Target 08: Climate and biodiversity

Generated: 2026-04-19T20:27:59Z

Landscape

All 69 countries address the climate-biodiversity nexus: 54 commit to minimising climate impacts on biodiversity directly, and 15 treat it as a cross-cutting concern threaded through other targets. Nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches appear as the near-universal implementation language, with most countries anchoring their commitments to Nationally Determined Contributions rather than to standalone biodiversity instruments. Approaches range from verbatim adoption of GBF Target 8 language to countries with named domestic legislation, quantified carbon inventories, and new governance bodies dedicated to the nexus. Countries with globally significant carbon reserves foreground a custodian framing, linking targets to specific peatland, forest, and mangrove inventories. A distinct group of countries — among them Germany, Norway, and Canada — explicitly acknowledges that climate action can itself harm biodiversity and builds principles for managing that tension into their frameworks.

Variation

Specificity of commitment. Approaches span a wide range. Some countries adopt GBF language verbatim. Others set quantified national trajectories: Burkina Faso sets a greenhouse gas reduction rate of 29.42% by 2030 from an 8.2% baseline, tracked against its Nationally Determined Contribution; Indonesia tracks cumulative tCO₂eq reduction with milestones at 2025, 2030, and 2045 under the Green Economy Model of its Long-Term Spatial Plan; Chile commits to 100% implementation of a named adaptation plan approved in December 2024.

Legal architecture. Some countries enact dedicated climate-biodiversity legislation. Chile grounds its commitment in the Framework Law on Climate Change (Law 21,455, 2022), which mandates sectoral adaptation plans, and in the Peatland Protection Law (Law 21,660, 2024), which preserves peatlands the NBSAP estimates store 4.7 times the carbon of all Chilean forests. Denmark's Climate Act is legally binding with a 70% emissions reduction target by 2030. Germany's national target references section 3a of the Federal Climate Change Act as its statutory hook for nature-based solutions. Iceland commits to ensuring that the regulatory framework for climate issues — energy transition, climate accounting, carbon markets, carbon sequestration — takes full account of the country's biodiversity targets. Most countries rely instead on NDC alignment or inter-ministerial coordination.

Carbon-stock framing versus resilience framing. High-carbon-stock countries anchor their targets in specific ecosystem inventories. The Democratic Republic of the Congo links its objective to the Congo Basin peatlands, which cover approximately 145,000 km² and store an estimated 30 Gt of carbon. Indonesia identifies 13.4 million hectares of peatland storing 55–57 billion tons of carbon alongside 3.36 million hectares of mangrove. Bhutan reports a carbon-negative status — 11.45 million metric tonnes CO₂e sequestered against 1.74 million emitted in 2022 — and sharpens the rationale with mountain-specific observed impacts, including treelines advancing approximately one metre per year and mosquitoes recorded at 4,800 metres above sea level in 2024. Resilience-focused countries, including Rwanda, Lesotho, Vanuatu, and Togo, foreground ecosystem-based adaptation and disaster risk reduction without centering carbon accounting.

Institutional integration. A subset of countries create or redesign governance structures to unify climate and biodiversity mandates. Colombia proposes converting the Intersectoral Commission on Climate Change into a Comisión Intersectorial de Cambio Climático y Biodiversidad (CICCyB), integrating UNFCCC and CBD governance under a single institutional mandate. Canada applies a Climate, Nature, and Economy Lens to all Cabinet proposals beginning in 2024. Norway's presidency of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA5, 2022) produced the first universal-membership agreement on the definition of nature-based solutions. Madagascar commits to joint climate-biodiversity reporting integrated into sectoral greenhouse gas inventories.

Conflict acknowledgment. Germany's strategy notes that carbon dioxide removal technologies may heighten demand for biomass and land, creating conflicts; in such cases, the strategy states, biodiversity conservation and climate action must be treated equally. Norway identifies biofuel policy and energy and grid infrastructure as specific areas where climate measures may harm biodiversity, and commits to reviewing biofuel policy at fixed checkpoints. The Netherlands commits that offshore wind roll-out must remain within the ecological carrying capacity of the North Sea. Most other countries treat nature-based solutions as a co-benefit and do not address potential maladaptation in target language.

Observed versus projected impacts. Eritrea documents acute, already-occurring damage: preliminary monitoring at four permanent sites — Twalot, Sheik Said Island, Dahret, and Madote Island — found live coral cover reduced following the 2023 summer heat wave, with some reefs exhibiting up to 100% coral cover loss, alongside a mass fish death event during summer 2023. Belarus quantifies forest mortality peaking at 50,000 hectares in 2018, with 37,700 hectares affected by 2024. Most country targets are framed in prospective language oriented toward 2030.

Standouts

Argentina embeds three specific domestic statutes — with a hard coordination deadline — directly in its target text: "Before 2026, the strategies, plans and projects of National Laws 24,375, 24,701 and 27,520 shall be coordinated to work synergistically towards achieving their main objectives." The three laws are Argentina's ratifications of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the UNFCCC, and its domestic Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Law. The 2026 deadline falls within the current planning cycle rather than at its 2030 horizon.

Brazil embeds a quantified, landscape-scale commitment directly within its climate target text: "Prioritise the establishment and implementation of a National Connectivity Network covering at least 30 per cent of the national territory—terrestrial, aquatic, coastal, and marine systems encompassing actions for the conservation, restoration, and recovery of biodiversity, with priority given to the system of conservation units, ecological corridors, and mosaics of conservation units." The same target text references combating environmental racism and Free, Prior and Informed Consultation — formulations unusual in NBSAP target language globally.

Chile's national target delegates all specifics to a single named instrument rather than defining ecosystem metrics directly. The target reads: "By 2030, 100% of the measures contained in the Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Biodiversity 2025-2029 have been implemented." The plan was approved by the Council of Ministers for Sustainability and Climate Change in December 2024. The NBSAP's surrounding narrative supplies substantive grounding — peatlands storing 4.7 times the carbon of all Chilean forests, a dedicated Peatland Protection Law — while the target text itself is an implementation-rate metric tied to a named instrument.

Tunisia operationalises this target through a climate-sector energy metric rather than a biodiversity or ecosystem outcome metric. The national target states: "By 2030, energy efficiency is improved by 45%." The surrounding measures within the same section address forest biodiversity vulnerability pilot sites, wetland restoration, steppe rehabilitation, and disaster risk systems; the headline national target is sectoral.

Vanuatu's target unifies nature-based solutions, ecosystem-based adaptation, climate change, and disaster risk reduction within a single traceable commitment: "By 2030, Vanuatu implements at least 80% of the NBs and EBA priorities outlined in the National Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policies and achieves the biodiversity and environment targets set out in its Nationally Determined Contribution and National Adaptation Plan." Target 8 carries the largest budget allocation in the strategy's Strategic Area 2 at VUV 201,200,000.

Yemen identifies ecosystem restoration as the measurable proxy for NDC integration: "By 2030, Integrating biodiversity within the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) for 2025-2030 by increasing the capacity of ecosystems to absorb greenhouse gas emissions through the restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems (wetlands, mangroves, forests, and terraces)." The inclusion of traditional terraces alongside wetlands, mangroves, and forests is specific to Yemen's agroecological context. The indicative budget for the climate-resilient ecosystems pathway stands at US$72.51 million — the largest single indicative budget among all pathways in Yemen's action plan.

Analysis

Across the 69 countries, the Nationally Determined Contribution functions as the primary policy anchor: most climate-biodiversity commitments are framed as implementing, aligning with, or contributing to the NDC. This pattern suggests that UNFCCC and Convention on Biological Diversity processes are converging in implementation even where they remain institutionally separate — a structural shift visible across income levels, regions, and governance models.

Countries with large, measurable carbon assets produce more quantified target language than the set average. The DRC, Indonesia, Bhutan, and Suriname each link specific ecosystem areas to specific carbon volumes in their target text, positioning biodiversity conservation as planetary-scale mitigation. Countries without dominant carbon-stock narratives tend toward procedural or qualitative commitments, suggesting that the incentive to develop verifiable biodiversity-climate metrics is partially shaped by whether a country holds assets that external carbon accounting frameworks already recognise.

Explicit conflict acknowledgment — naming specific climate measures that could harm biodiversity and articulating principles for managing that tension — appears in fewer than ten countries. Germany, Norway, the Netherlands, and Canada each identify concrete climate interventions (carbon dioxide removal, biofuels, offshore wind, critical minerals mining) as potential sources of biodiversity harm and attach conflict-resolution language to their frameworks. Most other countries in the set treat nature-based solutions as a co-benefit, and potential maladaptation scenarios are not addressed in target language.

The balance between observed impacts and projected risks varies across the set. A small group of countries anchor their target rationale in documented, ongoing events: Eritrea records up to 100% coral cover loss at monitored reef sites following the 2023 summer heat wave; Belarus quantifies forest mortality at 50,000 hectares in 2018 with ongoing decline; Iceland flags the risk that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation may collapse in the current or next century, with far-reaching effects on Iceland's biodiversity — an illustration of how geographic and oceanographic position shapes the specificity of climate risk identification in national strategies. Most country targets are framed in prospective language, oriented toward reducing future risk rather than documenting present conditions.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Afghanistan	Afghanistan will minimize the impact of climate change on biodiversity and contribute to mitigation and adaptation through ecosystem-based approaches.	The NBSAP commits Afghanistan to minimizing the impact of climate change on biodiversity and contributing to mitigation and adaptation through ecosystem-based approaches. Climate changes observed in Afghanistan include increased frequency and duration of drought, increased mean annual temperature, increased frequency of hot days and nights, declining spring precipitation, and more extreme precipitation events. Temperature projections suggest increases of 1.4°C to 2.0°C by 2050 with the Central Highlands, Hindu Kush, and Wakhan most affected. Afghanistan is named as one of the world's 11 countries likely to be most acutely affected by climate change. The NBSAP's approach is to protect and restore natural systems to maintain resilience, cross-referencing Targets 1, 2, and 3. Action 8.1 calls for undertaking actions that contribute to resilience of natural systems as referenced in Targets 1, 2, and 3, with the same responsibilities and completion dates. Portfolio #3 elaborates four climate-biodiversity measures: reducing biodiversity exposure and vulnerability to climate-change related catastrophes, developing climate-resilient food production systems, promoting crop and livestock diversity, and maintaining intact riparian habitats. Over 94% of consultation respondents thought climate change impacted their areas.
Argentina	Minimise the negative impacts of climate (including ocean acidification) on biodiversity and increase its resilience. Foster the positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity; including through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches. Before 2026, the strategies, plans and projects of National Laws 24,375, 24,701 and 27,520 shall be coordinated to work synergistically towards achieving their main objectives.	National Target 8 commits to minimising the negative impacts of climate change (including ocean acidification) on biodiversity and increasing its resilience, while fostering positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches. A specific coordination commitment requires that before 2026, the strategies, plans, and projects of National Laws 24,375 (CBD ratification), 24,701 (UNFCCC ratification), and 27,520 (Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation) be coordinated to work synergistically towards their main objectives. No additional detailed implementation measures for this target appear in the sections included in the briefing beyond the national target text itself.
Austria		The strategy frames biodiversity loss and the climate crisis as closely interdependent challenges of equal political relevance that must be considered together, citing BMNT 2017, Balas et al. 2021 and IPCC 2022. A dedicated subsection (5.1) on Climate Protection and Climate Change Adaptation sets the objective that biodiversity conservation and climate protection/adaptation are coordinated with one another and synergies utilised to the greatest possible extent. The baseline recorded is net greenhouse-gas emissions in 2020 of 73.6 million tonnes (Umweltbundesamt 2022a). Evaluation parameters include greenhouse-gas emissions and climate-change impact monitoring indicators such as changes in vegetation and altitudinal distribution of selected species in high-mountain areas. Immediate measures include supplementing the climate protection and energy plans of the federal provinces and the Federation with biodiversity-relevant aspects; consideration of consequences of climate change and the necessity for adaptation in nature-conservation instruments (management plans, regional development frameworks); assessment of non-EIA-obligatory energy and climate policy measures for biodiversity impact and prioritisation of measures that are both climate-compatible and nature-compatible; development of information materials on synergies; designation, conservation and improvement of biodiversity-rich areas with potential climate relevance (high carbon stock); promotion of carbon storage in agricultural soils through incentives including 'Carbon Farming'; networking of protected areas and habitats to improve connectivity, also to enable climate-induced species migration; and conservation and improvement of open and green spaces for climate protection (carbon storage) and adaptation (protection against natural hazards and flooding, rainwater infiltration, fresh and cold air supply). Ecosystem restoration in Chapter 3 is explicitly positioned as serving climate protection alongside biodiversity conservation. Research on interactions between biodiversity, climate change, climate protection and climate change adaptation is foreseen under Chapter 10.
Australia	Minimise the impact of climate change on biodiversity and increase its resilience through mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk reduction actions, including by embedding climate change adaptation in all relevant decision-making, and through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches, while minimising negative and fostering positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity.	Australia establishes a national target to minimise the impact of climate change on biodiversity and increase its resilience through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions. The strategy states this target aligns with GBF Target 8. The NBSAP identifies climate change as a direct and compounding threat to biodiversity and one of the key drivers of biodiversity decline in Australia. It specifies embedding climate change adaptation in all relevant decision-making by government, businesses, organisations, and the wider community. Both adaptation and mitigation are positioned as essential, with mitigation linked to Australia's work towards net zero emissions by 2050. Nature-based solutions are specified as a tool, including protecting blue carbon ecosystems for mitigation, resilience, and adaptation. The strategy calls for protecting natural ecosystems that provide carbon storage services, particularly primary forests, marine seagrass communities, wetlands, and peatlands, and increasing carbon stores through revegetation. The briefing provides extensive context on climate impacts including changed fire regimes, aquatic environment disruption, marine heatwaves, ocean acidification, and the 2019-2020 Black Summer bushfires. Progress measure 7A tracks explicit consideration of climate change risks, adaptation, and resilience in management of species, ecosystems, and landscapes.
Belgium		The NBSAP dedicates operational objective 2.2 to investigating and monitoring the effects of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The Strategy identifies climate change as a direct threat that disrupts ecological relations, unbalances ecosystem functioning, increases the impact of invasive alien species, disturbs lifecycles, and causes migration or disappearance of species. Populations of northern species are noted to tend to move northwards or disappear, with specialist species most at risk. Belgium adopted its national climate adaptation strategy in 2010 with three objectives: improving coherence between existing adaptation activities, improving communication at national and international levels, and initiating development of a national action plan. Regional adaptation plans were also developed: the Flemish Region published its 2013–2020 regional plan for adaptation to climate change, the Walloon Region adopted the Walloon Plan Air-Climate in 2007, and Brussels-Capital Region approved a pre-project for a regional air-climate-energy plan in September 2013. Under operational objective 3.3, evolving factors such as climate change are to be taken into account when restoring ecosystems. The Strategy notes that climate change and nitrogen deposition can have irreversible effects on natural populations, species ranges, and habitat area, all factors determining favourable conservation status.
Burkina Faso		The NBSAP integrates climate change as both a cross-cutting concern and a measurable objective. The logical framework sets a GHG emissions reduction rate target of 29.42% by 2030 (from 8.2% in 2020). The rate of adoption of climate change adaptation techniques and technologies is targeted to reach 100% by 2030 (from 95.45% in 2022), as is the rate of adoption of mitigation techniques and technologies (from 95% in 2022). The strategy references the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NAP) to 2030, adopted in 2015, which aims to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts and facilitate the integration of climate change adaptation into policies and development planning. Climate hazards (flooding, violent winds, droughts, extreme heat) are identified as the highest-criticality risk to strategy implementation (occurrence: high, impact: high, criticality: 9/9). Mitigation measures include implementing climate change adaptation and mitigation projects, strengthening early warning systems, building capacity of climate adaptation institutions, and strengthening awareness-raising on environmental issues. The strategy's foundations reference the UNFCCC (ratified 1993) and alignment with the KMGBF, and the NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution) serves as a verification source for the GHG reduction indicator.
Brazil	Minimise the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and sociobiodiversity and enhance their resilience, including through ecosystem-based approaches and nature-based solutions. Consider adaptation and mitigation strategies that contribute to the adaptation of biodiversity and sociobiodiversity and to combating desertification, with special attention to climate emergencies and extreme events. Prioritise the establishment and implementation of a National Connectivity Network covering at least 30 per cent of the national territory—terrestrial, aquatic, coastal, and marine systems encompassing actions for the conservation, restoration, and recovery of biodiversity, with priority given to the system of conservation units, ecological corridors, and mosaics of conservation units. This includes the demarcation of traditional territories and the identification and protection of climate refugia and other areas essential for the adaptation of biodiversity to climate change, particularly ecosystems that contribute to both mitigation and adaptation. Promote the transition to an inclusive low-carbon economy, guided by the principles of climate justice, combating environmental racism, and expanding and strengthening the participation of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, including through Free, Prior and Informed Consultation (FPIC), in accordance with Decrees No. 6,040/2007 and No. 8,750/2016 and ILO Convention No. 169.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 8, which commits to minimising the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and sociobiodiversity and enhancing their resilience. The target is notably detailed, covering ecosystem-based approaches and nature-based solutions, adaptation and mitigation strategies, and attention to climate emergencies and extreme events. A distinctive feature is the prioritisation of a National Connectivity Network covering at least 30 per cent of the national territory — terrestrial, aquatic, coastal, and marine systems — encompassing conservation, restoration, and recovery of biodiversity. Priority is given to the system of conservation units, ecological corridors, and mosaics of conservation units. The target also requires demarcation of traditional territories and identification and protection of climate refugia and other areas essential for biodiversity adaptation to climate change. The target calls for transition to an inclusive low-carbon economy guided by principles of climate justice, combating environmental racism, and expanding the participation of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities through FPIC in accordance with Decrees No. 6,040/2007, 8,750/2016, and ILO Convention No. 169. The threats chapter notes that climate change is identified as one of the five main threats to Brazilian biodiversity, with recent studies linking El Niño-driven temperature anomalies to amphibian population declines, and coral reefs identified as especially vulnerable. Synergies include UNFCCC/Paris Agreement/NDC, UNCCD, the Sendai Framework, and SDGs 13.1, 13.2, and 14.3.
Bhutan	By 2030, minimize the adverse impacts of climate change on biodiversity and build resilience	Bhutan's National Target 8 states: "By 2030, minimize the adverse impacts of climate change on biodiversity and build resilience," aligned with KMGBF Target 8. The NBSAP notes that Bhutan remains carbon negative, with 2022 emissions of 1.74 million metric tonnes CO₂e offset by 11.45 million metric tonnes CO₂e sequestered by forests, croplands, and grasslands. The country is exposed to climate-induced hazards including GLOFs, flash floods, forest fires, landslides, and windstorms. Treelines are advancing approximately one metre per year, reducing cold-adapted species range. In 2024, Bhutan recorded its highest-ever temperature at 40°C, and mosquitoes were observed at 4,800 metres above sea level. Two strategies are identified: enhancing knowledge of climate change impacts on biodiversity, and increasing carbon sequestration while reducing emissions to uphold carbon neutrality. Actions include conducting research on climate impacts on mountain biodiversity and developing policy briefs, implementing research recommendations, organizing at least one international symposium on mountain biodiversity and health, exploring and adopting renewable energy sources, upscaling afforestation and reforestation programs, strengthening forest fire prevention and management, developing guidelines for scientific management of landfills to regulate GHG emissions, and fostering regional and international collaborations for climate financing, carbon trading, and REDD+ initiatives.
Belarus	Implementation of a set of measures to minimise the negative impact of climate change on biological and landscape diversity.	The strategy's objective 11 is explicitly mapped to KMGBF Target 8 (note: the NBSAP calls this Target 8 of the Framework) and commits to the implementation of measures to minimise the negative impact of climate change on biological and landscape diversity. The NBSAP provides detailed documentation of observed climate impacts: mean annual air temperature has exceeded the preceding century-long period by 1.4°C, with January–April increases of 2.0–2.6°C; heatwaves have become more frequent; boreal species ranges are contracting; steppe and forest-steppe species are expanding northward; and natural ecosystem transformation resembling desertification is occurring. Forest mortality peaked at 50,000 hectares in 2018 and stood at 37,700 hectares in 2024, driven by pest outbreaks, disease spread, and reduced resilience of monoculture plantations. The National Action Plan includes the updating of the strategy for adaptation of forests and forestry to climate change and development of a corresponding action plan (item 2, 2028–2030), assigned to the Ministry of Forestry, NAS of Belarus, and Ministry of Education, with the planned result of increasing forest resilience and reducing biodiversity losses from climate change.
Canada		Canada addresses Target 8 via nature-based solutions (NBS), ecosystem-based approaches (EbA), and alignment between climate and biodiversity policy. The Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act legislates the 2030 emissions reduction target of 40-45% below 2005 levels, with net-zero by 2050. Through the 2030 Emissions Reduction Plan, Canada invested an additional $29.6M in an Indigenous Climate Leadership Agenda. The Natural Climate Solutions Fund (NRCan's 2 Billion Trees, ECCC's Nature Smart Climate Solutions Fund, AAFC's Agricultural Climate Solutions Program) aims for annual GHG emission reductions from land use of 7-10 Mt CO2e by 2030 and 16-20 Mt CO2e by 2050. The Enhanced Nature Legacy is Canada's largest investment in nature to date, with $2.3B over five years to conserve up to 1 million km² of additional land and inland waters. Canada has committed to allocate a minimum of 20% of its $5.3B climate finance commitment (2021-2026) — over $1B — to projects leveraging NBS and contributing biodiversity co-benefits. ECCC is developing protocols under Canada's GHG Offsets System that will include NBS. Beginning in 2024, the new Climate, Nature, and Economy Lens, led by ECCC under the Cabinet Directive on Strategic Environmental and Economic Assessment, ensures biodiversity effects are considered in proposals submitted to Cabinet, the Prime Minister, and the Minister of Finance. Under the National Adaptation Strategy, ECCC is developing Action Plans with PTs, including a Wildfire Resilient Futures Initiative (NRCan) with a Centre of Excellence on wildland fire innovation. INFC's Disaster Mitigation and Adaptation Fund provides over $3.8B for structural and natural infrastructure projects. The CSA, ECCC, and NRCan will launch the WildFireSat mission in 2029 to monitor active wildfires in real time.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	By 2030, measures based on nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches, including climate change mitigation and adaptation measures as well as natural disaster risk reduction, are implemented to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and strengthen the resilience of biodiversity and human populations.	Objective 8 commits the DRC to implementing nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches for climate change mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk reduction by 2030. The NBSAP links the objective to the national NDC commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 21%, and to the conservation of the Congo Basin peatlands, which cover approximately 145,000 km² and store an estimated 30 Gt of carbon. The estimated budget is USD 30 million.
Republic of the Congo	Target 9/8: By 2030 at the latest, minimise the numerous anthropogenic pressures exerted on coral reefs and vulnerable marine and coastal ecosystems affected by climate change or ocean acidification in order to preserve their integrity and functioning through climate change mitigation measures for biodiversity, including through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches.	National Target 9/8 commits by 2030 to minimise the numerous anthropogenic pressures exerted on coral reefs and vulnerable marine and coastal ecosystems affected by climate change or ocean acidification, through climate change mitigation measures for biodiversity — including nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches — in order to preserve their integrity and functioning. Result A1O9R9 contains six actions. Monitoring of GHG emissions from industries near oceanic zones (2028, 100 million FCFA) and holding awareness workshops on national tree days (2025, 200 million FCFA) sit alongside maximum reduction of anthropogenic pressures on mangroves and other forest and fishery resources (100). Afforestation, reforestation and tree planting (2025, 100), hydrology studies (2026, 100) and fishery resource inventories (1,000 million FCFA) complete the result. Indicators include area of trees planted, vegetation cover conservation rate, ocean pollution rate, number of GHG emission monitoring reports, percentage of populations living in flood zones or on slopes, and production volume of fishery resources. The diagnostic section 'Climate change' notes that global warming affects marine, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and can exacerbate other threats to biodiversity such as habitat loss and IAS proliferation, creating a feedback loop. Planted forests are recognised as contributing to carbon sequestration, climate change mitigation, water regulation and erosion protection. The Climate-Resilient Agricultural Investment Plan (CRAIP/PIAIC, 2019) is cited as the pre-existing instrument setting six priority projects (resilient agroforestry for cassava, maize and banana; soil fertility; irrigation and aquaculture; resilient food crop value chains; savannah agriculture productivity; agro-meteorological information system). Responsible bodies include the Ministries of the environment, water resources, fisheries, agriculture, forests, hydrocarbons, mining, scientific research, the interior, sustainable development and industrial development, together with the secretariat of the inter-ministerial committee for State action at sea.
Switzerland		The NBSAP addresses the climate-biodiversity nexus through Measure M7 (Biodiversity in the era of climate change) and Measure M11 (Nature-based and ecosystem-based solutions). The action plan states that climate change mitigation measures and adaptation to its consequences interact with measures for maintaining and developing biodiversity. While measures in favour of biodiversity always have a positive or neutral effect on climate protection, climate protection and adaptation measures can have negative effects on biodiversity. Measure M11, under SBS Objective 6 and GBF Target 11, aims to address climate change and biodiversity loss jointly through nature-based and ecosystem-based solutions. By 2030, the Confederation is to support at least 30 projects implementing such measures, with focus on regional and communal levels. The expected effects include improved adaptive capacity of biodiversity to climate change, guaranteed connectivity corridors between current and future areas of importance, identification and reduction of potential obstacles to species migration, and enabling climate-sensitive species to occupy new habitats. A water regime close to the natural state is identified as helping to mitigate the consequences of climate change, particularly the harmful effects of extreme weather events.
Côte d'Ivoire		The NBSAP recognises climate change as a threat to biodiversity, noting it causes global warming, decreased precipitation, sea level rise, coastal erosion, and natural disasters. The strategy cites projections that temperatures will increase by an average of 3°C over 100 years (from 27°C to 31°C), with expected consequences including increased frequency of bush fires, insect outbreaks, tree mortality, weed proliferation, and changes in species distribution and phenology including desynchronisation with rainfall periods. Adaptation to climate change is established as a guiding principle: species adaptive capacity is to be supported, genetic diversity and species mobility encouraged, and "refuge" natural environments set aside, with objectives regularly reviewed in light of climate evolution. Sectoral climate adaptation measures are to be made compatible with maintenance of biodiversity. Priority measures include developing a strategy for the adaptation of biodiversity to climate change, creating long-term observation and monitoring systems, and identifying biological resources likely to promote ecosystem resilience. The strategy also calls for adapting the protected areas network to climate change and containing negative tourism impacts. The NBSAP highlights forests' role in carbon sequestration, reporting that the CNF arboretum in Abidjan stores 189.67 tC/ha, with total sequestered CO₂ valued at 3,547 to 16,552 euros depending on carbon markets.
Chile	II.19: By 2030, 100% of the measures contained in the Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Biodiversity 2025-2029 have been implemented.	The NBSAP establishes national target II.19, which requires 100% of the measures contained in the Climate Change Adaptation Plan for Biodiversity 2025-2029 to have been implemented by 2030. The plan was approved by the Council of Ministers for Sustainability and Climate Change on 6 December 2024. The strategy devotes extensive attention to the climate-biodiversity nexus (§19). It highlights the carbon capture role of peatlands (estimated to exceed by 4.7 times the carbon stored in all of Chile's forests), kelp forests, and Patagonian forests. It notes that 23% of national territory is at risk of desertification, particularly in the central zone, and that the 2017 forest fires damaged nearly 40% of critically endangered habitats. Mountain ecosystems, covering at least 63.8% of the territory, are recognised as particularly vulnerable to climate change while holding potential as climate refugia. The NBS principles include ecosystem-based adaptation and Eco-DRR (Ecological Disaster Risk Reduction) as a named approach for reversing social vulnerability and biodiversity loss in the face of climate change (§40). The legislative framework includes the Framework Law on Climate Change (Law 21,455, enacted 2022), which sets a target of carbon neutrality and climate resilience by 2050, requiring sectoral adaptation plans including for biodiversity (§16). The Long-Term Climate Strategy, approved in 2021 and currently being updated, establishes six biodiversity objectives including increased protected areas, landscape-scale restoration, and promotion of Nature-Based Solutions (§21). The Peatland Protection Law (Law 21,660, enacted 2024) preserves peatlands as strategic reserves for climate mitigation and adaptation (§21). The Annex 3 instrument mapping (§62) links GBF Target 8 to seven instruments: the Climate Change Adaptation Plan for the Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector, the Climate Change Adaptation Plan for the Biodiversity Sector, the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan, the Long-Term Climate Strategy, the National Strategy on Climate Change and Associated Plant Resources, the checklist for integrating a gender approach in climate change management instruments, Nationally Determined Contributions, and the Climate Change Framework Act.
Cameroon	Contribute to the implementation of the NDC and promote ecosystem resilience in the face of climate change.	The NBSAP identifies climate change and variability as one of the principal pressure factors on ecosystems, with particularly marked effects on semi-arid zones, savannas, freshwater ecosystems, and marine and coastal environments, reflected in rising temperatures, declining precipitation, reduced river flows and sea level rise. It establishes Objective 4 to "contribute to the implementation of the NDC and promote ecosystem resilience in the face of climate change," tracked through GBF indicator 8.b and national indicators on GHG emission reduction and the Ecosystem Red List Index. The National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NCCAP) integrates ecosystem protection as a cross-cutting component of adaptation, emphasising sustainable management of natural resources to reduce pressures on forests, waterways, soils and protected areas. Its forestry and wildlife recommendations provide for reducing forest vulnerability to climate change, improving silvicultural practices, restoring degraded zones, strengthening surveillance mechanisms, and developing community-level adaptation actions. The plan supports valorisation of local knowledge and integration of climate risk analysis into land use planning. Objective 4 in the action plan contains three sub-actions. Action 4.1 promotes sustainable use of fuelwood and renewable energy in rural areas, including establishment of community forests designated for fuelwood (target: at least 250 parks and 50,000 ha cumulative), production and distribution of solar kits for rural populations, production of ecological charcoal (target: 100,000 tonnes/year) and distribution of improved cookstoves (baseline: 155,612 cumulative), and production of domestic/community biogas installations (target: 3,000 units producing approximately 30,000,000 m3/year). Action 4.2 promotes the development of a System of Economic and Environmental Accounting of Natural Capital (SEEA), with a target of 3-5 SEEA accounts (forests, soils/land, water, biodiversity) and 80% progressive integration into national accounting. Action 4.3 strengthens implementation of risk and disaster reduction measures that include biodiversity, with a target of at least 30% of priority measures operational at the decentralised level. The briefing documents carbon sequestration functions across multiple ecosystems. Mountain submontane formations have per-hectare carbon reserves above the national average. Wooded tropical savannas participate in carbon sequestration at the scale of open landscapes. Freshwater wetlands contribute to carbon and nutrient cycles, with papyrus marshes storing 411.02 tC/ha. The Restoration Initiative (TRI) in savanna zones explicitly references nature-based solutions for climate resilience.
China	By 2030, support systems for biodiversity adaptation to climate change, ecosystem carbon stabilisation and sink enhancement, and synergies between climate action and biodiversity conservation shall be basically established. National-level key ecological function zones shall be fully incorporated into routine monitoring and risk early warning systems for climate change impacts. Ecosystem climate resilience and carbon sink capacity shall be continuously enhanced, and synergies between climate change response and biodiversity conservation shall be steadily advanced.	The NBSAP dedicates an entire Priority Action (14) to synergistic governance of biodiversity and climate change. The plan calls for developing an integrated policy framework for biodiversity adaptation to climate change, strengthening monitoring, assessment, forecasting, and early warning of the impacts of major meteorological disasters and climate change on important ecological function zones, important species, and vulnerable ecosystems. The strategy explicitly explores Nature-based Solutions (NbS) and Ecosystem-based Approaches (EbA) to enhance ecosystem climate resilience and carbon sink functions. It requires establishing monitoring and accounting systems for ecosystem carbon sources and carbon sinks, and researching the carbon storage and carbon sink enhancement potential of important ecosystems. Technical specifications are to be formulated for assessing the impacts of climate change and climate change response measures on biodiversity. Three dedicated priority projects support this action: (1) construction of a biodiversity adaptation to climate change support system emphasising 'theoretical guidance, technology-driven, strategy implementation' with pilot demonstrations in ecologically fragile and biodiversity-rich areas; (2) construction of support systems for synergies between climate action and biodiversity conservation, focused on 'reducing adverse impacts and enhancing synergies' across natural, urban, agricultural, and socio-economic systems; and (3) ecosystem carbon stabilisation and sink enhancement, advancing carbon sink baseline surveys and demonstration projects in forests, grasslands, wetlands, oceans, and soils. The 2030 target states that national-level key ecological function zones shall be fully incorporated into routine monitoring and risk early warning systems for climate change impacts, and that ecosystem carbon sequestration capacity shall be steadily enhanced.
Colombia		The NBSAP integrates biodiversity and climate action through the proposed reorganisation of the Intersectoral Commission on Climate Change (CICC) into the Comisión Intersectorial de Cambio Climático y Biodiversidad (CICCyB). Existing climate-biodiversity indicators include: the Forest and Carbon Monitoring System (SMByC — Sistema de Monitoreo de Bosques y Carbono) with data on changes in area, forest carbon stocks, and greenhouse-gas emissions and removals; the Climate Action platform (HaC) with 53 indicators on climate variability, vulnerability, risk, CO2 emissions and removals; UPME indicators on GDP emission intensity and sectoral emissions; and DANE SCAE indicators on GHG emissions per unit of energy and by economic activity. NDC indicators track ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) actions in mangroves and seagrasses; monitoring of climate risks and blue-carbon investments; conservation in 24 supply watersheds; the number of Watershed Management and Planning Plans (POMCA — Planes de Ordenación y Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas) formulated or adjusted with climate considerations; percentage of páramos delimited and protected through management plans; percentage of unrepresented ecosystems included in Sinap; area undergoing ecological restoration in the National Natural Parks System and buffer zones; percentage of implementation of the National Programme for the Sustainable Use, Management and Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystems; and percentage of adoption of Integrated Management and Planning Plans for Coastal Environmental Units (Pomiuac) with EbA actions on mangroves and seagrasses. Legal mandates come from Law 164 of 1994 (UNFCCC ratification), Law 165 of 1994 (CBD ratification), Law 1931 of 2018 (climate change management guidelines), Law 2169 of 2022 (low-carbon development, carbon neutrality and climate resilience), and Decree 172 of 2022 creating the Intersectoral Commission of the Presidential Cabinet for Climate Action. The governance integration includes a Financial Management Committee (DNP as Technical Secretariat) integrating biodiversity and green finance within climate financing policies, an International Affairs Committee led by MinRelaciones Exteriores, and a Technical Committee with working groups on participatory planning, ecosystem integrity, biodiversity economy and environmental crimes plus cross-cutting groups on governance and technical advice. Colombia together with France, Germany and Kenya is co-leading a panel of experts on debt, climate and nature.
Germany	Up to and beyond 2030, Nature-based Solutions will be significantly advanced to jointly and effectively address the twin crises of biodiversity loss and climate change and to achieve the targets set in section 3a of the Federal Climate Change Act.	Action area 13 of the NBS 2030 is dedicated to the climate-biodiversity nexus. Target 13.1 commits Germany to significantly advancing Nature-based Solutions up to and beyond 2030 to jointly address biodiversity loss and climate change and to achieve the targets in section 3a of the Federal Climate Change Act. The Federal Action Plan on Nature-based Solutions for Climate and Biodiversity is identified as the key instrument. It contains 69 measures across ten fields of action, focused on reducing LULUCF sector emissions as quickly as possible, stabilising and expanding carbon-capture capacities, and continuously adapting measures toward incrementally rising targets through 2045. The plan covers status determination, cause investigation, countermeasure development, and permanent monitoring. Target 13.2 requires that by 2030, federal climate mitigation and adaptation measures will be designed and implemented to be as nature-friendly as possible, while nature conservation work will account for climate change challenges, particularly enhancing ecosystem and species climate resilience. The strategy calls for more flexible nature conservation targets that can be amended in view of climate changes and for prioritising no-regrets measures such as connectivity between protected areas. The strategy explicitly notes that certain climate protection measures — including carbon dioxide removal technologies — may heighten demand for biomass and land, creating conflicts. In such cases, biodiversity conservation and climate action must be treated equally. Forest adaptation is addressed under Target 7.2, calling for improved resilience and adaptability of forests by 2030 through management that maintains and fosters forest-typical biodiversity. The National Peatland Protection Strategy links rewetting of drained peatlands to both climate and biodiversity objectives. At the international level, Target 20.3 commits Germany to assume responsibility for coordinating biodiversity and climate goals in international negotiations.
Denmark		The Climate Act commits Denmark to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 70 per cent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels, and to become a climate-neutral society by 2050 at the latest, referencing the Paris Agreement target of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Interim targets include a 50-54 per cent reduction by 2025. Denmark joined the EU's long-term strategy to be climate-neutral by 2050, including the 'Fit for 55' climate law. The NBSAP identifies healthy ecosystems as climate regulators and links the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030 targets for protection and restoration of wetlands, turf mosses, and coastal ecosystems with climate adaptation. The EU Nature Restoration Law is noted as contributing to EU climate targets. The Forest Plan aims to establish 250,000 hectares of new forest in Denmark, contributing to climate neutrality and net negative emissions. The Agreement on a Green Denmark introduces a CO2e tax on emissions from livestock and carbon-rich soils in 2030, establishes the Danish Green Land Fund (approximately DKK 40 billion), and supports the removal of 140,000 hectares of carbon-rich shallow soil by 2030. Grant schemes for climate carbon-rich soil projects have been allocated DKK 1.71 billion and DKK 2.56 billion respectively in 2021-2024, and the Water and Climate Projects grant scheme has approximately DKK 1.2 billion allocated by 2027. These schemes combine greenhouse gas reduction with nature, environment, and aquatic objectives. Internationally, approximately 60 per cent of climate aid goes to adaptation initiatives in developing countries. The Strategic Partnership Agreement with WWF Denmark (DKK 17 million/year in 2022-2025) focuses on nature-based solutions for climate adaptation and resilience.
Egypt		The NBSAP devotes a chapter (Section 19) to biodiversity–climate interactions. It identifies Egypt as an arid and semi-arid country particularly exposed to rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, sea-level rise affecting the Nile Delta, and ocean warming and acidification in the Red Sea and Mediterranean. Biodiversity is positioned as a climate solution: Saint Catherine Reserve and small forests are cited for carbon absorption, crop-diversity-based agriculture for climate resilience, and Fayoum lakes and oases for water storage and flood/drought mitigation. Carbon sequestration by Lake Burullus is estimated at 407 million euros, and the NBSAP states that Egypt could benefit from this through carbon certificates. Stated actions include: establishing nature reserves to protect threatened species and ecosystems under climate pressure; participation in UNFCCC and CBD; national climate-adaptation programmes improving water and agricultural-resource management and protecting sea-level-threatened coastal areas; awareness campaigns in schools and universities; large-scale native tree planting to limit desertification and reduce climate impacts; and restoration of carbon-storing ecosystems (forests and wetlands). The Biodiversity Financing Plan explores and integrates biodiversity-positive carbon credits into the carbon market as a financing solution. Fossil-species studies are cited as informing strategies for protecting living species facing current climate changes.
Eritrea	Target 7: By 2030, develop appropriate mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk management measures to reduce the impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and enhance the resilience of ecosystems.	Eritrea's National Target 7 commits to developing appropriate mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk management measures to reduce the impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity by 2030, with a total budget of USD 1,035,000. The NBSAP documents observed climate change in Eritrea: mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures increased by 1.85°C and 1.64°C respectively between 1961 and 2018 (an average rate of 0.27-0.31°C per decade), while mean annual precipitation decreased by 17-30% between 1900 and 2008, with the rainy season contracting from 4 months to 2-2.5 months. Coral bleaching has been observed in shallow reefs, particularly when temperatures exceed 30°C for several weeks; preliminary monitoring at four permanent sites (Twalot, Sheik Said Island, Dahret, and Madote Island) found live coral cover drastically reduced following the 2023 summer heat wave, with some reefs exhibiting up to 100% coral cover loss. A mass fish death event occurred during the summer of 2023. The action plan includes assessing climate change impacts on biodiversity (Action 7.1.1, USD 150,000), establishing long-term climate monitoring and early warning systems (Action 7.3.1, USD 150,000), identifying and promoting climate-resilient crops, domestic animals, trees, and shrubs (Action 7.3.2), adopting national disaster risk prevention strategies for biodiversity (Action 7.3.3), and designing conservation measures for climate-sensitive species (Action 7.3.4). The NBSAP also calls for reviewing the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to include biodiversity considerations (Action 7.1.4, 2028) and for research collaboration with regional and international institutions on climate change impacts, including drought, global warming, coral bleaching, and ocean acidification (Action 7.2.2-7.2.3, USD 200,000). Existing climate adaptation measures include the "Geshinashim Climate Smart Community" project promoting climate-smart agriculture in the Eritrean Highlands, and NARI and HAC research developing crop varieties for drought, disease, and pest resistance.
Spain		The NBSAP identifies climate change as already having repercussions on biodiversity from the genetic to the ecosystem level, with predominantly negative effects foreseen to worsen with increasing warming. The strategy notes drastic reductions in terrestrial species distribution ranges even at 1.5–2°C warming, with adverse effects on the conservation capacity of protected areas. Climate change is described as multiplying threats by combining with other drivers of global change. Specific impacts noted include reduced water resources severely affecting aquatic ecosystems and wetlands, sea level rise, ocean temperature and salinity changes affecting fish populations, and increased extreme hydrometeorological events. The fight against climate change objectives are aligned with the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2021–2030 and Law 7/2021 on Climate Change and Energy Transition. Specific objectives include: updating studies on expected climate change effects on flora, fauna, and geological heritage; supporting measures to reduce stress on species and ecosystems to facilitate adaptation; introducing climate change adaptation criteria in planning and management of protected areas; reinforcing adaptive capacity of green infrastructure and ecological corridors; and promoting sustainable forest management as an adaptive tool. Nature-based solutions for climate change mitigation and adaptation are promoted throughout the NBSAP. Methodological proposals for identifying and monitoring NbS for climate change mitigation are to be developed. Carbon-rich ecosystems are prioritised for restoration. In urban settings, NbS for climate change adaptation and mitigation are to be supported. The monitoring system is to improve knowledge on vulnerability and resilience of species and habitats to climate change, as well as ecosystem capacity to absorb emissions. Management plans for Natura 2000 areas are to incorporate climate change adaptation sections.
Gabon		The NBSAP addresses climate-biodiversity interactions through a dedicated climate law, the NDC, and the strategic mission statement. Gabon's climate law (Ordinance No. 019/PR/2021, ratified as Law No. 018/2022) commits to maintaining the country's carbon neutrality by 2050, compliance with the Paris Agreement, institutional frameworks for combating climate change, and links between climate mitigation and poverty reduction. The CDN2 (2020) emphasises biodiversity-related climate measures including monitoring of coastal and marine ecosystems, protection of threatened species, and the promotion of sustainable use of biological resources. The strategy's mission explicitly includes combating the effects of climate change among the drivers of biodiversity loss to be addressed in 2025–2030. The NBSAP documents climate impacts on biodiversity in detail: emerging diseases favoured by climatic changes (including Ebola epidemics that killed approximately 5,000 gorillas), disruption of ecological cycles affecting flowering, fruiting, and pollination relationships, erosion of genetic biodiversity through population isolation, and flooding creating conditions for invasive species to colonise disturbed areas. Strengthening the resilience of ecosystems in the face of climate change is identified as a key function of the KBA network.
United Kingdom	The UK will minimise the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and increase its resilience through mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk reduction actions, including through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches, while minimising negative and fostering positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity.	The NBSAP sets UK target 8, committing to minimise the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and to increase its resilience through mitigation, adaptation and disaster risk reduction actions, including through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches. The target also commits to minimising negative and fostering positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity.
Equatorial Guinea	By 2030, have the Second National Communication on Climate Change available and implement at least 80% of ENPADIB.	National Target 8 commits the country, by 2030, to have the Second National Communication on Climate Change available and to ensure the effective implementation of at least 80% of the ENPADIB as a central instrument for biodiversity–climate–development integration. Implementation conditions include drafting, enactment and implementation of the Framework Law on Climate Change and updating and implementation of the National Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Plans. Actions listed in the IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENPADIB section also include preparation of National Strategies for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (USD 1,000,000) and updating of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Responsible bodies include the Ministries of Forests and Environment, Fisheries and Water Resources, Finance and Budget, Education and Sciences, the National University of Equatorial Guinea (UNGE) and NGOs. Alignment is rated MEDIUM.
Hungary		The NBSAP designates Objective 9 as increasing understanding of the correlations between climate change and biodiversity conservation, improving the resilience of ecosystems, and conserving biodiversity to mitigate the effects of climate change and facilitate adaptation. The strategy is aligned with the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. The status assessment identifies climate change as a key threat throughout. In forestry, climate change and invasive alien species are described as increasingly threatening the survival of forests. The SWOT analysis lists an increase in climatic extremities as a threat and notes that the pace and extent of climate change challenges forest resiliency. A climate change monitoring system is identified as a strength. The ecosystem services assessment includes climate regulation (CO2 sequestration) and microclimate regulation among the 12 evaluated services, noting that healthy habitats play a key role in global climate regulation and that these functions are fundamental for climate change prevention and adaptation. Funding for this objective is identified from ERDF/Budgetary funds and LIFE.
Indonesia	National Target 7 (TN 7): Reducing risks and enhancing biodiversity resilience to climate change impacts.	Strategy 1.6 (Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change) and National Target 7 (TN 7): Reducing Risks and Enhancing Biodiversity Resilience to Climate Change Impacts integrate biodiversity into the NDC and Long-Term Strategy. Indonesia has committed under its Nationally Determined Contribution to reduce GHG emissions by 29 percent unconditionally and 41 percent with international support by 2030 against baseline, and targets Net Zero Emission in forestry and land under the FOLU Net Sink 2030 programme (projected to contribute 60 percent of the total national emission-reduction target). The NBSAP emphasises 25.03 percent primary forest cover, 13.4 million hectares of peatland storing 55-57 billion tons of carbon, 3.36 million hectares of mangrove (3.14 billion tons carbon), and seagrass meadows with median 119.5 Mg C/ha (total estimated 386.5 Tg C). TN 7 is measured by one indicator — total reduction in GHG emissions from forestry and other land use, agriculture, and coastal/marine/fisheries sectors — with baseline 597,880,000 tCO2eq (2020), achievement 572,915,401 tCO2eq (2023, AKSARA PPRK system), and targets of 695,351,324 in 2025, 1,157,705,855 in 2030, and 1,334,508,846 in 2045 projected under the Green Economy Model of the LTMP 2025-2045. TN 7 is delivered through three action groups: identification and management of climate-change impacts on biodiversity; reducing GHG emissions in land-use sectors; and monitoring the impacts of ocean warming and acidification. Nature-based Solutions and Ecosystem-based Approaches (reforestation, wetland restoration, regenerative agriculture) are the core mitigation vehicles. Implementation is led by KLH/BPLH, Kemenhut, KKP, Kementan, Kemen PU, BRIN, BMKG, BIG and local governments with private and non-state actors.
India	Minimize the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and increase its resilience through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches. Minimize negative impacts and foster positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity.	India's NBSAP commits to minimising the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and increasing biodiversity's resilience through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions via nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches. The headline indicators reference the number of countries with policies to minimise negative and foster positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity and the number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework (8.b). Complementary indicators include above-ground biomass stock in forest, national greenhouse gas inventories from land use/land use change and forestry, marine acidity (SDG indicator 14.3.1), and proportions of local governments adopting disaster risk reduction strategies. Five national indicators are tracked: trends in ecosystem-based climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction strategies (8.1); number of state/UT governments that adopt biodiversity-inclusive State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCC) (8.2); trends in drinking water availability decline (8.3); trends in biodiversity-inclusive environment impact assessments, cumulative EIA, and strategic environment assessments (8.4); and trends in identification, assessment, establishment, and strengthening of incentives that reward positive contributions to biodiversity and ecosystem services (8.5). Lead agencies include the Indian Meteorological Department, National Institute of Disaster Management, National Centre for Coastal Research, State Climate Cells, National Centre for Ocean Information Services, State Environment Departments, and Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
Iran	Minimize the impact of Iran's contribution to the climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and increase its resilience through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions, including through ecosystem-based approaches, while minimizing negative and fostering positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity.	NT-8 commits to minimising the impact of Iran's contribution to climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and increasing resilience through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions, including ecosystem-based approaches, while minimising negative and fostering positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity. Five actions are specified. The first addresses the specific vulnerabilities of women and girls in pastoralist, rural, and agricultural communities to climate change, calling for targeted support to empower women in climate adaptation. The second calls for developing climate resilience indicators based on both scientific and traditional knowledge, with participation of villagers, pastoralists, and nomadic tribes. The third promotes conservation and use of traditional and local seed varieties through in situ and ex situ methods and Evolutionary Plant Breeding, noting that these seeds have adapted over generations to local conditions. The fourth fosters multi-stakeholder collaboration among government agencies, scientific institutions, NGOs, and local communities for ecosystem-based climate resilience. The fifth prioritises protection and restoration of ecosystems vital to pastoralist, rural, and agricultural community livelihoods, such as grasslands, wetlands, forests, and traditional grazing lands.
Iceland	That by 2030, all actions against climate change be planned and implemented for the benefit of biological diversity and that these actions increase resilience and adaptive capacity in ecosystems.	The NBSAP dedicates Guiding Principle D3 to climate change, with the objective that by 2030, all climate change actions be planned and implemented for the benefit of biodiversity and that these actions increase resilience and adaptive capacity in ecosystems. The policy identifies climate change as one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss, noting specific effects including species range shifts, phenological mismatches, melting permafrost and glaciers, sea level rise, changes in ocean currents, temperature and acidity. It flags an imminent risk that the AMOC current may collapse in the current or next century with far-reaching effects on Iceland's biodiversity. Ocean acidification receives specific attention in the context of marine resources, described as a consequence of increased greenhouse gas emissions with significant effects on calcifying organisms such as shellfish and on larval survival. The policy calls for clearly integrating biodiversity and climate policies, ensuring that the regulatory framework for climate issues (energy transition, climate accounting, carbon markets, carbon sequestration, adaptation measures) takes full account of Iceland's biodiversity targets. It prioritises climate actions that are also positive for biodiversity, particularly nature-based solutions including land reclamation, ecosystem restoration and blue-green stormwater solutions in urban areas. The Climate Action Plan 2024 is referenced as containing 150 actions, with biodiversity mentioned in the land use chapter. The report "Climate-Resilient Iceland" (2023) integrates biodiversity into every chapter. The Fourth Summary Report of the Scientific Committee on Climate Change (2023) addresses climate change effects on biodiversity.
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030	Action-oriented target 2-4: Address the impacts of climate change on biodiversity through adaptation measures that use ecosystem functions, and promote mitigation through forest and coastal carbon sinks.	Action-oriented target 2-4 addresses climate change and biodiversity through adaptation and mitigation measures grounded in Japan's Climate Change Adaptation Act (2018) and the Climate Change Adaptation Plan. The strategy commits to protecting climate-vulnerable ecosystems (alpine ecosystems, coral reefs, coastal wetlands) through enhanced monitoring and adaptive management. Nature-based Solutions, ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), and ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) will be promoted for flood control, coastal protection, and landslide mitigation. Blue carbon (seagrass beds, seaweed beds, tidal flats, mangroves) will be inventoried and incorporated into the national greenhouse gas inventory, with a Blue Carbon Roadmap guiding coastal ecosystem protection and restoration. Forest carbon sinks will be maintained through sustainable forestry. The government will address synergies and trade-offs between climate measures (e.g. solar and wind siting) and biodiversity through spatial planning and Environmental Impact Assessment.
Lebanon	NT 9: By 2030, identify ecosystems vulnerable to climate change, minimize the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, and increase its resilience, through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions. This includes nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches, while minimizing negative and fostering positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity.	National Target 9 commits that by 2030 Lebanon identifies ecosystems vulnerable to climate change, minimises the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and increases resilience through mitigation, adaptation and disaster-risk-reduction actions, including nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches, while minimising negative and fostering positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity. Progress is tracked through a national indicator contributing to Headline Indicator 8.b measuring the proportion of climate-related plans (policies, management, action and adaptation plans) that are actually implemented, plus a specific indicator on the extent of sea level rise. Within the Nature's Contributions to People target, the NBSAP also commits (NA 12.2) to promoting nature-based solutions to mitigate natural hazards and enhance ecosystem services through scientifically validated practices such as artificial reefs, artificial ponds and wetlands and restoration of degraded corridors.
Lesotho	By 2030, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on vulnerable ecosystems (e.g. mountain ecosystems and wetlands) impacted by climate change and environmental degradation reduced by 20% so as to maintain their integrity and functioning	Two national targets address the climate-biodiversity nexus. National Target 5 commits to reducing anthropogenic pressures on vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change and environmental degradation by 20% by 2030, with a budget of USD 758,827. National Target 11 commits to enhancing ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks through conservation and restoration of at least 30% of degraded ecosystems, contributing to climate change mitigation, adaptation, and combating desertification, with a budget of USD 16,999,998. The baseline section notes that climate change is a major driver of biodiversity loss in Lesotho through rising temperatures, altered rainfall patterns, and increased extreme weather events including fires, storms, and droughts. Warming temperatures have caused shifts in species distributions such as alpine plants moving to higher elevations. The National Climate Change Policy 2017-2027 has been developed and climate risk considerations have been mainstreamed into the land rehabilitation programme. National Target 5 actions include evaluating the impact of climate change on biodiversity (USD 135,295, 2027/28), conducting vulnerability assessments with mapping of climate-sensitive ecosystems (USD 270,590, 2028/30), and mainstreaming climate change issues in the biodiversity sector with mitigation and adaptation plan development (USD 352,942, 2026/28). National Target 11 actions include assessing carbon sequestration capacity of ecosystems with sequestration mapping (USD 264,705, 2028/29), initiating Nature-based Solutions programmes including wetland and rangeland restoration (USD 2,941,176, 2027/30), reviewing and updating the National Action Plan under UNCCD to combat desertification, land degradation and drought (USD 3,941,176, 2026/30), initiating Clean Development Mechanisms projects (USD 8,823,530, 2029/30), and introducing City and Urban Greening Programmes (USD 1,029,411, 2026/30).
Marshall Islands		Sub-target 1.8 addresses the use of ecosystems to build climate resilience or reduce climate impacts, delivered through national policy, the NDC, NAP, SLASP, EPA regulations, and Reimaanlok Step 6. Binary indicator 8.B (Climate Change Policies) is the headline tracking mechanism, with CCD as data lead. Climate change is treated as an existential threat throughout the NBSAP. The NDC commits to reducing economy-wide emissions at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035 through energy transition and international shipping decarbonization. The NAP views biodiversity as a critical natural defense, prioritizing nature alongside engineered infrastructure for shoreline protection and nature-based solutions to combat sea-level rise. The NDC calls for nature-based adaptation to address accelerating vulnerability. Tile Til Eo (National 2050 Climate Strategy) advances deep decarbonization, adaptation and resilience planning, and aligns with Reimaanlok and the NBSAP. Actions integrate biodiversity into disaster risk management systems (Action 85), including community-based DRR through the Reimaanlok process, national hazard vulnerability and risk assessments, and multi-hazard early warning systems. GoRMI co-founded a coalition at IMO championing a universal greenhouse gas levy on international shipping (Action 103). CCD is to pursue GCF accreditation leveraging biodiversity-climate adaptation synergies (Action 91), and to access the Pacific Resilience Facility and Santiago Network for Loss and Damage (Actions 96–97). The SLASP recognizes mineral security as a critical pathway for climate change adaptation, managing aggregate extraction for land reclamation and shoreline protection while protecting coral reefs and foraminifera.
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030		The NBSAP frames climate change as a major driver of biodiversity loss, noting three significant droughts (1984-85, 1991-92, 2009-2010) and Mauritania's status as the most arid nation in the Sahel. The sectoral analysis identifies climate change impacts across agriculture, forestry, fishing, tourism, energy, and transport, recommending climate adaptation strategies for each. Multiple actions in the action plan are tagged to GBF Target 8. These include creating 5 new protected forest zones (B.1.1) and 5 new marine protected areas (B.1.2), the 500,000-hectare reforestation programme (B.1.3), integrating biodiversity into regional master plans (B.1.4), rehabilitating mining sites (B.1.5), sustainable forest management through nature-based solutions (B.3.2), sustainable water use in agriculture (B.3.3), and training farmers in agroecology (C.3.1). The strategy positions reforestation and ecosystem restoration as measures that address both biodiversity loss and climate resilience.
Malta		National Target 7 commits that by 2030, there is an increase in coordinated and strategic application of nature-based solutions, including blue-green infrastructure, to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation and noise abatement, while ensuring ecosystem resilience and supporting urban biodiversity. Action 7.1 requires that interlinkages between climate change and biodiversity are recognised and integrated into policy tools, ensuring that mitigation and adaptation measures integrate nature-based solutions and avoid negative impacts on biodiversity. Action 3.1 also prioritises restoration of ecosystems most vulnerable to climate change and those with the highest potential to mitigate climate change. The Introduction recognises climate change as one of the five direct drivers of biodiversity loss and states that both crises are strictly interdependent.
Netherlands		The NBSAP addresses the climate-biodiversity nexus through two parallel tracks: climate adaptation and climate mitigation, each with multiple dedicated programmes. On adaptation, the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management coordinates through two programmes: the National Climate Adaptation Strategy (NAS) and the Delta Programme. The government programme states it will present a new NAS in 2026 with targets for infrastructure, freshwater availability, health, housing, cultural heritage, agriculture, and nature. The Ministry of LVVN has drawn up the Action Programme for Climate Adaptation in Nature, aiming to have governments and land managers equipped by 2030 to deal with the greatest climate risks to nature and biodiversity, deploy nature-inclusive solutions for climate adaptation, and give climate adaptation of and with nature a structural place in policy. Three time-horizon strategies are employed: short-term optimisation, medium-term adaptation to natural conditions, and long-term transformation through fundamental and ecosystematic changes. A parallel Action Programme for Climate Adaptation in Agriculture (AP KAL, 2023-2027) addresses five pillars: water system, soil system, crops and cropping systems, and livestock farming, with emphasis on actionable perspectives for farmers including management of salinisation, robust varieties, and improved risk management. Making Natura 2000 areas climate-robust requires the same types of measures already needed for current conservation objectives: restoration of hydrology, buffering against external influences, creation of connections, and reduction of pressure factors. Nature restoration contributes to climate adaptation through coastal protection, water retention, and greenhouse gas sequestration in forests, peat soils, grasslands, and salt marshes. The national Delta Programme works toward a flood-safe Netherlands with adequate freshwater provision and climate-proof spatial configuration by 2050, including strengthening primary flood defences, the Delta Plan for Freshwater (retaining rainwater, expanding IJsselmeer freshwater reserve), and the Delta Plan for Spatial Adaptation. The National Action Plan for Strengthening Zoonoses Policy recognises that climate change can increase zoonosis risks through growing mosquito and tick populations and introduction of new vectors. On mitigation, the Dutch Climate Act sets a target of 55% greenhouse gas reduction by 2030 compared to 1990, with climate neutrality by 2050. The Climate Plan 2025-2035 prepares for long-term targets. At the intersection of climate mitigation and biodiversity, the Forest Strategy, green-blue infrastructure, and the Peatland Meadows Programme are identified as particularly relevant. The Forest Strategy, arising from the National Climate Agreement, includes a statutory objective of 0.4-0.8 Mtonnes of additional annual carbon sequestration in forests, trees, and nature, and sets objectives including an increase of 37,400 hectares of forest, a quality boost for existing forest, 10% green-blue infrastructure in the rural area, development of agroforestry, stimulating high-quality timber use, and expansion of 14,000 hectares of natural forest. Green-blue infrastructure (GBDA) aims for 10% coverage by 2050, originating from the Landscape Action Plan as elaborated in the Climate Agreement. GBDA elements such as hedgerows reduce wind speed and evaporation, herb-rich margins serve as biodiversity arteries for wild pollinators, and wet elements like nature-friendly banks filter nutrients and retain water. The National Peatland Meadows Programme targets 1 Mtonne of annual greenhouse gas reduction from peat and peaty soils from 2030, through raising water levels, water infiltration systems, and wet crops. The National Programme on Agricultural Soils aims for all agricultural soils to be managed sustainably from 2030, with an additional 0.5 Mtonnes of CO2-equivalent carbon sequestered annually in mineral agricultural soils. The North Sea Agreement commits the national government and stakeholders to ensuring the roll-out of offshore wind takes place within the ecological carrying capacity of the North Sea. For offshore wind specifically, measures include not building in protected nature areas, standstill arrangements for bats, start-stop arrangements during mass nocturnal bird migration, and requirements for nature-inclusive construction. The NL2120 knowledge programme, funded with €110 million from the National Growth Fund (of which €40 million conditionally), brings together governments, nature organisations, engineering firms, dredging companies, and knowledge institutions to collaborate on nature-based solutions for climate, agriculture, biodiversity, and housing challenges. The Water domain of the Nature-Inclusive Agenda has the ambition to mainstream nature-inclusive water management, making nature-based solutions a standard part of water management and the preferred measure for addressing water challenges.
Norway		The NBSAP states as a fundamental premise that the climate and biodiversity crises are interconnected, and measures under all 23 targets are intended to contribute to development that conserves biodiversity, reduces greenhouse gas emissions and strengthens resilience. The Government acknowledges trade-offs (e.g. renewable energy infrastructure, mineral extraction, green transition industries) and states these must be continuously assessed and balanced. Norway co-financed with the UK the first formal IPBES–IPCC joint working meeting in 2021 and the resulting joint report on climate–nature linkages. Nature-based solutions are treated as a core integrating instrument: the decision on nature-based solutions at UNEA5 (2022) under Norwegian presidency produced the first universal-membership agreement on their definition. Examples given include reopening streams, restoring peatlands and wetlands, and conserving tropical forests. Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) — Norway's main international vehicle for combined climate-nature action — is being extended to 2035. Nationally, carbon-rich areas must be considered in spatial planning; planning guidelines for climate and energy require that nature-based solutions be considered first and alternatives justified if chosen. The Government acknowledges that biofuel use may contribute to deforestation, land use change and increased emissions, and has decided that biofuel policy will be reviewed at fixed checkpoints including global climate impact assessment (first with 2025 budget). Energy and grid projects are cited as 55–60 per cent of the decrease in untouched nature over the past five years; the Government has set a target to improve energy intensity by 30 per cent from 2015 to 2030 and reduce overall building-stock power consumption by 10 TWh by 2030 compared to 2015.
State of Palestine	By 2022, the efficiency of environmental ecosystems to provide ecological services has raised mainly for the adaptation to climate change and for combating desertification and the proportion of carbon uptake has increased by 50 % through preservation, conservation and the rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems (EQA Target 8, 6th National Report).	The NBSAP situates climate change as a primary threat to biodiversity in the State of Palestine, and records that on 17 March 2016 SP became the 197th party to the UNFCCC, submitted its Initial National Communication Report (INCR) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), and ratified the Paris Agreement on 22 April 2016. In the same year EQA produced a National Adaptation Plan to Climate Change (NAP), which costs a total of $3.5B (Agriculture $1.2B; Water $893M; Food $443M; Energy $443M; Coastal and Marine $114M; Industry $249M; Waste and Wastewater $63M; Urban $53M; Terrestrial Ecosystems $13M; Health $12M; Gender $11M; Tourism $9M; plus $2M to improve the Palestinian Meteorological Office). EQA Target 8 (6th National Report) commits to raising ecosystem-service efficiency for adaptation and combating desertification, with a 50% increase in carbon uptake by 2022. The Government has chosen the EQA as the single national entity responsible for driving NDC implementation and reporting; the National Committee for Climate Change (NCCC) is responsible for preparing climate-related policies, with subcommittees (Data — chaired by PWA; Policy/Planning/Legislation — MoPAD; Adaptation and Technology Transfer — MoA; Awareness and Capacity Building — MoE; Scientific Research — university). The Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Programme of Action (UNDP, 2010) identified Massafer Yatta, the easternmost Jordan River Valley, and the Gaza Strip as the most vulnerable regions and proposed nine no-regrets and seven low-regrets prioritised adaptation measures. The agrobiodiversity section commits to developing knowledge and practices of agrobiodiversity for climate-change mitigation and adaptation, and to conserving traditional terraces with stone walls to increase carbon sequestration and reduce erosion.
Paraguay		The NBSAP integrates climate and biodiversity through sectoral line 3.6.5 on climate change, nature-based solutions and risk management, with 2030 targets including implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures by 60% of local governments in the first group under Decree 3,934/25 and training of 100% of governorates in NbS and ecosystem-based approaches. The priority sector 'Ecosystems and Biodiversity' of Paraguay's Nationally Determined Contributions 3.0 incorporates the objective of increasing climate resilience in ecosystems supporting socioeconomic and cultural practices through Nature-based Solutions. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) measures identified include silvopastoral systems, replacement of fossil-fuel pumps or generators with solar energy, organic agriculture, water harvesting and sowing, efficient firewood use in ecological stoves, and beekeeping. Climate action is led by the National Directorate of Climate Change (DNCC) within MADES and the inter-institutional National Climate Change Commission (CNCC). The NBSAP notes that over the last 70 years average annual precipitation increased by 200 mm, with more intense rainfall, floods and prolonged droughts. Cited scientific evidence includes Neves et al. (2025) projecting that more than 80% of amphibian species in the Pantanal (including Paraguay) would lose suitable habitat by the end of the 21st century, and Cardozo and Machado (2024) on dry Chaco bird communities' responses and the importance of forest corridors. Youth consultations in the Chaco identified prolonged droughts, rainfall variations, soil erosion, deficient water capture, floods and extreme temperatures as priority climate threats.
Rwanda	By 2030, minimise the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and build resilience in Rwanda through upscaling ongoing and new nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based projects in highly vulnerable landscapes.	The NBSAP sets National Target 8 to minimise the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and build resilience through upscaling ongoing and new nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based projects in highly vulnerable landscapes by 2030. Component indicators include national greenhouse inventories from land use and land-use change, above-ground biomass stock in forests, and the proportion of local governments adopting local disaster risk reduction strategies aligned with national frameworks. The baseline notes Rwanda has a Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (GGCRS), Ireme Invest, green taxonomy, and National Climate and Nature Finance Strategy, which recognise NbS as a climate resilience mechanism. The country is implementing several large-scale projects that partly include NbS: TREPA project (60,000 ha), COMBIO, Green Amayaga (263,000 ha), Volcanoes Community Resilience Project (37,000 ha), Congo-Nile Divide Restoration Project (10,000 ha), Forest Investment Program: Development of Agroforestry for Sustainable Agriculture (25,000 ha), LIVEMP, and LAFREC. Strategic actions include maintaining and expanding forest cover beyond 30.4% of territory, implementing GHG mitigation measures from key sectors, enhancing nature-based solutions such as ecosystem-based adaptation approaches, improving monitoring and reporting systems to track climate change impacts on biodiversity, increasing households protected from floods from 9% to 40%, enhancing conservation efforts in buffer zones, and building local government capacity for DRR strategies. The forestry sector plan includes increasing landscape restoration by 300,000 ha using NbS (2025–2028). The drivers section describes projected temperature increases of 1.1°C to 3.9°C by century's end, heatwave duration increases of up to 85 days, and identifies 107 mammal, 199 bird, 31 fish, 34 amphibian, and 79 plant species in the Albertine Rift as highly vulnerable to climate change. The costing allocates USD 59.5 million.
Saudi Arabia		The NBSAP frames climate action through the Saudi Green Initiative, the Middle East Green Initiative, and Vision 2030's shift towards a sustainable, low-emission economy. The Kingdom targets reducing annual carbon emissions to 130 million tonnes by 2030 through investment in renewable energy sources. The Saudi Green Initiative sets three objectives: the green transition, reducing carbon emissions, and increasing renewable energy capacities. It includes afforestation and reclamation of approximately 74 million hectares of land to enhance vegetation cover, restore degraded ecosystems, and contribute to carbon sequestration. The Riyadh Green Project targets planting more than 7.5 million trees to increase green space from 1.5% to 9.1%, aiming to reduce urban temperatures and improve air quality. For marine climate impacts, studies have assessed mangrove forests' capacity to absorb and store carbon along the Red Sea coast, extending to other blue carbon mechanisms in the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf. Mangrove restoration initiatives have expanded, and coral reef health assessments cover bleaching status to inform management plans. The Red Sea Research Centre at KAUST provides solutions for conservation and restoration of coral reef ecosystems. The Middle East Green Initiative aims to plant 50 billion trees (equivalent to reclaiming 200 million hectares of degraded land) to absorb carbon dioxide across the region.
Sudan	Minimize the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity in Sudan, including the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems, and increase its resilience through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning, and enhance the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks, through conservation and restoration.	National Target 8 calls for minimizing the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity in Sudan, including on coral reefs and other vulnerable ecosystems, and increasing resilience through mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction actions, including through nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches. The NBSAP sets a dedicated component for climate change impacts on biodiversity (Section 8.2.10), and includes a forest biodiversity component target (§246) specifically on minimizing climate change impact and increasing forest resilience through NbS/ecosystem-based approaches. Budget allocations under Goal A include US$500,000 for rangeland (1 action), US$12,420,000 for forests (4 actions), US$3,000,000 for wildlife (1 action), US$1,150,000 for marine (3 actions), US$500,000 for inland waters (1 action), and US$3,400,000 directly for climate change impacts (comprising US$1,300,000 for Target 20 and US$2,100,000 for Target 21). Under Goal D, US$160,000 is allocated for climate change. The monitoring framework tracks greenhouse gas inventories from land use change, coral reef conservation programmes, areas planted with climate-resilient trees, use of climate-smart techniques, existence of an early warning system, and incorporation of the National Adaptation Plan into policies and programmes.
Sweden		The NBSAP treats climate-biodiversity linkages as cross-cutting. Protection of natural areas is identified as an important component of Swedish climate work, both to increase carbon storage and secure ecosystem resilience. Restoration (EU Nature Restoration Regulation) is explicitly linked to target 8 on climate adaptation, as ecosystem resilience is needed to withstand climate change. Wetland re-wetting through rewetting of drained organic soils is framed as contributing to target 8 through buffering effects that reduce flooding risk and strengthen protection against drought and fire. Eutrophication reduction is noted as contributing to target 8 on minimizing ocean acidification impacts. The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC) contributes to target 8 on minimizing the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity. The Government communication National Strategy and Action Plan for Climate Adaptation (Govt Comm. 2023/24:97) is noted as relevant to targets 11 and referenced in the business chapter for integrating environmental considerations into adaptation. The EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change (COM(2021)82) is cited as emphasizing nature-based solutions. Sweden is a leading donor to the Green Climate Fund (contributing 8 billion SEK to its second replenishment 2024–2027), and GCF's support to nature-based solutions is extensive (e.g., mangrove and wetland restoration projects). SEPA will continue to strengthen ecosystem resilience and use ecosystem services in climate-adaptation work.
Senegal	Strengthen ecosystem resilience to the effects of climate change	The NBSAP defines national target (8) as strengthening ecosystem resilience to the effects of climate change. The results framework prescribes three priority actions: reforestation and area enclosure (indicator: area treated), bush fire control (indicator: area burnt or volume of biomass consumed), and protection of urban and peri-urban wetlands (indicator: number of classifications, prohibition orders, or development plans implemented). The NBSAP is explicitly linked to the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0) 2025–2034, which supports reforestation and restoration across all scenarios. The NDC 3.0 integrates agriculture (through Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration) and livestock (pasture management), with forest fruit trees and mangroves dominating reforestation objectives. The share of renewables in the energy mix is approximately 40%. The diagnosis identifies climate-related biodiversity pressures across all Hubs: bush fires affecting 300,000 to 700,000 ha/year, coastal erosion causing 1–2 metres of shoreline loss per year, land salinisation affecting more than 1,000,000 hectares, and the advancing desertification front. The risk management section establishes environmental monitoring through the WENDOU Platform, CROP Service, and other tools for real-time adjustment, with a national contingency plan for major crises.
Suriname	4.5 There is increased understanding of the risks and impacts of climate change on terrestrial and marine biodiversity in Suriname and of how biodiversity can be integrated in climate adaptation strategies.	National Target 4.5 commits to increased understanding of the risks and impacts of climate change on terrestrial and marine biodiversity in Suriname and of how biodiversity can be integrated into climate adaptation strategies. The narrative emphasises that Suriname is carbon-negative, identifies projected effects (sea-level rise, reduced annual average rainfall, more extreme rainfall events, atmospheric and sea-surface temperature increases), and notes the country is working toward a National Climate Accord. It cites the State of the Climate report, Suriname's third National Communication to the UNFCCC, the National Adaptation Plan (2019), Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (2019) and the Second NDC (2020). Actions research vulnerable indicator species and ecosystems, assess climate-change implications for wildlife harvesting and breeding-season regulation, and set up an interdisciplinary team to develop interventions integrating biodiversity conservation and climate adaptation and identify international financing mechanisms. Total Target 4.5 cost is $659,178.
Chad	NT10: By 2030, the numerous anthropogenic pressures exerted on the lacustrine zones and other vulnerable aquaculture ecosystems affected by climate change are reduced to the minimum, in order to preserve their integrity and functioning.	The NBSAP links Global Target 8 to National Objective 10 (NT10): by 2030, the numerous anthropogenic pressures exerted on the lacustrine zones and other vulnerable aquaculture ecosystems affected by climate change are reduced to the minimum, in order to preserve their integrity and functioning; and to National Objective 15 (NT15) on ecosystem resilience and carbon stocks. The 2011–2020 reference is Chad's Third National Communication under the UNFCCC; the 2030 targets are a climate-change impact mitigation programme on biodiversity and disaster risk reduction plans. Measures include adopting laws to protect lacustrine areas and fragile ecosystems; identifying potential climate refugia and corridors for species within and outside indigenous ranges and protecting them through Privately Conserved Areas (PCAs); developing integrated management plans for lacustrine areas; establishing monitoring programmes to assess the condition of lacustrine and fragile ecosystems; integrating vulnerability assessments into species conservation and recovery plans; integrating biodiversity and climate change objectives into local development plans; vulnerability assessment projects for threatened species; planning and implementing restoration initiatives with local communities; using indigenous plant species in desert gateways for carbon sequestration and climate mitigation/adaptation; and establishing monitoring systems for restoration effectiveness and biodiversity/climate impacts. Headline indicators include land-use/land-use-change greenhouse gas emission inventories (I1GT8) and the proportion of local administrations that have adopted and implemented local disaster risk reduction strategies in accordance with the Sendai Framework (I2GT8).
Togo	Target 7 : Strengthen the resilience of ecosystems and biodiversity to the effects of climate change through mitigation and adaptation measures as well as natural disaster risk reduction measures	The NBSAP designates National Target 7 under Strategic Objective 1, mapped to GBF Target 8, committing to strengthen the resilience of ecosystems and biodiversity to the effects of climate change through mitigation and adaptation measures as well as natural disaster risk reduction measures. Togo ratified the UNFCCC on 8 March 1995 and the Paris Agreement on 30 May 2017. The diagnostic analysis identifies vulnerability of ecosystems to climate change as a threat. The NBSAP also notes the existence of a vulnerability assessment document for protected areas in the face of climate change as a strength. Among the projects contributing to climate-biodiversity resilience are PALCC+ (Support Programme for Climate Change Mitigation), R4C-Togo (Strengthening Climate Change Resilience of Coastal Communities in Togo), and the Ecovillages project. Financial mechanisms include the National Investment Fund for Climate Change and Sustainable Development (FNICC-DD), the Green Climate Fund, the Adaptation Fund, and the Least Developed Countries Fund.
Thailand	Target 4: Reduce threats to biodiversity arising from climate change and pollution, including increasing urban green spaces, to restore and maintain ecosystem services.	National Target 4 covers climate change as a main direct driver of biodiversity loss together with pollution and urban green spaces. The importance-of-target section names ocean acidification from rising atmospheric carbon dioxide and identifies mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction — including nature-based solutions (NbS) and ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) — as approaches with potential to increase ecosystem and livelihood resilience. Recommended actions for climate (§95) direct Thailand to: (1.1) reduce climate change and ocean acidification impacts on biodiversity and increase climate resilience through NbS and EbA for protected-area designation, conservation areas, and species recovery programs; (1.2) apply nature-based solutions to protect, conserve, restore, or modify ecosystems to address social, economic, and environmental challenges while enhancing ecosystem services and resilience; (1.3) use ecosystem-based adaptation, mitigation, and disaster risk reduction — drawing on carbon storage and sequestration services, sustainable management, conservation, and restoration — with attention to local social, economic, and cultural co-benefits; and (1.4) minimise negative and promote positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity by integrating biodiversity into the design, implementation, and monitoring of climate adaptation and mitigation activities. The Master Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (2015-2050) and its National Adaptation Plan provide the sectoral framework; in the natural resource management sector, NAP explicitly incorporates NbS and EbA approaches, particularly in water management and natural resource management.
Tunisia	By 2030, energy efficiency is improved by 45%	The NBSAP dedicates Objective A8 to combating the effects of climate change to preserve biodiversity and strengthen ecosystem resilience, linked explicitly to KM-GBF Target 8. The national target states: "By 2030, energy efficiency is improved by 45%." Tunisia has committed under the Paris Agreement to reducing the carbon intensity of its economy by 45% by 2030 compared to 2010 and installing 8,530 MW of renewable energy capacity by 2035. Measure A8.1 encourages research for biodiversity preservation, including establishing pilot sites for analysing forest biodiversity vulnerability to climate change (A8.1.1), identifying forest species resistant to climatic drought (A8.1.2), strengthening research for creating cultivated varieties resistant to climatic stress (A8.1.3), and training expertise on climate change effects through postgraduate university courses (A8.1.4). Measure A8.2 aims to improve ecosystem resilience through establishing a GIS of forest areas with degraded soils and reforestation in watersheds (A8.2.1), establishing protection forests with strict restriction regimes (A8.2.2, noting reforestation forests amounted to approximately 414,000 ha in 2010), diversifying forest species in reforestation programmes (A8.2.3), rehabilitating steppe rangelands (A8.2.4), restoring wetlands for climate resilience (A8.2.5), and implementing priority national climate change adaptation programmes (A8.2.6). Measure A8.3 addresses disaster risk reduction with early detection systems, emergency response plans, and strengthened protection of oasis biodiversity. The strategy draws from multiple existing strategies including the Strategy on Biodiversity Adaptation to Climate Change 2015-2030, the Ecological Transition Strategy 2023, and the Carbon-Neutral Development Strategy to 2050.
Vanuatu	By 2030, Vanuatu implements at least 80% of the NBs and EBA priorities outlined in the National Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policies and achieves the biodiversity and environment targets set out in its Nationally Determined Contribution and National Adaptation Plan. Implementation shall prioritise averting, minimising, and addressing the cascading and compounding impacts of climate change on biodiversity through traditional knowledge and locally led, nature-based and ecosystem-based approaches.	The NBSAP commits to implementing at least 80% of the nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based adaptation priorities outlined in Vanuatu's National Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policies and achieving the biodiversity and environment targets in its Nationally Determined Contribution and National Adaptation Plan by 2030. Implementation is to prioritise averting, minimising, and addressing cascading and compounding impacts of climate change on biodiversity through traditional knowledge and locally led, nature-based and ecosystem-based approaches. The threats section notes that Vanuatu is particularly exposed to cyclones and that hydrological changes from climate change could be significant in some catchments. Provincial actions include pandanus replanting along the sea coast in Malampa as a nature-based solution and securing disaster fund allocations for coastal protection for the Morou Community in Shefa. Target 8 is allocated 9 actions costing VUV 201,200,000.
Yemen	By 2030, Integrating biodiversity within the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) for 2025-2030 by increasing the capacity of ecosystems to absorb greenhouse gas emissions through the restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems (wetlands, mangroves, forests, and terraces). This contributes to mitigating and adapting to climate change and combating desertification, as well as focusing on ecosystem-based adaptation approaches to enhance resilience to climate change impacts and improve ecosystem resilience.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 8, aligned to GBF Target 8, committing to integrate biodiversity within the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) for 2025-2030 by increasing the capacity of ecosystems to absorb greenhouse gas emissions through the restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems (wetlands, mangroves, forests, and terraces). The target also focuses on ecosystem-based adaptation approaches to enhance resilience to climate change impacts. The strategy devotes substantial attention to climate change as a driver of biodiversity loss, citing IPCC projections on species extinction risk at different warming levels and noting that Yemen is already experiencing significant signs of climate change through frequent and intensifying droughts and extreme precipitation events. The 2008 floods are cited as having caused 180 deaths, displaced 10,000 people, and resulted in US$1,638 million in economic losses. Mangrove loss from sea level rise is identified as having cascading impacts on coral reefs and seagrass ecosystems. Pathway 2, Output 2.7 is dedicated to climate-resilient ecosystems. Three strategic actions (ACT 2.45 through ACT 2.47) address: developing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) with specific ecosystem and biodiversity components, developing a sectoral adaptation plan for ecosystems and biodiversity, and revising NDCs to mainstream biodiversity with emphasis on restoration and rehabilitation for GHG absorption. The Action Plan (Annex 3) details budgeted activities: NAP development (US$10M, 5 years), sectoral adaptation plan (US$20M, 5 years), NDC revision (US$30M, 5 years), increasing protected areas and restoring blue carbon ecosystems including mangroves and seagrasses (US$3M, 4 years), reducing emissions from forest degradation/LULUCF (US$4M, 5 years), and developing a low-carbon national strategy (US$4M, 5 years). The total indicative budget for climate-resilient ecosystems is US$72.51 million.
Zambia		The NBSAP treats climate change as a cross-cutting threat with dedicated analysis and strategic responses. The situation analysis documents temperature increases averaging 1.3°C over recent decades, with projections of 2–3.5°C increases. Specific biodiversity impacts are identified: the baobab's distribution range is projected to contract to four isolated areas; the Black-cheeked lovebird is threatened by drying water bodies in southwest Zambia; fish stocks are endangered by declining water levels from increased evaporation; migratory species (puku, lechwe, waterbuck) may alter behaviour; and the miombo woodland's regenerative capacity (covering 60% of the country) will be impaired. Disease vector ranges (tick species Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) are projected to expand. National Target 7 includes climate change adaptation measures: undertaking vulnerability assessments, prioritizing adaptation measures to enhance resilience of priority ecosystems, and mainstreaming climate change adaptation with measures that enhance resilience. The strategy identifies Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) and REDD+ as key approaches. The REDD+ strategy was completed in 2015. The national and global priority needs section calls for implementing EbA and appropriate mitigation actions, including better forest management to maintain and increase carbon stocks.
Benin		Climate change is identified as a direct cause of biodiversity loss. The NBSAP references the IPCC special report (2023) projection of a 2°C to 4°C global temperature increase before the end of the century, with consequences including the appearance of invasive and harmful species, disruption of ecological relationships, ecosystem functioning imbalances, disturbance of species life cycles, and species migration (§40). The risk analysis quantifies climate-related signals: tree cover loss of 48 kha between 2001 and 2024, corresponding to 28% of the 2000 reference cover, and regression of dendrometric indicators between forest inventories of 2007 and 2022. Climate change increases seasonal variability, promotes late fires, and weakens habitats. Mitigation measures include structured fire prevention, targeted restoration in service-providing areas (riverbanks, buffer zones, corridors), species and techniques adapted to climate stress, and reduction of fuelwood demand (§133). However, the NBSAP does not present specific actions addressing the biodiversity-climate nexus through nature-based solutions or climate adaptation measures as a distinct programme. Climate appears as a cross-cutting risk factor rather than a target for dedicated action.
Czechia		Climate change is identified as a pressure and threat throughout the Strategy. The pressures assessment notes increasing occurrence of climate extremes, rising average temperatures, and changes in precipitation distribution contributing to the spread of invasive and non-native species and increasing risk to individual populations and entire species, with species in mountainous areas or warm lowlands most threatened. The Strategy states that given ongoing and anticipated impacts of climate change, appropriate adaptation measures aimed at supporting the resilience of ecosystems are necessary, and that activities aimed at climate adaptation should not conflict with biodiversity conservation interests while maximising mutual synergies, for example through nature-based solutions. However, no specific measures dedicated to minimising climate change impacts on biodiversity are detailed in the Action Plan beyond the general commitment to adaptation and ecosystem resilience.
European Union		The strategy frames the biodiversity crisis and the climate crisis as intrinsically linked and positions nature as a vital ally in the fight against climate change. Nature-based solutions — protecting and restoring wetlands, peatlands, coastal ecosystems, and sustainably managing forests, grasslands, and agricultural soils — are identified as essential for emission reduction and climate adaptation. Forests in particular are to be preserved in good health and made more resilient against fires, droughts, pests, and diseases likely to increase with climate change. The strategy also addresses bioenergy sustainability, calling for minimised use of whole trees and food/feed crops for energy production and strengthened sustainability criteria under the Renewable Energy Directive. However, the strategy does not present a dedicated programme to minimise climate change impacts on biodiversity as such. The climate-biodiversity nexus is framed primarily as biodiversity serving climate objectives (carbon sequestration, nature-based solutions), with climate adaptation for ecosystems addressed indirectly through restoration and resilience measures rather than through a specific climate-biodiversity adaptation framework.
Luxembourg		The NBSAP does not contain a dedicated chapter on minimising the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, but climate change is referenced repeatedly as a pressure and as a rationale for several restoration and protection measures. The forests chapter states it is "urgent to increase the ecological value and resilience of forests, particularly against droughts, fires, severe weather, harmful organisms, diseases, and all other threats caused by climate change." The strategy references Luxembourg's national strategy and action plan for adaptation to the effects of climate change. Timber harvests in public broadleaf forests are limited to 80% of increment, and to 60% in climax broadleaf stands, partly to strengthen resilience and preserve carbon sequestration and storage. Luxembourg commits to planting at least 1.7 million additional trees by 2030, noting tree planting is "particularly beneficial in cities and villages as an adaptation measure against droughts and heatwaves." The chapter on strict protection targets carbon-rich ecosystems, identifying old-growth forests, marshes, peatlands, wetlands, and sensitive grasslands as priorities for strict protection partly as "a climate change mitigation and adaptation measure." The soil chapter aims to maintain or strengthen carbon sequestration in soils with a view to climate neutrality by 2050. The agricultural chapter notes that improving the condition and diversity of agricultural ecosystems will increase the sector's resilience to climate change. The national restoration plan is described as presenting "effective means of climate change mitigation and adaptation." However, the strategy does not set specific targets for reducing climate change impacts on biodiversity, nor does it outline a systematic approach to climate adaptation for ecosystems.
Libya		The NBSAP describes observed and projected climate change impacts on biodiversity. Recent studies are cited indicating that temperatures have changed dramatically, with expected rises in all four seasons moving from south to north over the next 100 years. This is projected to reduce arable land area, shift agricultural cycle timings, change crop production systems, and decrease protein levels in some leguminous crops. Climate change effects on mountain biodiversity have been documented through the disappearance of organisms inhabiting mountain peaks and decreasing flowering rates of plants in the Green Mountain and Nafusa Mountain regions. Temperature rises have also caused changes in patterns, presence, and growth of many plant and animal species, resulting in species decline as they migrate from natural habitats. The action plan's national Target 10 mentions climate resilience in passing, committing to sustainable farming and aquaculture methods "in order to support their resilience to the effects of climate change." National Target 11 includes a strategy for transition towards renewable energy through solar power plants and wind farms, which indirectly addresses climate mitigation.
Madagascar		Target 8 (Biodiversity and climate) is allocated USD 25,141,742 (3.67% of Programme 1). The data sub-section states that monitoring biodiversity-climate integration relies on robust and spatialised data systems, including a shared database, EbA/NbS indicators and integration of biodiversity data into GHG inventories to assess negative climate-action impacts on biodiversity. Harmonised monitoring and reporting tools and documentation of good practices support continuous evaluation and evidence-based decision-making. Resource needs identified include structuring climate-biodiversity financing mechanisms, developing innovative instruments such as green bonds and dedicated funds, and supporting ecological restoration contributing to adaptation and mitigation. The NBSAP monitoring and evaluation mechanism provides for an integrated and spatialised biodiversity-climate monitoring system with dedicated NbS/EbA indicators to track co-benefits and integrate biodiversity data into sectoral greenhouse-gas inventories, and consolidates transparency and joint climate-biodiversity reporting.
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		The alignment analysis identifies only 11% of ENBioMex actions as contributing directly to Target 8, concentrated in Axes 2 (Conservation and restoration), 4 (Addressing pressure factors), and 1 (Knowledge). Axes 3 and 6 present only enabling contributions. ENBioMex line of action 4.6 (Reduction of biodiversity vulnerability to climate change) includes four specific action lines: ecosystems vulnerable to climate change (4.6.1), climate change compensation schemes (4.6.2), alternative energies (4.6.3), and ocean acidification (4.6.4). Additional direct contributions come from Axis 2 actions on restoration with adaptive management (2.3.6) and protected area systems (2.1.1), which include climate resilience considerations.
Malaysia		Malaysia's NPBD does not set a stand-alone biodiversity-and-climate-change target equivalent to KMGBF Target 8, but addresses climate-biodiversity linkages across several actions. The challenges chapter recognises climate change as a growing global threat with projected temperature and rainfall increases in Malaysia and identifies a projected yearly economic loss of RM162.53 million in rice production from a 2°C temperature rise. Action 3.2 supports local authorities in repurposing brownfield areas for urban forests, green lungs, pocket parks, and urban gardens to enhance ecosystem services and support climate-change adaptation. Action 9.3 on ecosystem resilience commits to enhance landscape-ecology research on ecological and spatial resilience; incorporate spatial resilience factors into planning, design, and management of protection and production landscapes; and strengthen monitoring of landscape and seascape change and impacts of climate change. Target 10's connectivity rationale explicitly invokes climate change, noting that maintaining landscape and seascape connectivity is especially crucial to maximise the likelihood that species can shift geographic ranges in response to temperature and environmental change. Action 11.1 commits to study and monitor impacts of climate change on threatened species. Action 17.2 includes operationalising the REDD Plus Finance Framework (RFF) at national and/or sub-national levels and supporting state governments in pursuing REDD Plus and voluntary forest carbon projects. A nature-based-solutions framing is present but not quantified (e.g., no area or carbon-sequestration metric tied to Target 8).
Namibia		Climate change and ocean acidification are explicitly framed under Thematic Pillar 1.3 of Strategic Goal 1, which targets the main direct pressures on biodiversity including climate impacts. NBSAP 3 describes Namibia as the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa south of the Sahara and highlights intensifying climate variability in an already arid landscape. Climate-biodiversity linkages are operationalised primarily through Programme 20 (enhancing nature's contributions to people through ecosystem-based approaches), which prioritises ecosystem-based and nature-based approaches to adapt to climate variability and change, with particular attention in marine environments to ocean warming, acidification and changes in ecosystem productivity. Nature-based solutions (NbS) are committed to deliver multiple benefits for biodiversity, climate adaptation and human well-being, with safeguards to avoid maladaptation. Terrestrial restoration (Programme 4) is aligned with climate adaptation and ecosystem resilience strategies, and urban green and blue spaces (Programme 21) are linked to climate adaptation and disaster risk management plans. The briefing does not contain a dedicated National Target on climate-biodiversity within the sections included.
Nigeria		The NBSAP identifies climate change as a significant threat to biodiversity. Citing the National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action for Climate Change in Nigeria (NASPA-CCN 2011), it reports that climate change could result in the loss of between 2% and 11% of Nigeria's GDP by 2020, rising to 6–30% by 2050 in the absence of adaptation. Climate change impacts are expected to exacerbate human pressure on biodiversity, diminish the ability of ecosystems to provide services, and may cause invasion of species favoured by climate change. The sectoral mainstreaming plan (§58) commits to integrating biodiversity into climate change mitigation and adaptation policies across forestry, food and agriculture, commerce and industry, environment, health, and education sectors. Actions include enhancing understanding of sectoral stakeholders to create "climate resilient ecosystems to reduce poverty and climate change impacts." "Climate change mitigation" is listed as one of 22 identified technologies for NBSAP implementation. However, no dedicated national target or action plan addresses minimizing climate impacts on biodiversity or nature-based solutions to climate change.
Panama		The NBSAP frames climate change and biodiversity as interconnected crises requiring integrated responses. Adaptation is conceived as a transformative process that "reduces risks and losses, strengthens knowledge, restores ecosystems and protects biodiversity." Ecosystem-based adaptation is a stated approach, aiming to generate co-benefits that strengthen resilience and ecological integrity. Biodiversity is listed as one of the priority adaptation areas. The adaptation communication identifies forests, sustainable agriculture, integrated watershed management and biodiversity among sectors where adaptation and conservation targets converge. However, specific measures to minimise the impacts of climate change on biodiversity (e.g., climate refugia, assisted migration, climate-adapted protected area design) are not detailed.
Slovenia		The NEAP 2020–2030 addresses climate change adaptation as a cross-cutting issue but does not treat the climate–biodiversity nexus as a standalone priority. The climate adaptation section states that measures will reduce exposure to climate change impacts, sensitivity and vulnerability, and increase resilience and adaptive capacity of society. Slovenia has adopted the Strategic Framework for Climate Change Adaptation and established a Cross-sectoral Working Group. Table 12 lists measures including climate services provision, vulnerability assessments by municipalities (by 2021) and by sector (by 2020), municipal adaptation strategies (by 2022), action plans for adaptation measures (by 2022), and guidelines for climate change impact assessment in administrative procedures (by 2020). The biodiversity chapters note climate change as a threat aggravating biodiversity loss (§17). The Strategic Plan's Measure 6.7.1 commits to raising public awareness regarding the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and the importance of reducing the carbon footprint for conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. The forests section (§15) notes forests' role as carbon sinks. The programme notes that measures for achieving low-carbon goals will be set out in the National Energy and Climate Plan and long-term climate strategy, which are separate instruments.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page		Climate change is discussed extensively throughout the NBSAP as a cross-cutting threat to biodiversity. The document details climate impacts on biodiversity at three levels — individuals, populations, and ecosystems — including habitat transformation, species range reduction, phenological changes, and increased biological invasions. Tropical storms Amanda and Cristóbal (2020) caused over $50 million in economic losses in infrastructure and agriculture alone. Between 2010 and 2020, more than 50,000 hectares of agricultural and forest lands were lost to natural disasters. The NBSAP aligns with the National Climate Change Plan (2022), the Paris Agreement, and the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Restoration measures for climate resilience are woven through National Targets 2 (restoration) and 5 (sustainable use), with the PREPP and AFOLU 2040 initiative promoting carbon neutrality in agriculture and land use. The indicator matrix includes tonnes of CO2eq reduced. However, no dedicated national target addresses the minimisation of climate change impacts on biodiversity as specified by KMGBF Target 8.
Uganda		The NBSAP documents climate change impacts on biodiversity and includes climate adaptation as a strategy, but does not present a dedicated climate-biodiversity action plan. Climate impacts described include: proliferation of invasive species in formerly savanna areas (Dichrostachys cinerea in QENP); floods, landslides and mudslides destroying wildlife habitats; species range shifts to higher altitudes (e.g. the three-horned chameleon on Rwenzori Mountains); and melting snow on Mount Rwenzori. Ponce-Reyes et al. (2017) predicted 70% or more habitat loss in the Albertine Rift region over 70 years; 14 of Uganda's wildlife protected areas are in this rift. Under SO1, the NBSAP lists "implement climate change mitigation and adaptation for biodiversity conservation including disaster risk reduction from climate change impacts" as a strategy. The forestry section notes that forests contribute to carbon sequestration valued at over US$ 130.7 million annually. The climate finance section discusses REDD+, carbon projects, NAMAs, and NAPs, urging biodiversity criteria be integrated into carbon finance. However, no specific targets or quantified commitments for climate-biodiversity nexus actions are articulated.
Viet Nam		The NBSAP frames climate change adaptation as a recurring co-benefit of biodiversity conservation rather than addressing the impacts of climate change on biodiversity directly. The viewpoints state that biodiversity conservation serves as "an immediate and a long-term, sustainable solution for environmental protection, natural disaster prevention and climate change adaptation." The specific objectives call for implementing nature-based solutions in climate change adaptation. The Key Solutions section promotes integrating NbS into socio-economic development and climate change adaptation, and developing guidelines for restoring natural ecosystems to support climate change adaptation. These references treat biodiversity as a tool for climate resilience rather than articulating measures to minimize climate impacts on biodiversity itself.