Target 05: Sustainable harvest

Generated: 2026-04-17T22:45:57Z

Landscape

Forty-two of sixty-nine countries explicitly address sustainable harvest, trade, and use of wild species, while twenty-six treat the topic as relevant context distributed across fisheries, forestry, and wildlife protection provisions. Legal and regulatory reform paired with enforcement is the dominant implementation mode, appearing in economies as structurally different as Iceland, the Republic of Congo, and Bhutan. Fisheries management — annual quotas, maximum sustainable yield ceilings, vessel monitoring systems, and controls on illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing — appears with the most operational detail across fishing-dependent states from Norway and Iceland to the Marshall Islands, Mauritania, and Eritrea. Terrestrial wild species harvest — bushmeat, non-timber forest products, medicinal plants, game species — receives primary attention from a concentrated subset of plans, particularly in Central and West Africa, South Asia, and Pacific island states. CITES compliance runs as a common thread across regions, ranging from brief ratification references to dedicated enforcement corps, permit databases, and species-specific Non-Detriment Findings. Community-based governance and the protection of customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities appear as a recurring structural element, written explicitly into national target texts in Argentina, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Iran, Sudan, and Vanuatu.

Variation

The sectoral emphasis of plans divides roughly three ways: fisheries-only or fisheries-dominant approaches — Iceland, Norway, the Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Uganda — that operationalize the target almost entirely through marine and freshwater management; wildlife trade and terrestrial harvest approaches — Spain, Afghanistan, Malaysia, Paraguay — focused on CITES compliance, enforcement campaigns, and trafficking control; and multi-sector integrated plans — Cameroon, Bhutan, India, the Republic of Congo, Senegal — covering fisheries, forestry, bushmeat, medicinal plants, and trade simultaneously. This split tracks economic geography but is not determined by income level alone.

The degree of quantification varies sharply. Yemen commits to ensuring "harvest rates of all species are at or below the maximum sustainable yield" and to reducing illegal trade of species by 20% by 2030. Mauritania targets 50% of fish stocks within biologically sustainable limits. Norway maintains area-based fisheries measures covering 44% of its economic zone. Cameroon targets a compliance rate for fishing activities of at least 80% and commits, from a baseline of 339 permits in 2018, to having at least 70% of hunting and harvesting authorisations issued via e-permit by 2030. Rwanda anchors its enforcement programme in a documented decline: fish production in Rwanda's frontiers of Lake Kivu dropped from 24,199 tonnes in 2017 to 16,194 tonnes in 2020, attributed to illegal fishing operations. Eritrea grounds its bycatch reduction programme in a comparable finding — studies between 2013 and 2014 found that 56.12% of the total trawl catch in Eritrean waters consisted of discards — and follows with planned deployment of bycatch reduction devices and vessel monitoring system satellite tracking on trawling vessels. Many plans commit to programmatic action without quantified thresholds.

IPLC integration is explicit in a subset of plans. Argentina, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Iran, Sudan, and Vanuatu write customary sustainable use into their national target texts. Vanuatu positions traditional governance systems alongside legislation and enforcement as co-equal implementation mechanisms for the target.

The One Health framing — linking wild species harvest to pathogen spillover risk — appears in target language across many plans, often near-verbatim from the Global Biodiversity Framework. Cameroon operationalises this through a protocol establishing biosecurity measures in at least 50% of parks and an early-detection benchmark of 70% of zoonosis events contained within seven days. The Republic of Congo includes a logframe indicator tracking the growth rate of pathogens linked to wild species consumption. Senegal counts the number of zoonosis cases detected and contained as an action metric. Other plans incorporate the language without corresponding monitoring architecture.

Enforcement posture ranges from named campaigns with dedicated institutional units to general reliance on existing agencies. Spain proposes a new Inspectorate Corps within the Ministry for Ecological Transition to oversee CITES and timber trade compliance alongside an updated anti-trafficking action plan. Malaysia commits to reviving the ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network and to a 50% increase in collaborative anti-poaching efforts by 2030 compared to 2024 levels. Malaysia's plan also identifies the country explicitly as both a source and a transit country for trafficked wildlife. Several plans document detailed threat profiles alongside fewer corresponding management provisions: Libya records the effective collapse of fisheries enforcement since 2011; Gabon estimates that illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing accounts for 30–40% of total catches; Côte d'Ivoire records that 36.5 million wild mammals were slaughtered in 1996 while noting that hunting has been officially closed since 1974.

Paraguay illustrates the operation of CITES Non-Detriment Findings at national scale: CITES export quotas for palo santo (Bulnesia sarmientoi) have been maintained since 2014 under precautionary quotas of 1,400 tonnes per year for timber and 250 tonnes per year for extracts, with Non-Detriment Findings issued by the Scientific Authority under Decree 9701/12 through land-use and forest management plans under Forestry Law 422/73. Belgium demonstrates intra-federal variation: hunting has been completely prohibited in Brussels-Capital Region since 1991, lead shot has been banned absolutely in Flanders since 2008 and in wetlands in Wallonia since 2006. Switzerland takes an explicitly different posture: the NBSAP states that "the use of wild animal and plant species is well regulated in Switzerland" and that "no new measure is therefore included in AP SBS II for the domestic dimension," with the single new action targeting stricter enforcement of IUU fishing import regulations. Tunisia proposes an instrument unusual in this target set — "exploiting invasive alien marine species to mitigate their impacts on local resources" under Measure A5.2.2. Bhutan plans domestication trials for at least one identified Sowa Rigpa species by 2030 as a demand-reduction measure, set against a baseline of 1,318 forestry offences in 2023, up from 1,284 in 2022, the majority related to unauthorised timber extraction.

Standouts

Afghanistan's NBSAP names the Afghan Armed Forces as a source of harvest pressure and assigns the Ministry of National Defence as the responsible actor. Action 5.8 reads: "Eliminate hunting of wildlife by Afghan Armed Forces personnel through internal education programs and enforcement," with a metric of a report by the Ministry of National Defence on actions taken to reduce hunting by AAF personnel, and timelines running to 2026 and 2030.

Norway's plan documents an adaptive management response to real-time stock signals: "Harvesting of wild Atlantic salmon and sea trout was suspended in 33 rivers and associated sea areas in 2024 in response to the weakest recorded returns." The suspension sits within a broader ecosystem-based fisheries system that also maintains bans on bottom fishing beyond 800 metres and protection of coral reefs, sponges, and sea pen deposits.

Côte d'Ivoire's NBSAP records two self-identified contradictions in national policy: "Hunting has been officially closed since 1974 yet bushmeat trade remains active," and the document separately notes that ammunition shops remain authorised despite the hunting ban. Both observations appear in the NBSAP's own situation analysis.

Vanuatu builds its Target 5 implementation on community bylaws as the primary regulatory instrument, with named species and specific gear prohibitions assigned province by province. The plan commits to: "Ban the harvesting of turtles in the turtle sanctuary in Torba … Ban the harvesting of parrot fish in at least two communities in each Area Council in Torba … Incorporate bans on 1-inch and 2-inch mesh nets into community bylaws in Malampa and Shefa … Incorporate bans on trochus, sea cucumber, and parrotfish into community by-laws in West Tanna." The community bylaw rather than national legislation is the operative instrument, and net-mesh dimensions are the unit of regulation.

China's NBSAP commits to "continuing to implement the ten-year fishing ban on the Yangtze River" and describes "special law enforcement actions including 'China Fisheries Administration Bright Sword' and 'Kunlun' campaigns to severely crack down on illegal hunting, collection, transport, and trade of wild animals and plants and their products." The plan extends this enforcement posture to online transactions and express delivery channels, identified as distinct vectors for illegal wildlife trade.

Analysis

The fisheries–terrestrial asymmetry is structural across the plan set. Fisheries management is operationalized through scientific advisory bodies, maximum sustainable yield ceilings, quota systems, vessel monitoring systems, and area-based closures in countries as different as Iceland, the Marshall Islands, and Eritrea. Terrestrial and non-timber forest product harvest frequently receives anti-poaching enforcement and trade prohibitions; formal harvest management architecture — sustainability thresholds, rotation cycles, Non-Detriment Findings — appears in a smaller subset of plans.

Demand-side measures appear in fewer plans than supply-side instruments. The majority of plans approach the target through enforcement, quotas, and permit systems. Malaysia commits to in-depth consumer-behaviour research targeting restaurants, pet shops, aquarium traders, and traditional medicine practitioners, with the stated goal of removing rare, threatened, and endangered species from those supply chains. Bhutan plans domestication trials for at least one identified Sowa Rigpa species as a demand-reduction measure. These commitments stand apart from the broader pattern.

One Health framing has moved into national target language across a broad geographic range, with many plans incorporating the Global Biodiversity Framework's pathogen spillover language. A smaller subset operationalises this as specific biosecurity protocols, zoonosis-monitoring indicators, or inter-ministerial health coordination. The distance between adoption of the framing and construction of implementation architecture to deliver on it is a consistent feature of the plan set.

CITES appears in virtually every region, but the depth of engagement ranges from ratification reference to active institutional construction — establishing national offices, conducting species-specific Non-Detriment Findings, digitising permit systems, creating dedicated enforcement corps. How far the convention translates into domestic harvest governance varies accordingly across the sixty-nine countries.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Afghanistan	Afghanistan will ensure that the harvesting, trade and use of wild species is sustainable and legal.	The NBSAP commits Afghanistan to ensuring that the harvesting, trade, and use of wild species is sustainable and legal. Overexploitation is identified as one of the three major threats to Afghanistan's biodiversity, encompassing overgrazing by livestock, uncontrolled timber harvest, hunting of rare species, and excessive commercial collection of wild plants for traditional medicine. Eight actions are specified: Action 5.1 calls for regulating hunting by law or decree (by 2025, NEPA responsible). Action 5.2 calls for regulating firearms and ammunition, particularly shotguns and .22 calibre rifles (by 2025, Ministry of Interior). Action 5.3 calls for controlling illegal harvest of wild animals in protected areas (by 2030, NEPA). Action 5.4 calls for ensuring products of protected species are not offered for sale (by 2030, NEPA). Action 5.5 calls for establishing a functional CITES office with trained management and scientific authorities (by 2026, NEPA). Action 5.6 calls for reporting on harvest and international trade of hing (Asafoetida), licorice, and medicinal plants (by 2030, MAIL). Action 5.7 calls for training and deploying border officials to intercept wildlife trafficking (by 2028, NEPA). Action 5.8 calls for eliminating hunting of wildlife by Afghan Armed Forces personnel through internal education programs and enforcement (by 2026 and 2030, Ministry of National Defence).
Argentina	Ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species is sustainable, safe and lawful, preventing overexploitation, minimising negative impacts on other species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk of pathogen spread, applying the ecosystem approach while respecting, valuing and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.	National Target 5 commits to ensuring that the use, harvesting, and trade of wild species is sustainable, safe, and lawful, preventing overexploitation and minimising negative impacts on other species and ecosystems. It includes reducing the risk of pathogen spread and applying the ecosystem approach, while respecting, valuing, and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities. The current situation chapter notes that illegal international trade in biodiversity and its products represents a global threat to conservation and a potential entry point for invasive alien species and diseases, and that in Argentina illegal trade in flora and fauna represents the main threat for many endangered species. Theme 7 of the strategy (Prevention, Control and Enforcement Regarding Biodiversity) is linked to Target 5 in the Action Plan and sets a general guideline to coordinate prevention, control, and enforcement actions carried out by various competent agencies. Theme 6 (Valuation of Biodiversity) is also linked to Target 5.
Belgium		The NBSAP addresses sustainable harvesting and trade of wild species across fisheries, hunting, forestry, and trade. For marine fisheries, Belgium commits to promoting implementation of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries to ensure long-term sustainability of living marine resources. The Common Fisheries Policy is identified as the instrument for achieving Maximum Sustainable Yield by 2020, with particular attention to minimising bycatch. Recreational gillnet fishing at sea is prohibited to limit bycatch of birds and sea mammals, and recreational bottom trawling is permitted only beyond 3 nautical miles. For hunting, regional laws revised in the 1990s aim at sustainable use of wild species and their habitats. Compulsory hunting exams have been required since 1978 in Flanders and Wallonia. Annual cull plans are drawn up by game management units for big game and approved by the Regions. Hunting is completely prohibited in Brussels-Capital Region since 1991. Operational objective 2.3 addresses the potential impact on biodiversity of internal trade (legal and illegal) of live animals and plants, calling for relevant regulations including market regulation and CITES Regulation implementation. For illegal logging, Belgium supports the EU FLEGT Action Plan and the EU Timber Regulation (No 995/2010) prohibiting placement of illegal timber on the EU market. For CITES-listed wood, Belgium commits to working with countries of origin to ensure permits are issued only with clear non-detriment findings.
Bhutan	By 2030, ensure safe and legal harvesting of wild species for social, economic, and environmental benefits in a sustainable manner	Bhutan's National Target 5 states: "By 2030, ensure safe and legal harvesting of wild species for social, economic, and environmental benefits in a sustainable manner," aligned with KMGBF Targets 5 and 9. The rationale notes that wild species are integral to Bhutan's traditional medicine (Sowa Rigpa), rural livelihoods, and cultural heritage, but unsustainable harvesting, changing market dynamics, and habitat degradation threaten their long-term viability. The threats section reports 1,318 forestry offences in 2023 (up from 1,284 in 2022), the majority related to unauthorized timber extraction, followed by illegal harvesting of non-wood forest products and illegal fishing. High-value wildlife such as Musk Deer, Tiger, and Himalayan Black Bear are frequently targeted for transboundary trade. One strategy with six actions is identified: conducting resource assessments of economically important wild species including those used in Sowa Rigpa, carrying out domestication trials for at least one identified species, reviewing and recommending amendment of the Forest and Nature Conservation Rules and Regulations (FNCRR) 2023 to incorporate emerging trade of wild species, updating guidelines for sustainable utilization integrating biodiversity and health, updating or developing community-based management plans for sustainable harvesting, and enforcing effective compliance monitoring of illegal collection.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	By 2030, legal, administrative, health and technical measures are taken and implemented to guarantee rational use, sustainable, safe and legal harvesting and trade of wild species, in order to avoid overexploitation, minimise impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reduce the risks of pathogen spread, relying on an integrated ecosystem-based approach, while respecting and conserving the traditional practices of Indigenous Pygmy Peoples and local communities regarding sustainable use.	Objective 5 commits the DRC to legal, administrative, health and technical measures ensuring rational, sustainable, safe and legal harvesting and trade of wild species by 2030. The NBSAP frames implementation around CITES compliance, an integrated ecosystem-based approach, prevention of overexploitation, minimisation of impacts on non-target species, and reduction of pathogen spread risks. Customary sustainable-use practices of Indigenous Pygmy Peoples and local communities are explicitly recognised and protected.
Republic of the Congo	Target 6/5: By 2030 at the latest, ensure safe, legal and sustainable trade and harvesting of marine and freshwater fisheries resources and eliminate destructive fishing practices while minimising the impacts on non-target species and ecosystems and reducing the risk of spread of pathogenic agents, in accordance with the ecosystem approach, while respecting and protecting the traditional practices of local communities and indigenous peoples (CLPA) in terms of sustainable use and management of biodiversity.	National Target 6/5 commits by 2030 to ensure safe, legal and sustainable trade and harvesting of marine and freshwater fisheries resources and to eliminate destructive fishing practices, while minimising impacts on non-target species and reducing the risk of spreading pathogens, in accordance with the ecosystem approach and respecting traditional practices of CLPA. Result A1O6R6 groups six actions: compliance with harvesting quotas in accordance with CITES (2025, 50 million FCFA); definition of conservation status of national species (2026, 10); compliance with annual cutting permits (2025, 50); combating illegal and destructive fishing (2025, 500); dissemination and awareness-raising on regulations governing exploitation of natural or biological resources (2026, 50); and enforcement of regulations on natural or biological resource exploitation in accordance with current legal texts (2026, 100). Indicators include tonnage and number of annual catches complying with CITES quotas, sanctioned offences for exceeding quotas, logging rates and compliance with annual felling quotas, number of illegal fishing cases detected, maritime inspection operations per year, and growth rate of pathogens linked to wild species consumption. The diagnostic sections flag overexploitation — 'excessive hunting, intensive fishing and abusive logging' — as endangering numerous animal and plant species, and list 'Persistence of Illegal Fishing (unreported and unregulated)' and 'Animal poaching' with associated bushmeat trade as ongoing threats. Responsible bodies include the ministries for fisheries, forests, trade, health, finance, the environment, and scientific research, together with the secretariat for State action at sea, CNIAF, customs, and CSO/NGO trade surveillance.
Switzerland		The NBSAP addresses the sustainable use and trade of wild species under SBS Objectives 1 and 4. The action plan states that the use of wild animal and plant species is well regulated in Switzerland and that any ad hoc adaptations (extension or restriction of use) would be addressed in relevant sectors such as hunting or fishing. No new measure is therefore included in AP SBS II for the domestic dimension. For the international dimension, Switzerland's engagement is framed through CITES and the Nagoya Protocol, which cover the genetic aspect of trade in wild species. Review mandate E2, assigned to the Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), covers enforcement in the areas of CITES, the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW), and the import of legal and sustainable marine fisheries products (IUU regulation). The FSVO notes that experiences with legislation and enforcement are positive and exchange with client groups is active. For IUU fishing specifically, enforcement has not achieved the desired effect and the relevant ordinance must be adapted for stricter enforcement.
Côte d'Ivoire	By 2020, the sustainable management of bushmeat and wildlife is ensured.	The NBSAP extensively documents overexploitation as a principal threat to biodiversity. It identifies poaching, overfishing, and uncontrolled logging as three components of generalised overexploitation. For wildlife, the strategy reports that an estimated 36.5 million wild mammals (120,000 tonnes carcass-equivalent) were slaughtered in 1996, with 56% in the savannah zone. Hunting has been closed since 1974, yet the bushmeat and ivory trade remains active, and ammunition shops are authorised. The document also notes illegal bird trade alongside legal commerce. For fisheries, industrial catches have declined — trawler and sardine boat catches fell from 11 and 20 tonnes per trip respectively to 7 tonnes by 1995, and shrimp catches have declined to the point where shrimp boats now catch more fish than shrimp. For logging, forest cover shrank from 12 million hectares in 1960 to approximately 3 million hectares. Objective 15 of Strategic Orientation 4 commits to ensuring sustainable management of bushmeat and wildlife by 2020, noting that reliable data are lacking. The NBSAP calls for developing standard methods for assessing and monitoring populations, collecting reliable data on harvesting levels and commercialisation, and training agents in species identification including CITES species. Several CITES-listed species are named, including elephants, crocodiles, pythons, and primates.
Cameroon		The NBSAP addresses sustainable use of wild species through policy frameworks, a diagnosis of overexploitation, and two dedicated action plan objectives covering fisheries and wildlife. The Forestry and Wildlife Sub-sector Strategy 2020 makes biodiversity protection a central axis, articulated around sustainable management of forests, conservation of wildlife resources, and security of protected areas. It emphasises the involvement of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLC) in community-based resource management, including community forests, hunting zones, and ecotourism. The drivers-of-loss section identifies overexploitation as a principal pressure. The Sectoral Footprint on Biodiversity in Cameroon (2021) reports that forestry activities contribute to approximately 1% of annual deforestation, with pressure concentrated on high-value species such as ayous and sapelli. Excessive harvesting of plant species including Prunus africana, Nyetum garcinia, and Gnetum africana is noted. Poaching and trafficking in threatened species persist, and unsustainable fishing techniques contribute to stock depletion and habitat degradation. Objective 16 in the action plan targets strengthening the legal and regulatory framework on the use, harvesting and trade of fishery species. It calls for implementation of Law No. 2024/019 governing fisheries and aquaculture, with at least 15 implementing texts to be adopted. The compliance rate of fishing activities is targeted to reach at least 80% (from approximately 40-50%), with a 70% reduction in infringements and VMS/AIS operational at 100%. Objective 17 addresses the use, harvesting and trade of wild species whilst minimising pathogen spread risk and valorising traditional sustainable use practices. Action 17.1 calls for consolidation of the legislative framework, including an assessment report with at least 18 priority recommendations adopted (at least 72%), and at least 8 legal and regulatory texts adopted or revised integrating the One Health approach. Action 17.4 targets optimisation of the system for issuing hunting and harvesting authorisations, with 100% of permits registered in a national database and at least 70% issued via e-permit (baseline: 339 permits in 2018). Action 17.2 addresses zoonosis prevention through training of eco-guards and veterinarians and establishment of biosecurity protocols in at least 50% of parks. Action 17.3 targets early zoonosis detection, with at least 70% of events detected within 7 days.
China	By 2030, a comprehensive biodiversity law enforcement and supervision system shall be established, a sustained high-pressure posture of strict crackdowns, prevention, management and control shall be maintained, and the legality of the use, harvesting and trade of wild species shall be significantly enhanced.	The NBSAP addresses sustainable harvesting and trade of wild species through several instruments. Priority Action 23 establishes a comprehensive biodiversity law enforcement and supervision system, with special law enforcement actions including 'China Fisheries Administration Bright Sword' and 'Kunlun' campaigns to severely crack down on illegal hunting, collection, transport, and trade of wild animals and plants and their products. The plan strengthens regulatory law enforcement against internet-related illegal wildlife activities and standardises administrative management. China commits to conscientiously fulfilling obligations under CITES, improving relevant national laws, regulations, and policy systems, particularly for online transactions and express delivery of endangered species products. The plan calls for improving the system for combating illegal trade in wild animals and plants, continuing to implement the ten-year fishing ban on the Yangtze River, and strengthening the farmland fallow rotation system. Under Priority Action 16, the NBSAP establishes fishery resource conservation management systems, improves fishing moratoriums and quota-based fishing systems, implements voluntary high-seas fishing moratoriums, and commits to severely cracking down on illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Marine capture fishing quota pilot programmes are to be advanced with total volume management of marine fishery resources. The 2030 target for law enforcement states that the legality of the use, harvesting, and trade of wild species shall be significantly enhanced.
Colombia		The NBSAP reports that IDEAM and the National Aquaculture and Fisheries Authority (AUNAP — Autoridad Nacional de Acuicultura y Pesca) publish data on volumes of confiscated timber and on fishing landings respectively, and Invemar produces artisanal-fishing statistics for the Ciénaga del Magdalena and the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta. The Ministry of Environment compiles information on species harvesting from permits granted by Corporaciones Autónomas Regionales (CAR) and from seizures, confiscations and recoveries of illegally trafficked fauna and flora; based on this information, the SINA institutes and CITES Scientific Authorities issue the Non-Detriment Finding (NDF) required for CITES species exports. DNP tracks the percentage of progress in reducing illegal harvesting of nature in protected areas. DANE reports five indicators on forest-product use through the Satellite Environmental Accounts drawing on the National Forest Information System (SNIF — Sistema Nacional de Información Forestal). Priority Area 3 of the Action Plan frames Target 5 within the Peace-with-Nature approach, linking highly biodiverse territories characterised by weak institutional presence, lack of own fiscal resources, precarious access routes and low administrative capacity to expansion of illegal revenues (coca and marijuana crops, various mining activities, smuggling, illegal trafficking of species and timber) and to extensive cattle ranching and export enclaves. The Plan calls for cross-sectoral actions on governability, enforcement, monitoring capacity and traceability, and convenes the legislative branch, defence sectors and those responsible for smuggling control. Voices from the territories provide regional recommendations linked explicitly to KMGBF Target 5, including: coordination mechanisms across institutions and bordering countries in the Amazon to address environmental offences; implementation of management and monitoring plans for invasive species, threatened species and fragile ecosystems to prevent overexploitation and illegal wildlife trafficking; coordination of the armed forces, environmental entities and local organisations in the control of environmental damage through drones (Andean); regulation and application of the environmental sanctioning process, community service and mandatory courses for breaches (Law 2387 of 2024, Andean); reduction of illicit-use crops and illegal mining in páramos and wetlands; traceability and surveillance schemes for cattle ranching and other extractive activities (Orinoquía); economic alternatives to illegal activities and species exploitation (Orinoquía); deforestation control through enforcement and strengthening of wildlife-trafficking surveillance (Pacific); and support for judges handling environmental offences.
Denmark		The NBSAP addresses sustainable harvesting and trade through wildlife crime enforcement and fisheries management. The government will intensify efforts to combat wildlife crime through a legislative proposal involving three measures: rules that serious wildlife crime shall be a particularly aggravating circumstance in sentencing; fixed fines for wildlife crime; and increased use of hunting licence revocation. Ninety-two wildlife reserves have been established in Denmark where human activities, including hunting, are restricted. Management and action plans regulate the protection and exploitation of specific species groups, using EU nature protection directives as a basis. Fisheries are managed under the EU Common Fisheries Policy, which promotes sustainable management through the utilisation of fish stocks based on the principle of maximum sustainable yield, and seeks to reduce the negative impact of fishing on ecosystems. The coastal fisheries scheme grants larger quotas for fisheries that use low-impact gear not affecting the seabed. A state-owned nature-friendly coastal fishery label, launched in 2021, is based on five requirements ensuring that labelled fish come from coastal, environmentally sound, and sustainable fisheries using environmentally sound fishing methods.
Eritrea	Target 4: Ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species is sustainable, safe and legal, preventing overexploitation, minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, applying the ecosystem approach, while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by local people and local communities.	Eritrea's National Target 4 addresses ensuring sustainable use, harvesting, and trade of wild species. The total budget is USD 2,330,000. The NBSAP organizes actions across ten objectives spanning forest resources, wild plant species, marine fisheries, and enforcement. For forest resources, the NBSAP calls for promoting environment-friendly substitutes for biomass fuels (Action 4.1.1, USD 500,000), minimizing forest conversion (Action 4.1.2), improving natural forest management (Action 4.2.1), minimizing forest fire occurrences (Action 4.2.2), and ensuring non-wood forest products are harvested in non-damaging ways (Action 4.2.4). Permits for use of wild species are to be issued per FWA guidelines under Proclamation 155/2006 and the Fisheries Proclamation. For wild plant and crop genetic resources, the plan includes surveys to determine the status of all plant genetic resources and crop wild relatives (Action 4.3.1, 2027), collection and conservation of indigenous crops (Action 4.3.2), and transfer of desired qualities from wild relatives to cultivated crops (Action 4.5.1). Domestication and marketing of wild vegetables to enhance food security is also planned (Action 4.5.2, 2028-2030). For marine resources, the NBSAP notes that the Eritrean Red Sea coast can sustain up to 80,000 tons of fisheries products annually. Studies between 2013 and 2014 found that 56.12% of the total trawl catch was discards. The action plan includes baseline surveys on bycatch (Action 4.6.1), introduction of bycatch reduction devices (Action 4.6.2, 2028-2029), deployment of satellite tracking systems (VMS) on trawling vessels (Action 4.9.1, USD 100,000), and increased patrolling in collaboration with the Eritrean Naval Force (Action 4.9.2). Regional cooperation with neighbouring Red Sea countries for harmonized fishing regulations is planned for 2029-2030.
Spain		The NBSAP addresses trade regulation through its role as Administrative Authority for the CITES Convention and as FLEGT and EUTR National Competent Authority. Measures focus on ensuring legality of the marketing of timber and timber products and the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade. An Inspectorate Corps of MITECO is to be created before 2025 to oversee correct implementation of CITES and FLEGT/EUTR Regulations, ensuring zero tolerance towards illegal trade in wild species and timber from illegal logging. The Spanish Action Plan against Illegal Trafficking and International Poaching of Wild Species (Plan TIFIES) is to be updated in 2023 for the period until 2025, and the prohibition of ivory trade in Spain is to be promoted before 2023. The NBSAP also commits to implementing and strengthening the National Plan for control of legality of marketed timber, in collaboration with Autonomous Communities and SEPRONA of the Civil Guard. Collaboration with the State Tax Administration Agency is to continue for information exchange within the FLEGT framework. The briefing notes that exploitation of species, especially hunting and illegal killing, ranks among the main pressures for wintering and passage bird species.
European Union		The strategy addresses sustainable harvesting principally through fisheries and wildlife trade policy. Marine resources are to be harvested sustainably with zero-tolerance for illegal practices. Fishing mortality is to be maintained at or reduced to below Maximum Sustainable Yield levels to achieve healthy population age and size distributions. A new action plan to conserve fisheries resources and protect marine ecosystems is to be proposed by 2021, including measures to limit the use of fishing gear most harmful to biodiversity. Internationally, the EU applies zero tolerance towards illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing and will combat overfishing, including through WTO negotiations on a global agreement to ban harmful fisheries subsidies. The strategy also commits to cracking down on illegal wildlife trade, which is described as the world's fourth most lucrative black market. The EU Action Plan against Wildlife Trafficking is to be revised in 2021, and rules on EU ivory trade are to be further tightened. The Commission will explore revision of the Environmental Crime Directive, including expanding its scope and introducing specific provisions for criminal sanctions.
Gabon	Ensure sustainable harvesting and legal trade of wild species	Gabon's National Target 5 commits to ensuring sustainable harvesting and legal trade of wild species, with seven strategic actions. The NBSAP calls for assessing wild species populations and stocks, encouraging certification of forest concessions, finalising the revision of the Forestry Code, developing regulatory texts, increasing fisheries brigades and inspection missions, continuing community consultations on sustainable resource use, and ensuring environmental considerations in economic development projects. The legal framework supporting this target is substantial. The Forestry Code (Law No. 16/01 of 2001) mandates management plans for all forestry exploitation with rotation cycles of 25–30 years and Minimum Exploitable Diameters. The Fisheries and Aquaculture Code (Law No. 015/2005) regulates fishing for sustainable management. The Penal Code (Law No. 042/2018) classifies environmental offences including ivory trafficking, illegal exploitation of fisheries resources, and trade in protected species. For fisheries, the NBSAP describes spatial management measures including delineated artisanal fishing zones, zones closed to industrial fishing, protected breeding and nursery zones, rotation of fishing zones, catch quotas for vulnerable species, and closed seasons. IUU fishing is estimated at 30–40% of total catches. For forestry, Gabon has promoted FSC certification with the aim of certifying all managed concessions, and since 2009 has banned the export of unprocessed logs.
United Kingdom	The UK will ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species is sustainable, safe and legal, preventing overexploitation, minimising impacts on nontarget species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk of pathogen spillover, applying the ecosystem approach, while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.	The NBSAP sets UK target 5, committing to ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species is sustainable, safe and legal, preventing overexploitation. The target also addresses minimising impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk of pathogen spillover, applying the ecosystem approach. A footnote clarifies the UK's position on indigenous peoples under the CBD.
Equatorial Guinea	Ensure that the trade, use and harvesting of wild species are sustainable, safe and lawful, preventing overexploitation, minimising impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, reducing the risk of pathogen spread and respecting the sustainable customary use of indigenous peoples and local communities.	National Target 5 commits to ensure that the trade, use and harvesting of wild species in Equatorial Guinea are carried out in a sustainable, safe and lawful manner, applying the ecosystem approach, minimising impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing health risks, with respect for the customary practices of local communities. Implementation conditions include installation of intercommunication systems between institutions involved in the control of trade in wild species, strengthening the operational capacity of control, monitoring and evaluation institutions, review and updating of the National CITES Law (Ley Nacional de CITES), and creation of a national Floristic and Faunistic Red List. A separate formulation under TABLES-NBSAP sets a target that by 2030 all trade in non-protected wild species is regulated, controlled and monitored. Degree of alignment is MEDIUM.
Hungary		The NBSAP addresses sustainable harvesting through Objective 5 (protecting species threatened by commercial exploitation) and Objective 13 (ensuring sustainable game and fisheries management that does not compromise biodiversity regeneration). Hungary joined CITES in 1985 and plays a role in intercepting illegal transit shipments along the 'Balkan Route.' The game management section describes how big game populations (estimated at 600,000–650,000 individuals) greatly exceed sustainable densities. Regional game management has been in operation since 2017, coordinating management in geographical areas with similar habitat conditions. Small game species (European hare, pheasant, grey partridge) have been declining since the 1970s. Target 13.1 commits to implementing regional big game management objectives, halting the decline of native small game species through habitat management, keeping predator populations under control, and considering waterfowl when designing fish ponds and flood protection reservoirs. For fisheries, measures include designating special water areas to conserve fish species, strengthening populations of exploited endangered species, controlling invasive fish, constructing fish passes, and establishing sanctuaries at wintering and breeding areas of native fish.
India	Ensure that the use, harvesting, and trade of wild species are sustainable, safe, and legal, preventing overexploitation, minimizing impact on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk of pathogen spillover. Apply the ecosystem approach while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by Local Communities (LCs).	India's NBSAP addresses the sustainable use, harvesting, and trade of wild species, applying the ecosystem approach while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by Local Communities. The headline indicator is the proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels (5.1), with component indicators on the degree of implementation of international instruments to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing and the Red List Index for used species. Six national indicators are tracked: trends in collection of plants from wild/natural sources providing raw drugs used in Indian systems of medicine (5.1); proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels (5.2); management measures for sustainable fisheries harvest (5.3); trends in illegal trade of wild flora and fauna (5.4); number of Medicinal Plant Conservation Areas (MPCAs) established (5.5); and trends in collection of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) (5.6). Lead agencies include ICAR institutes (CMFRI, CIFRI, CIBA), National Medicinal Plant Board, Botanical Survey of India, ICFRE, State Forest Departments, Wildlife Crime Control Bureau, and TRAFFIC India.
Iran	Ensure the sustainable, safe, and legal use, harvesting, and trade of wild species, preventing overexploitation, minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk of pathogen spillover, while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by local communities.	NT-5 commits to ensuring the sustainable, safe, and legal use, harvesting, and trade of wild species, preventing overexploitation, minimising impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk of pathogen spillover, while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by local communities. Eight actions are specified, including incorporating traditional ecological knowledge into national conservation strategies, establishing community-based monitoring of species populations for early warning of decline, implementing local solutions to mitigate human-wildlife conflict, regulating hunting, fishing, and wild species use with local communities, and supporting habitat connectivity through wildlife corridors and migratory route protection. The actions under NT-3 further develop sustainable use through systems for sustainable harvesting and trade of wild species, encouraging sustainable pastoralism and transhumance, developing fair and legal trade systems ensuring equitable benefits for local communities, and educating communities on monitoring and reporting illegal and unsustainable use or trade.
Iceland	That by 2030, all fishing, aquaculture and use of marine and freshwater resources in Iceland be conducted in harmony with biological diversity and guided by sustainable utilisation.	The NBSAP addresses sustainable harvest through Guiding Principle C, with the objective that by 2030 all fishing, aquaculture and use of marine and freshwater resources in Iceland be conducted in harmony with biological diversity and guided by sustainable utilisation. Government policy on fisheries management requires that marine stocks be utilised in a sustainable manner, and the policy references Iceland's existing fisheries management system that promotes responsible fisheries based on extensive research on fish stocks and marine ecosystems. The policy calls for minimising negative side-effects of fisheries, including the use of bottom-contact fishing gear, and preventing undesirable bycatch of marine mammals, seabirds and other organisms. It identifies the increasing utilisation of kelp and seaweed and calls for a clear policy with the ecosystem approach as a guiding principle. Freshwater stock utilisation is also addressed, requiring sustainability based on monitoring of the most important water catchment areas. Aquaculture is noted as rapidly growing, with the policy calling for the legal framework to be shaped with the ecosystem approach as a guiding principle. Risks from open-sea cage farming are identified, including pollution, sea lice transmission and genetic introgression with wild salmon stocks.
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030		The NBSAP addresses legal and sustainable harvest and trade of wild species through implementation of CITES under the Act on Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the Act on Control of Transfers of Specified Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Species Transfer Act). The government will strengthen border controls on wildlife trade through cooperation with customs authorities and enforcement of labelling and registration requirements for specified species (including ivory). On fisheries, the strategy commits to combating Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing, including through the Act on Ensuring the Proper Domestic Distribution and Importation of Specified Aquatic Animals and Plants and implementation of catch documentation schemes for tuna and other species managed under regional fisheries management organisations. Commercial whaling is managed under Japan's Whaling Act with catch limits set using the IWC-derived Revised Management Procedure, aimed at sustainable use.
Lebanon	NT 6: Ensure that the use, harvesting, and trade of wild species are sustainable, safe and legal, preventing overexploitation, minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk of pathogen spillover by applying the ecosystem approach, while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.	National Target 6 commits Lebanon to ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species are sustainable, safe and legal–preventing overexploitation, minimising impacts on non-target species and ecosystems and reducing the risk of pathogen spillover through an ecosystem approach, while respecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities. Associated national actions include developing guidelines for the fisheries sector (NA 6.3); conducting capacity-building for MoA forest guards and quarantine services, PA rangers, customs, border security forces and municipal police on national and international regulations and on species protected under the IUCN Red List and CITES (NA 6.4), with training numbers tracked yearly against a 2024 baseline; and assessing current terrestrial harvesting practices to identify unsustainable methods and overexploitation, plus establishing MoA-endorsed guidelines for sustainable harvesting and trade, including development of sustainable-use protocols for endemic species affected by overexploitation (NA 6.5, reviewed every five years).
Marshall Islands		Sub-target 1.5 addresses regulation, control, or enforcement of wild species harvesting and trade, delivered through national regulations, resource inventories, and Reimaanlok Steps 3–5 and 7. Headline indicator 5.1 (Sustainable Fish Stocks) tracks the proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels with respect to Maximum Sustainable Yield, with MIMRA as data lead. The MIMRA 2024–2027 Strategic Plan calls for science-based and precautionary fisheries management, strengthened monitoring, control, and surveillance (including observer coverage, vessel monitoring system, and regional cooperation) to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing (Action 76b). MIMRA is to develop robust evidence-based grouper harvesting strategies under the Pacific Bioscapes Programme (Action 116a). MoNRC and MIMRA are to engage on the Whaling Convention (Action 17), the UN Fish Stocks Agreement (Action 18), and the BBNJ Agreement (Action 19). GoRMI is called upon to reconsider joining CITES and CMS (Action 20). MIMRA also represents RMI at the International Whaling Commission (Action 111). The NSP includes the goal of sustainable and responsible use of marine resources, focusing on managing inshore and offshore environments and protecting marine mammals and turtles.
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030		The NBSAP addresses sustainable harvesting primarily through the fishing and forestry sectors. Action A.2.5 commits to integrating biodiversity into maritime fishing policy, with a target of 50% of fish stocks remaining within biologically sustainable limits by 2030. A fishing quota monitoring and control system (B.3.1) is to be established by 2027. For forest resources, action B.3.2 proposes measures for sustainable use of forest products through nature-based solutions and ecosystem service valorisation. Action B.3.3 addresses sustainable water use in agriculture, targeting 70% of water resources used sustainably by 2030. The sectoral analysis identifies overfishing and marine pollution as priority impacts requiring sustainable fishing practices and strengthened marine conservation.
Malaysia	By 2030, poaching, illegal harvesting, and illegal trade of flora and fauna are minimised or significantly reduced	Malaysia's NPBD Target 12 commits that "by 2030, poaching, illegal harvesting, and illegal trade of flora and fauna are minimised or significantly reduced." The policy notes Malaysia is both a source and a transit country for trafficked wildlife, with regional demand driving poaching of tigers, pangolins, sun bears, and gaharu, trade in songbirds (white-rumped shama), turtle eggs, and transits of ivory, rhino horns, reptiles, and testudines seized at Royal Malaysian Customs ports. Target 12 has four actions: 12.1 combat poaching and illegal harvesting through expanded and strengthened patrolling, monitoring, and enforcement within each terrestrial and marine landscape; hiring of IPLCs and retired police/army personnel as patrollers; improved financial compensation and safety for patrollers; use of remote surveillance technology; development of investigative and forensics capacities with the Royal Malaysia Police; and revival of the ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network for Malaysia. 12.2 combat illegal trade. 12.3 reduce demand through in-depth consumer-behaviour research, partnerships with civil society for hotlines and reporting apps, and collaboration with restaurants, pet shops, aquarium traders, and traditional medicine practitioners to remove rare, threatened, and endangered species from supply chains. 12.4 strengthen legislation and institutional arrangements for species protection. The Key Indicator commits to a 50% increase in collaborative anti-poaching efforts by 2030 compared to 2024 levels. Target 6 Action 6.2 addresses sustainable fisheries, including catch documentation schemes to curb IUU fishing, Turtle Excluder Devices and other bycatch reduction devices, and an electronic bycatch monitoring system. The Ministry in charge of biodiversity and forestry is the lead agency; partners include DWNP, JPSM, DOF, PDRM, ATM, KASTAM, MAQIS, JAKOA, AGC, and CSOs/NGOs.
Norway		The Marine Resources Act governs the utilisation of wild living marine resources and genetic material derived from them, aiming for sustainable and economically profitable management alongside employment and settlement in coastal communities. Norwegian fisheries management establishes and enforces annual quotas based on scientific advice, primarily from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), and integrates the precautionary approach with the aim of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) in line with the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA). There has been a shift from single-stock management to ecosystem-based fisheries management based on precautionary reference points and harvesting patterns; the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries and the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research have developed a process incorporating fisheries' impact on the ecosystem and identifying priority challenges. Large commercial stocks in Norwegian waters are generally in good condition but fluctuations occur (e.g. Norwegian spring-spawning herring expected to drop below the precautionary level in 2024). Smallest stocks in poor condition include Norwegian coastal cod, eel and common redfish. Various area-based fisheries measures cover 44 per cent of the Norwegian economic zone, including bans on gear that touches the seabed, a ban on bottom fishing at depths exceeding 800 metres, and protection of coral reefs, sponges and sea pen deposits. Harvesting of wild Atlantic salmon and sea trout was suspended in 33 rivers and associated sea areas in 2024 in response to the weakest recorded returns.
Paraguay		The NBSAP addresses sustainable harvest of wild species through legal, regulatory and enforcement instruments. Law 96/92 on Wildlife prohibits domestic and international trade of CITES-listed and nationally protected species; CITES permits for palo santo (Bulnesia sarmientoi, Appendix II) have been issued since 2014 under precautionary quotas of 1,400 tonnes/year for timber and 250 tonnes/year for extracts, with Non-Detriment Findings issued since 2016 by the Scientific Authority (Directorate of Biological Research/MNHNP) under Decree 9701/12, following land-use plans (PUT) and forest management plans (PMF) under Forestry Law 422/73. Cedar and lapacho are additional Appendix II species subject to sustainable harvest guidelines. The National Strategy to Combat Illegal Wildlife Trafficking 2023–2033, led by MADES with WCS, includes an Action Plan 2023–2033 with pillars in prevention, control, sanctions and transnational cooperation; inter-institutional training for the Public Prosecutor's Office, National Police, Armed Forces, SENACSA and Customs; and a Guide for the Identification of the Most Trafficked Native Fauna Species. At least 40 species are estimated victims of illegal trafficking including the jaguar, macaws, parrots, turtles and reptiles. MADES Resolution 38/2024 regulates sport hunting. Recognised hunting types are scientific, sport, subsistence and control. Target 6 actions include strengthening local capacities for control and monitoring of fishing activities in key aquatic biodiversity areas (2025–2027), reinforcing the MADES Fisheries and Aquaculture Directorate (2025–2026) and the Wildlife Directorate (2025–2027), and ensuring a minimum national fishing closed season of 2 months annually (2025–2030) via decree or resolution.
Rwanda	By 2030, ensure the sustainable management of wild species on all managed lands (agriculture, forests and waters) and curb illegal harvesting.	The NBSAP sets National Target 5 to ensure the sustainable management of wild species on all managed lands (agriculture, forests, and waters) and curb illegal harvesting by 2030. The headline indicator tracks the proportion of illegal harvesting curbed, with component indicators on the proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels and the number of inspections to enforce regulations. The baseline notes that Rwanda has legislation for illegal harvesting of wild species, but cases of illegal activity persist. Significant numbers of illegal fishing nets and boats are confiscated from Lake Kivu each year. Fish production in Rwanda's frontiers of Lake Kivu dropped from 24,199 tonnes in 2017 to 16,194 tonnes in 2020, attributed to illegal fishing operations (AUDA-NEPAD). Similar illegal activities also occur in the forest sector. Strategic actions include developing and implementing guidelines for sustainable management of biodiversity in agriculture, land, and aquaculture; promoting technology for aquaculture to maintain native species; supporting the establishment of aquaparks; enhancing knowledge and skills of fishers and value chain actors in sustainable fishing practices; and enhancing compliance and enforcement through monitoring and regular inspections. The agriculture sector plan specifies actions on promoting organic fertilisers, enhancing investment in livestock sheds for zero grazing policy implementation, adopting best restoration practices for native threatened fish species (RAB, 2025–2030), and promoting technology for aquaculture (RAB, 2025–2030). The forestry sector plan includes enhancing technical support to community-based forest management. The costing allocates USD 1.75 million.
Saudi Arabia	Sustainable use of ecosystems, wild species, and combating overexploitation and illegal practices for those species, to ensure the continuity of providing social, economic, and environmental benefits for people and wildlife, and limiting interactions between them.	National Target 13 addresses the governance of sustainable use of ecosystems and associated species, and combating overexploitation and illegal practices to ensure the continuity of social, economic, and environmental benefits. The target aims to address illegal fishing, logging, and grazing through establishing or activating regulations and environmental conditions, along with monitoring and tracking mechanisms. The national action plan includes: conducting assessments of species and ecosystems most threatened by overexploitation (2026–2030); strengthening the legislative and regulatory framework and law enforcement for sustainable use (2027); strengthening monitoring, surveillance, and enforcement capacities at critical areas and border points (2026–2030); developing strategies to reduce human-wildlife conflicts including awareness on safe behaviour and buffer zones (2027–2030); and enhancing public awareness on wildlife conservation and risks of illegal exploitation (2026–2030). The NBSAP notes the Kingdom's linkage to GBF Targets 5 and 9, particularly regarding ensuring the legal sustainability and safety of ecosystems and sustainable use of wild terrestrial species. The Kingdom is party to CITES (acceded 10 June 1996) and multiple MoUs on conservation of migratory sharks, raptors, and waterbirds.
Sudan	Ensure that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species in Sudan is sustainable, safe and legal, preventing overexploitation, minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing the risk of pathogen spill-over, applying the ecosystem approach, while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities.	National Target 5 commits Sudan to ensuring that the use, harvesting and trade of wild species is sustainable, safe and legal by 2030, preventing overexploitation, minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems, and reducing pathogen spill-over risk, while respecting and protecting customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities. The NBSAP allocates budget for actions under multiple components: wildlife biodiversity receives US$10,300,000 for 2 actions under Goal A, and marine biodiversity US$1,650,000 for 3 actions under Goal B. The ABS component includes actions valued at US$200,000 under Goal B and US$3,000,000 under Goal C for developing community protocols on ABS to respect and protect customary sustainable use by IPLCs of their genetic resources, including wild species. Health aspects receive US$420,000 for 2 actions under Goal B. The monitoring framework uses the Fish Stock Sustainability Index (FSSI) as a headline indicator, with a target of 79% of seafood sustainably harvested (citing FAO). Progress is measured against a threshold of P > 70% (high) for legally and sustainably compliant trade with IUCN standards.
Slovenia		Table 1 includes two directly relevant measures. Measure 27 commits to raising public awareness to prevent illegal trafficking in endangered and protected species, detecting violations and punishing violators, with the indicator of regulated and monitored trade in endangered and protected species (MOP/MNZ/FURS/ARSO/inspections, ongoing). Measure 43 addresses the handling of animals of wild species taken from the wild, committing to analyse current treatment and take necessary measures to amend protection regimes and raise standards to prevent adverse effects on wild species populations (MOP/MKGP, ongoing). The Strategic Plan's National Objective 2 addresses sustainable management in fisheries and aquaculture. Measure 2.3.1 calls for assessing the capacity of ecosystems for maintaining aquacultures. Measures 2.4.1–2.4.3 commit to increasing biodiversity content in fish management programmes, establishing monitoring of distribution and status of fish species, and including scientific participation to support sustainable yield. Measure 2.5.1 commits to ensuring continuity of watercourses and providing conditions for free movement of aquatic organisms.
Senegal	Ensure safe, legal and sustainable trade in and harvesting of wild species	The NBSAP defines national target (5) as ensuring safe, legal and sustainable trade in and harvesting of wild species. The results framework prescribes five priority actions: management of forest massifs (indicator: area of forests under sustainable management), organisation of the timber forest products harvesting campaign (indicator: number of approvals, specifications or permits by category, or compensatory reforestation areas), monitoring of non-timber forest product harvesting (indicator: number of transport permits for product traceability), management of artisanal fisheries (indicator: number of species or sites benefiting from biological rest periods), and developing the One Health approach (indicator: number of zoonosis cases detected and contained). The diagnosis sections detail the specific harvesting threats the strategy addresses: illegal timber trafficking particularly of vène (African rosewood, Pterocarpus), African mahogany, and dimb; destructive honey harvesting and palmyra palm wine tapping; overfishing with unsustainable methods (trawling, small-mesh nets, toxic baits); and unregulated charcoal production. Hub-specific interventions include strengthening protected areas around nurseries and establishing biological rest periods in the South Hub, and combating systematic pillaging of vène wood in the South-East.
Suriname		The NBSAP frames sustainable harvest primarily through wildlife and fisheries. The biodiversity-context narrative records that overfishing is the main cause of declining fish stocks, that Southern Brown Shrimp populations have been depleted, that the number of fishing permits in certain categories exceeds previously indicated sustainable levels, and that the Fisheries Management Plan 2021-2025 lists policies to address several of these issues. Poaching of jaguars and sea turtle eggs, and wildlife trade for pets (birds, reptiles, monkeys, freshwater fish), are flagged as pressures. National Target 1.3 commits to evaluating and updating the Game Law, Forest Management Law and other regulations governing harvest and trade, assessing the licensed wildlife trade, and strengthening enforcement against poaching and illegal trade. Pathway 2 narrative also notes responsible practices being introduced — Turtle Excluder Devices, Reduced Impact Logging, environmental management in artisanal and small-scale gold mining — that 'require upscaling based on stronger policies, lessons learned and barriers to resolve'.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page		The NBSAP addresses sustainable harvest and trade of wild species through National Target 4 (wildlife recovery and threat reduction) and its associated indicator framework. El Salvador ratified CITES in 1986 to regulate trade in wildlife species at risk; the Ministry of Agriculture oversees commercialisation while the Ministry of the Environment leads conservation, and the Directorate General of Customs reinforces export and import permit controls. The indicator matrix tracks the percentage of legal and illegal trade in key wild species, and the number of legal, technical and/or administrative measures developed for the establishment of responsible fishing areas. The baseline notes no available data on species trafficking. PNAs face challenges from overexploitation and illegal wildlife trafficking, identified alongside land-use change, climate change and pollution. Around mangrove areas, Local Sustainable Use Plans (PLAS) regulate ecosystem use with local communities conducting compliance monitoring. The fisheries sector recorded production of 340,072 tonnes between 2017 and 2021, and the NBSAP commits to developing tools for biological monitoring and strengthening institutional capacities for responsible fisheries management.
Chad	NT6: By 2030, all stocks of fish and invertebrates and aquatic plants are managed and harvested in a sustainable manner, legally and by applying species-based approaches for threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems, such that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted species, fisheries have no significant negative impacts on the species and ecosystems, and the impact of fishing on stocks, species and ecosystems remain within safe ecological limits.	The NBSAP addresses overexploitation through National Objective 6 (NT6): by 2030, all stocks of fish, invertebrates and aquatic plants are managed and harvested in a sustainable manner, legally and by applying species-based approaches for threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems, such that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted species, fisheries have no significant negative impacts on species and ecosystems, and the impact of fishing on stocks, species and ecosystems remains within safe ecological limits. The 2011–2020 reference describes unsustainable use of wild species and intensive fishing in various watercourses undermining existing legislation; the 2030 target is implementation of the implementing texts of Law 14 relating to fisheries resources and several Local Development Plans integrating sustainability principles. Measures include developing monitoring systems for population trends of exploited or traded species; monitoring harvesting, trade and sustainability including socio-economic benefits; reducing human health risks associated with handling, trade and consumption of wild species; ensuring bushmeat consumption and trade remain at sustainable levels; ensuring all use of species is legal; and reducing illegal trade in species and derived products. Indicators include the proportion of wild species legally and sustainably collected (I1GT5), proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels (I2GT5), degree of application of legislation against illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (I3GT5), and the number of Local Guidance and Decision-Making Bodies (ILOD) established around PAs (I4GT5). The NBSAP attributes the historical collapse of wildlife to widespread poaching.
Togo	Target 18 : Ensure sustainable, safe and legal harvesting and trade of wild species	The NBSAP designates National Target 18 under Strategic Objective 3 (Use biodiversity sustainably), mapped to GBF Target 5, committing to ensure sustainable, safe, and legal harvesting and trade of wild species. The legal framework includes Togo's ratification of CITES on 23 October 1978. The CITES Scientific Committee is represented on the national NBSAP monitoring committee. The capacity building plan includes development of national standards for the introduction of exotic species (50 million CFA), with support from USAID/WABiLED and the CITES Secretariat. The diagnostic analysis notes wildlife trade as a driver of biodiversity loss. Legislative reform underway includes a new law on the protection and trade of endangered wild species.
Tunisia	Over-exploited wild fauna and flora species are identified and their harvesting is controlled	The NBSAP dedicates Objective A5 to ensuring sustainable exploitation and management of wild species, linked explicitly to KM-GBF Target 5. The national target states: "Over-exploited wild fauna and flora species are identified and their harvesting is controlled." The strategy frames this objective around the direct exploitation of terrestrial, marine, and freshwater wild species as a main factor in biodiversity loss. It calls for seeking a balance between human needs and biodiversity conservation through setting minimum exploitation thresholds based on scientific studies, analysing socioeconomic and sociocultural factors influencing species use, and implementing measures controlling unsustainable harvesting. Measure A5.1 aims to improve knowledge of populations of exploited wild species, with actions to inventory the most exploited species and estimate population sizes (A5.1.1), monitor commercially traded marine species (A5.1.2), consolidate national monitoring programmes for commercial fishing (A5.1.3), and characterise marine biodiversity to strengthen monitoring for commercial and recreational fishing (A5.1.4). Measure A5.2 proposes innovative exploitation methods, including adaptive management programmes for terrestrial and marine species (A5.2.1) and exploiting invasive alien marine species to mitigate their impacts on local resources (A5.2.2). Sustainable fisheries management under Measure B2.3 proposes a national action plan including continuation of state measures for fishery legislation, new fishing practices by gear and area, strengthening scientific and traditional knowledge, improving fishing gear selectivity, and taking emergency measures to reduce overexploitation and protect spawning grounds.
Vanuatu	By 2030, the use, harvesting, and trade of wild species are effectively managed to ensure sustainability, safety, and legality, preventing overexploitation and minimizing impacts on non-target species and ecosystems. Customary sustainable use by Indigenous Peoples and local communities shall be respected and supported through effective legislation, enforcement, and traditional governance systems.	The NBSAP commits to effectively managing the use, harvesting, and trade of wild species by 2030 to ensure sustainability, safety, and legality, with customary sustainable use by Indigenous Peoples and local communities respected and supported through legislation, enforcement, and traditional governance systems. Provincial plans detail specific harvesting controls: Torba will ban turtle harvesting in the turtle sanctuary, ban parrot fish harvesting in at least two communities per Area Council, incorporate bans on trochus, green snail, giant clam, and sea cucumber into community bylaws, and promote community-based resource management tools during harvesting seasons. Penama will develop community by-laws for bluefish management and establish seasonal bans on marine species. Malampa will incorporate bans on specific net sizes (1-inch and 2-inch) into community bylaws in Uri Island and Litzlitz, introduce seasonal harvesting of marine resources within the Farun MPA, and establish and promote sustainable harvesting methods. Shefa plans to incorporate bans on harvesting undersized fish and shells and bans on 1-inch and 2-inch mesh nets into community bylaws across its 19 area councils. Tafea will incorporate bans on trochus, sea cucumber, and parrotfish into community by-laws in West Tanna. Target 5 is allocated 11 actions costing VUV 67,300,000.
Yemen	By 2030, ensure harvest rates of all species are at or below the maximum sustainable yield to guarantee the conservation of all species and reduce illegal trade of species by 20%.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 5, aligned to GBF Target 5, stating: by 2030, ensure harvest rates of all species are at or below the maximum sustainable yield to guarantee the conservation of all species and reduce illegal trade of species by 20%. The target appears in Table 7 under Pathway 2 (Safeguard ecosystem integrity through sustainable uses and reduced anthropogenic pressure). The strategy also references controlling illegal species hunting and trade under the species recovery actions (ACT 1.26), which includes strengthening institutions and their arrangements in conservation efforts and in controlling illegal species hunting and trade through adequate resource allocation and training. However, specific standalone strategic actions dedicated to sustainable harvesting are not elaborated in the included sections of the briefing beyond the target statement itself and the cross-reference to illegal trade reduction.
Zambia	By 2020, baselines for sustainable production and utilization of fisheries, forests and wildlife are established and updated.	The NBSAP addresses sustainable harvest through National Target 4, which calls for establishing and updating baselines for sustainable production and utilization of fisheries, forests, and wildlife by 2020. The situation analysis identifies unsustainable utilization as a major threat: several timber species (Afzelia quanzensis, Daniela ostiniana, Pterocarpus angolensis, Khaya nyasica, Mitragyna stipulosa) are locally threatened due to overexploitation despite 17 tree species being reserved under Forest Law. Bush meat hunting remains a major threat, with poaching occurring in almost all GMAs. Overharvesting of edible orchid tubers threatens local populations. Quantities of caterpillar worm in Mpika, Chinsali, and central Zambia reduced between 2008 and 2013 due to overexploitation and declining selective harvesting. National Target 6 establishes fisheries co-management regimes in 60% of all major fisheries by 2020. The strategy identifies loss of highly valuable fish species from use of unsustainable fishing methods such as mosquito nets. The M&E framework calls for updated baselines on fish, forests and lower plants, and wildlife, with fish stock assessments for all species by 2020 and wildlife surveys for all large mammals by 2018.
Austria		The briefing does not contain a stand-alone commitment on sustainable, safe and legal harvesting and trade of wild species. Wild-species harvest is addressed indirectly through fisheries and through international trade in endangered species. Recreational fishing in Austria is noted as potentially influencing water-body-specific species spectra through stocking and harvesting; 46% of native fish species are assigned to the Red List threat categories CR, EN or VU. Trade in endangered species (CITES) is named as a federal competence under the legal framework chapter, and under global engagement the strategy foresees concrete approaches for Austria to advance biodiversity protection in multilateral conventions including CITES. No quantified national target on reducing overexploitation or on legality of harvest is stated.
Australia		The NBSAP does not specifically address sustainable harvesting and trade of wild species. However, Objective 8 commits to using and developing natural resources in an ecologically sustainable way, and progress measure 8C tracks the level of innovation and implementation of fisheries management practices that ensure sustainability and minimise impacts on other marine or freshwater biodiversity. The broader context section (§16) references overexploitation of some natural resources among the cumulative pressures on biodiversity. Figure 5 maps Objective 8 to GBF Target 5.
Burkina Faso		The NBSAP references the 2011 Forestry Code, which aims to protect and sustainably manage forestry, wildlife, and fishery resources, including specific regulatory measures for nationally threatened species and Environmental Impact Assessment requirements. Burkina Faso ratified CITES in 1989 for regulation of international trade in endangered species. The private sector is described as including concessionaires of hunting or fishing zones. Over the period 2016–2023, approximately 126,896 forestry police patrols were conducted, recording more than 5,000 offences. The action plan includes training officers in anti-poaching operations. However, the NBSAP does not articulate specific sustainable harvesting rates, trade management commitments, or wild species use policies beyond the existing regulatory framework.
Benin		The NBSAP diagnoses overexploitation of biological resources as a direct cause of biodiversity loss, citing poaching and illegal trade in protected species, destructive fishing practices, illegal logging of timber species (African rosewood, iroko), and excessive harvesting of medicinal plants (§40). Underlying causes include the unavailability of recommended mesh sizes for fishing activities on local and national markets, and weak enforcement of existing legislation (§41). Programme 4 includes actions to develop sustainable value chains and biodiversity-compatible income-generating alternatives (7,500 million FCFA) and deploy ecotourism and sustainable economic mechanisms linked to conservation areas (2,500 million FCFA) (§91). National objective 6 in the monitoring framework addresses sustainable and equitable management of biodiversity, with indicators on benefits arising from sustainable use of wild species and services provided by ecosystems (§127). However, the NBSAP does not contain specific harvest management plans, quotas, or sustainability standards for the species and practices identified as problematic. The actions remain at the level of alternative livelihoods and value chains rather than direct harvest regulation.
Brazil		The NBSAP section numbering (skipping from 3.3.5 to 3.3.7) indicates that a dedicated Target 5 section exists in the full document, but this section was not included in the available briefing. The Key Terms table associates a "One Health approach" and "Ecosystem approach" with Target 5, and "Wild species" with Targets 4, 5, and 17, confirming the NBSAP treats Target 5 as a distinct national target. The briefing's threats chapter (§16) provides relevant context. It describes the unsustainable exploitation of biological resources — including hunting, illegal logging, overharvesting of timber and non-timber forest products, predatory fishing, wildlife trafficking, and unsustainable tourism — as one of the five main threats to Brazilian biodiversity. Brazil reports that 52 per cent of fish stocks are monitored for fishing intensity and recovery capacity; of these, 66 per cent are overfished and 29 per cent are currently being overfished. The CONAMA Resolution No. 507 of July 2024 established technical parameters for Sustainable Forest Management Plans (PMFS) for native forests in the Caatinga biome, based on 30 years of research.
Belarus		The NBSAP does not contain an objective explicitly mapped to KMGBF Target 5. However, the state governance chapter describes existing mechanisms for regulating the use of fauna and flora resources with respect to instruments, methods, timing, and volumes of extraction. Belarus is a party to CITES. The strategy's objectives 8 and 9 (mapped to Target 10) address sustainable use of fauna and flora resources, including the transition to adaptive population management and expansion of natural ecosystems for game and commercial fish species. Commercial fish catches in natural water bodies are reported as declining from 669.6 tonnes in 2020 to 541.3 tonnes in 2024.
Canada		Sustainable harvest is referenced in the context of DFO's Sustainable Fisheries Framework (SFF), including the Precautionary Approach policy, the catch monitoring policy, the Policy on Managing Bycatch, and the Fish Stocks Provisions in the Fisheries Act that establish legal obligations to maintain prescribed stocks at sustainable levels and rebuild those that become depleted. The Domestic Biodiversity Monitoring Framework tracks Target 5 via the headline indicator 5.1 'Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels' (drawing on DFO's annual Sustainability Survey for Fisheries), the domestic indicator 'Status of key fish stocks', and a domestic indicator on the proportion of migratory bird game species with healthy populations supporting sustainable hunting. The briefing text for the dedicated Target 5 sections was not included in this corpus, but the target is operationalized through the SFF and linked Target 10 provisions for fisheries, aquaculture, forestry, and agriculture.
Chile		The NBSAP does not establish a national target that directly addresses the sustainable use or trade of wild species. The strategy does, however, identify overexploitation of resources -- mainly marine pelagic and benthic resources -- as one of five principal threats to biodiversity in Chile (§18). The Annex 3 instrument mapping (§62) links GBF Target 5 to two instruments: the Climate Change Adaptation Plan for the Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector and the Agri-food Sustainability Strategy.
Czechia		The Strategy addresses trade in endangered species through CITES implementation. It commits to amending legislation regulating trade in endangered species of wild animals and plants to strengthen law enforcement and supplement methodological procedures. Financial support is allocated (Measure 10.1.4) for the development and modernisation of CITES Rescue Centres providing care for detained and confiscated specimens. However, the Strategy does not address broader sustainable harvesting or overexploitation of wild species beyond the CITES enforcement context.
Egypt		The NBSAP addresses regulation of wild-species harvesting chiefly through its fisheries provisions and its species-protection measures. It commits to monitoring fishing activities to prevent overfishing and maintain marine-species balance, to establishing marine protected areas to ensure breeding safety, and to training fishers in specialised nets to reduce bycatch of non-target species. On terrestrial wild species, the gazelle action plan (Section 45) includes tightened penalties against illegal hunting, activation of security agencies against poaching, and reinforced participation in CITES covering cross-border trade in threatened species. Legal prosecution of illegal fishers and traders dealing in species threatened with extinction is included in the negative-incentives regime. However, the briefing does not present a systematic harvesting-sustainability target with quantified thresholds or a comprehensive framework for legal, sustainable and safe wild-species use across all taxa.
Indonesia		Sustainable, safe and legal harvesting and trade of wild species is addressed mainly through regulatory and sectoral frameworks rather than a dedicated National Target. The Presidential Decree Number 43 of 1978 ratifies CITES, Government Regulation Number 8 of 1999 governs utilisation of wild plant and animal species, and Law Number 21 of 2019 on Animal, Fish and Plant Quarantine brings IAS and wildlife-trade pathways under quarantine supervision. Law Number 32 of 2024 amends Law Number 5 of 1990 on Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems. In the blue economy, the NBSAP cites measurable fishing based on quotas and a sustainable fisheries production potential of 12 million tonnes per year (against 50 Mt/year total potential), with national marine fisheries production achieving a USD 4.98 billion trade surplus in 2023. Wildlife-trade risks are illustrated by the online trade of Pacman Frogs (Ceratophrys sp.), treated primarily as an IAS pathway. The IBSAP does not set a specific national target or indicator for sustainable harvest levels or overexploitation reduction.
Lesotho		The NBSAP III does not include a national target specifically dedicated to sustainable harvesting and trade of wild species as framed by GBF Target 5. However, several elements address the topic across multiple national targets. The baseline documents a permitting system regulating harvesting and sale of biodiversity resources, with Table 1 providing detailed data on six commercially harvested species: Rosa rubiginosa (3,756 tonnes), Pelargonium sidoides (728.4 tonnes, legally protected), Merxmuellera spp. (72 tonnes, legally protected), Helichrysum odoratissimum (25 tonnes), Felicia filifolia (10 tonnes), and Cymbopogon sp. (0.01 tonnes). The NBSAP notes that over-exploitation for commercial trade has contributed to declining populations of targeted species such as H. hemerocallidea and D. anomala. National Target 1 addresses sustainable production and consumption with a stated indicator on the proportion of legal and illegal wildlife trade consisting of species threatened with extinction. National Target 8 includes developing Biodiversity Management Plans for priority harvested species and enacting CITES legislation. The NBSAP II review notes the CITES Bill has been approved by Cabinet and is awaiting parliamentary processes.
Luxembourg		The NBSAP does not contain a dedicated section on sustainable harvesting or trade of wild species. However, several provisions touch on the topic. Luxembourg commits to continued engagement in CITES for the protection of species threatened with extinction and to fighting for the closure of ivory markets at European and global levels (§66). Within the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, Luxembourg supports the moratorium on commercial whaling (§66). For forest resources, timber harvests in public broadleaf forests are limited to 80% of the increment, and to 60% in climax broadleaf stands, as a measure to preserve carbon sequestration and forest resilience (§25). Game management is addressed through monitoring of game densities and adaptation of shooting plans to ensure natural forest regeneration (§25). Luxembourg has joined the Alliance on Tropical Rainforests and supports an EU regulation on raw materials and products linked to deforestation and forest degradation, addressing the sustainability of imported commodities (§68).
Libya		The NBSAP documents overexploitation of wild species, particularly marine fisheries, but the included sections do not contain a dedicated sustainable harvest programme. Total fish production from Libyan waters was 50,000 tons in 2000 (including approximately 21,000 tons of small pelagic fish, 2,000 tons of bluefin tuna, and 24,000 tons of other fish), declining to about 41,700 tons by 2013. The European Environment Agency is cited as confirming that over 65% of Mediterranean fish stocks are beyond safe biological limits. The threat assessment rates overfishing of wild animals as a high-severity threat in non-forest areas, and rates use of trawls and explosives in fishing as high- and medium-severity threats in the marine environment. Several newly declared reserves in December 2021 specifically address illegal fishing practices: Papyrus Bay, Gulf of Bomba, and Ain al-Zayana cite marine pollution and dynamite fishing ("Galatian fishing") as threats. Since 2011, the absence of government control over territorial waters has allowed foreign fishing vessels with advanced techniques to enter, adversely affecting fish stocks. The NBSAP notes that groundwater extraction far exceeds recharge capacity in coastal areas, representing overexploitation of water resources relevant to freshwater species.
Madagascar		Target 5 (Exploitation and trafficking) is allocated USD 3,009,575 (0.44% of Programme 1, the smallest Programme 1 line). The data, monitoring and evaluation sub-section describes the development of national lists of priority flora and fauna species, centralisation of information on exploitation and trade, and simplified scientific protocols for population and habitat monitoring. Interoperable databases integrate information from relevant institutions, Customs, NGOs and ministries, and are regularly updated. Monitoring of marine, fishery and terrestrial resources is based on quotas, exploitation schedules, biological rest zones (refuges) and community controls. The State-of-biodiversity section documents extensive threats: bushmeat consumption and trade have expanded from subsistence practice into a structured urban market, with supply chains transporting lemur meat over long distances. International wildlife trafficking is intensifying — radiated tortoises (Astrochelys radiata), spider tortoises (Pyxis arachnoides), chameleons, geckos and sharks (fins) are trafficked primarily to Asian markets despite CITES listings. Coastal fishery resources show overexploitation (sea cucumbers in the South-West, pelagic sharks and tuna with substantially under-reported catches). The new protected-area management delegation contracts signed 19 August 2025 incorporate technologies for combating illicit trafficking.
Malta		The NBSAP does not contain a dedicated target on sustainable harvesting and trade of wild species. However, Action 9.2 commits to strengthening legislation on trade of protected species and their specimens (dead or alive) and invasive alien species, to enable more effective coherent implementation and compliance. Action 11.2 commits to maintaining and restoring fish stocks to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield by conserving fisheries resources, protecting marine ecosystems, and collaborating with the European Commission and other EU and Mediterranean countries.
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		The alignment analysis identifies Axes 1, 2, and 3 as concentrating 23% of the direct contributions of the 160 ENBioMex actions to this target. Axis 4 has the fewest direct and enabling contributions, while Axes 5 and 6 present no actions that contribute directly to the KM-GBF for this target. ENBioMex Axis 3 (Sustainable use and management) includes action lines on sustainability criteria (3.1.1), population monitoring (3.1.2), use practices (3.1.3), productive reconversion (3.2.4), diversification of use (3.2.5), and market niches (3.2.7), all of which show direct contributions. Axis 4 actions on international and national trade regulation (4.2.1, 4.2.2) and incentives and subsidies (4.2.4) also contribute directly to managing wild species harvesting and trade.
Namibia		Sustainable use of wild species is framed within Strategic Goal 1 (Thematic Pillar 1.2), which commits to maintaining harvested species such as fish within biologically sustainable limits, and Strategic Goal 2, which addresses sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Namibia applies ecosystem-based fisheries management supported by scientific stock assessments, monitoring and regulatory measures to maintain productive fish stocks while minimising impacts on non-target species. Community fisheries reserves along perennial rivers — 20 gazetted and 6 emerging by the end of 2025 — promote sustainable inland fisheries management. In forestry, community forests have expanded to cover a reported figure of registered and emerging sites, and moratoria on timber harvesting were introduced in north-eastern regions to address forest degradation and illegal logging; alternative uses such as charcoal production and NTFPs are under cautious consideration. Wildlife utilisation within CBNRM (conservation hunting, tourism) continues as a cornerstone approach. NBSAP 3 does not contain a dedicated National Target on sustainable harvest in the sections included in the briefing. Programme 19 references sustaining traditional occupations and customary practices that depend on sustainable use of wild species (small-scale fishing, pastoralism, traditional harvesting). Devils Claw (Hoodia/Harpagophytum) is explicitly cited as a model to replicate for commercialisation of other wild products.
Nigeria		The NBSAP discusses unsustainable harvesting at length. Approximately 70% of Nigerian households depend on fuel wood, and charcoal production is described as the most critical cause of forest degradation in some areas. The deforestation rate is estimated to cost the country over $6 billion annually. Timber species including Khaya spp., Nauclea diderrichii, Terminalia ivorensis, Terminalia superba, and Triplochiton scleroxylon face high-intensity logging and illegal exploitation. Chainsaw milling supplies a large proportion of local timber markets. Aquatic resources are also overexploited: Nigeria needs 1.6 million tonnes of fish protein annually but national output is only 400,000 tonnes. The NBSAP references the WCS-brokered agreement between Nigeria and Cameroon (September 2008) to protect Cross River gorilla habitat through cracking down on illegal logging and the bush meat trade, strengthening law enforcement in Cross River and Takamanda National Parks, and increasing community involvement in conservation. However, no dedicated national target or action plan addresses sustainable harvest regulation. Indirect actions include promoting alternative livelihoods for communities in protected and restoration areas (Action 4.7, FDF) and developing community-based renewable energy facilities to reduce fuel wood pressure (Action 4.8). "Sustainable utilization of biodiversity" is listed as one of six priority technology needs for NBSAP implementation.
Netherlands		The NBSAP's dedicated section on action target 5 consists of a single cross-reference: sustainable fisheries, including maximum sustainable yield, the European Eel Regulation, and bycatch reduction, are deferred to action target 10 on sustainable agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry. The executive summary states that the Netherlands "specifically commits to... stimulating sustainable use of and trade in wild species," but this is not elaborated in a dedicated policy section. The Environment and Planning Act section under action target 4 notes that the sustainable use, harvest, and trade in wild species "is further explained in action target 5," yet action target 5 itself contains only the fisheries cross-reference. The National Action Plan for Strengthening Zoonoses Policy cross-references action target 5 in the context of combating biodiversity loss and zoonosis prevention, though the connection to sustainable harvest is indirect. No specific CITES implementation details, wildlife trade enforcement mechanisms, or dedicated sustainable harvest policies are described in the NBSAP.
Panama		The NBSAP commits to ensuring "sustainable fisheries" and references artisanal fishing as dependent on healthy marine ecosystems. The broader strategy framework refers to the sustainable use of biodiversity. However, the NBSAP does not set specific targets for sustainable harvesting or trade of wild species, nor does it address overexploitation management measures in detail.
State of Palestine		The NBSAP records significant hunting of wildlife — including via nets, traps and guns by locals and visitors — and identifies illegal hunting as having decimated areas such as Wadi Gaza and as harmful in protected areas including Wadi Al-Quff. Israeli restrictions on Gaza fishing to a 3-nautical-mile zone are presented as driving overfishing, with the environmental impact of gas exploration adding pressure on Mediterranean biodiversity. Bedouin communities, restricted to shrinking areas, are reported to overgraze the few remaining open lands. As a concrete commitment, Action 16.5 under Goal D commits the State of Palestine to joining four international treaties — including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) — after ensuring proper mechanisms for compliance and benefits. No numerical harvest-reduction or wild-species use commitment is stated.
Sweden		The NBSAP does not dedicate a stand-alone chapter or Government approach to target 5. Content on sustainable use of wild species is addressed indirectly through fit-for-purpose management of protected areas (which notes that nature-conserving management through practices such as grazing conserves habitats and species) and through the chapter on Sámi and other traditional knowledge, which references reindeer husbandry, hunting, fishing, and customary sustainable use by indigenous peoples and local communities as contributing to several targets including target 5. Chapter 5 on the Marine Environment Government Bill addresses sustainable fisheries separately (see target 10). No specific commitments, measures, or metrics are assigned to target 5 in the briefing.
Thailand		The plan recognises overexploitation of biological resources beyond carrying capacity as a pressure on biodiversity, citing unsustainable fishing, wildlife poaching, deforestation, and overharvesting of medicinal plants and non-timber forest products in the DPSIR assessment (§53). National Target 6 commits to improving sustainable management in production and service sectors including fishery resource management, and the Executive Summary describes Strategy 2 as promoting sustainable and equitable use of biodiversity resources to benefit local communities through sustainable management of fisheries and forests to ensure balanced utilisation without harming nature. Appendix A aligns the plan with SDG 14.4 on regulating harvesting, ending overfishing, IUU fishing, and destructive fishing, and SDG 15.7 on ending poaching and trafficking of protected species. The briefing does not set out specific, quantified commitments or a dedicated national target on sustainable legal harvest and trade of wild species in the sections reviewed.
Uganda		Strategic Objective 1 is mapped to KMGBF Target 5 in Table 22. The fisheries sector provides the most relevant content: the NBSAP describes several measures to address overfishing and unsustainable harvest in capture fisheries, including restocking Lakes Victoria and Kyoga with native fish species, establishing no-fishing zones in breeding areas, controlling the size of fishing gear, gazetting a limited number of landing sites to concentrate monitoring and surveillance, strengthening fisheries co-management, and harmonizing regional policies governing transboundary fisheries. Fish catches declined from 467,530 metric tons in 2016 to 345,800 in 2018, attributed to overfishing and use of illegal and unregulated gears. The NBSAP does not describe sustainable harvest or trade frameworks for terrestrial wild species beyond the fisheries context.
Viet Nam		The NBSAP addresses law enforcement for wildlife protection, including enhanced coordination among environmental police, forest rangers, fisheries resources surveillance, market surveillance, customs, and border guards. It calls for establishing a hotline to address violations related to biodiversity and wildlife protection at the local level, and for strengthening international cooperation in controlling illegal wildlife trade. The specific objectives mention sustainable use of biodiversity and limiting negative impacts on biodiversity. However, the strategy does not articulate a specific framework for sustainable, legal harvesting and trade of wild species or quantified measures to prevent overexploitation.
Germany