africa's earliest log export bans as a foundational forestry instrument: "Since 2009, the export of unprocessed logs has been banned." The prohibition sits alongside mandatory forest management plans in force since 2001, rotation cycles of 25–30 years, and an FSC certification goal for all managed concessions.

El Salvador specifies its agroecosystem target in hectares: "Sustainable use and management of biodiversity in at least 103,991 ha within agroecosystems, through the implementation of sustainable and resilient production systems." The associated financing need of $212,191,752.50 is the largest single NBSAP budget line in El Salvador's submission.

Norway identifies two interlocking international commitments: support for the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, which holds "more than 1.2 million seed samples from over 100 gene banks," alongside a recurring contribution of "0.1 per cent of Norwegian seed revenue annually to the Treaty's benefit-sharing fund (since 2009)" under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA). The contribution has been recurring since 2009 and is recorded as a named annual commitment within Norway's sectoral reporting rather than as an ad hoc pledge.

Analysis

The CAP functions as a supranational delivery architecture for roughly 15 European submissions, making intra-EU variation analytically tractable: Germany targets 30% organic farming by 2030; the Netherlands organises delivery through 40 collectives managing habitats for over 12,000 farmers and targets 60% of cultivated land under biodiversity conservation and restoration activities; Luxembourg prohibits ploughing of permanent grasslands in protected areas. Read alongside the EU-level benchmarks — 25% organic, 10% high-diversity landscape features — national differentiation within a shared framework is expressed primarily through implementation instrument and quantification choices rather than divergence in principle.

Certification systems are the dominant compliance mechanism in tropical forest-rich countries, but their accountability structures diverge. European buyer-driven schemes — FSC, Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) — require forest owners to seek voluntary market access; Indonesia's mandatory ISPO, SVLK, and CBIB tie sustainability verification directly to business licences, making non-compliance a legal barrier to operating rather than a market disadvantage. Gabon's log export ban and mandatory management plan requirements occupy a third position, combining regulatory exclusion with certification aspiration.

Subsidy reform appears as a companion action across a distinct cluster — Madagascar, Yemen, Malaysia, Norway, and Argentina each address the removal or redirection of subsidies linked to unsustainable practices. This policy lever is simultaneously the most commonly identified underlying driver in national diagnostics and the most sparsely operationalised in action plans, present more as a named principle than as a scheduled measure with defined milestones and responsible agencies.

The ten countries classified as relevant_to — including Australia, Thailand, Mexico, and Namibia — each address production-sector sustainability through broader natural-resource or mainstreaming objectives, without disaggregating a biodiversity-specific agricultural target within their NBSAP framework. The classification marks where countries have yet to translate sectoral sustainability policy into a biodiversity-accountable commitment, as distinct from a policy absence in the sector itself.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Afghanistan	Afghanistan will ensure all agricultural areas are managed sustainably, in particular through the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, increasing the productivity and resilience of production systems.	The NBSAP commits Afghanistan to ensuring all agricultural areas are managed sustainably, in particular through the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, increasing the productivity and resilience of production systems. Two actions are defined. Action 10.1 calls for consulting with local communities and agricultural experts to adapt livestock husbandry and agricultural practices to ensure sustainability in protected areas and their buffer zones (by 2030, MAIL responsible). Action 10.2 calls for introducing forest management approaches and halting illegal logging in forests (by 2030, MAIL responsible, with NEPA and Ministry of Interior as cooperators). The headline indicator H10.1 (proportion of productive and sustainable agricultural area) is noted but Afghanistan will not address it. H10.2 (progress towards sustainable forest management) will be tracked, with MAIL responsible by 2030. The indicator for Action 10.2 is area of closed natural forest (>30% cover) stable or increasing. Portfolio #3 elaborates further actions including increasing agricultural productivity sustainably, securing land tenure, providing micro loans, improving profitability of agricultural markets, supporting seed banks, and implementing community-based afforestation and reforestation. Forest cover was estimated at 718 km² in 2018 (0.1% of country), down from approximately 3,600 km² in the 1970s.
Argentina	Ensure that areas dedicated to agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry are managed sustainably, in particular through the sustainable use of biological diversity, including through a substantial increase in the use of biodiversity-friendly practices, such as sustainable intensification approaches, agroecological approaches and other innovative approaches, contributing to the resilience and long-term efficiency and productivity of these production systems and to food security, conserving and restoring biological diversity and maintaining nature's contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services.	National Target 10 commits to ensuring that areas dedicated to agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry are managed sustainably, particularly through a substantial increase in biodiversity-friendly practices such as sustainable intensification, agroecological approaches, and other innovative approaches. The target aims to contribute to resilience, long-term efficiency and productivity, and food security while conserving biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem functions and services. Axis 4 (Sustainable Production and Consumption Practices) provides extensive implementation detail. For agricultural production, the strategy acknowledges the transformation of the traditional production model through agricultural frontier expansion, which has led to land concentration, displacement of small producers and indigenous peoples, and ecological alterations from biodiversity loss, habitat fragmentation, and agrochemical contamination. Specific agricultural and livestock actions include: promoting technologies adapted to each region compatible with sustainable development (4.1.B.4); promoting good management practices such as conservation of ecological corridors adjacent to agroecosystems, nutrient recycling through crop rotation and mixed systems, natural fertilisation, optimised agrochemical use, integrated pest management, and soil and water conservation (4.1.B.5); promoting land-use reconversion in heavily degraded regions (4.1.B.7); and promoting good agricultural practices under land lease conditions (4.1.B.8). For aquaculture, actions include promoting environmental land-use planning based on ecological and productive capacity (4.2.B.1); developing sustainable simple aquaculture systems complementary to other agricultural activities (4.2.B.2); promoting good management practices for responsible aquaculture (4.2.B.3); and managing impacts within acceptable limits through the Code of Good Aquaculture Practices (4.2.B.7). Law No. 27,231 is referenced as the regulatory framework for aquaculture. A certification and incentives framework (4.1.C.3) promotes an incentive regime for conservation of natural environments and biodiversity in agroecosystems, including regulations encouraging maintenance of unaltered natural habitat as remnant patches and incentives for multi-year lease contracts. Training actions include systematising regional databases on sustainable practices (4.1.B.13), developing permanent training and communication systems on good management practices (4.1.B.14), and strengthening capacities on species management under the precautionary principle (4.1.B.15).
Austria		The strategy dedicates Chapter 1.3 to the agricultural landscape and agriculture, reporting a 2020 total agricultural area of 2,565,690 ha (IACS/INVEKOS), of which arable land is 1,321,692 ha and intensive grassland 573,718 ha, with landscape elements (hedgerows, ponds, ditches, stone walls, field margins, terraces, UBB biodiversity areas, ÖPUL nature-conservation areas) covering about 185,000 ha (7.2%). Extensive grassland amounts to 294,035 ha (approximately 11.5%) and permanent grassland declined by 60,636 ha between 2012 and 2017; the Farmland Bird Index stood at 62.9% in 2020 against a target value of 75 and a 1998 baseline of 100. The strategy foresees diversification of crops (mixed cropping, diverse crop rotations, small-scale fields, cultivation of rare and old agricultural crop varieties) and treats agrobiodiversity as insurance for drought and heat resistance, pest protection, healthy food diversity and regionally adapted varieties. Organic agriculture (§1.3.2) is quantified at 670,000 ha in 2019 (26% of agricultural area; 20% of arable area), with an intended further increase oriented towards market demand, measures to promote market development for domestic organic farming, and increases in domestic market share. Forestry is addressed through, inter alia, the invasive-alien-tree-species issue (33,000 ha) and the acknowledgement that the Austrian Forest Strategy target of preventing uncontrolled spread of invasive tree species has not been achieved. Fisheries (§1.5.2) focus on recreational fishing and the pressures of migration barriers, hydropeaking, bank fortification and stocking/harvesting on fish fauna. Cross-cutting awareness and research measures include expansion of biodiversity-related advisory services for land managers focusing on FFH and Red List species, endangered biotope types, endemics, crop plant diversity, seed collection and multiplication, diversification in cultivation, local and endemic crop varieties; research on biodiversity effects of land-use and management forms and changes including abandonment, on crop wild relatives and crop species and varieties, and on innovative biodiversity-promoting solutions in digitalisation, precision agriculture and biological plant protection.
Belgium		The NBSAP devotes extensive coverage to sustainable agriculture, fisheries, and forestry under Objective 4 on sustainable use. For agriculture, the Strategy acknowledges that nearly half of Belgium's land surface is farmed and that Belgium's agriculture is one of the most intensive, specialised, and productive in Europe. It traces the CAP's evolution from production-focused to biodiversity-integrating, noting the 2013 Greening Payment as a further step. Between 2000 and 2010, 19,072 farms (30.8 per cent) ceased activities while total agricultural area decreased only 2.6 per cent, resulting in growing average farm size. Operational objective 4c.3 promotes agricultural diversification that benefits biodiversity, including management of nature reserves, agricultural and nature tourism, organic production, neighbourhood production, and initiatives reducing standardisation. Objective 4c.5 calls for sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture, with in situ conservation of local varieties and breeds and development of gene banks. For fisheries, the reformed CFP (2014) targets ecologically sustainable fishery with Maximum Sustainable Yield by 2020. For forestry, sustainable forest management is promoted through certification (FSC and PEFC), nature-oriented forestry, and financial incentives. The Flemish and Brussels-Capital Regions encourage FSC-certified wood in public works; PEFC is favoured in the Walloon Region. Public forests are progressively applying nature-oriented forestry, with extension to private forests promoted.
Burkina Faso		The NBSAP positions sustainable agriculture, forestry, and pastoral management through multiple instruments. The National Agroecology Development Strategy (SND-AE) 2022–2026 aims to increase agro-sylvo-pastoral, fishery, and wildlife productivity through agroecological intensification. The National Strategic Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral Investment Plan (PNIASP) 2021–2025 targets sustainably increasing productivity and market access for agro-sylvo-pastoral, fishery, and wildlife products. The 2015 Framework Law for Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral Activities commits the State to ensuring conservation, evaluation, and sustainable use of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. The logical framework tracks land cover change through sustainable agro-sylvo-pastoral management, targeting an increase from 50,000 ha (2013) to 275,000 ha by 2030. The rate of increase in cattle numbers is targeted at 2.5% (from 2% in 2020). The rate of use of locally adapted or indigenous breeds is targeted to rise from 40.6% to 57.6% by 2030. The action plan for 2025–2027 includes making 24,000 tonnes of improved seeds available to producers at subsidised prices, producing 16,500 kg of fodder tree seeds, raising awareness on biopesticides and biofertilisers among 1,050 producers, and providing phytosanitary products and protective equipment. Pastoral zone actions include demarcating 59,672 ha, registering 6,680 ha, developing 6,000 ha annually, and developing 900 km of cattle tracks.
Brazil		Brazil splits KMGBF Target 10 into two national targets: Target 10A (sustainable agriculture and forestry) and Target 10B (artisanal fishing and aquatic bioresources). The briefing contains the section heading for Target 10B but only limited content from its section text. The full Target 10A section was not included in the briefing. The Key Terms table provides relevant context for Target 10A: "Regenerative agriculture" is defined as sustainable farming practices using biological inputs to enhance natural regeneration, and "Sustainable intensification" is defined as increasing agricultural productivity while reducing environmental impacts. Both terms are linked to Target 10A. Several policy instruments relate to this target. The National Programme for the Conversion of Degraded Pastures (PNCPD), created by Decree No. 11,815 of December 2023 and managed by an interministerial committee chaired by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAPA), sets a goal of recovering and converting up to 40 million hectares of low-productivity pastures into arable land. CONAMA Resolution No. 507 of July 2024 established technical parameters for Sustainable Forest Management Plans (PMFS) for native forests in the Caatinga biome. The National Plan for Agroecology and Organic Production (PLANAPO) and the Low Carbon Agriculture Plan (Plano ABC) are listed in the NBSAP's acronym list, indicating they feature as instruments. The threats chapter notes Brazil supplies approximately 10 per cent of global food demand and that approximately 76 per cent of food crop production depends on pollination services. Fish stock data shows 66 per cent of monitored stocks are overfished.
Bhutan	By 2030, ensure that areas under agriculture, livestock, fisheries, and forestry are managed sustainably for food security and livelihood	Bhutan's National Target 10 states: "By 2030, ensure that areas under agriculture, livestock, fisheries, and forestry are managed sustainably for food security and livelihood," aligned with KMGBF Target 10. The NBSAP reports that agriculture, livestock, and forestry contribute 14.96% to GDP and employ 41.7% of the national workforce. The national herd includes 222,597 cattle, 819,335 poultry, 29,699 yaks, 29,625 pigs, 10,117 equines, and 9,411 sheep. Cultivated land comprises approximately 2.96% of the country's total area. Five strategies are identified with 18 actions spanning agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fisheries. Key actions include assessing and promoting improved crop, forage, livestock, and fish breeds; upscaling Sustainable Land Management (SLM) practices; developing Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) guidelines for prioritized commodities; piloting hi-tech agriculture and precision livestock farming; developing improved pasture and agrosilvopasture systems; improving pest and transboundary animal disease surveillance; upscaling water use efficiency technologies and climate-proof irrigation; adopting climate-smart agriculture practices; strengthening agro-meteorological services through ADSS; piloting index-based crop and livestock insurance; bringing additional unmanaged State Reserved Forest land under sustainable forest management; developing and implementing management plans for Community Forests, Local Forests, and Forest Management Units; upscaling recreational fishery programs; and reviving or developing community-based fisheries management programs.
Belarus	Sustainable use of fauna resources through adaptive population management. Sustainable use of flora and forest resources with conservation of biological and genetic diversity. Sustainable, ecologically safe agricultural practices oriented towards food security, organic farming, and rational use of peat soils.	Three strategy objectives are explicitly mapped to KMGBF Target 10. Objective 8 commits to sustainable use of fauna resources, creating prerequisites for increasing the resource potential of game animal and commercial fish species through the transition to adaptive population management and expansion of natural ecosystems. Objective 9 addresses sustainable use of flora resources, protection and rational use of forest resources, and conservation of biological and genetic diversity of forests, taking into account increasing anthropogenic impact and climate change consequences. Objective 10 commits to sustainable, ecologically safe agricultural practices oriented towards food security, adequate nutrition, organic farming, and rational use of peat soils. The problems chapter documents relevant pressures: formation of agricultural monocultures; over 1 million hectares of drained peat soils in agriculture (approximately 190,000 ha degraded); 25.3 per cent monodominant stands in forests; and declining commercial fish catches (669.6 to 541.3 tonnes, 2020–2024). The National Action Plan includes: development of forest nursery operations and technologies for growing planting material with closed root systems, with a target of no fewer than 20 million seedlings annually (item 40); increasing the area of certified forests (item 41); and transfer of low-productivity agricultural lands into the forest fund (item 39).
Canada		Target 10 is addressed across agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry. Agriculture covers 62.2 million hectares (6.3% of Canada's land area); the agri-environmental indicator for wildlife habitat capacity showed a moderate ability to support wildlife with a largely stable trend 2000-2020. Sustainable Canadian Agricultural Partnership (2023-2028) is the FPT policy framework under which PTs design and deliver agri-environmental programs; AAFC's Agricultural Climate Solutions program (2021-2031) includes the Living Labs stream. For aquaculture, DFO operates the Sustainable Aquaculture Program nationally and the BC Aquaculture Regulatory Program, using the Aquaculture Activities Regulations (AAR) under the Fisheries Act to collect detailed industry data. For fisheries, the Sustainable Fisheries Framework (SFF) — including the Precautionary Approach policy, catch monitoring policy, and Policy on Managing Bycatch — governs management, and the Fish Stocks Provisions in the Fisheries Act establish legal obligations to maintain prescribed stocks at sustainable levels and rebuild depleted stocks. For forestry, about 90% of Canada's forests are on Crown land, primarily under PT jurisdiction; approximately 72% of managed Crown forest is certified to at least one sustainable forest management standard. NRCan publishes the annual State of Canada's Forests Report presenting Montréal Process sustainability indicators. The federal government commits to complete a Sustainable Agriculture Strategy (long-term vision to 2050, with biodiversity as one of five priority areas), develop a National Forest Resilience Strategy, ensure Canada's approach to sustainable forest management is consistent with KMGBF commitments, and publish sectoral Strategic Conservation Frameworks for Species at Risk (agriculture framework anticipated for summer 2024; forest framework by end of 2025).
Democratic Republic of the Congo	By 2030, agricultural, aquacultural, fisheries and forestry areas are managed sustainably by significantly strengthening and mainstreaming the use of biodiversity-friendly practices adapted to local contexts, to strengthen resilience using innovative approaches, with a view to guaranteeing the efficiency and productivity of production systems as well as food and nutritional security, while conserving and restoring biodiversity, and guaranteeing nature's contributions to people, including ecosystem services.	Objective 10 commits the DRC to sustainable management of agricultural, aquacultural, fisheries and forestry areas by 2030, through mainstreaming biodiversity-friendly practices adapted to local contexts. The NBSAP emphasises resilience, productivity, food and nutritional security, and the conservation and restoration of biodiversity underpinning nature's contributions to people. A combined budget of approximately USD 35 million is allocated across the four productive sectors.
Republic of the Congo	Target 11/10: By 2030 at the latest, identify and map the zones dedicated to agriculture, aquaculture and forestry in departmental and communal master land-use plans, in order to sustainably conserve the use and management of biodiversity for sustainable development while improving long-term resilience, efficiency and productivity, as well as to strengthen food security, conserve and restore biodiversity.	National Target 11/10 commits by 2030 to identify and map zones dedicated to agriculture, aquaculture and forestry in departmental and communal master land-use plans, with a view to sustainably conserving the use and management of biodiversity for sustainable development while improving long-term resilience, efficiency and productivity, and strengthening food security. Result A2O11R11 contains four actions: protection and securing of agricultural, fishing, aquaculture and forestry zones (2025, 800 million FCFA); improvement of the quality of agricultural, aquaculture, fishery and forestry products through adoption and use of climate-smart agriculture techniques (2025, 100 million FCFA); recognition of the importance of traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples and local communities for sustainable agriculture (2025, 50 million FCFA); and updating of the national land-use planning scheme (2026, 200 million FCFA). Indicators include areas of Protected Agricultural Zones (PAZ) and Protected Aquaculture Zones, growth rate of PAZ area, growth rate of agricultural/aquaculture/fishery and timber production, poverty level of communities dependent on biodiversity, number of certified forest zones sustainably managed with verified biodiversity impacts, and validation of the national spatial planning scheme document. The NBSAP situates this target within the National Forestry Policy 2014–2025 (pillars include sustainable forest management and certification, community forestry, NTFP enhancement, FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreements, REDD+, PES mechanisms), the 2019 Climate-Resilient Agricultural Investment Plan (CRAIP/PIAIC) with its six priority projects, the 2003 Strategic Plan for Agricultural Revival, and the work of the Ministry responsible for Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries through the General Directorates of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and the Centre for the Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture. It describes aquaculture history: the Djoumouna state fish farming station (created 1950–1953) and target species Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia), Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) and Heterotis niloticus (African bonytongue — now invasive in the Congo Basin). Responsible bodies include ministries for agriculture, sustainable development, fisheries, indigenous peoples, forests, public domain, the environment, land-use planning, livestock and urban planning, with local authorities, CSOs, NGOs, research institutions, FAO, INS and village committees.
Switzerland		The NBSAP addresses Target 10 extensively across agriculture, forests, and water bodies, with three dedicated sub-sections under SBS Objective 1 and two review mandates. For agriculture, the action plan emphasises that biodiversity-rich agricultural ecosystems fulfil essential functions for food production and that the intensity of use must not exceed ecosystem resilience capacity, as specified in the Environmental Objectives for Agriculture. Ecologically valuable and well-networked biodiversity promotion areas (BPAs) are identified as key instruments. Review mandate E3, assigned to FOAG, addresses ecosystem services in agriculture. Review mandate E7 focuses on improving the quality of BPAs, with information bases to be available by 2026 and instruments proposed within Agricultural Policy 2030. For forests, the action plan notes that the state of forests is relatively good compared to open land thanks to near-natural silviculture, but that regional differences and clear deficits persist, with more than a third of forest natural habitats threatened. Potential conflicts between adapting silviculture to climate change and promoting biodiversity are flagged as a key issue. Measure M1 (Biodiversity-rich and resilient forests) is assigned to FOEN. For water bodies, the action plan identifies ponds and lakes as biodiversity hotspots, noting that more than half of Switzerland's large lakes lack oxygen in deep waters and that climate change increases this risk. Many lakeshores are heavily developed. Measure M2 (Biodiversity-rich lakes resilient to climate change) addresses this gap. Parliament has transmitted several motions to combat insect mortality in agriculture. A concrete plan for the agricultural component is to be drawn up by 2026, with pilot projects from 2027 and legal bases prepared within Agricultural Policy 2030.
Côte d'Ivoire	By 2020, agricultural activity is economically viable, socially acceptable and respectful of biological diversity. By 2020, forest exploitation is compatible with national biological diversity safeguard objectives. By 2020, fishery resources are exploited taking into account the renewal of stocks.	The NBSAP devotes three national objectives to sustainable production practices. Objective 10 commits to making agricultural activity economically viable, socially acceptable, and respectful of biodiversity by 2020. Agriculture contributes 22% to GDP and provides 75% of export revenues, with the government planning to invest 4 billion dollars through the PNIA. The strategy notes that 6.5 million hectares are cultivated of 17 million cultivable, with 65% of farms in the southern forest zone, and that approximately 1.2 million hectares (40–50%) of classified forests in the south are degraded to crops, fallow, and crop-forest mosaics. Operational measures include: improving environmental impact assessment for development projects, maintaining natural areas rich in biodiversity within the agricultural landscape, promoting sustainable systems (mixed farming, organic agriculture, integrated pest management, organic fertilisers), rationalising energy use, and strengthening consumer awareness. For agrochemicals, the strategy prescribes eco-compatible use guidelines, buffer zones between plantations and watercourses, and water/soil quality monitoring. Objective 11 addresses forestry exploitation, calling for nature-oriented silviculture, forest certification, involvement of forest owners, and effective application of regulations including sector governance. Objective 12 targets fisheries, committing to exploit fishery resources with regard for stock renewal. Operational measures call for preserving breeding grounds and connectivity between sites, disseminating responsible fishing practices, and strengthening the surveillance system. The strategy notes the steady decline in industrial fleet landings from 34,279 tonnes (2000) to 19,379 tonnes (2004).
Cameroon	Promote the sustainable management of agricultural, fisheries and forestry production systems by using new production techniques that respect biodiversity and are capable of boosting production and ensuring food security.	The NBSAP establishes Objective 8 to "promote the sustainable management of agricultural, fisheries and forestry production systems by using new production techniques that respect biodiversity and are capable of boosting production and ensuring food security." This objective is tracked through the proportion of agricultural, forestry and aquaculture area managed according to productive and sustainable practices. The action plan contains four sub-actions covering agriculture, livestock and fisheries. Action 8.1 addresses strengthening and scaling up innovative and sustainable agricultural practices. It calls for a national strategy for sustainable development of cocoa, oil palm, rubber and other sectors, articulating productivity objectives with sustainability. Specific activities include identifying and promoting best practices with low biodiversity footprint (target: more than 30% increase), testing at least 50 biodiversity-respecting agricultural innovations, integrating biodiversity preservation into extension and advisory documents (target: at least 40% of agricultural land used sustainably), reducing the degradation rate of agricultural and pastoral areas by at least 30%, developing good agricultural practice guides to improve BES maintenance by at least 30%, subsidising cooperatives adopting good agricultural practices (at least 25 billion FCFA cumulative 2025-2030), training at least 3,000 agricultural technical advisers on sustainable cocoa farming, establishing a system for disseminating innovations, and supporting at least 20 R&D programmes on bio-inputs and high-yield varieties for sustainable cocoa farming. Action 8.2 promotes low-impact and climate-smart agriculture, with a target of at least 120 innovative technologies/techniques (agroecology, agroforestry, start-ups, incubators, greenhouses) developed and implemented in agricultural basins. Action 8.3 addresses livestock production, calling for more than 25% increase in animal production with low biodiversity footprint, at least 30 biodiversity-friendly livestock innovations tested and validated, at least 45% of sustainable animal production techniques integrated and promoted, at least 5,000,000 ha of livestock land managed sustainably, good practice guides improving BES maintenance by at least 25%, and subsidies of at least 30 billion FCFA cumulative (2025-2030) for cooperatives adopting good livestock practices. Action 8.4 covers the fisheries sector, targeting more than 20% increase in low-footprint fishery production, at least 25 biodiversity-friendly fisheries innovations tested, at least 50% of fishery techniques recognised as sustainable, at least 60 fishing zones managed sustainably, good practice guides for fishing, and subsidies of at least 20 billion FCFA cumulative (2025-2030) for fisher cooperatives. The Forestry and Wildlife Sub-sector Strategy 2020 provides the policy context, making biodiversity protection a central axis through sustainable forest management, ecosystem regeneration and reforestation, with IPLC involvement in community-based resource management across community forests, hunting zones and ecotourism.
China	By 2030, the Yangtze River and Yellow River aquatic biological integrity indices shall be established and improved, fish population numbers and diversity in the upper Yangtze River shall be significantly enhanced, the supply capacity of green ecological products from agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries shall be significantly strengthened, the risk of threats to pollinating insects shall be significantly reduced, and soil health levels shall be notably improved.	Priority Action 16 provides a comprehensive framework for sustainable management across agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries. The plan calls for green, low-carbon, circular agricultural development; coordination of grain, cash crops, and feed crops; and enhancement of green ecological product supply capacity. Biodiversity-friendly practices such as ecological agriculture and symbiotic farming are to be developed, with enhanced green prevention and control of pests and diseases, promotion of soil health, and restoration of populations of bees and other pollinating insects. For forestry, the plan calls for improving livestock-grassland balance policies and grazing prohibition, rest, and rotational grazing policies to reduce grassland overloading pressure. Plantation forest systems are to undergo structural regulation and functional enhancement, with pilot demonstrations of large-scale plantation forest transformation. For fisheries, the NBSAP establishes fishery resource conservation management systems, improves fishing moratoriums and quota-based fishing, advances eco-healthy aquaculture with a white-list system for aquaculture inputs, and develops modern marine ranches. Aquaculture system health is to be assessed against biodiversity-inclusive standards. A soil health assessment indicator system with biodiversity as an important indicator is to be developed. Agricultural germplasm resource conservation systems are to be established at national and provincial levels, with comprehensive surveys and sharing mechanisms for crop, livestock, poultry, and aquatic germplasm resources. The 2030 targets include: Yangtze and Yellow River aquatic biological integrity indices established and improved; fish population numbers and diversity in the upper Yangtze significantly enhanced; risk of threats to pollinating insects significantly reduced; and soil health levels notably improved.
Colombia		The NBSAP reports on agriculture and forestry through National Target 2 (Territories with ecosystem integrity and regenerative models) and the associated headline indicators. The agricultural sector maintains information systems including SIOC (Sistema de Información de Gestión y Desempeño de las Organizaciones de Cadenas), Agronet, SIEMBRA and SNIA (Sistema Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria), with data on water supply, agrobiodiversity indices, fisheries production, areas sown and harvested by crop, agricultural production units, land use, agricultural frontier and agricultural research, with the national agricultural census as the largest contributor. The agricultural sector, DANE and FAO are developing an indicator on agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture based on the 2023 National Agricultural Survey (Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria, ENA), with a defined reporting pathway for 2026 and a repeat ENA required for 2030 reporting (led by DANE). DANE also reports agricultural statistics on practices for water conservation, páramos vegetation and soil conservation. For sustainable forest management, IDEAM leads, with five sub-indicators: annual rate of change of forest area (IDEAM natural forests, MinAgricultura commercial plantations), above-ground biomass in forests (IDEAM), proportion of forest area within legally established protected areas (IDEAM and PNN), proportion of forest area under a long-term management plan (MinAmbiente through SUNL), and forest area under an independently verified forest management certification scheme (certification companies). The DBBSE of MinAmbiente will develop modules for the community forestry programme and a dashboard for reporting the five sub-indicators. The costing chapter allocates approximately 80,000 million pesos to IDEAM through 2030 for three of the sub-indicators, representing an annual unit cost of 11,428 million pesos.
Czechia		The Strategy devotes one of its core priority areas to sustainable use and support of all components of biodiversity, with detailed treatment of agricultural and forest ecosystems. For agricultural landscapes, the Strategy commits to strengthening sustainable farming practices, protecting and improving habitats and species populations, preventing and limiting soil degradation, improving water management, and protecting genetic resources, with the stated aim that agricultural landscapes can be used for food production while remaining resilient and healthy. The Strategy takes into account food security and the competitiveness of the agricultural sector. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is identified as a key instrument, with the requirement for sufficient consideration of the needs of protecting natural resources, ecosystems, and species linked to the agricultural landscape. For forest ecosystems, the Strategy commits to supporting biological functions, increasing genetic, species, age, and spatial structure, ensuring a balance between forest ecosystems and wildlife populations, leaving sufficient logging residues, dead wood, and habitat trees, preventing concentrated water runoff, and promoting alternative management methods (non-clear-cutting methods, medium and low forests). The Concept of State Forestry Policy until 2035 is referenced, with forest adaptation as one of its most important objectives. Action Measure 10.3.1 ensures support for environmentally friendly farming on agricultural land, including support for habitats and populations, soil degradation prevention, water management, and genetic resource inventory. Action Measure 10.3.2 ensures financial support for sustainable forest management and improving stability of forest stands in response to climate change.
Germany	By 2030, species diversity and landscape quality in farmland will have markedly increased and attained a good status.	Action area 8 of the NBS 2030 provides extensive treatment of sustainable agriculture. More than half of Germany's land is used for agricultural purposes, and the strategy notes that the decline in biodiversity is especially marked in agricultural landscapes due to intensive farming, high substance inputs, increased frequency of use, and removal of field margins, hedgerows, and field copses. Target 8.1 states that by 2030, species diversity and landscape quality in farmland will have markedly increased and attained a good status. Target 8.2 calls for an upward trend in the share of agricultural land with high-diversity landscape features to improve habitat connectivity. Various landscape features — hedgerows, individual trees, field margins, near-natural streams, and fallow fields — are identified as providing refuge, feeding, and breeding habitats. Target 8.3 commits to reinforcing low-emissions, sustainable food-production value chains, fostering measures for regional, sustainable, and healthy diets prioritising plant-based products, reinforcing sustainable grassland use for animal nutrition, and achieving greater transparency on animal welfare. A federal programme to support the reorganisation of animal husbandry (funding for investments and running costs) started in 2024. Target 8.6 sets a goal of organic farming on 30% of agricultural land by 2030. The strategy calls for the CAP to be reformed so that direct payments are replaced with financial support for farmers as recompense for environmental and climate efforts, in line with the Commission on the Future of Agriculture's recommendations from 2021 and 2024. The most recent CAP reform (effective January 2023) introduced eco-schemes under the first pillar and increased environmental conditionality. Pesticide reduction is addressed under Target 8.7. The strategy notes that assessment methods in the authorisation procedure for plant protection products are currently not adequate for covering cumulative and indirect impacts on biodiversity. The Protein Crop Strategy and Arable Farming Strategy from the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture are cited as contributing instruments.
Denmark		The NBSAP dedicates a full sub-chapter to sustainable management of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, with instruments at EU and national level. In agriculture, the Agreement on Agriculture 2021 commits to a greenhouse gas reduction of 1.9 million tonnes of CO2e by 2030 and a nitrogen emissions reduction of 10,800 tonnes by 2027. The Agreement on a Green Denmark (2024) provides a long-term framework for restructuring Danish land use and food/agricultural production, including establishment of the Danish Green Land Fund (approximately DKK 40 billion), support for 250,000 hectares of new forest by 2045, removal of 140,000 hectares of carbon-rich shallow soil by 2030, and introduction of a CO2e tax in 2030. The CAP Plan 2023 implements biodiversity-friendly practices through both mandatory requirements (Pillar I) and voluntary grant schemes (Pillar II). Pillar I organic agriculture schemes support organic farming, environment and climate-friendly grass, diversified plant production, and biodiversity and sustainability. Pillar II schemes include grants for Natura 2000 areas, mini-wetlands, water and climate projects, and private forestry. Denmark's forest area had grown to approximately 643,000 hectares (nearly 15 per cent of total area) by 2022, with a framework established for an increase to 21 per cent through 250,000 hectares of new forest by 2045. The Danish National Forestry Programme (2018) sets long-term objectives that forest landscapes should cover 20-25 per cent of the land area by the end of the 21st century, and that by 2040, the primary objective of at least 10 per cent of total forest area should be nature and biodiversity. The programme includes planting of biodiversity forests and untouched forests, and grant schemes for private and municipal biodiversity forests. Fisheries management follows the EU Common Fisheries Policy based on maximum sustainable yield. The coastal fisheries scheme and nature-friendly label promote low-impact gear. The EU Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund provides Denmark with approximately DKK 1.5 billion for 2021-2027, matched by DKK 642 million in public co-financing (total DKK 2.1 billion), with a focus on green transition and biological advice. The EU Deforestation Regulation requires companies to ensure that specific products (soy, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, natural rubber, cattle, wood) have not led to deforestation.
Egypt		The NBSAP presents detailed provisions for sustainable agriculture, fisheries, and aquaculture. It endorses the 2020–2030 Action Plan for the International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Soil Biodiversity, organised around policy coherence, sustainable soil-management practices, awareness and capacity building, and research and monitoring. For agriculture, the strategy commits to smart agricultural techniques reducing chemical pesticide and fertiliser dependence, supporting organic farming, and encouraging crop-diversity systems for climate resilience. Strengthening soil health through sustainable practices is positioned to meet growing population needs while conserving agricultural biodiversity. Fisheries provisions call for monitoring fishing activities to prevent overfishing, establishing marine protected areas for breeding and growth, and training fishers in bycatch-reducing gear. Named challenges include pollution from industrial and agricultural activity, overfishing, and climate-driven shifts in fish distribution. For aquaculture — Egypt is identified as a leading African producer, with tilapia, mullet, and shrimp cultivated — the NBSAP promotes water-recycling systems, improved feed management, oyster farming (noting oyster filtration of up to 50 gallons per day per adult and their pollutant-absorption function), and seaweed farming (as biofilters for nitrogen and phosphorus, for carbon sequestration, and as nursery habitat). Cross-cutting measures include climate-adaptive crop and fish development, government technical and financial support to farmers and fishers, and oversight-and-monitoring mechanisms with inter-sectoral coordination. Challenges cited are limited environmental awareness, climate change, and funding.
Spain		The NBSAP devotes extensive attention to sustainable agriculture through the CAP Strategic Plan for Spain 2023–2027 (PEPAC). The PEPAC's environmental architecture comprises three instruments: enhanced conditionality (Good Agricultural and Environmental Conditions and Statutory Management Requirements), eco-schemes, and EAFRD interventions including agri-environmental measures. More than 5,500 million euros are allocated to eco-schemes for 2023–2027, covering practices including Extensive Grazing (P1), Establishment of biodiversity islands (P2A), Sustainable mowing (P2B), Biodiversity areas in arable land and permanent crops (P5), Spontaneous or sown plant cover (P6), and Inert cover (P7). Organic farming continues to be promoted through EAFRD with a 34% budget increase over the previous programming period, alongside the Roadmap for Organic Farming in Spain, targeting 25% organic farming area. High Nature Value (HNV) farming systems are to be identified using a standardised methodology, with the PEPAC incentivising maintenance of the agricultural management that sustains them. The implementation of the PEPAC is to contribute to reversing the decline of farmland and steppe birds and improving the state of biodiversity linked to agricultural environments and wild pollinators. Interventions must also promote coexistence of large carnivores with livestock farming. For forests, the NBSAP addresses forest ecosystem monitoring through the National Forest Inventory and Forest Map, with the fifth IFN cycle commencing. Sustainable forest management is promoted as a climate change adaptation tool. Hydrological-forestry restoration and restoration of burnt areas continue, and co-financed EAFRD interventions include forest fire prevention and forest restoration. The Sectoral Plan for Nature Tourism and Biodiversity guides sustainable tourism in protected areas.
European Union	At least 10% of agricultural area is under high-diversity landscape features. At least 25% of agricultural land is under organic farming management, and the uptake of agro-ecological practices is significantly increased.	The strategy devotes extensive attention to sustainable management of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. For agriculture, the strategy works in tandem with the Farm to Fork Strategy and the new Common Agricultural Policy. Member States' CAP Strategic Plans are to be assessed against climate and environmental criteria, and must set explicit national values for relevant targets. The strategy calls for sustainable practices including precision agriculture, organic farming, agro-ecology, agro-forestry, and low-intensity permanent grassland. At least 25% of EU agricultural land is to be under organic farming by 2030, supported by an Action Plan on Organic Farming. At least 10% of agricultural area is to be under high-diversity landscape features (buffer strips, fallow land, hedges, non-productive trees, terrace walls, ponds). Agroforestry uptake under rural development is to be increased. For forestry, the Commission is to propose a dedicated EU Forest Strategy in 2021, including a roadmap for planting at least 3 billion additional trees by 2030. Biodiversity-friendly practices such as closer-to-nature forestry are to be further developed, supported by Commission guidelines. Management plans are to cover all managed public forests and an increasing number of private forests. For fisheries, an ecosystem-based management approach under EU legislation is to reduce adverse impacts of fishing on sensitive species and seabed habitats. A new action plan to conserve fisheries resources is to be proposed by 2021, including measures to limit the most harmful fishing gear. The European Maritime and Fisheries Fund is to support transition to more selective and less damaging techniques.
Gabon		The NBSAP provides extensive coverage of sustainable management in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sectors. The strategy states that Gabon is in an active phase of planning and aligning its policies to translate the ambition of Target 10 into concrete and measurable actions across key sectors. For forestry, Gabon has adopted mandatory forest management plans since 2001, with comprehensive inventories, exploitation quotas based on regeneration rates, rotation of exploitation plots on 25–30 year cycles, and protection of seed trees with Minimum Exploitable Diameters. The country aims to certify all forestry concessions under FSC standards. Since 2009, the export of unprocessed logs has been banned. The zero deforestation initiative includes real-time satellite monitoring via AGEOS, strengthened penalties against illegal deforestation, and strict application of management plans. For fisheries, the Gabon Bleu project supports sustainable fishing, with spatial management measures including artisanal fishing zones for local communities, zones closed to industrial fishing, protected breeding zones, closed seasons, catch quotas, and science-based management adaptation. The fisheries management plan process is being generalised. For agriculture, Law No. 023/2008 promotes sustainable agriculture through the ADAG agency, with priorities on agroecological practices, agroforestry, family farming, and food security. Specific practices include reduced pesticide use, composting, intercropping, conservation tillage, in situ and ex situ conservation of local varieties, and community seed banks. Sectoral roadmaps for each domain (sustainable agriculture, responsible fisheries, forestry, mining, tourism, infrastructure) are planned as part of the operational framework.
United Kingdom	The UK will ensure that areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry are managed sustainably, in particular through the sustainable use of biodiversity, including through a substantial increase of the application of biodiversityfriendly practices, such as sustainable intensification, agroecological and other innovative approaches, contributing to the resilience and long-term efficiency and productivity of these production systems, and to food security, conserving and restoring biodiversity and maintaining nature's contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services.	The NBSAP sets UK target 10, committing to ensure that areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry are managed sustainably through the sustainable use of biodiversity. The target specifies a substantial increase in the application of biodiversity-friendly practices, including sustainable intensification, agroecological and other innovative approaches. The stated aims include contributing to resilience and long-term efficiency and productivity of production systems, food security, conserving and restoring biodiversity, and maintaining nature's contributions to people.
Equatorial Guinea	By 2030, establish ecological baselines to identify the different ecosystems designated for the development of agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry, as well as for the conservation of these resources, through the development of a National Territorial Planning Plan and the definition of a climate-sensitive agricultural policy.	National Target 10 commits, by 2030, to establish ecological baselines that identify the different ecosystems designated for agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry, as well as for the conservation of these resources, through the development of a National Territorial Planning Plan (Plan Nacional de Ordenación Territorial) and the definition of a climate-sensitive agricultural policy. Implementation conditions include implementation of agricultural insurance systems to reduce farmers' climatic and productive vulnerability (budgeted at USD 7,000,000 to promote at least 3 sustainable ecological agriculture initiatives), a comprehensive inventory of river basins including aquaculture zoning, updating of the INDEFOR-AP Land Classification Map, and a national communication campaign to promote the conservation of fisheries resources and consumption of national aquaculture production. The Strategy promotes the controlled development of the aquaculture sector in a competitive and sustainable manner to reduce pressure on wild populations and favour the recovery of declining species. Degree of alignment is rated LOW (requires regulatory, technical and financial strengthening).
Hungary		The NBSAP devotes extensive coverage to agricultural and forestry sustainability. Over 53% of Hungary's territory is under agricultural cultivation (49,000+ km²), and farming methods fundamentally determine biodiversity impacts in the Pannonian biogeographical region. Objective 10 promotes sustainable and mosaic farming, taking biodiversity conservation into account and mainstreaming it into the Common Agricultural Policy. The strategy calls for increasing attention to micro-habitats and refuges (habitat edges, shrubs, tree groups, ancient burial mounds) within the agricultural subsidy scheme. Organic farming areas reached 6.12% (301,430 hectares) in 2020, increasing from 129,735 hectares in 2015. The grassland share of Hungary's Natura 2000 network is more than double the EU average, covering over 500,000 hectares. On forestry, Objective 12 commits to conserving existing natural and old-growth forests, expanding high-biodiversity-value forest areas, and developing forest structure favourable for biodiversity. Forest cover stands at 20.8%. The share of native tree species is almost 70%. The strategy promotes forest management ensuring continuous cover (183,288 hectares by 2020, up from 151,507 in 2014) and 45% of afforestation with native species. For fisheries, Objective 13 addresses sustainable management, and approximately 50% of fishponds are in nationally important protected areas and 70% in Natura 2000 sites. The strategy supports combined intensive-extensive aquaculture systems.
Indonesia	National Target 9 (TN 9): Sustainable silviculture, agriculture, and aquaculture practices.	National Target 9 (TN 9): Sustainable Silviculture, Agriculture, and Aquaculture Practices covers KMGBF Target 10. In forestry, Indonesia operates the Legality and Sustainability Verification System (SVLK) under KLHK Decree Number SK.9895/MenLHK-PHL/BPPHH/HPL.3/12/2022 and the Sustainable Forest Management (PHL) scheme reported through the Forest Product Administration Information System (SIPUHH), with Forest Management Units (KPH) as local PHL units. In agriculture, models include organic farming, integrated farming, integrated pest control, Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA) and Smart Agriculture/Smart Farming; in palm oil, the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) standard is mandated under Presidential Decree Number 44 of 2020 and Minister of Agriculture Regulation Number 38 of 2020. In aquaculture, Good Fish Cultivation Practices (CBIB) are required to obtain business licences under Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation Number 10 of 2021, referring to the Decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 02 of 2007. Indonesia's aquaculture potential is 17.91 million hectares: freshwater 2.8 Mha (15.8%), brackish 2.96 Mha (16.5%), and marine 12.12 Mha (67.7%). TN 9 is measured by one indicator — percentage of business units verified as implementing sustainable production practices in silviculture, agriculture and fisheries — with a 2020 baseline of 29.27 percent (ISPO data), achievement of 46.43 percent in 2023, and targets of 50 percent in 2025, 55 percent in 2030 and 70 percent in 2045. TN 9 is delivered through five action groups: sustainable practices in forestry; in food crops, horticulture and plantations; in aquaculture; measures to minimise environmental and biodiversity impacts of biodiversity utilisation; and development of sustainability standards. Lead entities are KLH/BPLH, Kemenhut, KKP, Kemendes PDT, the National Standardization Agency (BSN) and private and non-state actors.
India	Ensure areas under agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, aquaculture, forests, grasslands, inland waters, and coastal and marine ecosystems are managed sustainably so as to contribute towards food security, community resilience, restoration of biodiversity, long-term efficiency, and enhanced ecosystem services.	India's NBSAP commits to ensuring that areas under agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, aquaculture, forests, grasslands, inland waters, and coastal and marine ecosystems are managed sustainably to contribute towards food security, community resilience, restoration of biodiversity, long-term efficiency, and enhanced ecosystem services. The headline indicators are the proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture (10.1) and progress towards sustainable forest management (10.2), with component indicators on the average income of small-scale food producers by sex and indigenous status, and forest area under sustainable management certification. Fourteen national indicators are tracked: trends in area under natural farming and its certification (10.1); trends in area under integrated pest management (10.2); trends in agrochemical fertilizer production/usage (10.3); trends in use of bio-fertilizers, biofuels, organic manure, and vermicomposting (10.4); trends in soil quality (10.5); trends in groundwater table (10.6); trends in organic agricultural research and production on farms of research institutions (10.7); trends in proliferation of traditional crops and varieties adapted to the local environment (10.8); percentage of forest area covered under approved Working Plans per the National Forest Working Plan Code (10.9); trends in area of restored forests (10.10); extent of use of non-selective fishing gears (10.11); trends in fish produce certification (10.12); trends in NTFP production (10.13); and wild relatives of cultivated plants (10.14). Lead agencies include ICAR and its research institutes, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, ICFRE, Forest Research Institute, State Forest Departments, NFDB, CMFRI, and NBPGR.
Iran	Ensure that areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry in Iran are managed sustainably. Increase the application of biodiversity-friendly practices, such as sustainable intensification, agroecological, and other innovative approaches, to improve resilience, productivity, and food security while conserving biodiversity.	A sub-target following NT-9 commits to ensuring that areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry in Iran are managed sustainably, increasing the application of biodiversity-friendly practices such as sustainable intensification, agroecological and other innovative approaches to improve resilience, productivity, and food security while conserving biodiversity. NT-14's action plan further specifies prohibiting the exploitation and harvesting of wood from Iran's natural forests, to preserve, restore, and develop forests within the framework of Sustainable Forest Management and a Modern Forestry Plan based on the 7th Five-Year Development Plan. The NT-11 section addresses sustainable exploitation of genetic resources, water, and soil with environmental risk assessments. The Preface notes that increasing biodiversity in agriculture can improve crops, increase farm yields, and reduce the need for chemical fertilisers and pesticides.
Iceland	That by 2030, all utilisation of vegetation and soil resources of the country be sustainable and conducted in harmony with biological diversity.	The NBSAP addresses sustainable agriculture, fisheries and forestry under Guiding Principles C2 and C3, with GBF cross-references explicitly linking to Target 10 on key industries. The agricultural policy (Landbúnaðarstefna) to 2040 includes the objective that agriculture shall contribute to the conservation and enhancement of biological diversity. The food policy (Matvælastefna Íslands) to 2040 guides the development of food production in relation to sustainability and food security. For agriculture, the policy calls for strengthening agriculture based on sustainable long-term utilisation that nurtures biodiversity in the ecosystems most affected, including soil ecosystems, vegetation, wetlands and freshwater. It addresses livestock grazing management, conservation of wetlands and natural woodlands, and guidance to farmers on agriculture in favour of biodiversity. For forestry, the policy notes that afforestation creates new habitats but significantly changes vegetation areas. Land selection for new forests must take biodiversity into account, particularly when non-native species are used. The Land og líf plan's priorities are to be followed. For fisheries and aquaculture, the adopted food policy contains an objective that the basis of sustainable utilisation shall be built on criteria that take into account the condition and functioning of ecosystems. The policy calls for strengthening scientific advice foundations and increasing the weight of environmentally friendly production methods.
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030	Action-oriented target 3-2: Promote efforts toward sustainable agriculture, forestry and fisheries that enhance biodiversity and ensure productivity, resilience and sustainability, including through the MIDORI Strategy.	Action-oriented target 3-2 is a central pillar of the NBSAP, implemented principally through the Strategy for Sustainable Food Systems (MIDORI Strategy, 2021). The MIDORI Strategy targets zero CO2 emissions from agriculture, forestry and fisheries by 2050, a 50% reduction in risk-weighted chemical pesticide use, a 30% reduction in chemical fertilizer use, and expansion of organic farming to 1 million hectares (approximately 25% of farmland) by 2050. Organic area will grow from 25,200 ha (2020) to 63,000 ha (2030) as an interim step. Sustainable forestry is pursued through the Forest and Forestry Basic Plan, expansion of FSC and SGEC certified forest area, and development of multi-storied and mixed forests. Fisheries reforms under the 2020 Fisheries Act introduce TAC management for more species and maximum sustainable yield-based stock assessment. Aquaculture certification (MEL, ASC) will expand. Satochi-satoyama landscapes and rice paddy ecosystems are maintained under direct payment schemes for mountainous and semi-mountainous areas and the Multifunctional Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Payment. Protection of fish-breeding forests and coral-catchment land management support fisheries sustainability.
Lebanon		The NBSAP addresses sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry mainly through what appears as National Target 11 (Sustainable Production Systems), tracked by Headline Indicator 10.1 (proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture, disaggregated by household and non-household farms and by crops and livestock) and the FAO Agrobiodiversity Index for which Lebanon's baseline score is 54.8. National Actions commit to mainstreaming locally produced released cultivars and local native rootstock varieties and seeds into national agricultural strategies including breeding programmes (NA 11.1); mainstreaming sustainable agriculture production systems including organic farming, agroecology, agroforestry, climate-smart crops, crop rotation, conservation agriculture, terracing, treated-wastewater reuse, efficient irrigation and rainfed crops (NA 11.2); mainstreaming sustainable fisheries and aquaculture using native, naturalised and acclimatised species (NA 11.3); mainstreaming biodiversity conservation and sustainable forestry in national forestry strategies (NA 11.4); and developing sustainably managed national freshwater and marine aquaculture hatcheries (NA 11.5). Under the ecosystem-services target, NA 12.3 commits to collaborating with the MoA, Green Plan, LARI and local NGOs to mainstream agrobiodiversity, wild-crop relatives and climate-resilient native species in ecosystem restoration, agroforestry and crop selection over at least 50 hectares. The incentives stream adds national campaigns promoting local organic agricultural products (NA 21.7) and financial incentives or subsidies for farmers adopting organic farming, agroforestry, aquaculture and conservation agriculture (NA 21.8).
Lesotho	By 2030, at least 30% of areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity	Lesotho's National Target 3 commits to sustainably managing at least 30% of areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry by 2030, ensuring conservation of biodiversity. The total budget is USD 7,815,910. Indicators include the proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture, progress towards sustainable forest management, and the proportion of local breeds classified as at risk of extinction. The NBSAP II review notes that LHDA and MAFSN have capacitated stakeholders on developing strategies including the Blue Economy Strategy and Livestock Policy, and that MAFSN and partners have been promoting climate smart agriculture country-wide and developed a website on conservation agriculture. Strategic Initiative 3.1 promotes sound rangeland and sustainable forest management: capacitating stakeholders in agriculture, aquaculture and forestry on sustainable management practices (USD 1,588,240, 2026/30); promoting climate smart agriculture, conservation agriculture and other sustainable practices (USD 1,765,710, 2026/30); strengthening management of community forestry programmes including establishing Community Forestry Committees and forestry management plans (USD 588,235, 2027/30); and developing policy and legislation on aquaculture including finalising the Blue Economy Strategy (USD 705,890, 2027/29). Strategic Initiative 3.2 addresses genetic diversity of livestock and crop species: developing legislation to protect indigenous livestock and crop breeds and varieties (USD 215,000, 2027/28); improving coordination and management of indigenous crops and livestock breeds including gene testing and sequencing and profiling local names (USD 688,235, 2027/2029); and establishing and improving management of gene banks and community seed banks nationwide (USD 2,264,600, 2026/2030).
Luxembourg		The NBSAP devotes substantial content to sustainable agriculture and forestry as instruments for biodiversity recovery. On agriculture, the strategy identifies intensification of agricultural practices and standardisation of plot patterns as a main cause of biodiversity decline. It commits to working with farmers to support the transition towards sustainable practices and to supporting short-distance markets for derived products. Agricultural policy is to operate in tandem with the National Strategic Plan (PSN), promoting ecological programmes and payment schemes based on demonstrated ecological improvements. The strategy encourages organic farming, agroforestry, and the valorisation of sensitive grasslands. A target of managing 10% of utilised agricultural area (13,000 ha) under biodiversity contracts without fertilisers or pesticides is set, focusing on protected areas, pollinators, grasslands, and farmland birds. A results-based bonus approach is to be introduced for biodiversity programmes. At least 12% of agricultural area is to correspond to landscape features of high biological diversity, managed without fertilisers or pesticides, including riparian buffer strips, flowering strips, fallow land, hedgerows, and agroforestry. Ploughing, turning over, and renewal of permanent grasslands are to be prohibited in protected areas and flood zones. A network of "agriculture-biodiversity-water" demonstration farms is to be established to demonstrate that agro-ecological practices constitute socio-economically advantageous alternatives, with participating farms as multipliers. A feasibility study for a model of valorisation, accounting, and payment for ecosystem services is to be carried out. The Ministry of Agriculture and the MECDD are tasked with developing a national integrated agricultural advisory concept structured around food production, nature protection, biodiversity, and water, including a multidisciplinary team of advisers and integrated IT tools. On forestry, Luxembourg intends to maintain at least 35% forest cover. Forest management plans are to be reformed for all public forests and private forest estates exceeding 20 ha, to conserve or measurably improve the conservation status of species and habitats. Close-to-nature management of communal forests is promoted through the "Nature Pact" (Pacte Nature). A "Klimabonusbësch" premium supports private foresters preserving ecosystem services, with a target of two-thirds of eligible area under contract by 2030. An integrated silvicultural advisory concept is to be developed by the ANF. Public subsidies are planned for restoration of ecosystem services by multifunctional forests and for simple forest management plans for private owners.
Libya	By 2030, develop and implement national actions and programs aimed at achieving sustainable farming methods for 40% for existing agricultural and forestry areas, as well as applying sustainable aquaculture methods for 50%, in order to support their resilience to the effects of climate change.	The NBSAP commits to sustainable farming, forestry, and aquaculture through a detailed national Target 10 with six priorities and a USD 15 million budget. The target specifies achieving sustainable farming methods for 40% of existing agricultural and forestry areas and sustainable aquaculture methods for 50% by 2030. Priorities include: digitisation, inventory, mapping, and documentation of forest status and trends with analysis of environmental dimensions including climate impacts; developing guidelines on sustainable forest use including harvesting, processing, trade, and marketing of wood and non-wood products and bioenergy; developing sectoral mechanisms for conservation of agricultural biodiversity aimed at improving capacity to restore and conserve agricultural biodiversity and fisheries; establishing a database on agricultural biodiversity, fisheries, and a Red List of Economic Plants and Domesticated Animals; a national research programme for conservation of wild relatives of local agricultural species; and a sectoral plan for solar energy use in agriculture. The descriptive context is extensive. Agriculture contributes only 2-3% of GDP (down from 25% before the 1960s oil boom), with over 75% of food imported. Arable land is 2.2 million hectares (1.7% of territory), with 90% of farms under 20 hectares. Existing agricultural legislation includes Law No. 27 of 1966 (plant protection), Law No. 33 of 1970 and Law No. 15 of 1992 (protection of agricultural land). Marine fisheries production has declined, with over 65% of Mediterranean fish stocks beyond safe biological limits. Aquaculture includes marine species (seabream, sea bass, bluefin tuna) and freshwater species (Nile tilapia, carp), with approximately 140 permanent employees in the sector.
Marshall Islands		Sub-target 2.10 addresses biodiversity management within food production, agroforestry, fisheries, and livelihood systems, delivered through EPA permits, Reimaanlok Steps 3 and 5–7. Headline indicators 10.1 (Sustainable Agriculture) and 10.2 (Sustainable Forestry) are designated, with MoNRC as data lead for both. The sectoral plans section contains extensive actions for this target. The MoNRC 2020–2030 Forest Action Plan (Action 71) includes biodiversity conservation of native forest species, food security through agroforestry and community-based production, coastal reinforcement through mangrove restoration, urban tree management, and forest monitoring and inventories. A specific sub-action calls for transitioning from senile coconut monoculture to biodiversity-aligned agroforestry systems, engaging with Tobolar Copra Processing Authority on replanting, the US Forest Service Coconut Tree Census project, and MICS coconut tree surveys across priority atolls. The MoNRC 2021–2031 Agriculture Sector Plan (Action 72) covers sustainable land, soil, and water management; sustainable crop and livestock production; integrated pest management; composting and soil regeneration; and strengthened biosecurity. The Taiwan Technical Mission supports sustainable agriculture, crop diversification, and climate-resilient practices (Action 73). Tobolar supports coconut resource management and biodiversity-aligned replanting programs (Action 74). MIOFA promotes organic farming (Action 75). The MIMRA 2024–2027 Strategic Plan (Action 76) includes expanding aquaculture of seagrass, mangrove, molluscs, and heat-tolerant coral to integrate food security with restored biodiversity while minimizing pressure on wild fisheries. MoNRC is to compile data for indicators 10.1 and 10.2 ahead of the 8th National Report.
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030		The NBSAP identifies agriculture, forestry/silviculture, and fishing as three of its five priority economic sectors for biodiversity integration. Action A.2.2 commits to integrating biodiversity into agricultural policy, with 25% of agricultural area devoted to productive and sustainable agriculture by 2030. Action A.2.4 targets integration into silvopastoral policy with progress towards sustainable forest management by 2026. Action B.1.5 addresses mining site ecosystem rehabilitation, also tagged T10. Multiple capacity-building actions (C.1.1, C.1.2, C.2.1) include biodiversity-in-agriculture education components. The sectoral analysis calls for promoting sustainable agricultural practices, improving water resource management, and addressing excessive pesticide use in agriculture, as well as reforestation and sustainable management policies in forestry.
Malta	By 2030, uptake of sustainable agricultural practices, including organic farming, increases significantly.	National Target 10 commits that by 2030, uptake of sustainable agricultural practices, including organic farming, increases significantly. Action 10.1 requires that by 2027, Malta's CAP Strategic Plan contributes to the conservation of biodiversity by promoting and implementing agri-environmental and climate commitments (AECCs), which encourage agroecological practices such as organic farming, and support high diversity landscape features through non-productive investments. Fisheries sustainability is addressed under Action 11.2, which commits to maintaining and restoring fish stocks to maximum sustainable yield levels through collaboration with the European Commission and other EU and Mediterranean countries.
Malaysia	By 2030, our agrofood, agricommodity, and fisheries production are managed and harvested sustainably	Malaysia's NPBD Target 6 commits that "by 2030, our agrofood, agricommodity, and fisheries production are managed and harvested sustainably"; Target 5 commits to strengthened forest governance and management for biodiversity conservation. Action 6.1 (agrofood and agricommodity) commits to strengthen research to increase crop productivity and reduce land-demand pressures; encourage companies to adopt No Deforestation, No Peat, No Exploitation (NDPE) policies; enhance the High Conservation Value (HCV) approach in farms and plantations; review and strengthen environmental regulations to prevent plantation expansion into high-biodiversity-value areas; provide incentives and technical support for certification under sustainability schemes (palm oil via MPOCC, timber via MTCC); encourage and incentivise plantations to allocate and aggregate fragmented land for ecological corridors; conduct targeted capacity building to harmonise agriculture/agricommodity with biodiversity conservation, including monitoring wildlife movement and minimising human-wildlife conflicts; redirect, reform, or eliminate perverse and harmful economic subsidies; and develop an integrated database for farms and plantations. Action 6.2 (fisheries) commits to reduce fisheries impacts through catch documentation, IUU controls, Turtle Excluder Devices, and electronic bycatch monitoring. Action 6.3 (aquaculture) commits to legislate sustainability standards, develop a Sustainable Aquaculture Framework, and prevent coastal-habitat conversion. Action 5.3 (forestry) leverages remote sensing, including Earth-observation satellites and LiDAR, to strengthen forest planning, management, and reporting. The policy notes 54.58% of land remains forested and identifies the Malaysian Palm Oil Certification Council (MPOCC) and Malaysians Timber Certification Council (MTCC) as existing certification bodies. The Ministry in charge of agriculture and food security is the lead on Target 6, with DOF, DOA, MARDI, MPOB, MPOCC, and IPTA/IPTS among partners.
Nigeria		The NBSAP describes unsustainable agricultural practices as a major threat: conversion to agriculture occurs in many protected areas, community-owned land, and state-managed forests without control. Slash-and-burn agriculture continues requiring clearing of new lands. Mangroves are heavily harvested for fuel wood and construction. The action plan includes developing a national strategy for the conservation of agricultural biodiversity and promotion of agroforestry (Action 4.4, FDF, 2016–2020), with monitoring for development, adoption, and implementation of this strategy. The National Forest Policy review (Action 4.2, FDF, 2016–2020) also addresses sustainable forestry. The technology needs assessment identifies "Agroforestry" and "Forest user groups" among 22 technologies for NBSAP implementation, with agroforestry listed as one of six priority technical capacity needs. The monitoring matrix tracks the development and adoption of the national agricultural biodiversity and agroforestry strategy document.
Netherlands		This is the NBSAP's most extensive chapter, structured into three subsections on agriculture (10.1), aquaculture and fisheries (10.2), and forestry (10.3). Agriculture. The Common Agricultural Policy National Strategic Plan (CAP-NSP) 2023-2027 is the central instrument, rewarding future-proof farming with subsidies aimed at transition to sustainable business operations. The biodiversity contribution operates through three layers: (1) a basic premium conditional on baseline nature quality requirements, (2) the eco-scheme compensating farmers for landscape care and ecosystem services through a choice of 26 eco-activities making positive contributions to biodiversity, landscape, water, air, soil, and climate quality, and (3) Agricultural Nature and Landscape Management (ANLb), through which 40 agricultural collectives comprising over 12,000 farmers manage specific habitats for plant and animal species, including farmland birds. The CAP-NSP sets the following target figures for 2027: biodiversity conservation and restoration activities on 60% of cultivated land area, improved management on 22% of Natura 2000 areas, 65,000 hectares of landscape under management, support for preservation of 170,000 rare farm animals, 1,330 farms receiving investment support for improving biodiversity, 800 investments in rural areas for nature/environment/climate, and 6.5% of agricultural area under organic production. A boost for agricultural nature management of €500 million annually from 2026 is announced, with a foreseen gradual growth until 2035 in hectares, participating collectives, and management packages. The cooperation measure for peatland meadows and transitional areas around Natura 2000 supports partial cessation of dairy farming operations, targeting approximately 50,000 hectares through 2028 near nitrogen-sensitive Natura 2000 areas and approximately 22,000 hectares in peatland meadow areas. The Action Plan for Organic Farming aims to accelerate growth of the organic farming area from 4% (approximately 80,000 hectares in 2021) to 15% (approximately 300,000 hectares) by 2030, primarily through dairy and arable farming. The government is developing objective-based steering with farm-specific standards for greenhouse gas and nitrogen emissions, including key performance indicators (KPIs) and a nutrient balance for dairy and arable farming. The National Growth Fund Programme for Regenerative Agriculture (Re-Ge-NL) aims to start the transition with one thousand farmers in five focus areas by 2030, with a maximum investment of €129 million. The previous cabinet made €1.54 billion available for frontrunner measures in the regions for sustainable livestock farming and nature restoration. Green-blue infrastructure (GBDA) targets 10% coverage of the rural area by 2050. The Forest Strategy includes an ambition of 25,000 hectares of agroforestry by 2030 and 1,000 hectares of food forests. GBDA realisation is primarily secured through voluntary participation of landowners and farmers and supported through the CAP-NSP and ANLb. A nationwide landscape elements register is being developed. Sustainability criteria for bio-based raw materials, including biodiversity criteria, are under legislative development as a precondition for subsidised flows under climate and circular economy policy. Aquaculture and Fisheries. The strategy centres on the European Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), which applies an ecosystem-based approach and aims for fish stocks to reach and maintain Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) biomass levels. The vision on food from the sea and large waters (March 2024) establishes that food production must take place within the carrying capacity of the ecosystem, with measures to reduce bottom disturbance, bycatch, and CO2 emissions. An implementation agenda is to be elaborated in 2025 with stakeholders. For the shrimp fishery, a voluntary decommissioning scheme is offered. The North Sea fleet has already shrunk by one third due to recent decommissioning. The Future Vision for Shrimp Fisheries discusses measures to restore the balance between fisheries and nature. The Fisheries Innovation Network (VIN) pools innovation capacity across fishers, shipyards, NGOs, and scientists. For eel specifically, a national eel management plan includes a closed season for eel fishing in coastal waters, the IJsselmeer, and other inland waters, plus measures to remove migration barriers. Quantitative agreements have been made through the North Sea Agreement and the Covenant on the Transition of the Mussel Sector and Nature Restoration in the Wadden Sea. European and national subsidy schemes for innovation and investment continue through 2030. Forestry. All forests in the Netherlands enjoy protection under the Nature Conservation Act. Forests with a production function have a dual function with nature and biodiversity. The Code of Conduct on Species Protection in Forest Management stipulates that clear-felling is prohibited, group felling is limited to a maximum of 0.5 hectares, and at any given time a maximum of 30% of the forest may be in regeneration. All felling must be reported and compensated by replanting in the same location (with exceptions). The National Forest Strategy (adopted 2020) sets objectives of 37,400 hectares of new forest, a quality boost for existing forest, 10% GBDA, development of agroforestry, stimulating high-value timber use, and 14,000 hectares of natural forest expansion. Forest revitalisation aims for more diverse, multi-age forests on healthy soils, contributing to resilience, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration. Provinces are drawing up revitalisation plans.
Norway		The agricultural sector is guided by Storting-adopted national targets (food security and preparedness, nationwide agriculture, increased value creation, and sustainable agriculture with lower greenhouse gas emissions) and by the 2023 soil conservation target of reducing reallocation to less than 2,000 decares per year by 2030. The annual Agricultural Agreement between the Government and the Norwegian Farmers' Union and Norwegian Farmers and Smallholders Union integrates environmental instruments; the 2024 agreement increased targeted climate and environmental allocations by approximately 9 per cent, with a particular initiative to safeguard the lapwing. The National Environment Programme 2023–2026 bundles national, regional (regional environment programmes, RMP) and local (special environmental measures in agriculture, SMIL) grants supporting endangered species, cultural landscapes and grazing; Selected Cultural Landscapes in Agriculture and World Heritage Initiatives (Western Norway Fjord Landscapes, Vega Archipelago, Røros Mining Town and the Circumference) are regional initiatives. Organic agriculture follows the National Strategy for Organic Agriculture 2018–2030 (to be revised in 2024); approved organic land has been stable at around 5 per cent. In forestry, the Norwegian Forestry Act and associated sustainable forestry regulations govern management; nearly all Norwegian forestry is PEFC-certified and approximately 5 per cent additionally FSC-certified (2019). The Norwegian Environment Agency and Norwegian Agriculture Agency have published a 16-measure Menu of Measures for forests (continuous forestry, deadwood retention, large deciduous tree retention, tree species choice after felling, young stand tending, extended rotation, alien-species control, small-scale clear-cutting, riparian zone preservation, preserving scorched wildfire areas, accelerated targeted protected forest areas, improved ecological condition in protected areas, increased forest restoration, safeguarding endangered biodiversity, combating invasive aliens, and reducing forest reallocation). NOK 8 million was earmarked for environmental initiatives in forestry in 2020 (NOK 6 million for key biotope safeguarding beyond industry norms). Key biotopes outside protected areas grew from 1,037 km² (2020) to 1,080 km² (2022). A publicly available map of natural forests (not clear-felled since approximately 1940) will be created by the end of 2024. The Skogportalen i Kilden solution publishes environmental data for forest planning. Fisheries management is ecosystem-based per ICES advice (details under target 5). Aquaculture regulation relies on the traffic light system (introduced 2016) with 13 production regions and salmon lice as the environmental indicator; a working group concluded the critical salmon lice limits are not consistent with the quality norm for wild salmon, indicating a need for thorough review of aquaculture management. Sea trout is to be integrated into the traffic light system from and including 2026. A ban on cod farming in wild cod spawning areas was clarified in winter 2024. Sami reindeer husbandry is governed by the Reindeer Agreement with direct grants conditional on reindeer figures being below maximum. Internationally, Norway supports FAO's biodiversity strategy for agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture; supports the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (more than 1.2 million seed samples from over 100 gene banks); is among the largest donors to the Crop Trust and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture; and contributes 0.1 per cent of Norwegian seed revenue annually to the Treaty's benefit-sharing fund (since 2009).
Panama		The NBSAP commits to resilient agri-food systems capable of guaranteeing food sovereignty and dignified livelihoods for farmers, rural women, indigenous peoples, local communities and Afro-descendant communities. The restoration target integrates agroforestry and silvopastoral systems as specified approaches. Producers have been trained in conservation agriculture and regenerative livestock farming, and degraded agricultural lands and pasturelands have been rehabilitated through sustainable management practices. The adaptation communication lists sustainable agriculture, livestock and aquaculture among priority areas. Net zero illegal deforestation is a stated target by 2035. The strategy commits to improving sustainable productivity by 20% in key productive landscapes and to reducing unplanned agricultural expansion by 30% in biological corridor regions.
State of Palestine		The NBSAP records that the conservation of agrobiodiversity became part of the national agenda when the Ministry of Agriculture adopted a national policy for "promoting the conservation of Agrobiodiversity". The updated MOA (2020) Strategic Goals for the Agriculture Sector are: (1) increased resilience and steadfastness of Palestinian farmers on their land; (2) self-sustenance in food production and disengagement from the Israeli food supply system; (3) natural and agricultural resources managed in sustainable ways including adaptation to climate change; (4) enhance production, productivity and competitiveness of the agricultural sector; (5) farmers have access to support services that meet their needs; (6) having a legal environment for the sector that is efficient and effective. The 2020 MoA programme adds targets to 2023: increasing the irrigated agricultural area by 37% from the current area; increasing irrigation water by about 2.8 million cubic meters; increasing plant production by 25–30%; cultivating 180,000 fruit-tree seedlings; and increasing agricultural areas by about 5,000 dunums. The strategy also commits to 24 numbered agrobiodiversity actions, including: updating national agricultural strategies to include agrobiodiversity; conserving soil; preserving agroecosystem biodiversity using seedbanks and Baladi seeds; reducing pesticides, herbicides and antibiotics; ensuring habitat diversity in farmlands; encouraging home gardens; building on traditional farming practices; developing agroforestry; encouraging fair trade and organic produce; expanding dryland traditional agricultural systems including olive–almond intercropping; conserving crop genetic resources; ensuring protection of the very limited forests remaining in SP (estimated at 10,000 hectares by FAO, 2020) and expanding them with natural tree cover; and increasing forested area from 4% to 6% by 2050. Decree-Law No. 14 of 2018 amends the Agriculture Law No. 2 of 2003: Article 27 declares agricultural genetic resources to be State property and Article 28 mandates listing local genetic strains, preserving genes and genetic origins, and adopting reproduction mechanisms.
Rwanda	By 2030, improve sustainable management of areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry and ensure integration of biodiversity conservation and sustainable practices to enhance ecosystem health, food security, and livelihoods.	The NBSAP sets National Target 10 to improve sustainable management of areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry and ensure integration of biodiversity conservation and sustainable practices by 2030. Headline indicators track the proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture, proportion of forest under sustainable management, and area under aquaculture and fisheries with sustainable management. Component indicators include total forest management certification and average income of small-scale food producers. The baseline references Rwanda's plan to develop 22,000 ha under conservation agriculture per PSTA 5, current 30.4% forest cover, and at least 4,900 t/yr fish production (aquaculture) per the National Aquaculture Strategy for Rwanda (2023–2035). Agricultural land occupies almost 12,000 km² with plans to increase to 12,433 km² (47.2% of the country). Strategic actions include implementing circular economy models for aquaponics, promoting apiculture in appropriate reserves (Nyungwe, Gishwati, Mukura, Virunga, Akagera, Ruhande/Arboretum), expanding area under agro-ecology and conservation/regenerative agriculture, enhancing law enforcement for forest protection, conducting forest management certification gap analysis, and assessing degraded agricultural and forest land. The agriculture sector plan details 22 activities across MINAGRI, RAB, RFA, and collaborators (2025–2030), including enhancing sustainable fish production to 80,000 tons/year by 2035. The forestry sector plan includes six activities led by RFA. Private sector engagement is noted through companies like Sustainable Harvest Rwanda and Rwanda Mountain Tea promoting agroforestry and organic farming. The costing allocates USD 6.5 million.
Saudi Arabia	Sustainable management of areas subject to agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, and fisheries, and limiting their negative impacts on biodiversity, and transitioning towards sustainable practices and systems in the agricultural sector.	National Target 8 commits to the sustainable management of areas subject to agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, and fisheries, limiting their negative impacts on biodiversity, and transitioning towards sustainable agricultural practices and systems. The target includes five indicators: percentage of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture, progress towards sustainable forest management, increase in forest area, rate of pesticide and chemical fertiliser use per hectare, and rate of transition towards sustainability of aquaculture and fisheries. The national action plan specifies: conducting national surveys to assess impacts of current agricultural, forestry, aquaculture, and fisheries practices on biodiversity (2027); mainstreaming biodiversity conservation into agricultural sector policies and plans (2027); supporting the transition to sustainable practices through legislation, positive incentives, and sustainable agriculture and fisheries strategies (2026–2030); implementing restoration programmes for degraded ecosystems affected by agricultural and fisheries activities (2026–2030); and developing training programmes for farmers, livestock keepers, aquaculture breeders, and fishers on organic farming, integrated pest management, pesticide rationalisation, and sustainable forestry techniques (2028). The National Strategy for Agriculture encompasses pillars for natural resource protection, food and water security, rural development, and plant and animal health. Strategic initiatives include improving irrigation and water harvesting, agricultural waste management, improving land use, food security governance (reducing loss and waste), and organic agriculture.
Sudan	Ensure, by 2030, that areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry in Sudan are managed sustainably, through the sustainable use of biodiversity, and biodiversity-friendly practices, contributing to the resilience and long-term efficiency and productivity of these production systems, and to food security, conserving and restoring biodiversity and maintaining nature's contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services.	National Target 10 commits Sudan to ensuring that areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry are managed sustainably by 2030, through biodiversity-friendly practices contributing to food security while conserving biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem functions. The NBSAP notes the significance of agricultural insect pests, with crop losses in African countries estimated at 49% of expected total yield annually (citing CABI), and expected to increase with climate change. Budget allocations under Goal B include US$1,100,000 for cultivated plants (3 actions), US$500,000 for rangeland (1 action), US$3,400,000 for forests (3 actions), US$300,000 for marine (2 actions), US$1,050,000 for inland waters (3 actions), US$520,000 for biosafety (2 actions), and US$350,000 for health (2 actions). Under Goal D, cultivated plants receive US$150,000 (2 actions). The monitoring framework uses headline indicators including proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture and progress towards sustainable forest management, with target thresholds of 15% of forest area under long-term management. National indicators include trends in eco-farming adoption, GM crop commercialization with low environmental impact, and biotechnological products enhancing productivity and conservation.
Sweden		Target 10 is addressed across the forestry, marine and agricultural chapters. In forestry, the Government's approach emphasizes formal protection plus voluntary set-asides plus environmental consideration in forestry operations. Statistics for 2024 show 27.1 per cent of forest land exempted from forestry for timber production; voluntary set-asides totalled 1,411,000 hectares of productive forest land in 2024, up more than 70,000 hectares from 2023. The Forest Agency provides advice and supervision for legal compliance. Continuous cover forestry is noted as of increasing interest. Proposals are being prepared to abolish the obligation to reforest on forest land close to agricultural land to facilitate biologically valuable margins. On fisheries, the Common Fisheries Policy is cited as contributing to target 10. The Marine Environment Government Bill strengthens the ecosystem approach in fisheries management. A general prohibition on bottom trawling in marine protected areas within the trawl limit enters into force 1 July 2026. SWAM reported on 20 May 2025 a basis for international consultations to move the trawl border for pelagic trawlers over 24 metres to 12 nautical miles throughout the Baltic Sea. SWAM has also been assigned to close exemption areas for trawling within the trawl border. On agriculture, the EU Common Agricultural Policy, the EU Organic Production Regulation, the Plant Protection Products Regulation, and the Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive are described as contributing. Sweden's Strategic Plan for the Implementation of Agricultural Policy 2023–2027 contains environmental compensations for meadow and pasture management, summer-pasture grazing (fäbodbete), conservation of threatened livestock breeds, organic production, establishment and management of wetlands, carbon storage in soil, and reduced plant-nutrient losses. Ordinance (2024:202) provides state support for restoration of natural pastures and meadows, pollarding and coppicing, nature-conservation burning of grasslands, and mowing of peatland meadows in the northern parts of the country. Authorities have proposed investigating a financial instrument rewarding Sámi reindeer husbandry for maintaining mountain-pasture character.
Slovenia	By 2030, agriculture, forestry, water management and aquacultures will increase the inclusion of the protection of species and habitats of Slovenian and European importance in their programmes and plans.	The Strategic Plan sets National Objective 2: by 2030, agriculture, forestry, water management and aquacultures will increase the inclusion of the protection of species and habitats of Slovenian and European importance in their programmes and plans. This is operationalised through detailed measures across sectors. For agriculture, measures include protecting the agricultural landscape through agricultural policy mechanisms and awareness-raising (2.1.1), managing grass habitat types adapted to geographical units (2.1.2), promoting extensive pasturing where abandoned (2.1.3), conserving margin habitats such as hedges (2.1.4), and consistently implementing supervision of the ploughing ban (2.1.5). The plan calls for including additional guidelines for habitat type protection in the agricultural rural development programme post-2020 (1.1.2). For forestry, the programme notes that sustainable forest management in Slovenia has more than a century of tradition, with principles built into forest management planning. Natura 2000 areas cover more than 50% of Slovenian forests. Measures include determining valuable habitats and eco-cells for forest biodiversity (2.2.1), implementing biodiversity conservation as a priority in state-owned forests (2.2.2), and declaring forest reserves (2.2.3). Improving forest management for specialised Natura 2000 qualification habitat types and species is addressed in measures 1.1.3 and 1.3.4. For soil management, Table 2 includes measures to ensure environmentally sustainable use of plant protection products, fertilisers and agricultural techniques, and soil-friendly use of machinery in forests.
Senegal	Adopt sustainable practices respectful of biodiversity in agrosilvopastoral, mining and fisheries operations	The NBSAP defines national target (10) as adopting sustainable practices respectful of biodiversity in agrosilvopastoral, mining, and fisheries operations. The results framework prescribes five priority actions: promotion of the agroecological transition (indicator: number of integrated community agroecological farms — FACIE — created), support for sustainable artisanal fishing practices in MPAs (indicator: number of local codes of conduct established), monitoring of Environmental and Social Management Plans for mining projects (indicator: ESMP implementation rate), promotion of biodiversity criteria in the CSR of mining companies (indicator: CSR budget allocated to biodiversity), and recovery of degraded land (indicator: area reallocated to agricultural production). The diagnosis reports that approximately 40% of agricultural holdings have adopted agroforestry, and the NDC 3.0 integrates Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration into agricultural policy. The primary sector accounts for 47% of the active population. Specific mining concerns include zircon extraction in Thiès and Louga, phosphate mining in Matam, and gold panning with mercury and cyanide along the Falémé.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page	Sustainable use and management of biodiversity in at least 103,991 ha within agroecosystems, through the implementation of sustainable and resilient production systems.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 5: sustainable use and management of biodiversity in at least 103,991 hectares within agroecosystems through the implementation of sustainable and resilient production systems by 2030. Agroecosystems cover 48% of the national territory, including coffee, cacao, fruit and staple grain crops. The agricultural, forestry and fisheries sector contributed $439.42 million to GDP in Q3 2024 and employed 35% of the population in 2021. The NBSAP prioritises restoration on degraded land within productive landscapes and the transition to sustainable production models, with initiatives such as AFOLU 2040 and the PREPP demonstrating that progress is possible with private and financial sector participation. The forestry sector seeks to increase carbon stocks through agroforestry systems and reforestation in gallery forests and water recharge areas. The sugarcane sector is cited as promoting good practices that seek to guarantee production while respecting the environment. Indicators track the number of hectares of degraded land in agroecosystems restored and rehabilitated (disaggregated by crop type) and the number of hectares implementing sustainable production systems. The estimated financing need for sustainable use and management is $212,191,752.50 — the largest single budget line in the NBSAP.
Chad	NT7: By 2030, the areas devoted to agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed in a sustainable manner, in order to ensure the conservation of biological diversity.	The NBSAP links Global Target 10 to National Objective 7 (NT7): by 2030, areas devoted to agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed in a sustainable manner, in order to ensure the conservation of biological diversity. NO15 (ecosystem resilience/restoration) is also linked. Chadian forests cover approximately 23 million ha, with the Sudanian zone in the south holding the most extensive forest cover (~13,258,000 ha). The FAO-determined annual deforestation rate between 1990 and 2000 was 0.6; SIDRAT recorded 2.5 in 2013. Relevant institutional framework and strategies include the Directorate of Forests and Desertification Control (DFLCD); the National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (PAN-LCD); the Domestic Energy Strategy (SED); and the Strategy for reviving the production and marketing of gum arabic. The 2011–2020 reference describes non-sustainable agricultural management with the Agricultural Development Plan not implemented; the 2030 targets are 20% of classified forests restored and 50% sustainably conserved with a Conservation Plan, plus efficient implementation of the Agricultural Development Plan. Measures include integrating key species considerations into agricultural, aquaculture and forestry certification systems; a programme for the preservation of sites and corridors important for species conservation; a programme for the approval of specific rural fuelwood market zones; promoting marketing channels for forest by-products and processing technologies; combating natural destructive factors (erosion, bush fires); enrichment of forests with local species; research, development and extension of improved cookstoves; rural electrification based on clean energy; a Community Forest Management Project; a community management project for classified forests; development of beekeeping in all suitable areas; food security and nutrition projects; promoting the design of agricultural and other managed ecosystems to minimise fragmentation of natural habitats; and promoting agriculture linked to wildlife economy. Indicators include proportion of agricultural area devoted to productive and sustainable agriculture (I1GT10), progress towards sustainable forest management (I2GT10), area of forests under sustainable management (I3GT10), and number of cities that have completed green belt establishment (I4GT10). Stated assumptions/risks include farmer/herder conflicts and lack of qualified human resources.
Togo	Target 20 : Ensure sustainable management of agricultural, aquacultural, fisheries and forestry zones through practices that are respectful of biodiversity	The NBSAP designates National Target 20 under Strategic Objective 3, mapped to GBF Target 10, committing to ensure sustainable management of agricultural, aquacultural, fisheries, and forestry zones through practices that are respectful of biodiversity. The NBSAP documents existing agroforestry parklands across ecological zones I, II, and III, featuring monospecific or mixed stands of néré (Parkia biglobosa), shea (Vitellaria paradoxa), baobab (Adansonia digitata), and rônier palm (Borassus aethiopum), preserved for the provisioning services they provide to neighbouring populations. Fishery resources are documented for the Oti, Koumongou, and Haho rivers, with multiple species inventoried from catches in November-December 2022. The ministry responsible for agriculture is assigned a role in implementing sustainable management of biodiversity relevant to food and agriculture, and in coordinating the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture.
Tunisia	Good practices for sustainable biodiversity management in productive systems are rewarded among the prioritisation criteria for development projects at national and regional level	The NBSAP dedicates Objective B2 to ensuring sustainable management of productive systems supporting food security and ecosystem services, linked to KM-GBF Target 10. The national target states: "Good practices for sustainable biodiversity management in productive systems are rewarded among the prioritisation criteria for development projects at national and regional level." For agriculture, Measure B2.1 proposes adopting sustainable agricultural practices (A2.1.1), creating five pilot zones for organic farming (B2.1.2), updating the 2007 strategy for conservation of local agricultural genetic resources (B2.1.3), strengthening genetic improvement programmes for traditional varieties and local breeds (B2.1.4), and strengthening the implementation of the 2015 Sustainable Oases Management strategy (B2.1.5-B2.1.6). The strategy notes progressive loss of biodiversity in agrosystems through replacement of agricultural breeds and varieties by foreign introductions, soil pollution, and loss of wild biodiversity associated with agrosystems. For aquaculture, marine fish farming represents 90% of national production (sea bass and sea bream from 24 projects). Actions include assessing aquaculture impacts on biodiversity (B2.2.1), preparing guidelines for sustainable management practices including MSC certification standards (B2.2.2), and strengthening research on new feed sources, climate adaptation, and marine genetic resources (B2.2.3). For fisheries, the strategy notes overexploitation, pollution, and illegal fishing in the marine environment. Actions include developing a national sustainable fisheries action plan (B2.3.1), emergency measures to reduce overexploitation (B2.3.2), and programmes against climate change and IAS affecting marine biodiversity (B2.3.3). For forestry, Measure B2.4 addresses forest fires, multi-year management programmes, combating invasive forest insects, early surveillance through new technologies, and participatory management plans for forest rangelands. The gaps analysis identifies the need to strengthen regulations for rural space development, agricultural land protection, the 2004 agricultural map, and rangeland management.
Uganda		Strategic Objective 1 is mapped to KMGBF Target 10, and the NBSAP covers all three production sectors — agriculture, fisheries, and forestry — with context on sustainability pressures and response measures. Agriculture employs more than 70% of the population and contributes approximately 23% of GDP. Farmlands increased from 8.5 to 10.6 million hectares between 1990 and 2015, with subsistence agriculture expanding by 1.8 million hectares. The key agents of expansion into natural habitats are small-scale farmers, immigrants, and large-scale monoculture (palm oil and sugar cane). The fisheries sector contributes 2.5% of GDP, with total production of about 560,000 metric tonnes annually (82% capture, 18% aquaculture). Uganda is Africa's third-largest aquaculture producer. Measures to promote sustainability include co-management, aquaculture promotion, and no-fishing zones. Forestry contributes an estimated 6% of GDP and employs over 1 million people. The NBSAP notes the contribution of forests to soil and water management, carbon sequestration, and future biodiversity use has been valued at over US$ 130.7 million annually. The NBSAP strategy under SO1 commits to "improve management of agricultural practices, and forests for biodiversity conservation." The NDP IV objectives include increasing forest, tree and wetland coverage, and strengthening land-use management.
Viet Nam		The NBSAP assigns the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development lead responsibility for the sustainable use of biodiversity in agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture. MARD is directed to strictly control impacts from land and water surface conversion for agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture development, and from forest conversion to non-forestry purposes. The ministry is tasked with integrating biodiversity conservation into development plans, programs, and projects for agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture. The One Billion Trees project (2021–2025) is linked to restoring natural forest ecosystems. Forest cover is to be maintained at 42–43%.
Vanuatu	By 2030, agriculture, livestock, forestry, fisheries, aquaculture, and agrifood systems are sustainably managed across all Area Councils, supported by national measures, activities, and practices that integrate biodiversity-friendly approaches. These practices shall conserve and restore biodiversity and ecosystem services while ensuring nutritious food and healthy diets for Indigenous Peoples and local communities.	The NBSAP commits to sustainably managing agriculture, livestock, forestry, fisheries, aquaculture, and agrifood systems across all Area Councils by 2030, integrating biodiversity-friendly approaches that conserve and restore biodiversity while ensuring nutritious food for Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The mainstreaming section calls for promoting agroecological approaches. Provincial plans include: Torba promotes access to small livestock production to improve household nutrition and integration of improved farming with traditional systems; Sanma promotes sustainable agriculture practices; Penama plans to establish forestry nurseries, distribute seedlings, improve irrigation for nursery production, and integrate improved agriculture with traditional farming (slash and burn); Tafea will establish micro-community projects for fishponds, farming, and other livelihood activities. Target 10 is allocated 13 actions costing VUV 94,000,000.
Yemen	By 2030, implement ecosystem-based approaches in all agricultural systems (agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry) to ensure sustainable and safe food production in the future, conserve and restore biodiversity, maintain ecosystem services, including pastures and ensure that food production does not degrade due to ecosystem degradation.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 10, aligned to GBF Target 10, committing to implement ecosystem-based approaches in all agricultural systems (agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry) by 2030 to ensure sustainable and safe food production, conserve and restore biodiversity, maintain ecosystem services including pastures, and ensure that food production does not degrade ecosystems. The strategy provides substantial context on Yemen's agroforestry ecosystems, which constitute 45.4% of total surface area across three physiographic regions. Over 257,000 hectares of agricultural land exhibit environmental degradation (approximately 16% of total agricultural ecosystem). The agricultural sector is described as one of the most environmentally destructive economic activities, accounting for over 90% of water abstraction. Qat production alone accounts for over 30% of water abstraction and requires heavy pesticide and fertilizer use. Traditional terrace networks, accounting for 20-25% of agroecosystems, are being degraded and abandoned due to water erosion. Six strategic actions (ACT 2.1 through ACT 2.6) address the target: developing a country-wide national sustainable agriculture strategy covering ecosystem-based approaches, nature-based solutions, and climate-smart agriculture practices (soil and water management, integrated pest control); developing a resource mobilization strategy; building farmer capacity through training and farming associations; strengthening institutional and technical capacity within the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation; removal of perverse agricultural subsidies and replacement with environmentally sustainable instruments; and promoting eco-labelling. The indicative budget includes US$25.8 million each for sustainably managed agricultural and marine ecosystems, US$2.23 million for forest and range ecosystems, and US$120.17 million for freshwater ecosystems.
Zambia	By 2020, the deforestation rate in Zambia is reduced by at least 25%.	The NBSAP sets two national targets directly addressing sustainable agriculture and forestry. National Target 5 commits to reducing the deforestation rate by at least 25% by 2020, with strategic interventions including promotion of sustainable agricultural practices, promotion of alternative renewable energy technologies, strict enforcement of EIA and SEA provisions, and institutionalized integrated land use planning across sectors. National Target 7 commits to sustainably managing areas under agriculture, aquaculture, and forestry (forest reserves, parks, GMAs, forest concessions, open areas) by 2025. The strategy identifies key deforestation drivers: unsustainable agricultural practices, heavy reliance on wood fuel, uncontrolled harvesting and encroachment, uncontrolled fires, and land use development. Zambia's deforestation rate is estimated at 250,000–300,000 hectares per year. The M&E framework targets a 25% reduction in the national deforestation rate, with at least 50% of area under aquaculture sustainably managed. Community Forest Management, Joint Forest Management, and Private Forest Management are promoted under the Forest Policy (2014) and Forest Act (2015). Fire management plans are to be developed and implemented in biodiversity areas, with a target of reducing wildfire incidence in critical biodiversity areas by 30%.
Australia		The NBSAP does not contain a dedicated agricultural or forestry biodiversity target. However, Objective 8 addresses sustainable use and development of natural resources, including encouraging innovation in agricultural practices to maintain and restore soil and water health. Progress measure 8B tracks the level of innovation and implementation of such practices. Progress measure 8A tracks catchment-scale water management plans that include environmental flow requirements. The broader Goal 2 discussion (§40) notes that particular features of agricultural land provide natural infrastructure, and that improvements in natural resource management practices can result in increased productivity, improved farm sustainability, and enhanced environmental protection. Figure 5 maps Objective 8 to GBF Target 10.
Benin		The NBSAP documents Benin's economic dependence on agriculture and forestry: in 2024, the combined value added of agriculture, forestry and fisheries represented approximately 24.2% of GDP, with a large proportion of rural households depending directly on these sectors (§33). Agrobiodiversity includes 245 species of traditional vegetables across 62 families, of which approximately 80% are reportedly wild, with 24 species identified as threatened (§33). The diagnosis identifies agricultural conversion as the primary driver of ecosystem loss, with nearly 30% of vegetation cover converted between 2008 and 2018 (§30). Underlying causes include the promotion of 'modern' agriculture with chemical fertilisers, pesticides and hybrid seeds, and the insufficient dissemination of sustainable agriculture and soil conservation practices (§41). Strategic orientation 2 integrates the introduction of sustainable practices in agricultural, forestry and fisheries systems (§73). Programme 2 indicators include a measure of adoption of practices reducing pressures (fires, harvesting, agricultural practices) in target areas (§82). The NBSAP also calls for the sustainable management of plantations and agroforests within productive landscapes, strengthened protection of forest remnants and gallery forests, and sustainable management of ecologically and economically strategic species subject to heavy exploitation pressures (§32). However, there is no dedicated sustainable agriculture programme with specific targets, and the actions remain embedded within the broader restoration and ecosystem services framework.
Chile	By 2027, companies that voluntarily participate in the Pilot Business Action Plan for Biodiversity adopt internationally recognised standards to transparently disclose the impacts, dependencies and risks to biodiversity of their operations and the actions to reverse them	The NBSAP does not set a specific national target with quantified metrics for sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, or forestry practices. Objective II broadly addresses sustainable management across productive sectors. National target II.22 — requiring companies in the Pilot Business Action Plan for Biodiversity to adopt internationally recognised disclosure standards — is aligned with Target 10 among others but focuses on corporate reporting rather than on-the-ground management practices. Linked instruments include the Agri-food Sustainability Strategy and the Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Fisheries and Aquaculture.
Eritrea		The NBSAP does not have a standalone target explicitly aligned with GBF Target 10 on sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry management. However, sustainable agricultural and forestry practices are addressed across multiple national targets. The agricultural biodiversity context sections describe Eritrea's farming system in detail: 60% of the population depends on subsistence agriculture, 500,000 hectares are under rainfed cultivation, and 58,000 of a potential 600,000 hectares are developed for irrigation. The NBSAP documents the promotion of climate-smart agriculture, composting, drought-resistant crop varieties, row planting, crop rotation, integrated crop-livestock management, agroforestry, and improved grazing. The MoA promotes organic farming and integrated pest management as alternatives to agrochemical-based approaches. Forest management actions appear under National Target 1 (improving natural forest management, developing national forest policy framework, promoting agroforestry) and National Target 4 (ensuring sustainable harvesting of forest products, managing rangelands within carrying capacities). Fisheries management is addressed through National Target 4 with actions on data collection and adaptive management strategies. The NBSAP provides training for farming communities on sustainable practices (Action 6.2.2, nation-wide CSA training) and community-based management of crop landraces and indigenous animal breeds (Action 10.2.4).
Madagascar		Target 10 (Sustainable and resilient productive sectors) is allocated USD 18,570,451 (39.32% of Programme 2 — the largest Programme 2 target). The data sub-section states that integrated systems for collection, management and monitoring of data on biodiversity and productive areas are established, including digital platforms and studies to fill existing gaps, enabling regular monitoring of sustainability of productive sectors and ecosystems. Sustainable funding mobilises financial and incentive mechanisms — PES, green credits, subsidies, fiscal incentives — to support sustainable practices in productive sectors and biodiversity conservation; public and private, national and international funding is mobilised for integrated sustainable-production and biodiversity-conservation projects. The NBSAP financing-mechanism section promotes progressive elimination of subsidies linked to unsustainable agricultural practices (including livestock and forestry), unregulated exploitation or pollution-generating activities, and establishment of positive financial incentives for sustainable agriculture, responsible fishing, circular economy and nature-based solutions.
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		The conclusions identify Target 10 (Productive sectors) as addressed by 24–27% of ENBioMex actions, with 64% of the 160 ENBioMex actions contributing overall (the fifth-highest share). ENBioMex line of action 3.2 (Generation, strengthening, and diversification of agricultural, forestry, fisheries, and aquaculture productive and value chains) is specifically identified as one of the lines contributing most across all KM-GBF targets, with direct contributions to 16 targets. Specific Axis 3 actions mapped include productive and value chains (3.2.1), valuation of ecosystem services (3.2.2), sustainable enterprises (3.2.3), productive reconversion (3.2.4), diversification of use (3.2.5), added value (3.2.6), market niches (3.2.7), and low environmental impact services (3.2.9). Axis 4 actions on policy harmonisation (4.1.4), international and national trade (4.2.1, 4.2.2), and incentives and subsidies (4.2.4) also contribute directly.
Namibia		Sustainable production in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture is framed under Thematic Pillar 2.2 of Strategic Goal 2, which mainstreams biodiversity into agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, forestry and wildlife-based production systems. The briefing does not include a dedicated National Target or Programme text on this pillar within the sections provided, so detailed objectives are limited. Related content appears across other programmes: Programme 4 builds on the Namibia Rangeland Policy and Strategy (2012) and integrates sustainable bush management with rangeland restoration, including enforcement of carrying capacity in communal rangelands; Programme 5 applies the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries for inland and marine fisheries, with community fisheries reserves (20 gazetted and 6 emerging by end-2025) and transboundary frameworks; forest management operates under the Forest Act 12 of 2001 through state and community forests. Programme 24 (mainstreaming) commits to reviewing outdated laws to ensure biodiversity-inclusive regulations in agriculture, land management, mining and fisheries, and to finalising an Inland Fisheries Policy.
Paraguay		The NBSAP frames sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry through the glossary definitions of 'sustainable agriculture and aquaculture' and 'sustainable production systems in harmony with biodiversity conservation', and through references to national policy vehicles. INFONA leads the Afforestation and Reforestation Policy and productive and energy reforestation programmes with seedling distribution, training and technical assistance. The PROEZA Project integrates agroforestry systems, reforestation of protective forests and sustainable plantations in the Eastern Region. Regional research cited (Zelaya et al., 2018) shows that forest fragments and semi-natural elements in agricultural matrices improve pollination in crops such as soya, underpinning the rationale for sustainable landscape management. Future actions identified around indigenous peoples include promoting yerba mate under forest canopy and agroecological crops, and differentiated-label beekeeping. Youth consultations identified unsustainable agricultural practices, livestock expansion and conflicts between production and conservation as priority threats. The briefing does not set specific national targets for the share of agricultural, aquaculture, fisheries or forestry land under sustainable management.
Suriname	2.3 Suriname enforces the sustainable exploitation of biodiversity in land-, sea- and freshwater use economic sectors through responsible practices and technologies, in line with sound land use planning and zoning	The NBSAP addresses sustainable agriculture, forestry and fisheries through Pathway 2's national Target 2.3 ('Suriname enforces the sustainable exploitation of biodiversity in land-, sea- and freshwater use economic sectors through responsible practices and technologies, in line with sound land use planning and zoning'), which appears in the financial overview at $8,188,926 — the largest single target line in the strategy. The detailed action table for Target 2.3 was not included in the briefing budget. Narrative content notes that agriculture is done at relatively small scale but lacks recognition of agroforestry in laws and regulations; that responsible practices such as Turtle Excluder Devices, Reduced Impact Logging and environmental management in artisanal and small-scale gold mining have been introduced and require upscaling; that the Fisheries Management Plan 2021-2025 lists policies for several issues; and that the National Forest Policy (2006), draft Code of Practice for sustainable forestry (2011) and National REDD+ Strategy (2018) are existing instruments.
Thailand	Target 6: Improve sustainable management in production and service sectors, including tourism, by establishing appropriate management measures, promoting sustainable agriculture, forestry management, fishery resource management, and tourism.	National Target 6 commits Thailand to improve sustainable management in production and service sectors — including tourism — by establishing appropriate management measures and promoting sustainable agriculture, forestry management, fishery resource management, and tourism. The Executive Summary frames Strategy 2 around sustainable management of agricultural lands, forests, tourism, and fisheries to ensure balanced utilisation without harming nature. The DPSIR assessment (§53) identifies agricultural sector expansion as the largest relative negative impact on terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and names unsustainable fishing, wildlife poaching, deforestation, and overharvesting as ongoing pressures. Appendix A aligns the plan with SDG 2.4 on sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices, SDG 14.4 on regulating harvesting and ending overfishing, and SDG 15.2 on sustainable forest management, halting deforestation, restoring degraded forests, and increasing afforestation/reforestation. The briefing sections reviewed set a national target and strategic direction for sustainable production-sector management but do not, in the sections available, include a detailed implementation table with quantified metrics for agriculture, fisheries, or forestry practices comparable to the 30x30 or pollution-control sections.