Target 06: Invasive alien species

Generated: 2026-04-19T20:27:54Z

Landscape

Fifty-nine of the sixty-five classifiable countries in this set explicitly address invasive alien species under Target 6; six treat it as a relevant pressure without a dedicated target; no country carries a not_identified classification. The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework's (KMGBF) 50% introduction-rate reduction figure travels through national texts with notable fidelity — appearing verbatim or near-verbatim in Argentina, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, China, Sudan, Chad, the United Kingdom, and others — yet the baseline against which that reduction is measured is rarely specified. The economic weight of the problem is quantified in concrete terms across several submissions: Australia reports the annual cost of managing invasive species in its agricultural sector and protected estates at $25 billion; Brazil estimates economic losses from 16 invasive alien species at USD 77 billion to USD 105 billion between 1984 and 2019; Canada notes a global annual cost exceeding US$423 billion. The set spans countries establishing their first IAS inventory and quarantine protocol — Cameroon, Tunisia, Eritrea, Suriname — alongside those operating amended national legislation and active island-scale eradication programs, including Japan, the Marshall Islands, and Australia. Freshwater bodies and island ecosystems attract the densest operational specificity — named water bodies, named species, campaigns island by island — while terrestrial IAS on continental landmasses is more often addressed through pathway frameworks, catalogues, and border-control commitments.

Variation

Quantitative targets span a wide range. Yemen commits to zero new introductions rather than a percentage reduction. Tunisia sets a 30% propagation-rate reduction. Egypt targets control of 25% of the most threatening species. The majority of explicitly-addressing countries adopt the KMGBF 50% introduction or establishment-rate reduction. Spain and the European Union frame their target as a 50% reduction in Red List species threatened by IAS rather than a rate figure. Luxembourg sets 50% reduction targets for both Red List species threatened by IAS and habitats of Community interest degraded by IAS. Vanuatu commits to "achieving at least 60% of its targets" through its National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan (NISSAP). At the other end, Burkina Faso's logical framework targets maintaining the number of invasive plant species at 42 — the 2013 baseline — with no reduction component.

Implementation stage varies as sharply as the numerical targets. Cameroon's NBSAP records at baseline zero formalised quarantine protocols for high-risk imports, zero national blacklists, zero national whitelists, and zero operational biosecurity information systems — all to be built within the 2025–2030 window. Suriname's existing IAS inventory is acknowledged as more than five years out of date, and the 1965 Plant Protection Act is flagged for revision. In the same 2030 window, Japan is refining a 2022-amended Invasive Alien Species Act that introduced a new category of conditionally designated species, Australia is operating under the Biosecurity Act 2015 with named national pest and weed strategies, and Chile is extending a dedicated invasive alien species action plan first adopted in its 2017 national biodiversity strategy.

Six EU member states — Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Hungary, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands — plus the EU's own submission anchor implementation to EU Regulation 1143/2014 and the Union list, creating a harmonized compliance tier. Sweden goes further: a government bill (Govt Bill 2025/26:41) has been submitted to the Riksdag "proposing increased penalties in the Environmental Code for introduction of prohibited species from other EU countries and expanded authority for the Swedish Customs to monitor such introductions at Sweden's internal-EU borders" — an extension notable in the context of Schengen's open internal borders.

Geographic and ecosystem priority shape the texture of commitments. Freshwater and lacustrine systems concentrate operational specificity: Benin names Lake Nokoué and documents water hyacinth blocking fishing and destroying stilt houses; Uganda records Salvinia molesta covering 9,090 hectares of Lake Kwania by October 2016; Nigeria traces water hyacinth across five named waterways with one-third of local fish supply at risk. Island and atoll ecosystems generate the most granular eradication programs. Marine introduction pathways receive sustained attention in the Netherlands — ballast water, biofouling, and the introduction of non-indigenous hard substrate for wind-farm erosion protection are all identified as secondary introduction vectors — and Canada commits to a national hull-biofouling policy framework by 2027.

A secondary pattern crosses several national contexts: the economic conversion of established invasions. Yemen proposes converting invasive Prosopis juliflora into charcoal, livestock feed, and cooking gas as a pro-poor poverty-alleviation strategy. Nigeria promotes a waste-to-wealth utilisation approach. Lesotho explores commercialisation of Rosehip. Cameroon incorporates "collection and valorisation" of collected IAS directly into the text of its national target, framing removal and economic use as a single linked activity.

Standouts

Argentina commits to "developing a pilot programme for eradication of the American beaver in Tierra del Fuego" — a named species, a named territory, and a named programme type that together represent a level of operational specificity uncommon in the set.

Gabon's NBSAP documents that "the little fire ant (Wasmannia auropunctata), introduced from South America, has caused approximately 95% loss of native ants in regions infested for more than 10 years and causes corneal lesions in wildlife" — a case study that makes visible both the speed of ecological displacement and the breadth of harm beyond simple competition.

Japan illustrates island-scale eradication at legislative depth: the country continues "eradication programs — including small Indian mongoose eradication on Amami-Oshima and Okinawa" under a "2022 amendment to Invasive Alien Species Act with conditionally designated species category," extending the legal framework to species like the American crayfish and red-eared slider before their populations can entrench.

The Marshall Islands presents a phased atoll-scale record. "Myna birds (Acridotheres tristis and A. fuscus) have been eradicated from Majuro Atoll, with expansion to other atolls planned." Alongside this, "Rats (Rattus exulans, R. rattus, and R. norvegicus) have been eradicated from Bikar Atoll and Jemo Islet, with expansion planned." A biocontrol program introduces the leucaena psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana) as a species-specific agent against the alien leucaena plant, with expansion planned to other affected atolls. These three parallel actions — one biocontrol, two eradication campaigns — constitute an island-by-island implementation spanning biological, mechanical, and preventive methods.

Uganda reports that "from 2017 to 2021, over 5,588 hectares were cleared of invasive alien species in wildlife protected areas," delivered through an integrated method set spanning community-led uprooting, mechanical excavation, debarking, cutting, and biological control using Zygogramma insects for Parthenium hysterophorus in Queen Elizabeth National Park.

Yemen sets a target to prevent the introduction of any new invasive species into the country — a zero-introduction standard rather than the KMGBF 50% rate — and pairs it with a commitment to "establish a pro-poor development strategy to use invasive plant species for poverty alleviation (charcoal, livestock feed, methane as cooking gas)" from Prosopis juliflora, linking ecological control to household income in areas where eradication at scale is not feasible within the target period.

Tunisia's NBSAP offers a direct self-assessment. The country "developed a Strategy and Action Plan for the prevention, management and control of IAS in 2017, structured around three axes (favourable environment, prevention of introductions, and combating IAS/restoring affected ecosystems). However, no action proposed in that strategy has been undertaken due to lack of financial resources." The revised NBSAP proposes building from this baseline through a new IAS law, a national observatory, and a 30% propagation-rate reduction target by 2030.

Analysis

The 50% introduction-rate reduction figure is the most widely adopted quantitative commitment in the set, but the baseline — introductions per year as of what year, measured by which national registry — is almost never specified. Countries adopt the rate target without anchoring it to a starting count, which will complicate like-for-like progress reporting when the 2030 review cycle opens.

A governance infrastructure gap divides the set. EU-affiliated countries and several megadiverse nations — Australia, Japan, Brazil — are operating established legal frameworks, while a substantial cohort across sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, and the Pacific are establishing their first IAS databases, quarantine protocols, and enabling legislation inside the same 2030 window. The headline indicator of establishment rate will measure fundamentally different processes depending on where it is applied: operational refinement in some contexts, ground-floor institution-building in others.

Freshwater bodies and island ecosystems concentrate the most operationally specific commitments — named species, named water bodies, named eradication campaigns with measurable hectares or island units — while terrestrial IAS on continental landmasses is more often addressed through pathway identification, border control, and catalogue maintenance without named target species or defined geographic units. Uganda's documentation that the introduction of Nile perch into Lake Victoria resulted in "approximately 40% of haplochromine species disappearing, with an estimated 150 species extinct (100 from Ugandan waters)" illustrates why freshwater systems attract this density of commitment: the consequences are discrete, dateable, and irreversible in ways that continental terrestrial losses are not.

The valorisation of invasive species as an economic resource appears as a secondary but cross-regional pattern — Yemen, Nigeria, Lesotho, Cameroon — that runs alongside eradication and control without displacing either. This framing is most prominent in countries where established infestations make eradication at scale unlikely within the target period, and it connects IAS management to poverty alleviation and community livelihood frameworks in ways the KMGBF framing does not require but several national plans have chosen to pursue.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Afghanistan	Eliminate, minimize, reduce and or mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services.	The NBSAP includes Target 6 to eliminate, minimize, reduce, and/or mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Action 6.1 states that Afghanistan will continue to control alien species affecting agricultural production, with NEPA and MAIL jointly responsible, reporting annually. The headline indicator (rate of invasive alien species establishment) is noted, though Afghanistan states it will not address this indicator. Annex 6 provides a list of alien species in Afghanistan comprising 70 entries across mammals, amphibians, fish, insects, and vascular plants. The indicator is a report from MAIL on efforts taken to control effects of alien species on Afghan agriculture.
Argentina	Prevent the introduction and establishment of invasive alien species through the implementation of a coordinated system integrated by authorities with competence in the matter for the alert, early detection, control and/or eradication of such species, whether naturalised or not, that may negatively affect biodiversity; within the framework of the implementation of the National Strategy on Invasive Alien Species (Estrategia Nacional de Especies Exóticas Invasoras, ENEEI). Reduce the rates of introduction and establishment of other known or potential invasive alien species by at least 50% by 2030, eradicating and controlling priority species.	National Target 6 commits to preventing the introduction and establishment of invasive alien species (IAS) through a coordinated system integrated by competent authorities for alert, early detection, control, and/or eradication, within the framework of the National Strategy on Invasive Alien Species (ENEEI). The target sets a quantified goal of reducing rates of introduction and establishment of known or potential IAS by at least 50% by 2030, and calls for eradicating and controlling priority species. Seven specific objectives are defined under Axis 1.4: developing a strengthened governance framework for IAS management throughout the country (1.4.1); strengthening institutional capacities at national and provincial levels (1.4.2); strengthening regulatory frameworks and financing mechanisms supporting ENEEI implementation (1.4.3); validating and implementing protocols for management of IAS prioritised by taxa and ecosystems (1.4.4); developing a pilot programme for eradication of the American beaver in Tierra del Fuego (1.4.5); developing eradication programmes for alien species, particularly those generating irreversible impacts on extreme endemisms (1.4.6); and ensuring that species restocking plans verify the effective historical presence of the species in the target habitat (1.4.7). The current situation chapter identifies IAS as one of the main causes of biodiversity loss nationally and globally, highlighting the wild boar/feral pig (Sus scrofa) as one of the most damaging and widely distributed IAS across all ecosystems in Argentina. The ENEEI was formulated through a dedicated GEF project (GCP/ARG/023/GFF).
Austria		The strategy treats invasive alien species as one of the principal pressures on biodiversity. Baselines indicate that over 2,500 alien animal, fungal and plant species are recorded in Austria; of the 66 species on the Union list of EU Regulation 1143/2014, 28 currently occur in Austria, and the area with invasive alien tree species amounts to 33,000 ha (e.g. box elder, tree of heaven), with particular pressure in eastern, southern and south-eastern Austria and large parts of the northern Alpine foreland of Upper Austria. The strategy notes that the target of the Austrian Forest Strategy (Österreichische Waldstrategie) — prevention of the uncontrolled spread of invasive tree species — has not been achieved, and that climate change is expected to increase introduction and establishment. The EU Regulation 1143/2014 on the management of invasive alien species is identified as an essential instrument and provides the frame for prevention, early detection and rapid eradication, and for management of already widely spread invasive species. Measures include implementation of targeted control measures against invasive alien plant species on road and railway embankments; close coordination with the EU IAS Regulation through the legal framework process; public-relations work to strengthen awareness of invasive alien species (neobiota) among the general public and stakeholders in the landscape (hunters, fishers, farmers, municipal and works-yard employees); and intensification of invasion ecology research, particularly on economically and health-relevant alien species and on interactions with other threat factors.
Australia	Minimise and mitigate the impacts of invasive species by eradicating or controlling established invasive species in priority landscapes and places; and further minimise the introduction and establishment of new invasive species, to maximise threatened species recovery and protect biodiversity and related cultural heritage values.	Australia establishes a national target to minimise and mitigate the impacts of invasive species by eradicating or controlling established invasive species in priority landscapes and places, and further minimising the introduction and establishment of new invasive species. The strategy states this target aligns with GBF Target 6. The NBSAP identifies invasive species as a leading cause of biodiversity loss and species extinction in Australia, with close to 3,000 invasive species, many widely established. The annual cost of managing invasive species in Australia's agricultural sector and protected estates is cited as $25 billion. Named examples include feral cats, European red foxes, cane toads, rabbits, European carp, chytrid fungus, myrtle rust, buffel grass, and gamba grass. The strategy also addresses problematic native species such as noisy miners, locally overabundant macropods, and long-spined sea urchins. The target focuses on improving coordination of action across Australia, protecting biodiversity assets from established invasive species, and enhancing Australia's risk-based biosecurity system consistent with the Biosecurity Act 2015. The Australian Pest Animal Strategy and Australian Weeds Strategy are referenced as existing national strategies.
Belgium	3.7 Invasive alien species (IAS) and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment	The NBSAP devotes substantial attention to invasive alien species under operational objective 3.7, which states that IAS and pathways are to be identified and prioritised, priority species controlled or eradicated, and measures put in place to manage pathways and prevent introduction and establishment. The Strategy identifies biological invasions as the second most important cause of species extinction worldwide and in Belgium, after habitat loss. Seven operational recommendations from the Belgian Forum on Invasive Species are listed: (1) designate or create a single lead structure to coordinate non-native species policies; (2) conduct risk assessment procedures for intentional introduction; (3) develop action plans addressing main introduction pathways; (4) revise and update existing legislation; (5) establish early detection and control mechanisms; (6) build and maintain scientific capacity; (7) raise awareness of all relevant sectors. The Strategy notes Belgium's complex institutional framework as a particular challenge, resulting in fragmentation of competences across environment, health, and agriculture. The EU proposal for a Regulation on prevention and management of IAS introduction and spread (COM(2013)620) is referenced, with a commitment to implement planned measures once adopted. Belgium also commits to implementing Bern Convention recommendations on IAS, including Article 11.2b on strict control of non-native species introduction. Climate change is noted as a factor that increases the impact of IAS.
Benin	Limit the introduction of invasive alien species at borders and reduce their negative impact on biodiversity.	The NBSAP identifies 14 invasive alien species (plant and animal) as among the most significant causes of biodiversity loss in Benin. The five most predominant invasive plant species are Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), Chromolaena odorata, Imperata cylindrica, Striga sp, and Hyptis suaveolens (§40). Their impacts are documented in detail: water hyacinth on Lake Nokoué causes eutrophication, blocks fishing activities, invades food crops in the Ouémé valley, destroys stilt houses, and reduces fisheries production. Chromolaena odorata spreads forest fires while also regenerating soil organic matter. Striga parasitises cowpea and cereals (§40). The NBSAP 2011-2020 describes Lake Nokoué as particularly sensitive (§32). National objective 2 commits to limiting the introduction of invasive alien species at borders and reducing their negative impact on biodiversity. The monitoring framework includes headline indicators on the rate of introduction and establishment of IAS, and the number of protected areas adopting regulations to reduce IAS impact. Complementary indicators include the Red List Index for IAS impacts and the effectiveness of control/surveillance structures at borders. Binary indicators include the availability of regulations reducing IAS introduction and the existence of a national IAS list (§127). The crisis communication protocol specifies that for invasives, the intervention and maintenance chain must be specified to prevent rapid return of the problem (§122).
Brazil	By 2030, reduce by at least 50 per cent the rates of introduction and establishment of known or potential invasive alien species, and eradicate or control existing ones by eliminating, minimising, reducing, or mitigating the pathways of introduction and their impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services—particularly in sensitive or priority areas such as islands, traditional and ancestral territories, isolated communities, and protected areas—through the implementation and monitoring of the National Strategy and Action Plan on Invasive Alien Species and the List of Present and Absent Quarantine Pests.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 6, committing to reduce by at least 50 per cent the rates of introduction and establishment of known or potential invasive alien species by 2030, and to eradicate or control existing ones. The target calls for eliminating, minimising, reducing, or mitigating the pathways of introduction and their impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services, with particular attention to sensitive or priority areas such as islands, traditional and ancestral territories, isolated communities, and protected areas. Implementation is to occur through the National Strategy and Action Plan on Invasive Alien Species and the List of Present and Absent Quarantine Pests. The NBSAP notes more than 476 invasive alien species recorded across Brazilian territory, with thousands of documented negative impacts. The economic losses from just 16 invasive alien species were estimated at USD 77 billion to USD 105 billion between 1984 and 2019. The National Strategy on Invasive Alien Species was first approved in 2009 (CONABIO Resolution No. 5), updated in 2018 (CONABIO Resolution No. 7), and its Action Plan published the same year. A Thematic Report on Invasive Alien Species was published in 2024 by BPBES. Synergies are identified with SDG 15.8, the International Plant Protection Convention, and the Ramsar Convention.
Bhutan	By 2030, manage invasive alien species to minimize their impacts on biodiversity	Bhutan's National Target 6 states: "By 2030, manage invasive alien species to minimize their impacts on biodiversity," aligned with KMGBF Target 6. The NBSAP reports 136 documented alien plant species, 22 major invasive species identified through field surveys, and 25 through literature review, with nine listed among the world's 100 worst invasive alien species. In freshwater systems, five alien fish species were recorded in the Amochhu River. The previous NBSAP's IAS target received the lowest achievement score (35%). Two strategies are set out: strengthening coordination mechanisms for IAS management, and strengthening knowledge of IAS and its impacts. Actions include reviewing existing legislation to streamline roles and responsibilities, developing guidelines and SOPs for management of IAS pathways, implementing those guidelines, conducting research on IAS status, pathways, distribution, and impact, and updating and maintaining the IAS database. The NBSAP identifies fragmented institutional mandates, weak inter-agency coordination, and capacity gaps at borders (BFDA and Integrated Check Post officials) as key constraints.
Belarus	Halting, minimising or mitigating the negative impact of invasive alien species of wild animals and wild plants on the state of native species populations and ecological systems; improving mechanisms to prevent the invasion of new alien species of wild animals and wild plants and to reduce the environmental damage they cause; regulating the spread and numbers of invasive animals and plants.	The strategy's objective 6 is explicitly mapped to KMGBF Target 6 and commits to halting, minimising, or mitigating the negative impact of invasive alien species on native species populations and ecological systems; improving mechanisms to prevent the invasion of new alien species; and regulating the spread and numbers of invasive animals and plants. The problems chapter documents the scale of the challenge: over the past 10 years, the number of recorded alien animal species increased from 110 to 167, and alien plant species from 1,700 to 2,100, with accompanying displacement of native species and degradation of ecological systems. Existing governance mechanisms include: control over the introduction of new species into habitats; measures to combat invasive alien species; and a set of measures to regulate the numbers of alien harmful animals and plants.
Canada		Canada addresses Target 6 through legislation and regulation (Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act, 2021 Ballast Water Regulations, Aquatic Invasive Species Regulations), sectoral programs, and science initiatives. In Canada, IAS threaten 42 federally listed species at risk. DFO is leading development of a revitalized Canadian Action Plan to Address the Threat of Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) in collaboration with PT and other federal National AIS Committee partners, to be released in 2024-25. TC is working to complete a national policy framework to control and manage vessel hull biofouling by 2027. ECCC leads national, FPT, and international policy coordination (CBD, G7, IPBES). Other key programs: CFIA's plant protection regulatory programs and Canadian Plant Health Information System (to be launched by 2024); DFO's Aquatic Invasive Species Programs (including sea lamprey and Asian carp control), eDNA laboratory (launched early 2024), and spatial data for AIS introductions and spread (to be launched by 2027); NRCan's Forest Pest Risk Management program; AAFC's Strategic Plan for Science; HC's emergency pesticide registrations for IAS; and PHAC's vector-borne disease surveillance. The federal government commits to working with PTs to clarify roles and potentially update the 2004 IAS Strategy for Canada to reflect emerging areas such as biosecurity, and to integrate IAS considerations into climate change modelling, restoration, and monitoring programs.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	By 2030, technical, legal and administrative measures are taken and implemented to avoid, limit, reduce or mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services, by identifying and controlling their pathways of introduction, preventing the introduction and spread of major invasive alien species, reducing by at least 50% the rates of introduction and spread of other known or potential invasive alien species, and eradicating or controlling these species, particularly in priority areas.	Objective 6 targets technical, legal and administrative measures to avoid, limit, reduce or mitigate impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) on biodiversity and ecosystem services, with a quantified 50% reduction in introduction and spread rates of known or potential IAS by 2030. Priority species identified include the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Lantana camara, and Mimosa pigra. IAS impacts on agriculture are estimated at USD 4 billion per year. The NBSAP prioritises pathway control, prevention, eradication and control in priority areas. The estimated budget is USD 11 million.
Republic of the Congo	Target 7/6: By 2030 at the latest, identify and prioritise invasive alien species (IAS) and pathways of introduction, control and eradicate priority species and put in place measures to manage pathways of entry, in order to control their pathways of introduction, while taking measures to prevent the introduction and spread of major invasive alien species, reducing by at least half the rates of introduction and spread of other known invasive alien species.	National Target 7/6 commits by 2030 to identify and prioritise invasive alien species (IAS) and pathways of introduction, control and eradicate priority species, put in place measures to manage entry pathways, prevent the introduction and spread of major IAS, and reduce by at least half the rates of introduction and spread of other known IAS. Result A1O7R7 contains three actions: conduct of biological control activities against alien species (AS) and IAS (2026, 1,500 million FCFA), establishment of technical capacities and means for controlling introduction pathways or eradicating IAS (2028, 400 million FCFA), and control of entry pathways of invasive species (2028, 50 million FCFA). The NBSAP identifies specific invasive plants already established in Congolese environments: Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) and Clerodendrum inerme (Lamiaceae) in certain substrates, and Coix lacryma-jobi, Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes in hygrophilic and hydromorphic substrates. It also flags the African bonytongue (Heterotis niloticus), originally native to Sahelo-Sudanese basins and introduced for aquaculture, as having become invasive in the Congo Basin. Indicators include area recovered from AS/IAS occupation, establishment rates of invasive species, number of biological research activities, number of equipped biological laboratories, number of control visits on introduction pathways, and number of capacity-building and technical control workshops. Lead responsibility is assigned to the Ministries responsible for agriculture and fisheries, the environment, sustainable development, and spatial planning, with NGOs and research institutions.
Switzerland	The spread of invasive alien species liable to cause damage shall be contained.	The NBSAP addresses invasive alien species under SBS Objective 3. The Federal Council adopted Switzerland's Strategy on Invasive Alien Species in 2016. The list of invasive alien species has been updated and the risk-based classification completed in 2024. Infrastructure operators have integrated the control of these species into infrastructure maintenance, which is mandatory in ecologically sensitive areas such as biotopes. The Release Ordinance (ordonnance sur la dissémination dans l'environnement), amended in response to motion 19.4615, more strictly restricts the placing on the market of invasive alien species. Given these measures under way, no additional action is taken under AP SBS II.
Côte d'Ivoire	By 2020, at least 50% of invasive alien species are controlled.	The NBSAP dedicates Objective 4 of Strategic Orientation 1 to controlling at least 50% of invasive alien species by 2020. The strategy identifies three aquatic plant species that have invaded lakes and lagoons — water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water fern (Salvinia molesta), and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) — and notes that botanists suspect at least 16 invasive alien plant species exist, along with invasive gastropod molluscs, haematophagous dipteran insects, and odonates. The operational objectives are structured around three pillars. First, prevention: establishing quarantine facilities, training personnel, monitoring known pathways of spread (tourism, maritime and river transport, fishing, agriculture, land and air transport, forestry, horticulture, pet trade), applying quarantine procedures, and conducting ecological assessments of major infrastructure projects. Second, control: establishing an early detection system, drawing up an inventory of potentially invasive species, and activating eradication, control, or containment measures depending on threat level and geographical extent. The strategy notes that for many taxa (insects, fish including aquarium fish, molluscs, brachiopods) information is lacking and research programmes are needed. Third, awareness-raising: improving public understanding of biological invasions and collaborating with transporters, port agents, researchers, tour operators, and tourists to prevent introductions.
Chile	I.12: By 2030, there are at least 14 management, control and/or eradication plans for alien species and/or invasive alien species due to their effects on biodiversity. I.13: By 2030, actions to prevent, manage and reduce the impacts of free-roaming domestic animals are being implemented in at least 30% of protected areas and their buffer zones where this threat has been identified.	The NBSAP assigns two national targets to invasive alien species. Target I.12 requires at least 14 management, control and/or eradication plans for alien species and/or invasive alien species by 2030, based on their effects on biodiversity. Target I.13 requires that by 2030, actions to prevent, manage and reduce the impacts of free-roaming domestic animals are being implemented in at least 30% of protected areas and their buffer zones where this threat has been identified. The strategy identifies invasive alien species as one of five principal threats to biodiversity (§18), noting that 1,170 IAS have been recorded in Chile, including beaver, red deer, mink, yellowjacket wasp, rabbit, blackberry, and acacia. The previous 2017 NBS included a dedicated Invasive Alien Species action plan (§21). The Annex 3 instrument mapping (§62) links GBF Target 6 to RECOGE Plans as the sole policy instrument.
Cameroon	By 2030, halve the level of infestation of areas exposed to invasive alien species through their collection and valorisation while monitoring and controlling new introductions.	The NBSAP provides a diagnosis of IAS impacts in Cameroon and establishes a dedicated objective with four actions covering legal frameworks, border prevention, mapping, and control. The drivers-of-loss section identifies invasive alien species as a recognised cause of biodiversity loss. Named IAS include water hyacinth in freshwater environments, the parasitic weed Striga, various caterpillars and locusts, and certain zoonoses. The Nypa palm (Nypa fruticans) is noted as colonising the mangroves of Rio Del Rey and progressively replacing Avicennia spp in the Bakassi coastal zone. Tithonia diversifolia is reported as widely spread in Cameroon's West Region. The section also identifies the discharge of organisms transported in ships' ballast water as an introduction pathway. The freshwater ecosystems section notes invasive alien species among the pressures altering ecological connectivity and biological productivity. Objective 6 of the action plan states: "By 2030, halve the level of infestation of areas exposed to invasive alien species through their collection and valorisation while monitoring and controlling new introductions." Action 6.1 calls for strengthening legal and policy frameworks, including making operational the national legal framework on biosafety (targeting 5 implementing texts submitted for approval, from 0) and developing a national biosafety strategy integrating IAS considerations, with a target of at least 50% reduction in the level of infestation (from an estimated 5% reduction at baseline). Action 6.2 targets prevention of IAS introductions through border controls, aiming to reduce new IAS introductions by 50% by 2030. Activities include acquiring inspection kits and training border control personnel, and establishing at least 5 quarantine protocols for high-risk imports (from 0 formalised protocols). Action 6.3 addresses mapping, assessment and prioritisation of IAS threats. This includes developing a prioritised and georeferenced list of IAS with 100% of listed species having confirmed ecological/socioeconomic impact assessments (from 20-30%), producing 1 official national IAS map by threat level, and updating blacklists and whitelists of IAS for use during border controls (from 0 to 1 national blacklist and 1 national whitelist). The NBSAP also calls for developing a national biosecurity information system interoperable with GBIF and the IUCN Global Register of IAS. Action 6.4 targets control and eradication of established IAS, with at least 50% of identified priority infested areas restored by 2030 and at least 50% reduction in average IAS population density in priority zones. IPLC-led IAS management initiatives are specifically promoted.
China	By 2030, a biosafety joint prevention and control mechanism shall be established, biosafety risk perception, identification, monitoring, early warning, assessment, and prevention and control capabilities shall be significantly enhanced, and the rates of introduction and establishment of known or potential invasive alien species shall be reduced by at least 50%.	The NBSAP dedicates Priority Action 12 to biosafety management, with substantial content on invasive alien species. The plan commits to reducing the rates of introduction and establishment of known or potential invasive alien species by at least 50% by 2030, directly mirroring the KMGBF target. The strategy establishes a multi-layered approach: strengthening the national biosafety coordination mechanism for joint prevention and control; carrying out the 'Three-Year Special Campaign to Strictly Prevent Invasive Alien Species'; improving quarantine, testing, identification, and risk prevention capabilities at ports of entry; and strengthening regulation of 'exotic pet' trade and release. The 'National Gate Green Shield' campaign specifically targets port-of-entry prevention and control. For monitoring and assessment, the plan requires continuous identification, survey, and monitoring and early warning of invasive alien species in biodiversity conservation priority areas, establishing baseline information databases, and assessing impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem structure, and functions. Key technologies are to be developed for source prevention and control, pathway interception, and biological control, with integrated prevention and control technology systems for important invasive species. Urban biosafety is also addressed, with risk prevention and control mechanisms for urban invasive alien species to be established. The strategic tasks section calls for coordinating joint prevention and control of invasive alien species and harmful organisms.
Colombia		The NBSAP reports that Conpes 4050 proposes measurement of indicators for progress in the reduction of the population, introduction, transplantation and translocation of invasive species within Sinap, as well as indicators for their rates of impact, spread and abundance. Colombia has a list of invasive alien species, an invasion-risk categorisation, and records for some invasive species in SiB Colombia, providing figures by administrative unit. ICA (Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario) and AUNAP manage the sanitary permits required for the use and entry of alien species into the country, and port authorities report alien species entering the country. The headline indicator Rate of establishment of invasive alien species is included in the reporting pathway to 2030.
Czechia		The Strategy identifies invasive alien species as a specific area causing negative impacts on biodiversity and significant economic losses. It commits to regulating and eradicating IAS using methods based on current scientific knowledge, taking into account Czech priorities. Specific commitments include ensuring and making available up-to-date data on IAS occurrence throughout the Czech Republic, streamlining and supplementing methods of IAS regulation and eradication, and limiting unintentional spread of invasive alien species. The pressures assessment notes that with increasing changes in natural habitat conditions, the spread of IAS can be expected as changing conditions and vacant habitats become more suitable for them. Monitoring is established through reporting under Article 24 of EU Regulation No. 1143/2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of IAS. Action Measure 10.3.8 commits to ensuring sufficient financial resources for IAS regulation and eradication by 2027, through EU programmes (OPŽP, IROP), the state budget (PPK, POP), and NPŽP. Action Measure 10.2.6 secures resources for monitoring and evaluating the status of invasive species on an ongoing basis.
Denmark		Denmark adopted an action plan to control invasive non-indigenous species in 2017. The plan lists 36 specific measures for the control of invasive non-indigenous species, including the eradication of new invasive species before they establish themselves in Denmark. An online reporting portal has been created for invasive non-indigenous species, allowing all nature users to record observations. The strategy for managing endangered and red-listed species (2023) also identifies the updating of the action plan for invasive species as one of its six management measures. The 2017 action plan focuses on prevention as well as early detection and management of the most problematic invasive non-indigenous species.
Egypt	By 2030, identify invasive alien species, their pathways, and their negative impacts, and control 25% of the most threatening species	The NBSAP sets a national target of identifying by 2030 the invasive alien species present in Egypt, their pathways and negative impacts, and controlling 25% of the most threatening species. It reports that a black list of 109 invasive species has initially been recorded in Egyptian environments, spanning viruses (avian influenza), aquatic plants (water hyacinth), crustaceans (freshwater crayfish), molluscs, insects (red palm weevil), trees (mesquite), fish, birds, and certain mammals. Case studies on selected species have been prepared, a database created, and a task force formed to undertake monitoring, control, and preparation of a national action plan. Planned implementation steps include field surveys across marine and terrestrial environments to map invasive species and quantify their spread; risk assessment to classify species by danger and set action priorities; development of a comprehensive national plan combining preventive and remedial measures; and integration of invasive-species management into national development plans and environmental policies. Introduction pathways (intentional and unintentional) and impact-mitigation tools (eradication, isolation, control) are specified. The NBSAP documents impacts including native-species decline through competition, ecosystem disruption (e.g. water hyacinth reducing dissolved oxygen), economic losses in agriculture and fisheries, and health risks from disease-vectoring invasives.
Eritrea	Target 5: By 2030, an integrated national, cross-sectoral invasive alien species (IAS) management programme is developed and implemented for the prevention of the introduction and establishment of new invasive alien species, and to identify, prioritize and control, and where possible eradicate or manage the already introduced ones.	Eritrea's National Target 5 commits to developing and implementing an integrated national, cross-sectoral invasive alien species management programme by 2030, with a total budget of USD 1,310,000. The NBSAP identifies key IAS affecting Eritrea: Prosopis juliflora/P. chilensis (introduced via Sudan in the 1970s and from Ethiopia in the 1980s, aggressively expanding into riparian habitat), Lantana camara, Nicotiana glauca, Xanthium spinosum, Xanthium strumarium, Tagetes minuta, Striga hermonthica, and whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). New IAS are expanding in croplands, including Senna obtusifolia (present in 20% of farmlands and most grazing lands in Zoba Gash Barka) and an unidentified Ocimum species spreading at an alarming rate in Zoba Debub. Previous control efforts — charcoal-making from Prosopis, mechanical uprooting, burning, collecting pods as feed supplement, spraying salt — have not achieved significant progress. The NBSAP proposes establishing IAS Control Units within MoA, MoMR, and FWA (Action 5.2.1, 2026-2027, USD 100,000), conducting research on IAS control methods (Action 5.2.3, 2027-2030, USD 150,000), developing a national IAS management plan (Action 5.2.5, 2026-2030, USD 250,000), protecting protected areas from IAS invasion (Action 5.3.1), eradicating IAS stands from protected areas (Action 5.3.2, USD 150,000), and strengthening surveillance and quarantine at suspected entry points (Action 5.4.2, USD 100,000).
Spain		The NBSAP dedicates a specific section to invasive alien species (IAS) with three general objectives: prevention mechanisms against IAS entry; agile mechanisms for catalogue inclusion; and strategies for established IAS encompassing groups of related taxa with action protocols, eradication and control plans, supported by an early warning network. Preventive measures include full application of Royal Decree 570/2020 requiring prior authorisation for importation of non-native species, with a favourable risk analysis required. A Positive List of companion animals is to be approved by law in 2023, limiting keeping to species of proven environmental harmlessness. The action plan on priority pathways of IAS introduction is to be fully implemented before 2024, in accordance with EU Regulation 1143/2014. Before 2025, new management, control, and possible eradication strategies are to be drawn up for all species in the Spanish Catalogue of Invasive Alien Species, configured preferentially for groups of species in related environments. The control strategy for the Asian-origin alga Rugulopteryx okamurae is to be the first marine strategy. Progressive closure of American mink farms is programmed to complete no later than 2030, accompanied by measures for sustainable socio-economic development and reconversion aid. The NBSAP sets a target of measurable improvement by 2030 in the conservation status of native threatened species affected by IAS, with a 50% reduction in species threatened by IAS on the IUCN Red List. The briefing notes that in the marine environment, ballast water management, hull fouling, and climate change favour IAS entry, and illegal trade in exotic species is a major terrestrial/aquatic pathway.
European Union	There is a 50% reduction in the number of Red List species threatened by invasive alien species.	The strategy dedicates a specific section to invasive alien species. It notes that 354 of 1,872 species considered threatened in Europe are under threat from IAS, and that the rate of introduction has increased in recent years. Implementation of the EU Invasive Alien Species Regulation and other relevant legislation is to be stepped up, aiming to minimise and where possible eliminate the introduction and establishment of alien species in the EU environment. The strategy sets a quantified target to decrease the number of Red List species threatened by invasive alien species by 50%. IAS are also flagged as facilitating the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases.
Gabon	Improve understanding of invasive alien species to reduce their introduction and mitigate their impact on biodiversity	Gabon's National Target 6 aims to improve understanding of invasive alien species to reduce their introduction and mitigate their impact on biodiversity. The two strategic actions are to conduct an assessment of the current state of invasive alien species and to develop a strategy and action plan to reduce introductions and mitigate their impacts. The responsible stakeholders include the Ministry of Fisheries, MEF, MEEC, and the Ministry of the Interior. The NBSAP provides a detailed assessment of known IAS in Gabon. Key plant invaders include Chromolaena odorata, considered one of the hundred most harmful IAS globally, which has spread along road axes and the railway. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) invades waterways, disrupting aquatic ecosystems. For animals, the little fire ant (Wasmannia auropunctata), introduced from South America, has caused approximately 95% loss of native ants in regions infested for more than 10 years and causes corneal lesions in wildlife. The NBSAP acknowledges that knowledge of IAS in Gabon is still partial and localised, lacking exhaustive national-scale lists, distribution mapping, and ecological and economic impact assessments. The development of a national surveillance, early warning, and management system is identified as the crucial next step. The strategy notes that while some alien plant species appear relatively benign at present, their propagation should be monitored.
United Kingdom	The UK will eliminate, minimise, reduce and or mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services by identifying and managing pathways of the introduction of alien species, preventing the introduction and establishment of priority invasive alien species, reducing the rates of introduction and establishment of other known or potential invasive alien species by at least 50% by 2030, and eradicating or controlling invasive alien species, especially in priority sites, such as islands.	The NBSAP sets UK target 6, committing to eliminate, minimise, reduce and/or mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The target specifies identifying and managing pathways of alien species introduction, preventing introduction and establishment of priority invasive alien species, and reducing rates of introduction and establishment of other known or potential invasive alien species by at least 50 per cent by 2030. It also commits to eradicating or controlling invasive alien species, especially in priority sites such as islands.
Equatorial Guinea	By 2030, conduct studies to determine the status, movements and behaviour of invasive alien species throughout the national territory, through a comprehensive assessment, and develop a national strategic plan for their management.	National Target 6 commits to conduct diagnostic studies on the distribution, dynamics, movements and impacts of invasive alien species in Equatorial Guinea and to develop and implement a national strategic plan for their management and control. Implementation conditions include adoption and implementation of the updated ENPADIB, training and education of trainers and specialists in wild fauna and flora with emphasis on invasive alien species, proposal and strengthening of the legal framework related to invasive species control (including the National CITES Law), and creation of a National Red List of alien and invasive species. Alignment with global Target 6 is rated MEDIUM; the national target does not adopt the global 50% priority-species reduction threshold.
Hungary		The NBSAP devotes a full section to invasive alien species and designates their control as Objective 4. Of the 66 species on the EU IAS inventory, 33 have been recorded in the wild in Hungary (17 plants, 5 arthropods, 4 mammals, 3 fish, 3 birds, and 1 reptile). More than one-third of the 212 Habitats Directive species in Hungary are endangered by IAS. Legislation has been harmonised across sectors through Act CXXXVII of 2016 and Government Decree 408/2016 (XII. 13.), designating responsible authorities for IAS control. Financing conditions were established by Government Resolution 1738/2016 (XII. 13.). Hungary completed its first national IAS report in 2019 and its pathway analysis and action plans in 2020. National park directorates spend central budget mainly on eradication and control of widespread species (e.g., common milkweed Asclepias syriaca). The area cleared of IAS in protected and Natura 2000 sites increased from 4,768 hectares in 2015 to 5,172 hectares in 2017. In forests, 23.53% of forest area is covered by black locust and 5.4% by hybrid poplar. In fisheries, non-native fish make up roughly one-third of Hungary's approximately 90 fish species. The strategy commits to preventing the establishment of non-native game species not yet present, and controlling invasive fish through active intervention.
Indonesia	National Target 5 (TN 5): Reducing the introduction and establishment of invasive alien species.	Strategy 1.4 (Control and Management of Invasive Alien Species) and National Target 5 (TN 5): Reducing the Introduction and Establishment of Invasive Alien Species define Indonesia's IAS response, anchored in Law Number 21 of 2019 on Animal, Fish, and Plant Quarantine (with implementing PP 11/2023 and PP 29/2023) and the baseline lists in Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number P.94/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2016 (invasive types in terrestrial conservation areas) and Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number 19 of 2020 (prohibition of importation, cultivation, distribution and release of dangerous/harmful fish species). More than 50 percent of Indonesian National Parks are reported affected by IAS, with marine IAS dominated by mollusks, echinoderms and chlorophytes (e.g. Perna viridis); dangerous aquaculture-pathway fish species include Cichlidae and Arapaima sp. TN 5 is delivered through four action groups: identification of IAS threatening terrestrial, inland water and marine ecosystems; prevention of IAS introduction; control and management of IAS impacts; and strengthening of policies and regulations to control IAS. Lead entities are KLH/BPLH, Kemenhut, the Indonesian Quarantine Agency (Barantin), Kementan, BRIN, KKP, Kemenhub, the Ministry of Trade, and provincial and regency/municipal governments. The TN 5 indicator tracks the rate of IAS establishment (headline indicator 6.1 under the KMGBF).
India	Eliminate, minimize, reduce and or mitigate the impact of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services by identifying and managing pathways for the introduction of alien species and eradicating or controlling priority invasive alien species, especially in priority sites, such as islands.	India's NBSAP commits to eliminating, minimising, reducing, or mitigating the impact of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services by identifying and managing pathways, eradicating or controlling priority invasive alien species especially in priority sites such as islands. The headline indicators are the rate of invasive alien species establishment (6.1) and the number of countries adopting relevant regulations and measures to reduce invasive alien species impact (6.b). Five national indicators are tracked: number and coverage of management plans developed for prioritised invasive species integrated with PA and wetland management plans (6.1); rate of invasive species establishment and their impact (6.2); change in areas affected by priority invasive species in PAs (6.3); number of invasive alien species on the national list (6.4); and number of invasive pests detected and quarantined (6.5). Lead agencies include the National Tiger Conservation Authority, Wildlife Institute of India, ICFRE, ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research, State Forest Departments, and ICAR fisheries and marine research institutes. The Red List Index measuring impacts of invasive alien species serves as a complementary indicator.
Iran	Eliminate, minimize, reduce, and/or mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) on biodiversity and ecosystem services by identifying and managing pathways for IAS introduction, preventing the introduction and establishment of priority IAS, reducing the rates of introduction and establishment of other known or potential IAS by at least 50% by 2030, and eradicating or controlling IAS in Iran.	The NBSAP includes a dedicated sub-target on invasive alien species within the NT-5 section, committing to eliminate, minimise, reduce, and mitigate IAS impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. It sets a target of reducing the rates of introduction and establishment of known or potential IAS by at least 50 per cent by 2030, and calls for eradicating or controlling IAS in Iran. NT-1 separately calls for completing the list of invasive alien species in Iran with the active participation of pastoralists and nomadic tribes. Eight IAS-specific actions are detailed: engaging villagers, pastoralists, and nomadic tribes in IAS monitoring and management; encouraging traditional land management practices such as rotational grazing, fire management, and sustainable agriculture to reduce IAS spread; engaging communities in habitat restoration to remove IAS; advocating for legal reforms supporting community-based IAS management; establishing monitoring systems using traditional knowledge; promoting cross-border collaboration on IAS management; including IAS risk analysis in development project impact assessments; and mitigating IAS impacts on livelihoods dependent on pastoralism, fishing, and agriculture.
Iceland	That by 2030, the legal and administrative framework surrounding the category of invasive alien species will have been clarified and secured, and that scientific and societal knowledge of alien species will have been substantially improved.	The NBSAP dedicates Guiding Principle D1 to invasive alien species, with the objective that by 2030, the legal and administrative framework surrounding invasive alien species will have been clarified and secured, and that scientific and societal knowledge of alien species will have been substantially improved. The policy identifies invasive alien species as one of the greatest threats to biological diversity globally and notes that Iceland's ecosystems are particularly vulnerable as isolated islands with distinctive wildlife. The policy acknowledges that the policy area of alien species does not have a strong position in the governance system, that responsibility and division of tasks are not clear, and that the framework needs strengthening regarding rules on importation, defences against undesirable organisms, and responses to those requiring countermeasures. Responsibility lies with the Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Climate, with the Environment Agency of Iceland administering the policy area. Key regulatory frameworks on import of animals and plant products are under the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, administered by the Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority.
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030	Action-oriented target 2-1: Prevent the introduction and establishment of invasive alien species and reduce their negative impacts through a combination of prevention, early detection, and eradication.	Action-oriented target 2-1 addresses invasive alien species (IAS) through the Act on the Prevention of Adverse Ecological Impact Caused by Designated Invasive Alien Species (Invasive Alien Species Act), amended in 2022 to add conditionally designated IAS (including the American crayfish and red-eared slider) and to strengthen border controls on red imported fire ants. The government will expand the list of designated IAS, implement early detection and rapid response through monitoring at ports and airports, and continue eradication programs — including small Indian mongoose eradication on Amami-Oshima and Okinawa (aiming for eradication by specified dates) and raccoon and coypu control. Regional eradication plans for invasive mammals will be expanded. The Pet Animal Diseases Management Act and nature conservation regulations address the introduction pathway from the pet trade. The government will raise public awareness through 'Don't introduce, don't discard, don't spread' messaging.
Lebanon	NT 7: By 2030, effective measures are in place to limit the introduction and diffusion of Invasive Alien Species (IAS).	National Target 7 commits that by 2030 effective measures are in place to limit the introduction and diffusion of invasive alien species. The target is tracked through Headline Indicator 6.1 (rate of IAS establishment, calculated from GBIF data with baselines of 1956 for marine and 2020 for terrestrial taxa) and a binary indicator confirming that Lebanon has adopted regulations, processes and measures to limit IAS introduction and reduce their impact. National Actions commit to supporting ongoing work to establish a live register of IAS reported in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, updated whenever new species are identified (NA 7.1); developing and implementing an awareness campaign on the proliferation and impacts of identified IAS (NA 7.2, reviewed every two years); and providing technical, operational and financial support to quarantine, customs and border security forces regulating the import of species for crops, landscaping, aquaculture, domesticated animals and the aquarium trade to avoid genetic pollution of local species and genotypes (NA 7.3).
Lesotho	By 2030, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment in Lesotho	Lesotho's National Target 4 commits to identifying and prioritising invasive alien species and pathways, controlling or eradicating priority species, and preventing new introductions by 2030. The total budget is USD 6,558,825. The baseline notes that IAS distribution was mapped in 2005 and 2007, that MAFSN and MEF undertake recurrent IAS identification and management activities, and that MEF assesses rangeland encroachment by species such as Chrysocoma ciliata (Sehalahala). MAFSN issues phytosanitary certificates for plant species crossing the border, and officers are stationed at ports of entry. The MDTP has developed an IAS management plan for the transfrontier conservation area, and Sehlabathebe National Park has its own IAS management plan. Other protected areas undertake yearly IAS control measures including high-density grazing and manual removal. Strategic Initiative 4.1 comprises six actions: assessing status, distribution and impacts of IAS including database development (USD 941,180, 2028/30); conducting studies on socio-economic value of selected IAS such as Rosehip and managing their commercialisation (USD 1,588,230, 2028/30); developing legislation and administrative tools including reviewing the Weed Eradication Act 1969 and developing an IAS Management Strategy (USD 352,940, 2029/30); capacitating stakeholders including port-health and border control officers on phytosanitary requirements (USD 882,355, 2027/30); awareness raising and sensitisation campaigns (USD 735,295, 2026/30); and establishing quarantine facilities at ports of entry (USD 2,058,825, 2026/30).
Luxembourg		The NBSAP identifies invasive alien species as the fifth major cause of global biodiversity loss and a factor that can compromise protection and restoration efforts in Luxembourg (§21). In accordance with EU Regulation No 1143/2014, Luxembourg establishes and implements action plans to manage the most widespread invasive species and to prevent the introduction of species not yet established by targeting priority pathways of introduction and spread (§21). The strategy sets quantified reduction targets: reduce by 50% the number of Red List species threatened by invasive alien species, and reduce by 50% the habitats of Community interest deteriorated due to invasive alien species (§29). A national list of invasive alien species is to be established, with corresponding management plans developed (§29). A surveillance and early detection system is in place, and its consistent implementation is required alongside the action plans (§21). Invasive alien species are also recognised as a factor in the decline of pollinators and insects (§17). The biodiversity monitoring programme at species level includes invasive alien species monitoring (§50).
Marshall Islands		Sub-target 1.6 addresses prevention, control, or eradication of invasive species, delivered through the NISSAP and Reimaanlok Steps 3 and 6. Headline indicator 6.1 (Invasive Alien Species I) tracks the rate of invasive alien species establishment, with MoNRC as data lead. The National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan 2021–2029 (NISSAP) establishes a prioritized framework covering prevention through border controls and awareness programs, early detection and rapid response for new incursions in urban areas, targeting of established species posing threats to native biodiversity through high-risk pathway identification, and protecting endemic and keystone species through research and monitoring. Specific eradication and biocontrol actions are underway. The leucaena psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana) has been introduced to Majuro Atoll to target the alien invasive leucaena plant, with plans to expand to other affected atolls (Action 113a). Myna birds (Acridotheres tristis and A. fuscus) have been eradicated from Majuro Atoll, with expansion to other atolls planned (Action 113b). Rats (Rattus exulans, R. rattus, and R. norvegicus) have been eradicated from Bikar Atoll and Jemo Islet, with expansion planned (Action 113c). MoNRC engages on GEF Regional Invasives Projects and PRISMSS. Biosecurity is also integrated into the Agriculture Sector Plan through screening of planting materials, biosecurity protocols, and risk management measures to prevent introduction and spread of invasive species through nursery production, agroforestry programs, and community plant distribution (Action 72h).
Malta	By 2030, the introduction and establishment of new invasive species is prevented by managing the appropriate priority pathways of introduction and spread. Invasive alien species that are already established are timely identified and prioritised for eradication or control. By 2030, 50% of the most harmful invasive alien species affecting protected areas are duly managed.	National Target 6 commits that by 2030, the introduction and establishment of new invasive species is prevented by managing appropriate priority pathways of introduction and spread, and that invasive alien species already established are timely identified and prioritised for eradication or control. The target specifies that by 2030, 50% of the most harmful invasive alien species affecting protected areas are duly managed. Action 6.1 commits to implementing the recommendations of the National Strategy for Preventing and Mitigating the Impact of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in the Maltese Islands, and related action plans for the management of priority pathways. Action 9.2 strengthens legislation on trade of protected species and invasive alien species for more effective implementation and compliance.
Malaysia	By 2030, measures are in place for the prevention, eradication, containment and control of invasive alien species	Malaysia's NPBD Target 13 commits that "by 2030, measures are in place for the prevention, eradication, containment and control of invasive alien species." The policy cites Kariba weed (Salvinia molesta), which colonises lakes, rivers, and paddy fields and blocks oxygen and light from the water surface, and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which has driven local extinction of native fish and invertebrates in Malaysian rivers through unintentional escapes from fish farms. Target 13 is delivered through three actions. Action 13.1 improves understanding and public awareness through research on IAS biology, pathways, and ecological impacts; development of technologies to contain and control IAS; public education on threats from smuggling of wild animals and plants, accidental imports, escapes from legitimate enterprises and the pet trade, and pathogen exposure; and strengthened extension services to stakeholders. Action 13.2 initiates response plans to contain and eradicate IAS, committing to implement all actions outlined in the NAP IAS 2021–2025 and to prioritise removing IAS that have already invaded and disrupted natural ecosystems. Action 13.3 controls and prevents entry and release of IAS through improved quarantine and inspection facilities and capabilities of border officials, covering noxious plants, plant pests, animals, fish, and microorganisms hidden in agricultural produce, food, soils, and shipping. Key Indicators commit that by 2030 public awareness levels regarding IAS have increased compared to 2024 levels and that control measures are in place to prevent entry of new IAS with plans to minimise spread of existing IAS. The Ministry in charge of agriculture and food security is the lead agency, with MBC, DWNP, DOF, DOA, DVS, KASTAM, MAQIS, IPTA/IPTS, CSOs/NGOs, and state flora/fauna agencies in Sabah and Sarawak as partners.
Nigeria	By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized and priority species controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways in the six ecological zones.	The NBSAP provides detailed documentation of invasive species in Nigeria. Nypa palm (Nypa fruticans), introduced in 1906 from Singapore to control coastal erosion, has displaced native mangroves in the Niger Delta. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has invaded the Badagry Creek, Yewa Lagoon, Ologe Lagoon, Lagos Lagoon, and Okitipupa waterways; an estimated one-third of Nigeria's local fish supply is threatened. Typha grass (Typha latifolia) devastates the Chad Basin and Hadejia-Nguru wetlands, causing flooding, loss of farmlands, and conflict among farmers, herdsmen, and fishermen. National Target 9 states: "By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized and priority species controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways in the six ecological zones." Five actions are specified: strengthening the capacity of the Plant Quarantine Service Department for effective border control (Action 9.1, PQD, 2015–2020); establishing a national framework for the control and management of invasive alien species (Action 9.2, FDF, 2015–2020); promoting utilization of IAS in Nigeria (Action 9.3, FDF, 2015–2020); strengthening research on IAS impacts and updating the existing baseline database on IAS status (Action 9.4, FRIN, 2015–2020); and establishing an early warning and rapid response mechanism for IAS at borders, ports, and cross-border points (Action 9.5, PQD, 2015–2020). The monitoring matrix targets identification of 4 IAS with significant negative impacts and eradication of a to-be-determined number. "Management of invasive alien species" is listed as a priority technology need.
Netherlands		The NBSAP addresses invasive alien species through both terrestrial and marine policy tracks, anchored in the European Invasive Alien Species Regulation (Exotenverordening) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. The European Invasive Alien Species Regulation provides the legal framework, imposing rules on prevention, control, and restoration for species of Union concern on the Union list. The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Food Security and Nature (LVVN) holds system responsibility. Provinces are responsible for control and management measures against most Union list species and for restoration measures in nature areas. Water authorities are responsible for controlling a number of Union list species. A national trade ban on three Asian knotweed species has been established. The Netherlands is preparing a National Action Plan on Invasive Alien Species (Landelijk aanvalsplan Invasieve Exoten), with outlines submitted to the House of Representatives in December 2024. The action plan focuses on prevention, with attention also to control and management. A dedicated programme addresses non-native crayfish, which burrow in water beds and banks causing damage to aquatic plants, water fauna, water quality, and biodiversity. The programme prioritises prevention of further spread, control, and ecosystem strengthening. The Ministry of Defence directs IAS implementation on its grounds, actively working to limit introduction, spread, and removal of invasive species. Rijkswaterstaat controls Union list species on its grounds. An integrated coordination structure is being developed across relevant ministries for managing pest organisms and invasive alien species, recognising threats to public health, the economy, and infrastructure alongside biodiversity. For the marine environment, the MSFD frames non-native species as a component of achieving good environmental status. Dutch policy focuses primarily on preventive measures: conditions on permits for shellfish transport, implementation of the Ballast Water Convention into national legislation (2017), and pursuit of international agreements on hull fouling. The introduction of non-indigenous hard substrate into the North Sea (e.g., erosion-protective rock for wind farms) is flagged as an increasing point of attention for secondary introduction of non-native species. As a participant in the Trilateral Wadden Sea Cooperation, the Netherlands has committed with Germany and Denmark to further developing and implementing the Trilateral Management and Action Plan Alien Species (MAPAS).
State of Palestine		The NBSAP devotes a dedicated section to invasive alien species (IAS), inventorying invasive flora and fauna in historic Palestine — 2 mammals, 18 birds, 2 reptiles, 27 fish, 50 vascular plants, 19 freshwater snails, 33 land snails, and over 200 insects — and within the State of Palestine 50 invasive plant species (most aggressive: Acacia saligna, Ailanthus altissima, Conyza bonariensis, Oxalis pes-caprae, Ambrosia confertiflora, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana glauca, Prosopis juliflora, Solanum elaeagnifolium), nine invasive bird species (four detected in the West Bank including Common Myna, Indian Silverbill, Monk Parakeet and Rose-ringed Parakeet), invasive mammals (house mouse, black rat, coypu), 10 invasive fish species, 19 invasive snails, and key invasive insects including Red Palm Weevil and Asian Tiger Mosquito. The strategy notes that the sole import restrictions are those of the Ministry of Agriculture, with Israel remaining the authority in charge of borders, and that few control measures have been developed. Six recommendations are set out: (1) more capacity building and educational activities, formal and informal, for research into IAS; (2) implement surveillance and early-warning mechanisms, including dissemination and response; (3) develop and implement awareness campaigns including in school curricula, billboards, workshops and social/mainstream media, integrated with protected-area management; (4) strengthen IAS legislation and work with relevant authorities (Ministries of Agriculture, EQA, local councils) to stop the spread of and eradicate IAS; (5) cross-sectoral work involving local and national governments, NGOs, academia and private sector; (6) regional cooperation. The protected-areas section adds a specific commitment to a project to control invasive alien species in the Protected Area Network. Section 5.4 reiterates that stakeholders (especially the EQA, MOA and NGOs) need to follow recommendations as per international standards.
Paraguay		The NBSAP documents invasive alien species (IAS) as one of the five main drivers of biodiversity loss and reports Paraguay's recent regulatory update: MADES Resolution 524/2025 lists 65 fauna and flora IAS detected in the wild and prohibits their commercialisation without MADES authorisation. Complementary 2024 measures include MADES Resolution 113/2024 establishing control hunting programmes for the feral pig (Sus scrofa), and Resolution 224/2024 setting terms of reference for aquaculture projects that limit farming of IAS near natural watercourses. MADES has signed agreements with the National Customs Directorate (DNA) and SENAVE to incorporate electronic tools for permit management and specimen detection at entry points. Documented IAS impacts include displacement of native species by the axis deer, alteration of Humid Chaco wetland hydrology by European buffalo, tracks compacting soils, trophic disruption by tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), carp (Cyprinus carpio) and African catfish, and the emerging risk of hybrid escape from aquaculture. Studies cited include Cacciali and Maneyro (2024) on Hemidactylus mabouia and Notomabuya frenata. Research priorities identified in the annex include assessment of current IAS status and entry pathways, control and eradication strategies, and biosecurity and community management protocols for Parque Nacional Cerro Cora, Parque Nacional Ñacunday and Parque Nacional Ybycui.
Rwanda	By 2030, prevent and control invasive alien species and reduce their rate of establishment in protected areas to minimise their impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services.	The NBSAP sets National Target 6 to prevent and control invasive alien species and reduce their rate of establishment in protected areas by 2030 to minimise their impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The headline indicator is the number of invasive alien species reduced, with component indicators on introduction events and complementary indicators referencing the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (GRIIS). The baseline identifies 47 invasive species (plants, fish, and insects) in Rwanda from a 2016 REMA report, all with varying degrees of spread and impact. The GRIIS (2024) classifies 243 species as introduced and invasive in Rwanda. Some invasive species such as Lantana camara and Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) have been used as ornamentals. The NBSAP notes that invasive species spread is exacerbated by climate change. Strategic actions include developing and implementing national strategies and regulations on IAS prevention, control, and management; updating the 2016 invasive species assessment report and revising the control plan; strengthening surveillance, monitoring, and management strategies; conducting research to improve early detection and rapid response protocols; strengthening biosecurity measures at entry points (airports, ports, borders); implementing control and eradication programs in protected areas, reserves, wetlands, lakes, and rivers; regularly updating the list of invasive species; and training private sector stakeholders involved in seedling production on IAS control and management. The costing allocates USD 1.05 million.
Saudi Arabia	Limiting and combating invasive alien species or mitigating their negative impacts and managing them effectively, and limiting their introduction pathways into the Kingdom.	The NBSAP includes a dedicated national target on invasive alien species. National Target 5 aims to limit and combat invasive alien species, mitigate their negative impacts, manage them effectively, and reduce their introduction pathways into the Kingdom. The National Centre for Wildlife has identified the 20 most dangerous invasive alien species in Saudi Arabia, assessed their environmental and economic impacts, and prepared a management plan. The national action plan specifies: developing and updating a national IAS database (2026); developing a comprehensive national action plan including border and port surveillance procedures and detection protocols (2026); strengthening institutional capacities for early detection, rapid response, and management, including training customs, ports, veterinary, and agricultural personnel (2026–2030); implementing public awareness campaigns targeting pet owners, farmers, and environmental activists (2026–2030); and developing a monitoring and evaluation framework for tracking IAS spread and assessing programme effectiveness (2027–2030). Additionally, the National Centre for Wildlife launched a programme for integrated and sustainable management of increasing baboon populations across six affected regions (Asir, Al Baha, Makkah, Al Madinah, Jazan, and Najran), including field surveys, census databases, and trialling global best practices for population control. Indicators include: rate of establishment and introduction of IAS, area of ecosystems cleared of invasive alien plant species, high-risk pathways controlled, and percentage of IAS with management plans.
Sudan	Eliminate, minimize, reduce and or mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services in Sudan by identifying and prioritizing their pathways, controlling or eradicating the priority species, and putting in place measures to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment, and reducing the rates of introduction and establishment of other known or potential invasive alien species by at least 50 per cent by 2030.	National Target 6 calls for eliminating, minimizing, reducing and/or mitigating IAS impacts on biodiversity by identifying and managing pathways, preventing introduction and establishment of priority IAS, and reducing introduction and establishment rates by at least 50% by 2030. The NBSAP identifies specific IAS threats: unpalatable, harmful or toxic species in agriculture, rangeland and forestry; losses of pollinator insects; freshwater contamination by invasive micro-organisms; and inadequacy of checkpoints and quarantines. For forest biodiversity, the component target (§242) focuses on eliminating, minimizing, reducing and mitigating IAS impacts by identifying and managing introduction pathways and preventing introduction of priority IAS. Three actions are assigned to the Forests National Corporation: eradication of IAS already having adverse effects (US$7,000,000, 2025–2028, country-wide); development of monitoring and evaluation systems and tools (US$700,000, 2025–2030, national); and training and capacity building for local communities in combating IAS (US$140,000, 2025–2030, country-wide). Additional budget allocations under Goal A include US$150,000 for cultivated plants (2 actions), US$9,500,000 for wildlife (3 actions), US$700,000 for marine (2 actions), and US$1,050,000 for inland waters (2 actions). Under Goal D, wildlife receives US$20,000,000 for a single IAS-related action and inland waters US$500,000. The monitoring framework tracks rate of IAS establishment, number of IAS on national lists, IAS pathways identified and managed, and trends in IAS eradication, with a target reduction rate of 20% in IAS-occupied areas over five years.
Sweden		A dedicated chapter (9) addresses invasive alien species. The Government approach states that the spread of invasive alien species is a serious threat to biodiversity and is preparing a new national ordinance, planned to enter into force during 2026, to strengthen implementation of the EU Regulation on Invasive Alien Species (Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014) and to prevent introduction and limit spread of nationally prioritized species covered by a national list. A government bill (Govt Bill 2025/26:41) has been submitted to the Riksdag proposing increased penalties in the Environmental Code for introduction of prohibited species from other EU countries and expanded authority for the Swedish Customs to monitor such introductions at Sweden's internal-EU borders. The national ordinance on invasive alien species (2018:1939) entered into force on 1 January 2019. Implementation relies on authority cooperation with academic institutions on knowledge, risk assessments and threat assessments, and on citizen-science-based IT reporting systems. Cooperation with Norway (shared border and similar habitats), within the Nordic Council of Ministers, and under the international Ballast Water Convention supports marine-pathway management. In the 2026 budget additional funds have been allocated: in 2026 a total of 55 million SEK for terrestrial environments and 30 million SEK for aquatic environments; for 2027 and 2028 an estimated 30 million SEK per year for each of terrestrial and aquatic efforts.
Slovenia	INNS and their pathways will be identified by 2020. INNS and their pathways will be controlled by 2025.	More than 900 non-native species of animals, plants and fungi have been recorded in Slovenia; the populations of about 30 plant and 30 animal species are classified as invasive. The NEAP 2020–2030 notes that Slovenia does not yet have a system of protection against invasive non-native species (INNS) that acts preventively while also providing early detection, rapid removal and management of widespread INNS, in accordance with international obligations and the EU regulation on INNS. The Strategic Plan sets National Objective 3: INNS and their pathways will be identified by 2020; INNS and their pathways will be controlled by 2025. This is supported by detailed measures: adopting INNS legislation (3.1.1), establishing an information system and clearing-house mechanism (3.1.2), coordinating work across sectors, NGOs and stakeholders (3.1.3), educating the public (3.2.1–3.2.2), making a national INNS list and central database (3.3.1), establishing monitoring (3.3), setting up early detection and rapid response systems (3.4.1–3.4.3), creating control systems (3.5.1), and restoring ecosystems affected by INNS (3.6.1). Table 1 includes drafting INNS legislation (Measure 1, by 2020), drafting operational programmes for INNS on the national and EU lists and action plans for priority unintentional pathways (Measure 7, from 2020 with regular updating), and establishing an INNS monitoring system including an information system and early detection/rapid response (Measure 22, 2022 then ongoing).
Senegal	Reduce the risk of introduction and/or spread of invasive alien species and limit their impacts	The NBSAP defines national target (6) as reducing the risk of introduction and/or spread of invasive alien species and limiting their impacts. Two priority actions are specified: monitoring of invasive species (indicator: area treated) and capacity building of Defence and Security Forces on biological border control (indicator: number of agents trained). The diagnosis sections document proliferation of several invasive species: Typha domingensis, Salvinia, and Prosopis juliflora in the Senegal River delta and northern areas; Mimosa pigra in Niokolo-Koba National Park; Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) in the Senegal River delta; Diodia scandens at Dolly Ranch in the Louga-Diourbel Hub, where it competes with local fodder species; and Pistia stratiotes. The SWOT analysis identifies invasive species proliferation as a threat. Hub-specific interventions for the North include combating proliferation of invasive plants as a priority orientation.
Suriname	1.4 Suriname has increased awareness and developed early detection and management systems for preventing the introduction of exotic species and reducing the risks and impact from invasive species.	National Target 1.4 commits Suriname to increased awareness and the development of early-detection and management systems to prevent the introduction of exotic species and to reduce the risks and impact of invasive species. The narrative notes that uncontrolled introduction and spread of dangerous objects, substances (mercury, cyanide, biocides) and organisms can cause grave damage, especially in protected areas, and that import controls are needed. The M&E baseline notes that existing information on invasive alien species in Suriname dates back more than five years and that it is unclear whether the Plant Protection Act (1965) contains sufficient provisions, with adequate institutional structure for regulating risks lacking. Actions include assessing risks and impacts and updating the inventory; developing laws to register, monitor and control introductions; developing policies for managing risks to ecosystems and human health; upgrading early-detection systems with stakeholders; and establishing a structural collaboration network. Total Target 1.4 cost is $1,689,126.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page		The NBSAP identifies invasive species as a threat to key ecosystems and local livelihoods, and includes measures under National Target 4 (wildlife recovery and threat reduction). Two specific cases are documented: the proliferation of water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) in the El Jocotal lagoon, which affects fishing and aquatic mobility, and the neotropic cormorant (Nannopterum brasilianum) in the Cerrón Grande Reservoir, which disrupts fishing operations and nautical activities. The Ministry of the Environment has implemented strategies for control and eradication, including mechanical removal of water hyacinth from reservoirs to improve oxygen levels and prevent obstruction of irrigation and navigation channels. The indicator framework tracks the percentage of reduction in the rate of spread of native and invasive alien species, with no baseline data available. The estimated cost for invasive species control is included within the $9,847,200 allocated to National Target 4 (wildlife and threat reduction).
Chad	NT9: By 2030, invasive alien species and pathways of introduction are identified and prioritised, priority species are controlled or eradicated and measures are in place to manage the pathways of entry, in order to prevent or reduce their rate of introduction and establishment by at least 50%.	The NBSAP establishes National Objective 9 (NT9): by 2030, invasive alien species and pathways of introduction are identified and prioritised, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage the pathways of entry in order to prevent or reduce their rate of introduction and establishment by at least 50%. The 2011–2020 reference identifies invasive alien species widely colonising the Lake Chad Basin, with specific reference to the proliferation and colonisation of Prosopis sp. in Chad. The 2030 target is an invasive alien species management plan. Measures include adopting strategies, policies and laws to reduce the impacts of invasive alien species on native species; controlling the introduction pathways of IAS, particularly the most harmful species; and strengthening capacities, stakeholder engagement and public awareness of the impacts of invasive alien species. Indicators include introduction rate (I1GT6), incidence rate (I2GT6), spread rate (I3GT6), number of IAS on national lists in accordance with the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (I4GT6), and national indicators covering the number of IAS widely present in the Lake Chad Basin and the rate of proliferation and colonisation of Prosopis sp.
Togo	Target 5 : Reduce the incidence of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services	The NBSAP designates National Target 5 under Strategic Objective 1, mapped to GBF Target 6, committing to reduce the incidence of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The NBSAP documents several invasive species affecting Togo. Among terrestrial plants, Chromolaena odorata and Azadirachta indica were previously reported as invasive, with Digitaria insularis (Poaceae) identified as a new invasive alien species found at several sites in the forest zone, noted as spreading rapidly with root clumps that are difficult to uproot. Priva lappulacea (Verbenaceae), a recently introduced exotic species, is described as becoming highly invasive, with fruits that attach to clothing and animal fur facilitating rapid spread. Aquatic invasive plants include Nymphaea spp., Eichhornia natans, Salvinia sp., Spirodella polyrhiza, and Ceratophyllum demersum, which are invading pond water bodies, impeding navigation and fishing activities. The NBSAP calls for the plant protection service to identify spontaneous and introduced species, along with conditions of introduction, and recommends dredging of invaded water bodies. Capacity building includes development of national standards for the introduction of exotic species (50 million CFA), with USAID/WABiLED and CITES Secretariat as partners.
Thailand	Target 3: Conserve and protect threatened and wild species, reduce human-wildlife conflict, and increase the efficiency of invasive alien species management.	National Target 3 includes invasive alien species (IAS) management as one of its three pillars, alongside threatened-species conservation and human-wildlife conflict. The importance-of-target section identifies IAS as one of the main direct drivers of biodiversity loss and notes their impacts on food security, human health, and economic activities, as well as biodiversity. The target focuses on eliminating, reducing, or mitigating IAS impacts in two ways: (a) identifying and managing pathways to prevent introduction and establishment; and (b) eradicating or controlling IAS that have been introduced and established. Recommended actions direct implementation to the guidelines and registry of alien species that should be prevented, controlled, and eradicated in Thailand, as approved by the Cabinet resolution on February 20, 2018, and require risk analysis prior to the introduction of any alien species along with prioritisation of pathways, areas, and species. The implementation table (§92) assigns measure 3 — developing and promoting management strategies for prevention, control, eradication, and/or utilisation of invasive alien species — to MNRE (DNP, RFD), MOI (DLA, LAO), MOAC (DOF, DOA, RID), and MOT (MD, DOH) over 2023-2027. Measure 3.2 covers studies, surveys, and analyses of pathways and spread methods for high-priority IAS; measure 3.3 covers dissemination of management knowledge and capacity-building of government agencies, local administrative organisations, and the public in inspection, prevention, surveillance, control, and eradication.
Tunisia	The introduction pathways of IAS are identified and propagation rates are reduced by at least 30% by 2030	The NBSAP dedicates Objective A6 to combating invasive alien species, linked explicitly to KM-GBF Target 6. The national target states: "The introduction pathways of IAS are identified and propagation rates are reduced by at least 30% by 2030." The alignment analysis notes that Target 6 had no equivalent in the previous NBSAP 2018-2030, where IAS was addressed only as an action rather than a target. Tunisia developed a Strategy and Action Plan for the prevention, management and control of IAS in 2017, structured around three axes (favourable environment, prevention of introductions, and combating IAS/restoring affected ecosystems). However, no action proposed in that strategy has been undertaken due to lack of financial resources. The revised NBSAP proposes four measures. Measure A6.1 addresses governance, including adopting a Law on IAS and establishing a national IAS observatory attached to the MEDD, equipped with a technical and scientific committee. Measure A6.2 targets improving knowledge through integrating IAS research into national priorities, developing standardised information exchange tools, establishing a national IAS network, and awareness-raising. Specific research priorities include Leucaena leucocephala and yellow nightshade. Measure A6.3 addresses identifying and controlling introduction pathways, noting that marine IAS pathways (ballast water, biofouling, aquaculture) are fairly well known but terrestrial pathways are not. Measure A6.4 proposes a common control strategy, noting that Tunisia lacks dedicated IAS institutions and current responses are sectoral. The Ministry of Agriculture has implemented programmes against the red palm weevil (with FAO) and a national eradication strategy for cactus cochineal (Dactylopius opuntiae, 2023-2025). The gaps analysis confirms that legislation regulating IAS prevention, management, and control is lacking, and that a draft Law on biological risk management has not yet been promulgated.
Uganda		The NBSAP devotes extensive coverage to invasive alien species. A preliminary national IAS list (NARO 2002) identifies priority species including Lantana camara, Broussonetia papyrifera, Mimosa pigra, and Senna spectabilis. A detailed distribution table (Witt et al. 2018) catalogues the 30 species with greatest impact on natural vegetation, with data on growth form, distribution across surveyed grid cells, habitat types invaded, and negative impacts. Lantana camara is found in 54.4% of surveyed grid cells; Leucaena leucocephala in 53.9%. Specific aquatic invasions are documented: the introduction of Nile perch into Lake Victoria resulted in approximately 40% of haplochromine species disappearing, with an estimated 150 species extinct (100 from Ugandan waters). Water hyacinth entered Lake Victoria via River Kagera in 1989 and spread to Lakes Kyoga and Albert. Kariba weed (Salvinia molesta) was first recorded in Lake Kyoga in June 2013 and covered 9,090 ha of Lake Kwania by October 2016. Parthenium hysterophorus entered Uganda less than 10 years ago and has spread into Queen Elizabeth National Park. UWA adopted an integrated approach combining community-led uprooting, excavators, debarking, cutting, and biological control (Zygogramma insects for Parthenium in QENP). From 2017 to 2021, over 5,588 hectares were cleared of invasive alien species in wildlife protected areas. The NBSAP states that more resources need to be invested in invasive species management across the country.
Vanuatu	By 2030, Vanuatu implements its National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan, achieving at least 60% of its targets through coordinated measures by government and non-government actors to control, eradicate, and prevent the introduction and establishment of invasive alien species. These measures shall minimize impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and agrifood systems.	The NBSAP commits to implementing Vanuatu's National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan (NISSAP), achieving at least 60% of its targets by 2030 through coordinated government and non-government measures. The threats section identifies specific freshwater IAS including water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), and Tilapia (Sarotherodon occidentalis), and notes that the Teouma River is critically threatened by water hyacinth. Provincial plans prescribe IAS control activities in all six provinces: each province commits to strengthening management and control of IAS in CCAs and MPAs. Sanma will additionally map the spread of IAS across the province. Penama specifically targets Big Leaf (Merremia) and Giant African Snail control. Malampa and Shefa mirror the CCA/MPA-focused IAS control approach. Provincial awareness and capacity-building workshops on IAS management are planned across Torba, Sanma, Penama, and Malampa. Target 6 is allocated 7 actions costing VUV 35,000,000.
Yemen	By 2030, prevent the introduction of any new invasive species into the country. Identify and take necessary measures to eradicate existing invasive alien species in environmentally priority sites and control them in lower priority sites.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 6, aligned to GBF Target 6, committing to prevent the introduction of any new invasive species into the country by 2030, identify and take necessary measures to eradicate existing invasive alien species in environmentally priority sites, and control them in lower priority sites. The strategy documents over 21 invasive plants in Yemen, noting that species such as Opuntia dillenii and Prosopis juliflora in Bura'a national park have caused ecosystem degradation. The introduction of alien honeybee genera has reduced the Yemeni honeybee race Apis mellifera jemenitica through spread of the Varroa mite. Homogenous high-yielding crop varieties have caused deterioration of local varieties of wheat, lentil, and millet. Pathway 2, Output 2.6 is dedicated to controlled invasive species. Seven strategic actions (ACT 2.38 through ACT 2.44) address: comprehensive assessment and cataloguing of invasive species and their pathways, development of a national invasive species eradication and control management plan, development of a financing plan, strengthening institutional capacity at borders and entry points, establishing pro-poor development strategies using invasive plant species (charcoal production, livestock feed, methane as cooking gas), training stakeholders on GMO handling to prevent invasive species introduction, and developing a stakeholder engagement strategy. The Action Plan (Annex 3) details budgeted activities including: comprehensive assessment of invasive species (US$0.4M, 2 years), national control and eradication management plans (US$0.5M), financing plan (US$0.5M), institutional capacity strengthening at borders (US$1.0M, continuous), pro-poor strategy (US$1.0M), stakeholder engagement strategy (US$0.04M), strengthening legal frameworks for import/export of living organisms (US$0.03M, 6 months), invasive species monitoring programmes (US$0.5M), and invasive species database (US$0.5M). The total indicative budget for invasive species control is US$5.84 million. The Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) is identified as the lead agency.
Zambia	By 2020, invasive alien species (Mimosa pigra, Hyacinth, crayfish, and Lantana camara) and their spreading pathways are identified and prioritized, controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their spread and establishment.	The NBSAP sets National Target 9 for identification, prioritization, control or eradication of invasive alien species and management of pathways by 2020, naming four priority species: Mimosa pigra, Hyacinth, crayfish, and Lantana camara. The situation analysis identifies specific ecological impacts: Lantana camara negatively affects regeneration of indigenous species such as Bauhinia petersiana; Mimosa pigra and Dichrostachys cinerea have been expanding their range in the Kafue Flats at the expense of indigenous herbaceous plants and grassland ecosystems, possibly due to climate change and flood regime regulation. Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) is identified as a serious invasive in the Kafue Flats and Kariba. The exotic Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) escaped from aquaculture into the Kafue River in the 1980s and by 2008 was distributed throughout the Kafue River between Itezhi-tezhi and Kafue Gorge dams, now as common as the native O. andersonii. The M&E framework targets fully-fledged control programmes for all identified invasive species by 2017, building on some existing ongoing programmes.
Burkina Faso		The logical framework tracks the number of invasive plant species at 42 (2013 baseline), with a target to maintain this number at 42 by 2030. The action plan includes a specific activity to remove invasive plants from 20 dams and water reservoirs over 2025–2026, with a budget of 200,000 thousand FCFA funded by the State. No strategy for reducing new introductions, pathway management, or broader invasive alien species eradication is articulated.
Libya		The NBSAP identifies invasive alien species as a threat to Libyan biodiversity but does not commit to specific IAS management actions in the included sections. The strategy notes that numerous plant and animal species have arrived in Libya both intentionally (to support agriculture, livestock, and fisheries) and unintentionally (through trade and bird migration), resulting in "many invasive alien species that have negatively impacted the agricultural environment." The threat severity table rates introduced/invasive species at medium severity for forests (covering both introduced animals causing damage and introduced plants used in afforestation and road decoration) and medium severity for non-forest areas and the aquatic/marine environment.
Madagascar		Target 6 (Invasive alien species, IAS/IES) is allocated USD 13,820,842 (2.02% of Programme 1). The data sub-section states that knowledge and monitoring are consolidated through the inventory and mapping of terrestrial and aquatic IES and through risk assessment and prioritisation of technical interventions. A dynamic information system ensures data centralisation, early detection and continuous monitoring. Standardised surveillance and quarantine protocols are deployed at points of entry and within pilot ecological sites, enabling rapid response to introductions and regular assessment of measures. Mapping of introduction pathways and early warning support evidence-based decisions. Sustainable financing is based on the creation of permanent mechanisms including specific funds and support of technical and financial partners; valorisation of targeted species and ecosystem restoration programmes generate complementary economic opportunities, and resources support prevention, detection, eradication and monitoring activities. The review of 2015-2025 NBSAPs notes significant gaps in IAS data and the briefing identifies lavaka formation and IAS proliferation as downstream effects of deforestation.
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		The alignment analysis identifies Target 6 as one of the targets with the lowest direct contribution from ENBioMex, at 10% of total actions. Axes 1 (Knowledge) and 4 (Addressing pressure factors) have the greatest direct contribution (7 and 5 actions respectively), while Axis 2 concentrates the majority of enabling actions. The document notes that the relatively small set of contributing actions is explained by the very specific theme of invasive alien species. ENBioMex Axis 4 includes a dedicated line of action (4.3) on prevention, control, and eradication of invasive species, encompassing implementation of the Invasive Species Strategy (4.3.1), citizen participation (4.3.2), trade regulation (4.3.3), invasive species early warning systems (4.3.4), regulatory framework for biological control (4.3.5), and GMO risk analysis (4.3.6).
Namibia		Invasive alien species are identified as one of the key pressures driving biodiversity loss in Namibia, cited explicitly in Chapter 1 alongside land-use change, pollution and climate change, and flagged under Thematic Pillar 1.3 (reducing key pressures and threats to biodiversity) within Strategic Goal 1. NBSAP 3 lists an Invasive Alien Species policy as a high-priority instrument to be urgently developed or finalised under Programme 24 Activity 2, alongside restoration and rehabilitation, inland fisheries, land-use planning and IKS policies. The briefing does not contain a dedicated National Target or Programme on IAS within the sections included, so detailed objectives, species targets, pathway management measures or quantitative commitments are not visible in the briefing.
Norway		The NBSAP identifies the proliferation of invasive alien species as one of the five direct drivers of biodiversity loss in Norway (alongside land and sea use change, over-harvesting, climate change and pollution). Alien species are defined in the Table 2.1 terminology reference (organisms whose presence is due to human transport and that have not previously occurred naturally; only species established with reproducing populations after 1800 are considered in ecological risk assessments). Alien species or diseases, including salmon lice and escaped farmed salmon, are cited as main drivers of change in aquatic environments. In protected areas, alien species are among the main threats to conservation values. In the Box 5.3 Menu of Measures for forests, measure 7 covers reducing loss in plant fields through combating alien species and measure 15 covers increasing the fight against invasive alien species. On Svalbard, pressures from other local species are listed as an impact factor for 30 of 67 endangered species. The briefing does not present a dedicated national strategy section on invasive alien species or a named action plan commitment within the sections included.
Germany
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030
Panama
Viet Nam