Target 09: Wild species use

Generated: 2026-04-19T20:28:01Z

Landscape

Sixty-nine countries contributed data for GBF Target 9, which frames the management of wild species as a mechanism for delivering benefits to people — particularly vulnerable and biodiversity-dependent communities. Twenty-four countries address it with a dedicated national target; thirty-eight carry relevant content without one; seven European countries produce no identifiable content. The GBF formulation appears near-verbatim in some submissions — Argentina's national target reproduces the language of "social, economic and environmental benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations" in full — while others reframe it through sectoral lenses such as bioeconomy, fisheries regulation, or recreational resource management. Central and West African NBSAPs tend to include the most detailed implementation architecture: budgeted action lines, named responsible ministries, and explicit mechanisms for indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLC) benefit-sharing. Pacific Island submissions route delivery through community governance frameworks rather than state regulatory apparatus. The target's two components — sustainable management and benefits to vulnerable populations — are frequently assigned to separate national objectives rather than unified under a single commitment.

Variation

A central axis of variation is the framing lens applied to wild species use. In most Global South submissions, wild species management is positioned as a food-security and livelihood issue for populations that depend structurally on natural resources: Zambia's NBSAP records that "approximately 80% of Zambia's population is directly dependent on natural resources for fuel, food, income, raw materials, and medicines." In most European submissions, the same subject is addressed through recreational hunting and commercial fisheries regulation, with the social-benefit dimension for vulnerable or biodiversity-dependent populations structurally absent.

How countries anchor IPLC rights to customary sustainable use reveals markedly different institutional traditions. Argentina commits to "protection and promotion of customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples within the framework of ILO Convention No. 169 and by local communities" — the most explicitly named international legal instrument across the set. Namibia builds the same commitment into Programme 19, committing to review benefit-sharing mechanisms within the community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) framework and to replicate the Devils Claw model for commercialisation of other wild products, while integrating community conservancies, community forests, and fisheries reserves. The Marshall Islands routes delivery through the Reimaanlok community governance framework at local level, adapting the headline indicator itself to track the number of communities with customary use plans rather than percentage of population in traditional occupations.

Species emphasis varies by region and economic context. Fisheries dominate in Norway, Zambia, Uganda, El Salvador, and Malaysia. Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and forest commodities structure the approach in Gabon, Tunisia, Senegal, and Cameroon. Medicinal plants are the primary wild species lens in India, Bhutan, Iran, and Egypt. Bushmeat is explicitly named and contextualised in Côte d'Ivoire and Gabon, the latter noting that commercial hunting across Central Africa consumes between 1 and 3.4 million tonnes of wild meat annually targeting primates, ungulates, and large rodents, while stating that exploitation intensity in Gabon does not currently exceed population renewal capacity.

Institutional specificity separates a subset of countries from the rest. India commits to tracking wild species use through the statutory Peoples Biodiversity Register (PBR) and Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC) infrastructure established under the Biological Diversity Act 2002. Colombia maintains a database of 4,850 green businesses with legal harvesting windows and species lists, alongside commitments to expand it into an open, interoperable system. Norway conditions direct reindeer husbandry grants on reindeer figures remaining below maxima through the Reindeer Agreement. Most submissions remain at the level of general commitment without named mechanisms.

Financial specificity is rare but present. Congo allocates 2,200 million FCFA across three Target 9 actions. Rwanda costs its national target at USD 8.3 million. Sudan allocates budget lines by taxonomic category under Goal B: USD 800,000 for wildlife, USD 1,200,000 for insects and microorganisms, and USD 250,000 for health aspects — identifying insects and microorganisms as a named budgetary priority that is unusual across the full dataset.

Standouts

Rwanda's Tourism Revenue Sharing Program (TRSP) illustrates one mechanism for directing wild species benefits to surrounding communities at scale. The NBSAP records that the program "allocates 10% of pooled tourism revenue from Volcanoes, Akagera, Nyungwe, Gishwati, and Mukura national parks to surrounding communities for socio-economic development. In 2024, the program funded 105 community projects totalling over RWF 3.27 billion."

India's monitoring framework for Target 9 draws on a statutory institutional infrastructure found nowhere else in the dataset. The NBSAP tracks "number of folk users of medicinal plants documented from Peoples Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) prepared by Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs)" as national indicator 9.1, and "number of wild species used as per PBRs" as indicator 9.2 — measuring the target through a community-documentation mechanism embedded in the Biological Diversity Act 2002 rather than through administrative or commercial data.

Congo grounds the target in national food-security terms through a specific figure: "fishing in the Congo directly supplies approximately 60% of national fish protein consumption," with a fishery potential estimated at 80,000 t/year for maritime waters and 100,000 t/year for continental waters.

The Marshall Islands adapts the global monitoring framework to reflect its governance context. The NBSAP states that for indicator 9.2, "the RMI considers the 'number of local communities with plans for customary sustainable use/support for traditional occupations' as the more effective descriptor than percentage of population in traditional occupations," delivering the target "primarily through Reimaanlok Steps 3–6 at the local level."

Thailand's National Target 5, classified as relevant to rather than explicitly addressing GBF Target 9, commits to a quantified income outcome rather than a management process: the NBSAP sets a target of "increasing the income of local communities and private businesses from goods and services derived from biological and genetic resources — through a bio-based economy in food, medicine, herbs, and health products — by no less than 100 million baht per year for local communities." The bio-economy framing positions biological and genetic resources broadly rather than wild species specifically, distinguishing this approach from the GBF Target 9 formulation.

Analysis

The social-benefit dimension of Target 9 — the framing that wild species management delivers for vulnerable and biodiversity-dependent communities — is structurally absent from most European submissions. Those countries address the management dimension under targets aligned to sustainable harvest or sectoral regulation without the livelihoods framing that GBF Target 9 is built around. This reflects a difference in domestic policy context: where wild species use is predominantly a recreational or commercial-sector activity rather than a subsistence necessity, the target's social-benefit component does not map onto existing national policy categories.

Several African NBSAPs reframe the target as a food-security question anchored in macro-scale dependence statistics. Zambia records approximately 80% of the population directly dependent on natural resources. Congo states that fishing supplies approximately 60% of national fish protein. Nigeria quantifies a fish protein gap of 1.2 million tonnes between domestic production and need. These figures position wild species use as structural rather than marginal and shift the policy framing from resource management toward food systems.

The customary sustainable use dimension arrives at similar commitments through markedly different institutional architectures. Argentina anchors it in ILO Convention No. 169. Namibia delivers it through the CBNRM conservancy and fisheries-reserve review process. The Marshall Islands routes it through the Reimaanlok community framework. India tracks it through Peoples Biodiversity Registers. The variation reflects governance traditions accumulated over decades rather than divergent intent.

Countries treat GBF Targets 9 and 5 (sustainable harvest) as co-extensive more often than the GBF structure implies. Bhutan, Lebanon, and Iceland formally route Target 9 content through their Target 5 national objectives, subordinating the livelihoods-and-benefits dimension to harvest regulation. This pattern appears in both high-income and lower-income submissions and suggests that the target's two-component structure — sustainable management and benefits to the vulnerable — is not yet legible as a distinct policy unit across the full range of NBSAP architectures.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Afghanistan	Afghanistan will ensure benefits, including nutrition, food security, medicines, and livelihoods especially for the most vulnerable through sustainable management of wild species and protecting customary sustainable use by local communities.	The NBSAP includes a national target to ensure benefits including nutrition, food security, medicines, and livelihoods, especially for the most vulnerable, through sustainable management of wild species and protecting customary sustainable use by local communities. The NBSAP will not address the headline indicators for Target 9 (H9.1 benefits from the sustainable use of wild species; H9.2 percentage of population in traditional occupations). Action 9.1 cross-references Targets 1, 2, and 3, stating that actions contributing to resilience of natural systems as referenced in those targets will serve Target 9's objectives. Responsibilities and completion dates follow those of Targets 1, 2, and 3.
Argentina	Ensure that the management and use of wild species are sustainable, thereby providing social, economic and environmental benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations and those who most depend on biodiversity. Ensure compliance through, among other things, sustainable biodiversity-based activities, products and services, protection and promotion of customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples within the framework of ILO Convention No. 169 and by local communities, in particular goods and products related to nutrition, food security, livelihoods, health, culture and spirituality.	National Target 9 commits to ensuring that the management and use of wild species are sustainable, providing social, economic, and environmental benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations and those who most depend on biodiversity. Compliance is to be ensured through sustainable biodiversity-based activities, products, and services, and through the protection and promotion of customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples within the framework of ILO Convention No. 169 and by local communities. The target specifically references goods and products related to nutrition, food security, livelihoods, health, culture, and spirituality. No additional detailed implementation measures beyond the national target text appear in the briefing sections for this target, though it connects to the broader sustainable use framework under Theme 1 and the enforcement provisions under Theme 7.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	By 2030, policy, technical and administrative measures including sustainable activities, products and services linked to biodiversity are put in place to guarantee that the management and use of wild species provide social, economic and environmental benefits for the benefit of Indigenous Pygmy Peoples and local communities, as well as other vulnerable populations.	Objective 9 commits the DRC to policy, technical and administrative measures ensuring that the management and use of wild species deliver social, economic and environmental benefits, with particular focus on Indigenous Pygmy Peoples, local communities and other vulnerable populations. The NBSAP links this to sustainable livelihoods from non-timber forest products, bushmeat, fisheries and ecotourism.
Republic of the Congo	Target 10/9: By 2030 at the latest, take sustainable management measures for wild species, with a view to social, economic and environmental benefits for populations, in particular vulnerable populations and those most dependent on biodiversity, notably through sustainable biodiversity-related activities, products and services that contribute to its improvement, protect and promote the traditional practices of sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.	National Target 10/9 commits by 2030 to take sustainable management measures for wild species in order to deliver social, economic and environmental benefits to populations — in particular vulnerable populations and those most dependent on biodiversity — through sustainable biodiversity-related activities, products and services, while protecting and promoting the traditional sustainable-use practices of indigenous peoples and local communities. Result A2O10R10 contains three actions: inventories of sustainably managed wild species (2030, 2,000 million FCFA); organisation of meetings with IPLC on the sharing of benefits linked to the sustainable management of wild species (2026, 100 million FCFA); and development of sustainable biodiversity management measures (2026, 100 million FCFA). Indicators include compliance with deadlines for updating the Classification of protected wild species, annual CITES report, number of consultations with IPLC on benefit sharing from wild species management, number of zoological and botanical parks and protected areas operational, number of wild species sustainably managed in such parks based on KBA inventories, and published legal texts on sustainable management. The NBSAP notes that fishing in the Congo directly supplies approximately 60% of national fish protein consumption, with a 170 km maritime coastline, an EEZ of more than 60,000 km², a continental shelf of 11,300 km², and fishery potential estimated at 80,000 t/year for maritime waters and 100,000 t/year for continental waters — establishing the socio-economic weight of wild species use. Responsible bodies include the ministries for the environment, sustainable development, forests, agriculture, mining, tourism, the promotion of indigenous peoples, and the interior, with local authorities, NGOs, CSOs and research institutions.
Côte d'Ivoire	By 2020, a sustainable management system for medicinal plants and other uses is in force. By 2020, the sustainable management of bushmeat and wildlife is ensured.	The NBSAP documents the use of wild species for food, medicine, and livelihoods. The provisioning service section reports 120 taxa of wild food plants consumed as condiments, spices, vegetables, beverages, and other forms, with named species including Adansonia digitata (Baobab), Irvingia gabonensis, and Zingiber officinale (Ginger). The strategy also reports 1,500 medicinal plant species and 60 timber species in use. Bushmeat is described as an important source of animal protein for rural and urban populations, though markets are supplied through illegal or unorganised practices. The NBSAP notes that ecosystem services are indispensable near protected areas, forest remnants, and undegraded forests, and that disadvantaged populations depend on mangroves and humid forests for non-timber forest products. Objective 16 calls for diversifying the valorisation of organisms, noting that only a dozen forest species are intensively used by industry while more than 70 are exploitable, and that intensive research is needed to identify the full valorisable potential. Objective 14 commits to a sustainable management system for medicinal plants and other uses by 2020.
Colombia		The NBSAP reports that information on the use of wild species is managed through AUNAP (fishing landings), IDEAM (confiscated timber volumes), Invemar (artisanal-fishing statistics for the Ciénaga del Magdalena and Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta), CAR harvesting permits, and the National Forest Information System (SNIF), with the Ministry of Environment and CITES Scientific Authorities issuing the Non-Detriment Finding for CITES exports. Under the bioeconomy (KMGBF Targets 9, 10 and 15), the Ministry of Environment maintains a database of 4,850 green businesses with potential to become an open and interoperable system with regional autonomous corporations, containing legal harvesting windows, types of markets and lists of species used. Conpes 3934, 4023 and 4129 establish indicators on progress in launching a Project of National and Strategic Interest (PINE) for Bioeconomy, the number of strategic programmes and projects supporting productive units in bioeconomy and green businesses, and progress in implementing a specialised mechanism for new bioeconomy products and processes (including pre-commercial and commercial proof-of-concept trials). The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism (MinComercio, Industria y Turismo) contributes to monitoring bioeconomy actions. National Target 3 (Boosting the biodiversity economy) frames these commitments, and regional recommendations call for formal productive alternatives to illegal uses and for payments-for-ecosystem-services projects combining conservation with economic incentives.
Denmark		The NBSAP identifies 92 wildlife reserves established in Denmark where human activities, such as hunting, are restricted. Management and action plans have been drawn up for specific species including otters, beavers, dormice, guinea pigs, spotted seals, and grey seals. These management plans form a framework for how particular species or groups of species should be protected, regulated, or exploited, using the obligations under EU nature protection directives as a basis. The strategy for managing endangered and red-listed species (2023) establishes a framework for species management, with measures including a dialogue forum with experts and stakeholders and the revision of conservation status of individual species. The Annex 2 overview links the strategy for managing endangered and red-listed species to Targets 4, 6, and 9.
Gabon	Manage wild species sustainably for the benefit of populations	Gabon's National Target 9 commits to managing wild species sustainably for the benefit of populations. Two strategic actions are specified: sustainably manage wild species that perpetuate traditional knowledge, innovations, and practices; and create supply chains for forest products other than timber (PFABO). The NBSAP situates this target within Axis 2 on meeting the needs of populations through sustainable use and benefit-sharing. The strategy notes that community protected areas are a perspective towards which the country is moving, to meet community needs through wildlife viewing tourism and other non-consumptive resource uses. In the field of forestry, community forests are being directed towards exploitation of forest products other than timber to maintain standing woody biodiversity. The bushmeat context is acknowledged: between 1 and 3.4 million tonnes of wild meat are consumed annually across Central Africa, with Gabon's commercial hunting targeting primates, ungulates, and large rodents. The NBSAP states that exploitation intensity does not currently exceed population renewal capacity.
United Kingdom	The UK will ensure that the management and use of wild species are sustainable, thereby providing social, economic and environmental benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations and those most dependent on biodiversity, including through sustainable biodiversity-based activities, products and services that enhance biodiversity, and protecting and encouraging customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.	The NBSAP sets UK target 9, committing to ensure that the management and use of wild species are sustainable, providing social, economic and environmental benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations and those most dependent on biodiversity. The target references sustainable biodiversity-based activities, products and services that enhance biodiversity. A footnote clarifies the UK's position on indigenous peoples under the CBD.
Equatorial Guinea	By 2030, ensure that the use and management of wild fauna and flora species is sustainable, through the development, updating and implementation of management plans in the different types of forests for the benefit of local communities.	National Target 9 commits, by 2030, to ensure the sustainable use and management of wild fauna and flora species through the development, updating and implementation of management plans in the different types of forests for the benefit of local communities, with a community-based approach. Implementation conditions include development and implementation of a National Strategy for awareness-raising, dissemination and enforcement of the Environmental Regulation Law (Ley Reguladora del Medio Ambiente) and sectoral laws (Fisheries, Forest Use and Management, Mining, Hydrocarbons), and development of a National Strategy for Financial Resource Mobilisation. Actions in §241 include preparation or updating of sectoral laws, inventories of flora and fauna, non-timber forest products (NTFPs), medicinal plants and genetic resources, economic valuation of flora and fauna, and strengthening the institutional and technical capacities of INDEFOR-AP and INCOMA, with USD 2,000,000 allocated to the national financial resource mobilisation strategy. Alignment with global Target 9 is rated HIGH.
India	Ensure that the sustainable management and use of wild species as per National laws, thereby providing social, economic and environmental benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations and dependent on biodiversity.	India's NBSAP commits to ensuring sustainable management and use of wild species as per national laws, providing social, economic, and environmental benefits for people, especially those in vulnerable situations and dependent on biodiversity. The headline indicator tracks benefits from the sustainable use of wild species (9.1), with the Red List Index for species used for food and medicine as a complementary indicator. Three national indicators are tracked: number of folk users of medicinal plants documented from Peoples Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) prepared by Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) (9.1); number of wild species used as per PBRs (9.2); and percentage of national marine catch that is Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certified (9.3). Lead agencies include the National Biodiversity Authority, State Biodiversity Boards, ICFRE, and a wide range of ICAR and CSIR institutes. Component indicators also reference the number of Marine Stewardship Council Chain of Custody certification holders and spawning stock biomass.
Iran	Ensure that the management and use of wild species are sustainable, providing social, economic, and environmental benefits, especially for those in vulnerable situations and most dependent on biodiversity. This includes promoting sustainable biodiversity-based activities, products, and services that enhance biodiversity, and protecting customary sustainable use by villagers, pastoralists, and nomadic tribes.	NT-9 commits to ensuring that the management and use of wild species are sustainable, providing social, economic, and environmental benefits, especially for those in vulnerable situations and most dependent on biodiversity. The target calls for protecting customary sustainable use by villagers, pastoralists, and nomadic tribes. Four actions are listed, though the fourth is marked "To be completed later." The specified actions include educating the public about consequences of unsustainable exploitation (citing indiscriminate harvesting of medicinal plants, fishing, and soil degradation as examples), providing targeted training to villagers, nomads, and pastoralists on sustainable use of nature tailored to regional climatic characteristics and traditions, and revising school curricula to include content on the benefits of nature and the role of humans in its conservation.
Marshall Islands		Sub-target 2.9 addresses regulation or management of wild species use for local benefit, delivered primarily through Reimaanlok Steps 3–6 at the local level. Headline indicators 9.1 (Sustainable Wild Species) and 9.2 (Traditional Occupations) are designated. For indicator 9.2, the RMI considers the 'number of local communities with plans for customary sustainable use/support for traditional occupations' as the more effective descriptor than percentage of population in traditional occupations. Binary indicator 9.B (Wild Species Policies) tracks the existence of legal instruments and policy frameworks for sustainable management and use of wild species. Effective management under Reimaanlok is defined as management that sustains artisanal and subsistence use of resources, alongside maintaining ecosystem health and protecting cultural heritage. The MIMRA Strategic Plan calls for compiling fisheries management and sustainable use data for indicator 9.1, and the MoNRC Forest Action Plan similarly calls for compiling forest management and sustainable use data for this indicator, both ahead of the 8th National Report. The NSP includes the goal of sustainable and responsible use of marine resources and the 'blue foods system' aligned with Reimaanlok.
Malaysia		Malaysia's NPBD Target 6 commits that "by 2030, our agrofood, agricommodity, and fisheries production are managed and harvested sustainably," directly addressing sustainable use and legal, safe trade of wild species. Action 6.2 (fisheries) commits the country to strengthen awareness and implementation of catch documentation schemes for traceability and to curb IUU fishing; implement bycatch reduction devices including Turtle Excluder Devices; deploy an electronic bycatch monitoring system for spatial and temporal bycatch hotspot data; provide incentives and technical support for certification under sustainability schemes; and redirect, reform, or eliminate perverse and harmful economic subsidies to facilitate a transition towards sustainable fisheries. Action 6.3 (aquaculture) commits to legislate sustainability standards in aquaculture regulations at state and district levels; review and strengthen regulations to prevent expansion into and conversion of coastal habitats; develop and implement a Sustainable Aquaculture Framework; increase adoption of the Fisheries (Inland Fisheries Aquaculture) Rules; and support certification. Action 6.4 ensures that nutrition, food security, livelihoods, health, and well-being—particularly for vulnerable communities—are secured through sustainable management of agricultural biodiversity. Action 11.3 enhances trials to bring species of horticultural or medicinal value into cultivation to reduce pressure on wild populations. The cultural-services section acknowledges customary use of wild species by IPLCs including the Penan (lekak, uvud, bearded pigs) and Batek Hep in Kelantan. The policy does not set a single quantitative "sustainable, safe, legal use" metric comparable to KMGBF Target 9.
Namibia	Wild species are sustainably managed and used to provide social, economic and environmental benefits, particularly for vulnerable and biodiversity-dependent communities	National Target 9 commits that wild species are sustainably managed and used to provide social, economic and environmental benefits, particularly for vulnerable and biodiversity-dependent communities. It is delivered through Programme 19: Strengthening biodiversity-based livelihoods, value addition and socio-economic benefits across ecosystems. The approach builds on Namibia's CBNRM framework and the complementary roles of communal conservancies, community forests and community fisheries reserves, promoting integrated multiple-use approaches where these systems overlap. It supports sustainable value addition and diversification in the blue economy (post-harvest processing, local beneficiation, mariculture, marine tourism, ecosystem-compatible aquaculture), and develops biodiversity-based enterprises and value chains including wildlife-based tourism, sustainable harvesting of natural products and fisheries-related value addition. Barriers explicitly addressed include limited access to markets, infrastructure, finance, skills and technology. Equity provisions emphasise meaningful involvement of women, youth and marginalised groups in value chains and decision-making. Implementation instruments include the National Policy on Human–Wildlife Conflict Management and the Nature Conservation Ordinance with associated regulations. Activities include strengthening community ownership and fair benefits from tourism, trophy hunting and fishing, expanding and integrating community conservancies, community forests and fisheries reserves, reviewing CBNRM benefit-sharing mechanisms, and replicating the Devils Claw model for commercialisation of other wild products.
Rwanda	By 2030, ensure the sustainable management and use of wild species to enhance biodiversity conservation, and provide socio-economic benefits to communities in Rwanda.	The NBSAP sets National Target 9 to ensure the sustainable management and use of wild species to enhance biodiversity conservation and provide socio-economic benefits to communities in Rwanda by 2030. Headline indicators track benefits from the sustainable use of wild species, with component indicators on the number of people benefiting from wild resources for food, medicinal use, craft making, and culture, and complementary indicators on plant and animal genetic resources secured in conservation facilities. The baseline describes Rwanda's tourism revenue sharing program (TRSP), which allocates 10% of pooled tourism revenue from Volcanoes, Akagera, Nyungwe, Gishwati, and Mukura national parks to surrounding communities for socio-economic development. In 2024, the program funded 105 community projects totalling over RWF 3.27 billion. Strategic actions include strengthening collaboration between communities, researchers, and institutions for sustainable use of medicinal plants; integrating new genetic varieties of plants and animals to strengthen biodiversity and ecosystem resilience; establishing frameworks for equitable benefit sharing from national park licenses and payment for ecosystem services schemes; and promoting alternative livelihoods such as eco-tourism, agroforestry, and other sustainable income-generating activities. The agriculture sector plan includes promoting alternative livelihoods to reduce pressure on wild species (MINAGRI, 2025–2030) and conducting a study on fish maximum sustainable yield (RAB, 2025–2026). The costing allocates USD 8.3 million.
Saudi Arabia	Sustainable use of ecosystems, wild species, and combating overexploitation and illegal practices for those species, to ensure the continuity of providing social, economic, and environmental benefits for people and wildlife, and limiting interactions between them.	National Target 13 directly addresses the sustainable management of wild species. The target covers sustainable use of ecosystems, wild organisms, and species, including combating overexploitation and illegal use, ensuring the provision of social, economic, and environmental benefits for communities, and reducing interactions between humans and wildlife. The NBSAP explicitly links this national target to GBF Target 9 regarding ensuring the sustainability of wild terrestrial species use in a manner that does not adversely affect ecosystem components, and the continued provision of services for local communities. The national action plan includes assessments of species and ecosystems most threatened by overexploitation (2026–2030), with indicators including percentage of monitored fish stocks within sustainable levels, a sustainable grazing indicator, and percentage of camels and sheep transitioning from traditional to modern husbandry patterns. Specific measures for human-wildlife conflict include buffer zones and awareness programmes on safe behaviour near wildlife. The baboon population management programme in six regions (Asir, Al Baha, Makkah, Al Madinah, Jazan, Najran) exemplifies active wild species management, targeting integrated and sustainable population control measures.
Sudan	By 2030, at the latest, national and state governments in Sudan, business and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans to ensure sustainable use of wild species, and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits, while protecting and encouraging customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.	National Target 9 commits Sudan to ensuring that by 2030, national and state governments, businesses and stakeholders at all levels have implemented plans for sustainable use of wild species, keeping impacts within safe ecological limits, while protecting and encouraging customary sustainable use by IPLCs. Budget allocations under Goal B include US$800,000 for wildlife (3 actions), US$1,200,000 for insects and microorganisms (3 actions), and US$250,000 for health aspects (2 actions). Under Goal A, cultivated plants receive US$200,000 for 1 action and marine biodiversity receives US$600,000 for 1 action. The IPLC matrix identifies awareness activities on wildlife wise and sustainable use for all stakeholders, with proposals for balanced IPLC participation. The gender matrix specifies that 50% of participating stakeholders should be women. The monitoring framework tracks the percentage of women working in sustainable use activities, with indicators linked to sustainable use plans and customary practices.
Senegal	Promote sustainable management and use of wild species	The NBSAP defines national target (9) as promoting sustainable management and use of wild species. The results framework specifies four priority actions: hunting management (indicator: quota trends by species), reforestation of forest fruit trees including baobab, madd, and shea (indicator: number of seedlings planted or revenue volume), wildlife farming (indicator: number of private farms created and/or supported), and development of ecotourism circuits (indicator: tourism revenues). The capacity building section recommends providing communities and the private sector with opportunities to develop resource-efficient economic valorisation models, listing ecotourism, wildlife farming, beekeeping, organic agriculture, and oyster farming as examples. Hub-specific interventions include reforestation of forest fruit trees essential for wildlife feeding in the South-East (Saba, Detarium, Tamarindus, Cola Cordyfolia, Parkia biglobosa, Vitellaria Paradoxa, Elaeis guineensis, Borassus aethiopum), and management of hunting leases through the DEFCCS.
Chad		The NBSAP links Global Target 9 to National Objective 6 (sustainable fisheries, see Target 5) and National Objective 16 (Nagoya Protocol/ABS, see Target 13). The 2011–2020 reference is described as non-sustainable exploitation of natural resources by populations; the 2030 target is a programme for the sustainable management and use of natural resources. Measures include implementing the national ABS strategy; awareness-raising among local and indigenous communities about their rights and obligations; capacity-building of the NF.P/ABS Technical Committee; establishing appropriate legal incentives for indigenous peoples and local communities (IP/LC) to protect, manage and use species sustainably; allocating sustainable harvest quotas equitably and transparently; developing regulations or legislation ensuring equitable income for IP and LC from species use and trade; implementing the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA); and developing recreational hunting to provide benefits for conservation and local communities. The NBSAP explicitly mentions development and diversification of the wildlife economy for the benefit of species conservation. Indicators include benefits derived from the sustainable use of wild species (I1GT9); number of people using wild resources for energy, food or cultural purposes (including firewood, hunting, fishing, gathering, medicinal use, crafts) (I2GT9); and number of enclosures enabling sound management of lakes, rivers and other watercourses (I3GT9).
Togo	Target 19 : Promote sustainable management and use of wild species so as to provide social, economic and environmental benefits to populations, in particular vulnerable populations and those most dependent on biodiversity	The NBSAP designates National Target 19 under Strategic Objective 3, mapped to GBF Target 9, committing to promote sustainable management and use of wild species so as to provide social, economic and environmental benefits to populations, in particular vulnerable populations and those most dependent on biodiversity. The national target text directly addresses the GBF target's core concern of managing wild species for the benefit of vulnerable and biodiversity-dependent populations. The detailed action plan entries for this target were not included in the briefing's extracted sections.
Tunisia	Non-timber forest products are managed sustainably with local populations and communities in a rational manner	The NBSAP addresses the sustainable use of wild species for the benefit of populations under Objective B1, with a national target: "Non-timber forest products are managed sustainably with local populations and communities in a rational manner." Measure B1.1 focuses on the sustainable management of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), with actions to develop management plans for NTFPs and monitor population dynamics (B1.1.1), develop good practice guides by exploited species (B1.1.2), and establish a hunting management strategy (B1.1.3).
Vanuatu	By 2030, wild species are sustainably used and managed to provide social, economic, and environmental benefits for Indigenous Peoples and local communities, through effective measures led by communities and supported by government, ensuring benefits for both present and future generations.	The NBSAP commits to sustainably managing wild species by 2030 to provide social, economic, and environmental benefits for Indigenous Peoples and local communities, through community-led measures supported by government. Provincial implementation includes eco-tourism activities in Torba (botanical gardens, crocodile tours) and Malampa (eco-tourism in the Maine Park Zone), sustainable harvesting measures in multiple provinces (as detailed under Target 5), and community-based resource management tools promoted during harvesting seasons in Torba. Target 9 is allocated 7 actions costing VUV 62,500,000.
Zambia		The NBSAP addresses sustainable use of wild species through multiple national targets. National Target 4 calls for establishing baselines for sustainable production and utilization of fisheries, forests, and wildlife by 2020. National Target 6 establishes fisheries co-management regimes in 60% of all major fisheries, with both private industrial fishing companies and local communities identified as potential co-managers under the Fisheries Act (2011). An equitable benefit distribution system (BDS) is to be developed for key stakeholders engaged in fisheries co-management. GMAs are described as protected areas for sustainable utilization of wildlife resources through regulated hunting and non-consumptive tourism concessions for the benefit of the nation, local communities, and the wildlife resource. Communities depend on wildlife and wild plant resources for nutrition, income, and livelihoods — approximately 80% of Zambia's population is directly dependent on natural resources for fuel, food, income, raw materials, and medicines.
Australia		The NBSAP does not specifically address managing wild species use for benefits to vulnerable populations. However, Objective 8 addresses ecologically sustainable use of natural resources broadly. Progress measure 8C tracks fisheries management practices that ensure sustainability and minimise impacts on marine or freshwater biodiversity. Figure 5 maps Objective 8 to GBF Target 9 among others.
Belgium		The NBSAP discusses sustainable management of wild species through its fishery and hunting sections, though not framed around benefits to vulnerable or dependent populations as Target 9 envisages. Fishery in marine and inland waters is addressed under section 4d, with Belgium's marine fleet landing about 30,000 tons annually and the CFP's objective of ecologically sustainable fishery. Inland water fishery is characterised as a leisure activity or sport. Hunting is a leisure activity for approximately 23,000 hunters, regulated by regional laws. The Strategy promotes sustainable use of wild species through good fishing and hunting practices, but does not specifically address the needs of communities dependent on wild species for subsistence or livelihoods.
Burkina Faso		The NBSAP references the Forestry Code (2011), which sets out principles for sustainable management and enhancement of forestry, wildlife, and fishery resources, including species-specific regulatory measures for nationally threatened species. The private sector is described as comprising concessionaires of hunting or fishing zones, promoters of livestock sites and fishing zones, nursery operators, and agri-food processors. However, the strategy does not articulate specific policies for sustainable management of wild species to generate benefits for vulnerable or dependent communities.
Benin		The NBSAP diagnoses overexploitation of biological resources as a direct cause of biodiversity loss, noting strong population dependence on natural resources (§40). Programme 4 includes actions to develop sustainable value chains and biodiversity-compatible income-generating alternatives (7,500 million FCFA) and ecotourism linked to conservation areas (2,500 million FCFA) (§91). The programme's indicators include the number of biodiversity-compatible value chains structured (NTFPs, ecotourism), income and jobs generated (disaggregated by women/young people), and certification/label/standard mechanisms applied (§86). National objectives 6, 7, and 8 in the monitoring framework address sustainable use, ecosystem service restoration, and economic valuation. Headline indicators include benefits arising from sustainable use of wild species and services provided by ecosystems. The indicator tables also reference MSC-certified fisheries, biodiversity-based trade growth rate, and monetary value of payments for ecosystem services (§127). However, there is no dedicated species-level management framework or assessment of wild species sustainability as called for by KMGBF Target 9.
Brazil		The NBSAP section numbering (skipping from 3.3.9 to 3.3.12) indicates that dedicated sections for Targets 9 and 10A exist in the full document, but these were not included in the available briefing. The Key Terms table associates "Bioeconomy" and "Social, economic, and environmental benefits for people" with Target 9, and "Desertification" with Targets 1B, 2, 8, and 9, confirming the NBSAP treats Target 9 as a distinct national target. The briefing's threats chapter discusses the unsustainable exploitation of biological resources as one of five main threats to Brazilian biodiversity, including hunting, illegal logging, overharvesting of forest products, predatory fishing, wildlife trafficking, and unsustainable tourism. The chapter notes that 52 per cent of fish stocks are monitored, of which 66 per cent are overfished. The National Bioeconomy Strategy was established through Decree No. 12,044 of 5 June 2024, aimed at promoting sustainable development through the sustainable use of biological resources, technological innovation, and social inclusion.
Bhutan		KMGBF Target 9 (managing wild species sustainably to benefit people, especially vulnerable populations) does not have a standalone national target but is partially addressed through Bhutan's National Target 5 ("ensure safe and legal harvesting of wild species"), which the Annexure maps to both KMGBF Targets 5 and 9. Actions relevant to Target 9 include conducting resource assessments of economically important wild species used in traditional medicine, updating community-based management plans for sustainable harvesting, and carrying out domestication trials. The NBSAP identifies wild species as integral to traditional medicine (Sowa Rigpa), rural livelihoods, and cultural heritage, but does not specifically frame actions around benefits for vulnerable populations as KMGBF Target 9 does.
Belarus		The NBSAP does not contain an objective explicitly mapped to KMGBF Target 9. However, the strategy's objectives 8 and 9 (mapped to Target 10) address sustainable use of fauna and flora resources, including the transition to adaptive population management for game animal and commercial fish species, and sustainable use of forest resources. The state governance chapter describes existing regulation of fauna and flora resource use with respect to instruments, methods, timing, and volumes of extraction. The NBSAP does not specifically address the Target 9 dimension of providing benefits for people in vulnerable situations through wild species management.
Canada		The briefing notes that the Fish Stocks Provisions in the Fisheries Act strengthen the federal government's ability to achieve Targets 5, 9, and 10, with legal obligations to maintain prescribed stocks at sustainable levels and rebuild depleted stocks. The Sustainable Fisheries Framework and DFO's work with other departments (ECCC, NRCan, PC, TC), PTs, and Indigenous Peoples through the Oceans Protection Plan, Ghost Gear Program, Whalesafe Gear Strategy, and Aerial Surveillance Program support sustainable use of aquatic wild species. The Domestic Biodiversity Monitoring Framework lists two Target 9 headline indicators (9.1 Benefits from the sustainable use of wild species; 9.2 Percentage of the population in traditional occupations), both classified as under development. The dedicated Target 9 chapter text was not included in this corpus, so treatment of wild species use, benefits to vulnerable populations, and traditional-occupation livelihoods in the NBSAP's Target 9 section could not be summarized from primary text.
Switzerland		The NBSAP states that the use of wild animal and plant species is well regulated in Switzerland and that any ad hoc adaptations would be addressed in relevant sectors such as hunting or fishing. Review mandate E2 covers CITES enforcement and sustainable fisheries imports. However, the NBSAP does not specifically address the management of wild species for the benefit of people, particularly vulnerable populations who depend on them, which is the core focus of Target 9.
Chile		The NBSAP does not establish a dedicated national target for the sustainable management of wild species for social, economic, and environmental benefits. However, it identifies the overexploitation of marine pelagic and benthic resources as a threat to biodiversity. Several linked instruments are relevant, including the Agri-food Sustainability Strategy, the Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Fisheries and Aquaculture, the 4th National Plan for Equality between Women and Men, and the Gender Equality Strategy INDESPA.
Cameroon		The NBSAP does not contain a dedicated national objective corresponding to the sustainable management and use of wild species for livelihoods. No keyword matches were found specifically for Target 9 in the action plan tables. However, the briefing contains substantive discussion of wild species use and its importance to livelihoods across multiple ecosystem sections. The Forestry and Wildlife Sub-sector Strategy 2020 stresses the involvement of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLC) in community-based resource management, including community forests, hunting zones and ecotourism, aiming to reconcile conservation and local development. The National NTFP Valorisation Programme focuses on structuring supply chains, improving traceability and incomes while reducing pressure on ecosystems, operating in the rainforests of the Centre, South and East regions. The briefing documents the provisioning services of wild species across ecosystems. Mountain ecosystems provide non-timber resources including medicinal plants, spices, wild fruits, natural fibres, mountain honey and traditional pharmacopoeia products, with Prunus africana among the most valued resources on Mount Oku. Wooded tropical savannas supply NTFPs such as shea (Vitellaria paradoxa), medicinal plants, savanna honey and wild fruits, contributing to food security and rural incomes. Semi-arid ecosystems provide gum arabic, wild fruits and medicinal plants essential for food security and household income. The section on overexploitation identifies the excessive harvesting of plant species such as Prunus africana, Nyetum garcinia and Gnetum africana as concerning, despite Cameroon's efforts under international agreements. Poaching and trafficking in threatened species persist, and unsustainable fishing techniques lead to stock depletion and habitat degradation. While these elements address the use of wild species and their importance to vulnerable and indigenous populations, no specific national target, quantified commitment or action plan activities are dedicated to ensuring sustainable use of wild species for livelihoods as framed by KMGBF Target 9.
China		While no sections were keyword-matched specifically for Target 9, the NBSAP contains relevant content on sustainable management of wild species in several places. The strategic tasks section calls for regulating the sustainable use of wild species resources and promoting eco-industries such as characteristic biological resources, eco-tourism, wellness, and nature education. Priority Action 16 addresses sustainable management across agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries, including fishery resource conservation management systems and eco-healthy aquaculture, but does not specifically frame these in terms of benefits for vulnerable or customary-use populations. Priority Action 17 on ecological product value realisation encourages developing the under-canopy economy, bio-economy, and processing of distinctive biological resources, and accelerates integrated development of biodiversity conservation and rural revitalisation. However, the NBSAP does not explicitly address customary sustainable use or benefits for indigenous and local communities in the manner envisaged by Target 9.
Egypt		The NBSAP discusses sustainable use of wild species mainly through chapters on medicinal plants and traditional knowledge (Sections 53–54). Rural and Bedouin communities in Egypt are described as holding deep knowledge of local plant species used for medicinal purposes, applied in a balanced manner that sustains species presence. Through medicinal and food use of local plants, communities are said to help protect rare species and the natural resources on which they depend. Crop selection favours drought- and pest-resistant local varieties, reducing dependence on chemical pesticides. Local communities also participate in ecotourism by providing ecological guides, traditional handmade products, and eco-accommodation, creating income that incentivises biodiversity protection. Proposed solutions include documenting traditional knowledge, integrating it into biodiversity-conservation policies, and empowering communities through financial and technical support to manage reserves and environmental programmes. The briefing does not, however, present a target-level framework for sustainable, legal, and safe use of wild species that supports food security and livelihoods in the KMGBF-9 sense beyond these references.
Eritrea		The NBSAP does not contain a target specifically framed around managing wild species for the benefit of people, particularly vulnerable populations, as GBF Target 9 envisions. However, National Target 4 on sustainable use of wild species includes actions on compiling traditional knowledge of coastal communities on resource management practices (Action 4.7.1), training artisanal fishers in sustainable fishing practices (Action 4.7.2), and domesticating wild vegetables to enhance food security (Action 4.5.2). The fisheries discussion notes that coastal communities depend on fisheries resources for their livelihood. These elements address the livelihood dimension of GBF Target 9 but are embedded within the broader sustainable harvest target rather than being framed as a standalone objective for benefit to people.
Hungary		No keyword matches were identified for this target. However, the NBSAP's game and fisheries management sections address sustainable use of wild species. The strategy commits to ensuring sustainable game and fisheries management that does not compromise biodiversity regeneration (Objective 13), and describes regional game management operational since 2017. In fisheries, angling has largely replaced commercial fishing in natural waters, and the strategy calls for stock management optimising species and age composition. The NBSAP does not specifically address benefits for indigenous peoples or vulnerable populations from wild species use, which is the core framing of KMGBF Target 9.
Indonesia		Sustainable wild-species use for vulnerable and local community benefit is addressed indirectly through the ecosystem-services strategy and the inclusive-participation strategy rather than a dedicated National Target. The forestry sector contributed IDR 60 trillion to GDP over 2021-2023, with environmental-services PNBP revenue rising and more than 6 million visits to conservation areas in 2023 generating multiplier effects on local economies. Ocean accounting at the Gili Matra Marine Tourism Park valued capture fisheries at IDR 36.74 billion/year and ecosystem economic benefits at IDR 36.59 billion (coral reefs), IDR 6.59 billion (seagrass) and IDR 3.11 billion (mangroves) per year. Customary and local community engagement is documented through 108,576 hectares of Customary Forests designated by 2022 and 35 Customary Law Communities inventoried by KKP over 2016-2021 (70 percent facilitated with capacity-building for marine and coastal area management). The IBSAP does not set a separate national indicator tied to sustainable wild-species use for vulnerable populations.
Iceland		The NBSAP does not establish a distinct national target aligned to Target 9 on the management of wild species for the benefit of people. However, the policy's own GBF cross-reference table under sections B3 and C2 identifies connections to Target 9 on sustainable use. The content on sustainable fisheries management, sustainable hunting of wild birds and mammals, and the utilisation of freshwater stocks and kelp/seaweed under Guiding Principles B3 and C2–C3 is relevant to this target. These commitments are more fully captured under Targets 4 and 5.
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030		While the NBSAP does not set out a single explicitly labelled target for sustainable customary and wild-harvest use, it addresses sustainable use of wild species through several fisheries and forestry provisions. Coastal fisheries and inland fisheries supporting local livelihoods are managed under the Fisheries Act (2020 revision), with stock-based management plans for an increasing number of species. The Special Measures Act to Secure Fishery Resources provides for resource recovery plans. Forest-based livelihoods are supported through sustainable management of timber and non-timber products (mushrooms, bamboo, sansai mountain vegetables) under the Forest and Forestry Basic Plan. Whaling by Japan, following withdrawal from the International Whaling Commission in 2019, is conducted within Japanese territorial waters and EEZ under catch limits derived from the IWC's Revised Management Procedure.
Lebanon		The NBSAP addresses benefits from wild species primarily through National Target 6 (sustainable, safe and legal use), which requires respect for and protection of customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities. It adopts Headline Indicator 9.1 (Benefits from the Sustainable Use of Wild Species) as a national indicator, noting that the indicator cannot yet be applied at the national level pending the availability of methodology; the definition covers economic, social and ecological benefits. The NBSAP does not set a separate dedicated National Target for benefits to vulnerable populations or specific commitments beyond the sustainable-harvest framework.
Lesotho		The NBSAP III does not include a standalone national target on sustainable management of wild species for the benefit of vulnerable populations as framed by GBF Target 9. However, several elements touch on this topic. National Target 1 addresses sustainable production and consumption of biological resources, with an indicator on the proportion of wildlife trade involving threatened species. The permitting system for harvesting and sale of biodiversity resources is an existing mechanism. National Target 8 includes developing Biodiversity Management Plans for commercially harvested species such as Pelargonium sidoides and Merxmuellera spp. National Target 2 includes developing community eco-tourism and biotrade initiatives as sustainable livelihood programmes. The baseline documents the scale of wild species harvesting, with six commercially traded species and their harvest volumes recorded through the permitting system.
Libya		The NBSAP discusses the use of wild species, primarily through fisheries and rangeland grazing, without a dedicated sustainable use programme in the included sections. Twenty-four cephalopod species are recorded along the Libyan coast, with most noted as having economic value in Libyan markets. Marine fisheries production totalled approximately 41,700 tons in 2013, with small pelagic fish (sardines, mackerel, anchovies) and bluefin tuna as principal species. Rangelands support an estimated 7.5 million grazing animals (against a carrying capacity of 2.5 million), with rangeland plants providing firewood, aromatic and medicinal plants, and non-traditional foods. The NBSAP states that "exploitation of plant and animal wealth should be within the limits of the species' ability to reproduce and compensate" and notes that excessive use of medicinal plants is a medium-severity threat.
Madagascar		Target 9 (Sustainable management of wild species) is allocated USD 2,852,880 (6.04% of Programme 2). The data sub-section describes consolidation of scientific and traditional knowledge on exploited species through national inventories and updated databases, participatory monitoring of use trends and pressures, and dissemination through platforms and guides to strengthen transparency and evidence-based decision-making. Financing supports co-management, public-private partnerships, monitoring infrastructure and documentation of good practices. Sustainable local economic initiatives identified include ecotourism, beekeeping, aquaculture, medicinal plants, aromatic plants and flavour/fragrance plants, as well as certification and traceability of products derived from biodiversity; micro-enterprises are supported and trained, and national/international markets are assessed. Financial sustainability relies on national financing plans, mobilisation of funds from technical and financial partners and the private sector, ecological microcredits, green crafts and fish farming.
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030		The NBSAP does not contain a dedicated programme for sustainable management of wild species to benefit vulnerable populations. However, two actions in the action plan are tagged to GBF Target 9: B.1.4 (integrating biodiversity spatial planning into regional master plans) and C.3.1 (training 10,000 farmers in agroecology techniques and development of sustainable local value chains). These touch on sustainable use of biological resources but do not directly address the management of wild species or the specific needs of people dependent on wild species for their livelihoods.
Malta		The NBSAP does not contain a dedicated target on managing wild species use to benefit vulnerable populations. Action 11.2 commits to maintaining and restoring fish stocks to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield. Action 9.2 strengthens legislation on trade of protected species. These touch on sustainable use of wild species but do not address the social dimensions of KMGBF Target 9 regarding benefits for people in vulnerable situations.
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		While no dedicated Annex 2 breakdown for Target 9 appears in the briefing, the Annex 3 action-level mapping shows multiple ENBioMex actions with direct contributions. From Axis 3, sustainability criteria (3.1.1), population monitoring (3.1.2), use practices (3.1.3), sustainable enterprises (3.2.3), productive reconversion (3.2.4), diversification of use (3.2.5), added value (3.2.6), market niches (3.2.7), and conservation and sustainable use criteria (3.3.1) all show direct alignment with Target 9. From Axis 1, research for the sustainable use of biodiversity (1.1.8), knowledge of species conservation status (1.1.7), and community participatory monitoring (1.3.4) also contribute directly. Axis 4 actions on international and national trade (4.2.1, 4.2.2) and application of legal frameworks (4.2.3) address the regulation of species use.
Nigeria		The NBSAP describes dependence of Nigerian households on wild species. Approximately 70% of households rely on fuel wood; aquatic resources are overexploited, with national fish output of 400,000 tonnes against a need of 1.6 million tonnes. Non-timber forest products including rattans, medicinal plants, and food plants are harvested unsustainably. The action plan promotes alternative livelihoods for communities in protected and restoration areas (Action 4.7), and "Sustainable utilization of biodiversity" is identified as a priority technology need requiring massive public sensitization. However, no dedicated national target or regulatory framework for managing wild species use to benefit vulnerable populations is presented.
Norway		The briefing addresses the sustainable use of wild species primarily through fisheries and reindeer husbandry. The Marine Resources Act aims to ensure sustainable and economically profitable management of wild living marine resources and to promote employment and settlement in coastal communities; ecosystem-based management under ICES advice governs commercial harvest. Sami reindeer husbandry in northern counties and reindeer husbandry in southern mountain regions are framed as traditional, family-based livelihoods generating meat, by-products (antlers, skin, heart, liver, blood) and additional trade including local food, tourism and educational services; the Reindeer Agreement provides economic instruments conditional on reindeer figures remaining below maxima, contributing to sustainable reindeer husbandry that safeguards biodiversity in pasture areas. The briefing does not present a dedicated section on benefits to Indigenous Peoples and local communities from broader wild species use or on legal, sustainable and safe wild-species trade beyond fisheries and reindeer.
Panama		The NBSAP refers to sustaining artisanal fishing, food security and sustainable fisheries as outcomes of marine ecosystem conservation. The Nature Pledge states that "ancestral knowledge and the benefits of nature are cared for, conserved and shared fairly and equitably." The strategy does not set specific targets for managing wild species use or for channelling benefits to vulnerable populations.
State of Palestine		The NBSAP frames wild-species use mainly through traditional and indigenous knowledge of plants, including documentation of medicinal plants as a cultural heritage (cited literature spans Canaan 1928 through Mourad Hanna et al. 2021). Goal 1 of the updated MOA Strategic Goals for the Agriculture Sector is increased resilience and steadfastness of Palestinian farmers on their land, and Goal 3 calls for natural and agricultural resources managed in sustainable ways. The strategy also flags the prominence of Bedouin communities and small-scale fishing in Gaza, both of which are constrained by Israeli restrictions and consequently overexploit shrinking permitted areas. There is no quantified commitment specifically on benefits to vulnerable populations from sustainable wild-species use.
Paraguay		The NBSAP acknowledges the dependence of indigenous and rural communities on wild species for subsistence, livelihoods and cultural practices. Subsistence hunting is a recognised category alongside scientific, sport and control hunting; wild pigs, armadillos, agoutis and deer are noted as representing a substantial portion of protein consumption in rural communities. Craft production and forest gathering are documented as central livelihood activities: according to the 2022 INE census, of 471 communities and villages in the Eastern Region 269 practise craftsmanship and 373 carry out gathering, and of 318 communities in the Chaco 259 practise craftsmanship and 288 gather forest products. MADES authorises breeding centres and production facilities that permit controlled breeding and domestic trade of native fauna under strict management plans and traceability, with the aim of reducing pressure on wild populations. Future-actions framing suggests supporting beekeeping with differentiated labels that make ecosystem protection visible and strengthening agroecological and forest-canopy yerba mate production. The briefing does not contain a dedicated national target or quantified action list specifically framed around sustainable wild-species use for vulnerable populations.
Sweden		The NBSAP does not provide dedicated chapter content for target 9. The chapter on Sámi and other traditional knowledge notes that measures in that chapter contribute primarily to targets 21 and 22 but also to targets 1, 3, 5, 9 and 19, and describes traditional knowledge as including reindeer husbandry, agriculture, traditional food production, handicrafts, hunting, fishing and collection of various resources. Small-scale fisheries pursued with traditional methods are described as sustainable. Traditional sustainable use is said to contribute to cultural and local identity and sustainable economic activity such as farm tourism. No specific commitment, measure or metric is assigned to target 9 in the briefing.
Slovenia		The NEAP 2020–2030 addresses sustainable management of wild species primarily through fisheries and wildlife management provisions. The Strategic Plan's National Objective 2 commits to including biodiversity protection in agriculture, forestry, water management and aquaculture programmes. Measures 2.3.1 and 2.4.1–2.4.3 address sustainable aquaculture and fisheries management, including assessing ecosystem capacity for aquacultures, increasing biodiversity content in fish management programmes, establishing monitoring of fish species distribution and status, and including scientific participation to support sustainable yield. Table 1 Measure 43 addresses the handling of animals of wild species taken from the wild. However, the programme does not specifically discuss benefits for vulnerable or indigenous populations from the sustainable use of wild species.
Suriname		The NBSAP discusses sustainable use of wild species through several frames but does not set a discrete national target on wild-species use providing benefits to people. The Pathway 2 narrative notes that 'sustainable use of biodiversity also entails the development of new or alternative biodiversity-based sectors which provide smaller-impact, wise-use options while still contributing to socio-economic development (e.g. nature- and agro-tourism, traditional medicines, beekeeping)' and references fair and sustainable non-timber forest products value chains. The biodiversity-context section records that indigenous and tribal knowledge systems play a key role in food production in the interior and conservation of domestic crop varieties. Target 1.3 narrative further notes that wildlife is important as food, hunted, collected alive and cultivated as domestic animals, and that game species have become scarce in the coastal zone and densely populated areas of the interior. No standalone target text or action set is dedicated to ensuring sustainable, legal, safe wild-species use providing benefits to people.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page		The NBSAP does not establish a dedicated target for the sustainable management of wild species to benefit vulnerable populations as specified by KMGBF Target 9. However, related content appears in multiple areas. Local Sustainable Use Plans (PLAS) around mangrove areas regulate ecosystem use, with local communities conducting compliance monitoring. The fisheries sector, based on artisanal and industrial fishing and aquaculture, recorded production of 340,072 tonnes between 2017 and 2021, generating 48,000 jobs. The General Law on the Promotion of Fisheries and Aquaculture (2001, reformed 2016) regulates sustainable fishing with closed seasons and protected areas. The NBSAP commits to coordinated work between the environment and agriculture sectors to improve fisheries resource management, including development of biological monitoring tools.
Thailand	Target 5: Increase the value and income of local communities from biological resources by promoting a bio-based economy.	National Target 5 aims to increase the value and income of local communities from biological resources by promoting a bio-based economy. The Target 5 target values (§104) commit to increasing the income of local communities and private businesses from goods and services derived from biological and genetic resources — through a bio-based economy in food, medicine, herbs, and health products — by no less than 100 million baht per year for local communities; increasing the number of products that have been upgraded from local biological resources; and increasing the valuation of ecosystem services provided by local communities and private businesses. The Executive Summary frames Strategy 2 as promoting sustainable and equitable use of biodiversity resources to benefit local communities. The plan's framing is a broader biological-resource and bio-economy emphasis rather than KMGBF Target 9's specific focus on sustainable, legal, and safe use of wild species for vulnerable populations. The SDG mapping in Appendix A aligns Target 5 with SDGs addressing poverty, equitable access to resources, and sustainable livelihoods.
Uganda		Strategic Objectives 1 and 3 are mapped to KMGBF Target 9 in Table 22. The fisheries sector represents the main content relevant to sustainable management of wild species for people's needs. An estimated 1,000,000–1,500,000 people are directly engaged in capture fisheries, and approximately 5.3 million people (15% of the population) depend on the fisheries sector for livelihoods. Fish and fish products were the second highest export revenue earner after coffee between 2015 and 2022, earning US$ 174.164 million in 2019. The sector contributes approximately 2.5% of GDP and 12% of agricultural GDP. Measures to sustain fisheries include strengthening co-management, promoting aquaculture, restocking with native species, and establishing no-fishing zones. However, the briefing does not describe broader frameworks for sustainable use of terrestrial wild species (e.g. bushmeat, medicinal plants, wildlife products) with specific benefits directed to vulnerable populations.
Viet Nam		The NBSAP's specific objectives state that the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services is to be "maintained and enhanced through the sustainable use of biodiversity while limiting negative impacts on biodiversity." The Key Solutions section calls for developing scientific and technological solutions for captive breeding and rewilding, and for sustainable use of species and genetic resources. Financial policies to support livelihood development for communities in buffer zones of protected areas are also mentioned. However, there is no dedicated framework for managing wild species use to benefit vulnerable populations specifically.
Yemen	By 2030, manage all ecosystems sustainably to increase the flow of ecosystem services and enhance ecosystems' contribution to the national economy and community livelihoods by 10%, and by 70% by 2050.	The NBSAP does not establish a standalone national target aligned to GBF Target 9 on sustainable management of wild species with customary benefits for vulnerable populations. However, National Target 9 in the strategy (aligned to GBF 9) states: by 2030, manage all ecosystems sustainably to increase the flow of ecosystem services and enhance ecosystems' contribution to the national economy and community livelihoods by 10%, and by 70% by 2050. This target appears under both Pathway 1 (conservation) and Pathway 2 (sustainable uses), and includes elements of sustainable wild species management without specifically addressing GBF Target 9's focus on customary sustainable use, customary practices, or vulnerable and Indigenous Peoples' specific rights. The Action Plan includes restoration and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems to enhance ecosystem services in support of community livelihoods, and strengthening legal frameworks to recognize communities as equal partners in ecosystem management.
Austria
Czechia
Germany
Spain
European Union
Luxembourg
Netherlands		Content addressing Target 9 was not identified in this NBSAP. The NBSAP's own action target 5 covers sustainable, safe, and legal use, harvest, and trade of wild species, but that content maps to KMGBF Target 5 rather than Target 9. Target 9's specific focus on managing wild species sustainably so as to provide social, economic, and environmental benefits to people, particularly vulnerable populations, does not appear in the briefing.