Target 04: Species recovery

Generated: 2026-04-19T20:27:49Z

Landscape

Sixty-nine countries submitted Target 4 content. Sixty-two explicitly address species recovery and genetic diversity; seven treat it as adjacent to other national targets; none record it as unaddressed. Most plans bundle three components of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) — extinction prevention, genetic diversity, and human-wildlife conflict — though the weight given to each varies. Red Lists, ex situ gene banks, and named flagship species recur as the primary instruments. The Democratic Republic of the Congo hosts more than 800 species listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as threatened, with recovery planning referencing great apes, okapi and forest elephant. Australia's plan sets a target to prevent new extinctions of native species by 2030, building on environment ministers' October 2022 pledge to accelerate work towards zero new extinctions. Togo lists the chimpanzee, cheetah, African wild dog and grey parrot as extinct in the wild nationally; Yemen records the Cheetah, Arabian Oryx and Queen of Sheba's Gazelle as extinct in the wild.

Variation

Headline metrics diverge. Some countries adopt the Red List Index: Burkina Faso sets a trajectory from 0.988 (2020) to 0.9906 by 2030; Cameroon from approximately 0.67 to 0.72; Indonesia commits to hold the National Red List Index at or above 0.75 through 2030 and 2045; Paraguay sets a floor of 0.48. Others use species-by-species population targets: Zambia fixes a 30% increase for the Kafue Lechwe and 21% for the Black Rhino; Vietnam specifies at least 10 prioritised species with improved population status by 2030.

Scope bundling varies. The United Kingdom and Brazil frame a single integrated target covering extinction, genetic diversity and human-wildlife conflict. Congo splits the KMGBF content into two national targets (Target 4/4 and Target 5/4). Togo does the same with National Targets 3 and 4. Belarus separates species protection (Objective 4) from genetic diversity (Objective 5).

Flagship species are named differently. Bhutan identifies the critically endangered White-bellied Heron. Iran names the Persian Wild Ass and Persian Fallow Deer. Zambia identifies the Kafue Lechwe and Black Rhino. Switzerland and Austria frame their species work in terms of guilds and Habitats Directive categories rather than individual taxa.

Genetic diversity emphasis splits between wild-species biobanks and agricultural landraces and livestock breeds. Vietnam commits to collect and preserve at least 100,000 genetic resources by 2030. Indonesia's Bank Gen Pertanian holds 10,785 accessions. Hungary's Plant Genetic Resources Institute at Tápiószele holds nearly 133,000 samples. Germany, Belgium and Iceland anchor their genetic diversity work in livestock breeds; Lebanon sets a 40% coverage target for native fauna and flora.

Human-wildlife conflict receives distinct treatment. Chad commits to a 50% reduction by 2030. The Netherlands addresses the wolf through the Landelijke Aanpak Wolven. Rwanda records 208 cases in Gishwati, 185 in Mukura and 108 in Mutara over one year as the baseline for cross-sectoral action. The component is peripheral or absent in most European submissions.

Standouts

Belarus reports that "measures increased the population by 40 per cent, reaching 2,928 individuals as of 1 January 2025 (2,911 free-living)" for European bison, alongside a forward commitment to expand the Republican DNA Bank.

Rwanda records that "Past achievements include the recovery of grey crowned cranes (from 487 in 2017 to 1,066 in 2022) ... the reintroduction of 23 black rhinos and 11 lions into Akagera National Park," pairing population counts with reintroduction counts as the base for its 2030 target.

Zambia sets species-level commitments in which "the Kafue Lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis), endemic to Zambia, has a baseline population of approximately 30,000 with a target of 39,000 by 2020 (a 30% increase); the Black Rhino has a baseline population of 42 individuals with a target of 51 by 2020 (a 21% increase)."

Vietnam commits to "collect and preserve at least 100,000 genetic resources of wild species, cultivars and livestock breeds" by 2030.

The Netherlands reports that "The Black-tailed Godwit Action Plan (Aanvalsplan Grutto) receives EUR 69.5 million during the Common Agricultural Policy 2023-2027 period."

Germany reports that "According to October 2024 categorisations, 59 of 83 native breeds of horses, donkeys, cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats (71%) are classed as threatened."

Hungary describes its Plant Genetic Resources Institute at Tápiószele as the "17th largest gene bank in the world, nearly 133,000 gene bank samples."

Afghanistan's Action 4.3 "calls for banning the import and sale of veterinary diclofenac to protect vultures, targeted for 2024."

Norway reports that, "Following the weakest recorded salmon returns, the Norwegian Environment Agency suspended salmon and sea trout fishing in 33 rivers from the Swedish border up to Trøndelag in June 2024, extended in July to Eastern Finnmark."

Bhutan reports that "The National Plant Genebank holds 429 rice landraces, 151 maize, 86 finger millet, and 62 sweet buckwheat accessions," alongside a conservation breeding programme for the critically endangered White-bellied Heron.

Lebanon's National Target 5 commits that "by 2030 the genetic diversity of 40% of native fauna and flora is conserved in-situ and ex-situ," with conservation strategies for at least 100 native species and monetary valuations for at least 30.

Analysis

The Red List Index is the most frequently adopted headline indicator, but baselines and target values diverge enough that cross-country comparison is not straightforward. Indonesia's trajectory of holding the National Red List Index at or above 0.75 through 2030 and 2045 is framed as a hold-the-line commitment; Cameroon targets an upward movement from 0.67 to 0.72; Burkina Faso a rise from 0.988 to 0.9906 — three countries with three different implicit definitions of progress under the same indicator.

Genetic diversity commitments cluster around two distinct objects — wild-species DNA and biobanks on one side, agricultural landraces and livestock breeds on the other — with few countries treating both symmetrically. Germany's 71% threatened-livestock-breed figure and Vietnam's 100,000-accession genetic resources target sit within the same KMGBF target but measure different things.

Human-wildlife conflict appears as a co-equal pillar of Target 4 in African and South Asian plans — Cameroon, Gabon, Rwanda, Bhutan, India, Chad — while remaining peripheral or absent in most European submissions, where the target is carried by Red Lists and Habitats Directive reporting.

Countries anchor Target 4 in two different reference points. Some build from documented recovery precedents: Belarus's bison, Rwanda's cranes and rhinos, Australia's zero-extinctions pledge. Others build from documented local loss: Togo lists five species extinct in the wild nationally, Yemen three, Uganda three. Both framings treat the past as a reference point, but they point the target in different directions — forward from success, or forward from loss.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Afghanistan	Afghanistan will maintain population numbers of targeted species and document baseline genetic diversity.	The NBSAP commits Afghanistan to maintaining population numbers of targeted species and documenting baseline genetic diversity. Sixty-five Afghanistan species are listed in the three IUCN Threatened categories: 9 Critically Endangered, 17 Endangered, and 39 Vulnerable. The Afghanistan Wildlife Executive Committee (AWEC) has designated 149 species as protected. Annex 4 identifies priority species for targeted conservation action including snow leopard (estimated 89–240 individuals in Wakhan National Park representing ~60% of the national population), common leopard, Asiatic black bear, Eurasian otter, urial, and argali. Action 4.1 calls for conservation programs for priority species noted in Annex 5, with action plans and reporting on conservation activities for a minimum of three priority species, by 2030. Action 4.2 calls for establishing baseline data on genetic diversity for targeted species, with genetic diversity measurements for a minimum of three species, by 2030. Action 4.3 calls for banning the import and sale of veterinary diclofenac to protect vultures, targeted for 2024. Action 4.4 calls for reviewing and updating the AWEC list of protected species so all listed species have status reports less than five years old, by 2030. NEPA is responsible for Actions 4.1, 4.2, and 4.4; MAIL for Action 4.3. The headline indicators are the Red List Index and proportion of populations within species with an effective population size >500.
Argentina	Ensure that the management measures necessary to halt the causes of extinction of known threatened species and for the recovery and conservation of species and their habitats are urgently increased, with the objective of significantly reducing the risk of extinction. Maintain and restore genetic diversity among populations of native, wild and domesticated species, in order to preserve their adaptive potential, including through sustainable management and conservation practices. Effectively manage interactions between human beings and wild fungi, fauna and flora, with a view to minimising conflicts between humanity and wild species in favour of coexistence, through capacity-building, education, strengthening the regulatory framework for biodiversity conservation, applied research, the dialogue of knowledges, and the protection and promotion of ways of life that are respectful of the territory they inhabit.	National Target 4 calls for urgently increasing management measures to halt the causes of extinction of known threatened species, recover and conserve species and their habitats, and significantly reduce extinction risk. It also commits to maintaining and restoring genetic diversity among populations of native, wild, and domesticated species to preserve their adaptive potential through sustainable management and conservation practices. A third component addresses effective management of human-wildlife interactions to minimise conflicts in favour of coexistence, through capacity-building, education, strengthening the regulatory framework, applied research, the dialogue of knowledges, and the protection of ways of life respectful of the territory. The current situation chapter provides baseline data: among endemic vascular plants, 800 species (47.5%) are identified as threatened under IUCN categories, with 54 having insufficient data. For vertebrates, 97 mammal species (24.6%), 198 bird species (18%), 47 amphibian species (26.7%), 133 reptile species (29.8%), and 101 fish species (9.1%) are under some level of threat. The Atlantic Forest and Campos and Malezales ecoregions register the highest proportions of threatened mammal species (24.59% and 21.7% respectively). Theme 1 of the strategy (Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity) sets as a general guideline to ensure the conservation and recovery of wild populations and their habitats. Biodiversity monitoring objectives (2.5.1–2.5.6) support species recovery by strengthening tracking of the conservation status of species and their populations, with emphasis on threatened species and environments.
Austria		The strategy treats species conservation and genetic diversity through the lens of the EU Habitats Directive (FFH-Richtlinie), the Birds Directive and Austria's Red Lists. It reports that in the assessment of FFH species and habitats the conservation status in Austria remains in need of considerable improvement: for grassland FFH species about 85% are in unfavourable-bad or unfavourable-inadequate status, all FFH fish species are in unfavourable-inadequate or unfavourable-bad status except the bullhead (Cottus gobio) in the alpine region, and 46% of native fish species fall into Red List threat categories CR, EN or VU. The proportion of endangered vertebrates ranges between 26% and 46%, rising to 64% for reptiles and 60% for amphibians. For genetic diversity, the strategy identifies genetic diversity as essential for resilience to environmental change, and foresees using rapid technological advances to obtain knowledge about the state of Austria's genetic diversity and keeping landscape areas free from human intervention (through the securing of open spaces in wilderness areas and national parks) so that evolutionary processes can occur. Research and monitoring measures include the development and implementation of a concept for recording genetic diversity; establishment of a platform for networking Austrian collections and stakeholders for plant genetic resources; mapping and recording of old, rare and undescribed regional varieties; DNA barcoding and metabarcoding within the initiative Austrian Barcode of Life (abol.ac.at); and research on the genetic diversity of species of the native flora and of immediately adjacent biogeographical regions to identify autochthonous seed and planting material better adapted to changed climate conditions. Dedicated species-recovery measures include updating Austria's Red Lists for vertebrates, butterflies, grasshoppers, dragonflies and biotope types, and compiling a Red List of wild bees; research on the biology and ecology of species and habitats; research projects on the effectiveness of conservation measures (protected areas, habitat corridors, species conservation projects); and evaluation of causes of conflicts between stakeholders and individual animal species with coordinated conservation measures. Under restoration of further habitats (§3.2), habitats of highly endangered species are to be preserved or transferred to a state of lesser degradation. Under awareness-raising (§9.1) the strategy foresees biodiversity-related advisory services for land managers with a special focus on Habitats Directive and Red List species, endangered biotope types, bird species and endemics.
Australia	Prevent new extinctions of native species, support the recovery of threatened species and maintain their genetic diversity.	Australia establishes a national target to prevent new extinctions of native species, support the recovery of threatened species, and maintain their genetic diversity. The strategy describes this as ambitious but achievable with collective action. Objective 6 focuses on maximising the number of species secured in nature. Actions include protection and restoration of native habitats, mitigation of threats, cross-boundary and cross-border collaboration, consistent and robust approaches for assessing and listing species, support for landowners and custodians who protect threatened species, establishment of predator- and threat-free safe havens, targeted reductions in the intensity of key threats, captive breeding programs, storage of living plants and seed, and emergency intervention for the most at-risk species. The strategy notes that Australia has one of the world's highest extinction rates and that major threats include habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, inappropriate fire regimes, climate change, and pollution. The commitment builds on environment ministers' October 2022 pledge to accelerate work towards zero new extinctions by 2030. The Threatened Species Action Plan is listed as an existing government program.
Belgium		The NBSAP addresses species recovery and genetic diversity conservation through several operational objectives. Objective 1 establishes a framework for identifying and monitoring priority components of biodiversity. Under operational objective 1.2, lists of priority habitats, species, and genetic components are to be drawn up using regional red lists and Natura 2000 designations, with particular attention to wetlands under serious threat. Operational objective 3.4 commits to developing and implementing action plans to ensure the maintenance or rehabilitation of the most threatened species to a favourable conservation status, including through habitat recreation. For genetic diversity, the Strategy notes that no comprehensive overview of genetic resources in Belgium has been conducted so far. Zoos, botanic gardens, and universities coordinate or participate in international ex situ conservation programmes including breeding programmes for reintroduction of endangered species. Under operational objective 4c.5, coordinated actions at Belgian level are to be set up for conservation of agricultural genetic diversity through in situ conservation of local species, varieties, domestic animal breeds, and microbial life forms, alongside improved gene banks for ex situ conservation. Ongoing regional initiatives include establishment of private orchards, safeguarding poultry varieties, promoting Blanc-Bleu mixte cattle and mouton ardennais roux sheep breeds in Wallonia, and establishing cryo-banks for ruminant rearing. A national strategy for management of agricultural biodiversity is called for. Under 4f.3, forest genetic resources are to be protected using EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines.
Burkina Faso		The NBSAP sets species-level targets through its logical framework. The Red List Index of Burkina Faso is targeted to rise from 0.988 (2020) to 0.9906 by 2030. The number of plant species threatened with extinction is to be maintained at 350 over the strategy period, and fish species threatened with extinction at 48. The strategy tracks 335 fully protected and 440 partially protected wildlife species (Decree No. 2017-0238) and 23 fully protected plant species (Order No. 2004-019), all to be maintained at current levels. For animal genetic diversity, the rate of use of locally adapted or indigenous breeds is targeted to increase from 40.6% (2021) to 57.6% by 2030. Ex situ conservation targets include raising the proportion of vascular plants in national herbaria from 15.67% (2023) to 19.97% and the proportion of wild mammal species in animal parks and zoological gardens from 14.29% (2020) to 21.43%, while maintaining the 118 species in the CNRST arboretum. Burkina Faso ratified CITES in 1989, requiring strict regulation of international trade in endangered species. The strategy identifies the conservation of genetic diversity as a challenge, noting the need to strengthen ex situ conservation through sustainable management of animal conservatories and herbaria. The action plan includes construction of a multipurpose room for herbaria and a gene bank with energy autonomy.
Benin	End human-caused extinction of known threatened species and reduce by at least one-tenth the rate and risk of extinction of all species.	The NBSAP provides detailed species diversity data and programmatic commitments for species recovery. Benin records approximately 2,807 plant species, 552 fungal species, 603 bird species, 157 mammal species, 103 reptile species, 221 freshwater fish species, 136 marine and brackish fish species, and 51 amphibian species (§32). Threats are documented in detail. At the national level, 58 mammal species are classified as threatened on the Red List of Benin (compared with 22 on the IUCN Global Red List), 23 reptile species, 6 amphibian species, 31 insect species (7 CR, 5 EN, 18 VU), 27 fungal species (14 CR, 13 VU), and 106 plant species (30 CR, 46 EN, 25 VU, 6 NT, 2 EW). The Bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) is considered extinct at the national level while remaining Near Threatened globally (§32). Programme 4 includes a specific action to protect threatened species and genetic diversity through targeted measures, budgeted at 13,500 million FCFA over 2026–2030 (§91). Programme 4 indicators include the number of threatened species benefiting from targeted measures and the number of conservation sites strengthened (§86). National objective 14 addresses preserving genetic diversity within wild and domestic species populations, with an indicator on the proportion of populations with an effective genetic population size above 500 individuals. National objective 15 aims to end human-caused extinction of known threatened species and reduce by at least one-tenth the rate and risk of extinction of all species (§127).
Brazil	By 2030, to halt human-induced extinctions and restore, conserve and protect wild species, particularly those that are threatened or endemic. Minimise conflicts arising from negative interactions between humans and wildlife to enable coexistence, and halt the loss and promote the enhancement of genetic diversity within and among populations of wild and domesticated species, including traditional varieties (landraces), breeds, and wild relatives. To maintain and strengthen their adaptive potential and functional diversity through in situ, on-farm and ex situ conservation and sustainable use strategies, ensuring the participation of, and respect for, the traditional practices and ways of life of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 4, which commits to halting human-induced extinctions and restoring, conserving, and protecting wild species by 2030, particularly those that are threatened or endemic. The target addresses human-wildlife conflict by seeking to minimise negative interactions and enable coexistence, and commits to halting the loss and promoting the enhancement of genetic diversity within and among populations of wild and domesticated species, including traditional varieties (landraces), breeds, and wild relatives. Conservation strategies span in situ, on-farm, and ex situ approaches, with explicit requirements for the participation of, and respect for, the traditional practices and ways of life of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities. Synergies are identified with the Convention on Migratory Species, Ramsar Convention, CITES, SDGs 2.5 and 15.5, the International Whaling Commission, and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The NBSAP provides substantial background on species status. Among fauna, more than 1,200 species are classified as threatened, out of over 15,500 assessed. Among fungi and plants, around 3,700 species are threatened based on assessments of more than 9,400 species. Brazil is the only country to have conducted a systematic evaluation of the conservation status of fungi. The Territorial Action Plans for Threatened Species (PATs) and National Action Plans for Threatened Species (PANs) are identified as key instruments. The National Programme for the Conservation of Threatened Species Pró-Espécies was established in 2014, and the GEF Pró-Espécies Project launched in 2018.
Bhutan	By 2030, maintain the population of threatened species, conserve genetic diversity and manage human-wildlife conflict	Bhutan's National Target 4 states: "By 2030, maintain the population of threatened species, conserve genetic diversity and manage human-wildlife conflict," directly aligned with KMGBF Target 4. The NBSAP reports over 11,000 documented species, with escalating threats from habitat loss, climate change, illegal exploitation, and genetic erosion. Three strategies are identified: strengthening conservation of threatened species, strengthening conservation of genetic diversity, and strengthening human-wildlife conflict (HWC) management. On species conservation, actions include developing baseline data for invertebrates, fish, herpetofauna, bryophytes, fungi, and soil microbes; updating the National Red List; developing and implementing species-specific conservation action plans for at least two threatened species; and exploring emerging monitoring technologies. The NBSAP notes that conservation efforts have historically focused on charismatic flagship species, while lesser-known taxa remain underrepresented, and Bhutan lacks a national Red List. On genetic diversity, the National Biodiversity Centre manages national gene banks and biorepositories, conserving native livestock breeds (Nublang cattle, sheep, Saphag pig) and traditional crop varieties. The National Plant Genebank holds 429 rice landraces, 151 maize, 86 finger millet, and 62 sweet buckwheat accessions. Actions include expanding biorepositories and genebanks, conducting an inventory of crop wild relatives (approximately 230 species documented from 120 genera), developing conservation action plans for native livestock species, initiating germplasm conservation of key wildlife species, and strengthening the conservation breeding program for the critically endangered White-bellied Heron. On HWC, actions include updating the HWC hotspot map, developing a holistic management plan for strategic HWC hotspot areas, implementing innovative protection interventions, instituting crop and livestock insurance at the national level, and strengthening a One Health program linking biodiversity conservation with human and animal health.
Belarus	Ensuring the protection and restoration of wild animal and wild plant species belonging to species included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus, as well as wild animal and wild plant species covered by international treaties of the Republic of Belarus. Maintaining the genetic diversity of natural flora and fauna, cultivated plants, agricultural and domestic animals; establishing and expanding the Republican DNA Bank; creating conditions for implementation of the Nagoya Protocol.	The strategy devotes two objectives to KMGBF Target 4. Objective 4 commits to the protection and restoration of species included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus and species covered by international treaties. Objective 5 commits to maintaining the genetic diversity of natural flora and fauna, cultivated plants, and agricultural and domestic animals; establishing and expanding the Republican DNA Bank of Humans, Animals, Plants and Microorganisms; and creating conditions for implementation of the Nagoya Protocol. The fifth edition of the Red Book (2025) includes 213 species of wild animals and 310 species of wild plants. The strategy's goals include restoring the numbers of rare and endangered species and maintaining populations at levels ensuring sustainable existence. The NBSAP highlights the European bison as a notable success: measures increased the population by 40 per cent, reaching 2,928 individuals as of 1 January 2025 (2,911 free-living), making Belarus a world leader in free-living bison numbers. At the same time, declining populations are documented for species of old-growth broadleaf forests (large raptors, black stork, stock dove, European roller) and open mires (aquatic warbler, greater spotted eagle, great snipe, black-tailed godwit, Eurasian curlew). The National Action Plan includes: maintenance of the Republican DNA Bank (item 13); updating of the genetic resources database for Red Book plant species using DNA barcoding (item 14); and maintenance of the gene pool database for economically useful plants and animals (item 15), all for 2026–2030 under NAS of Belarus.
Canada		Canada addresses Target 4 through the Species at Risk Act (SARA) and a suite of related statutes (Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994; Canada Wildlife Act; Fisheries Act; Oceans Act; Canada National Marine Conservation Areas Act; Canada National Parks Act). Canada is home to about 80,000 known wildlife species; the Wild Species 2020 report assessed 50,534 species, of which 20% have some level of risk. As of December 2023, COSEWIC has assessed 875 species, 662 of which are considered species at risk under SARA. The federal government is advancing the Pan-Canadian Approach to Transforming Species at Risk Conservation in Canada (terrestrial) and the Framework for Aquatic Species at Risk Conservation (aquatic), moving toward multiple species, ecosystem-based approaches. Funding programs include the Canada Nature Fund for Aquatic Species at Risk, Habitat Stewardship Program, Aboriginal Fund for Species at Risk, and Species at Risk Partnership on Agricultural Lands. Multi-jurisdictional initiatives focus on priority species including whales, Pacific salmon, wood bison, and boreal and southern mountain Caribou. DFO is developing a Whalesafe Gear Strategy. AAFC, NRCan, and DFO maintain large biological collections for ex situ conservation. The Migratory Birds Program is led by ECCC. The government commits to improving transparency and implementation efficiency of SARA, advancing listing decisions for aquatic species through a streamlined process, and increasing data sharing through Canada's Open Data Portal and web-based SAR mapping.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	By 2030, urgent management measures are taken and implemented to reduce the rate of human-caused extinction of threatened species, promote their recovery and conservation, preserve genetic diversity within and between populations of wild and domesticated species, while maintaining their adaptive potential, including in situ and ex situ conservation approaches, sustainable management methods and actions aimed at effectively managing human-wildlife conflicts.	Objective 4 addresses urgent management measures to reduce human-caused extinction of threatened species, promote their recovery, and preserve genetic diversity in wild and domesticated species. The DRC hosts more than 800 IUCN-listed threatened species. The NBSAP combines in situ and ex situ conservation, recovery planning for flagship species, and measures to address human-wildlife conflict. Genetic diversity is addressed through adaptive potential of populations and maintenance of wild relatives of cultivated species.
Republic of the Congo	Target 4/4: By 2030 at the latest, identify animal and plant species threatened by anthropogenic activities, prevent their extinction. Improve and maintain their conservation status, in particular those experiencing the greatest decline. Target 5/4: By 2030 at the latest, take measures to conserve in situ and/or ex situ through sustainable management methods, the wild relatives of cultivated plant species, as well as domesticated animals belonging to the ten priority genera in Congo, in order to significantly reduce their risk of extinction, and to safeguard and restore genetic diversity within and between populations of indigenous, wild and domesticated species, with a view to preserving their adaptive potential and effectively manage human-wildlife interactions to limit conflicts related to their coexistence.	The NBSAP commits under National Target 4/4 to identify animal and plant species threatened by anthropogenic activities by 2030, prevent their extinction, and improve and maintain their conservation status, in particular those experiencing the greatest decline. Result A1O4R4 contains eight actions: enforcement of legal texts on fully or partially protected species (100 million FCFA), consultation and awareness-raising on compliance (20), development of income-generating activities in local communities (50), inventories of all species particularly endangered ones (150), classification of species by degree of threat and extinction status (100), selection of species adapted to climate change with good resilience (400), selection of farming techniques adapted for species maintenance (100), and equipping research centres and laboratories (2,000). Indicators include detected violations of protection texts, inspection missions, CITES Appendix lists, proportion of species populations with effective population size greater than 500 individuals, IUCN Red List Index, and Red List of Ecosystems. National Target 5/4 — numbered as a continuation of the KMGBF Target 4 family — commits by 2030 to conserve in situ and/or ex situ the wild relatives of cultivated plant species and domesticated animals belonging to the ten priority genera in Congo, reduce their extinction risk, safeguard and restore genetic diversity within and between populations of indigenous, wild and domesticated species with a view to preserving adaptive potential, and effectively manage human–wildlife interactions to limit conflicts. Result A1O5R5 contains eight actions (2025–2030): funding of research on wild relatives (150 million FCFA, 2026), enforcement of legal texts on wild relatives (50, 2028), inventories to determine conservation statuses (150, 2029), knowledge and classification of species by degree of threat (50, 2030), strengthening technical/operational capacities of research centres, laboratories and zoological and botanical parks (40, 2026), selection of climate-resilient species (100, 2027), selection of adapted farming techniques (15, 2028), and establishment of conflict management mechanisms (150, 2025). The NBSAP tracks indicators including number of plant species cultivated in research centres, number of households owning domesticated animals, number of new zoological and botanical parks created, and list of newly known plant and animal species.
Switzerland	By 2020, the conservation status of nationally prioritised species shall be improved and their extinction halted insofar as possible.	The NBSAP addresses Target 4 through two dedicated measures under SBS Objectives 3 and 4. The Red List synthesis published by FOEN in 2023 indicates that of 10,844 species assessed (one-fifth of known native species), 35% are threatened or extinct and 12% are potentially threatened. Among nationally priority species for which Switzerland bears major international responsibility, 30% depend on targeted measures. The list of nationally prioritised species is expected to be updated in 2024, and 70% of priority species depend on biodiversity-friendly management and networking of surfaces. Measure M8 (Species conservation), under FOEN responsibility, shifts from individual species or umbrella species action plans to guild-based approaches at larger scales. From 2029, action plans are to be developed for ten priority guilds and tested through pilot projects. By 2030, action plans are to be integrated into programme agreements between the Confederation and the cantons. Measure M9 (Genetic diversity), also under FOEN, addresses the decline of genetic diversity, which is less perceptible than habitat loss or species disappearance. The measure aims to ensure genetic knowledge is integrated into conservation measures for representative or indicator species of each guild, to establish a genetic diversity monitoring programme, and to implement the national ex situ conservation plan. A scientific practice committee is to be established for knowledge transfer. The action plan notes that legal provisions are not currently designed to support the development of genetic diversity and can even hinder measures.
Côte d'Ivoire	By 2020, the situation of nationally protected species has improved and their disappearance is halted to the extent possible. By 2020, safeguarding measures are implemented for 100% of priority species. By 2020, the state of genetic diversity is known and sustainable conservation measures are taken.	Strategic Orientation 2 of the NBSAP is devoted to the preservation of species diversity and genetic diversity. Objective 5 commits to improving the situation of nationally protected species and halting their disappearance to the extent possible by 2020. The strategy notes that 82 fauna species are listed in IUCN threatened categories (1 amphibian, 59 birds, 22 mammals), that 26 vascular plant species have disappeared or are found only exceptionally since 1960, and that 70 plant species are in the process of extinction or have become rare due to overexploitation or habitat disturbance. Objective 6 commits to implementing safeguarding measures for 100% of priority species by 2020, defining priority species through ecological criteria (umbrella species, keystone species, characteristic species) and social criteria (flagship species, species of economic or cosmogonic importance). The strategy calls for population reinforcement measures for species whose numbers have greatly declined, completing and updating the national species inventory, and intensifying counting and monitoring studies of large mammals and endangered animals. Objective 7 addresses genetic diversity, noting that scientific data on genetic diversity of native species are underdeveloped. It calls for genotypic characterisation of all species, support for traditional on-farm breeders through rural extension agents, and strengthened ex situ conservation — noting the urgent need to reconstitute plant genetic resource collections decimated during the 2002 sociopolitical crisis. The strategy also commits to maintaining forest genetic diversity to improve resilience to climate change and epidemics.
Chile	I.4: By 2030, the number of species classified according to conservation status (RCE) increases by at least 30% with respect to the total number as of 2023. I.5: By 2030, at least 50% of the activities planned for each approved Species Recovery, Conservation and Management Plan (RECOGE) period will have been achieved. I.6: By 2030, the number of species with a Species Recovery, Conservation and Management Plan (RECOGE) will have increased by at least 50% with respect to 2023. I.11: By 2030, the genetic material of at least 50% of native flora species classified as threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable) will have been conserved in germplasm banks or through ex situ conservation mechanisms.	The NBSAP assigns four national targets to species conservation and genetic diversity. Target I.4 requires the number of species classified by conservation status (RCE) to increase by at least 30% relative to the 2023 total by 2030. Targets I.5 and I.6 address the RECOGE plans (Species Recovery, Conservation and Management Plans): I.5 requires at least 50% of planned activities for each approved RECOGE period to have been achieved by 2030, and I.6 requires the number of species with a RECOGE plan to increase by at least 50% relative to 2023. Target I.11 addresses genetic diversity, requiring that genetic material of at least 50% of native flora species classified as threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable) be conserved in germplasm banks or through ex situ conservation mechanisms by 2030. The National Bird Conservation Strategy 2021-2030 was published in 2022 as part of the broader species conservation framework (§21). The Annex 3 instrument mapping (§62) links GBF Target 4 to RECOGE Plans, the National Wetland Protection Plan, the National Protected Areas Action Policy, CITES, and the Ramsar Convention.
Cameroon	Reverse the trend of human-caused extinctions of known threatened species and promote their recovery and conservation.	The NBSAP presents a detailed assessment of threatened species status and establishes a dedicated objective with quantified targets for species recovery. The IUCN Red List assessment identifies 295 animal species on the Red List, covering mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates, with 846 plant species threatened with extinction. Mammals such as certain primates, pangolins, and large carnivores are classified as endangered or critically endangered. More than one-third of tree species are reported as threatened. The NBSAP notes that local conservation efforts through protected area management and anti-poaching operations have enabled the stabilisation or improvement of the status of certain species, though these successes are described as modest. Objective 2 of the action plan aims to "reverse the trend of human-caused extinctions of known threatened species and promote their recovery and conservation." The key indicator is the Red List Index (RLI), targeted to improve from approximately 0.67 (2020) to approximately 0.72 (representing 30% of species with improved status). The national list of threatened species is to be expanded from approximately 1,050 to at least 1,200 species inventoried and assessed. Action 2.1 targets a 30% reduction in the threat rate on threatened species, with surveillance patrols to increase from approximately 8,000 to approximately 15,000 per year across approximately 25 priority sites, and production of at least 20 guides or technical materials on conservation best practices (from approximately 10). Action 2.2 addresses human-wildlife conflict, targeting an increase in prevention devices from approximately 120 to approximately 400, and raising effective response rates to HWC incidents from approximately 30% to approximately 70%. Action 2.3 addresses species promotion through ecotourism, including creating recovery zoos for seized threatened species (from 6 to at least 9 operational structures) and strengthening PA infrastructure (from approximately 120 to approximately 200 items built or rehabilitated) and equipment (from approximately 1,500–2,200 to approximately 4,000 items). Awareness campaigns are to increase from approximately 80–120 to approximately 250. Action 2.5 strengthens ex-situ conservation, targeting at least 70% of ex-situ sites achieving acceptable METT scores (from approximately 20–30%). Action 2.6 calls for the establishment of a national forest seed gene bank (from 0 to 1 operational).
China		The NBSAP addresses species recovery across multiple Priority Actions. The China Biodiversity Red List records 4,088 threatened higher plant species (10.39% of assessed species) and 1,050 threatened vertebrate species excluding marine fish (22.02% of assessed species). Risk of losing local varieties of genetic resources is identified as intensifying. For ex-situ conservation, the NBSAP calls for constructing the national botanical garden system, developing a wild animal rescue and rehabilitation system, strengthening breeding bases for rare and endangered species source populations, and building a national wild animal genetic resource gene bank. Conservation action plans for seven species including Chinese white dolphin and Chinese sturgeon are to be implemented. Over 60 species of rare and endangered wild animals have already been successfully bred in captivity, and 112 species of endemic rare and endangered wild plants have been reintroduced to the wild. For genetic diversity specifically, the plan calls for maintaining and restoring the genetic diversity of local, wild, and domesticated species, with comprehensive ex-situ and ex-vitro preservation of national biological genetic resources. The national crop germplasm resource conservation system already conserves 530,000 accessions. A dedicated priority project focuses on conservation and recovery of rare and endangered species and extremely small populations, requiring systematic study of distribution, population dynamics, habitat changes, genetic diversity changes, and threat factors, with development of technologies for habitat identification, species breeding, and artificial population rewilding. The China Biodiversity Red List and China Species Catalogue are to be updated every five years and annually respectively, and a comprehensive national biodiversity assessment report is to be published every five years.
Colombia		Species-conservation information in Colombia is compiled through the Biodiversity Information System (SiB Colombia), which presents records by taxonomic group, conservation category, department and municipality, and feeds the species extinction-risk assessments adopted in Resolution 126 of 2024 (Resolución 126 de 2024) of the Ministry of Environment; these assessments are the input for the Red List Index. National Natural Parks monitors Conservation Target Values at population level, and NGO and university monitoring exists but is not aggregated nationally. INVÍAS reports a Faunal Vulnerability indicator through its Road Information System to identify roadkill-vulnerability corridors. For headline indicator reporting through 2030, the Plan requires: in 2025 the design of an information system to compile species extinction risk data and to standardise the periodicity of risk assessments; in 2025 the design of a wild-population monitoring system; in 2025 the strengthening of species information bases for traditional Indigenous information systems; development of both systems during 2026-2027; new extinction-risk assessments in 2027 to meet a minimum five-year periodicity; and generation of information to update threat categories during 2027-2030, including freshwater fish (from 1,465 species assessed in 2012 to approximately 1,700 to be assessed in 2024). Validation is by the Committee of Experts on Threatened Species and monitoring/reporting lead is MinAmbiente. In Caribbean and Insular regional recommendations, the Plan calls for strengthening regional inter-institutional coordination between environmental authorities and security forces to prevent illegal trafficking, through (1) more trained personnel in post-seizure fauna and flora management and chains of custody, (2) improved infrastructure for receiving seized species and (3) awareness and training campaigns for security forces (Target 4 GBF). The financial plan also references Conpes 3934, 4021, 4040 and 4050 for compensation mechanisms and differentiated management instruments for protected-area inhabitants.
Czechia		The Strategy devotes substantial attention to species recovery through legislative reform, monitoring, and active species protection. It identifies the need to complete a legislative amendment to Act No. 114/1992 Coll. on nature and landscape protection, proposed for 2024–25, to change protection regimes for specially protected area categories with emphasis on species habitat protection, update the list of specially protected species, and develop active species protection tools. Species endangerment assessment will be carried out through regularly updated Red Lists. All data on species occurrence will be systematically stored in the Nature Conservation Findings Database (NDOP), ensuring long-term availability for experts, nature conservation authorities, and farmers. Monitoring will expand beyond species of European importance to include other groups such as pollinators. The public and other entities are to be supported in collecting data through citizen science. Active care for the most endangered species and habitats will include rescue programmes, care programmes, and regional action plans, in accordance with the Concept of Active Species Protection Tools in the Czech Republic 2023–2032. Ex situ conservation is addressed through strengthened legislation for zoos and breeding facilities, cooperation with botanical gardens and arboretums, and the National Network of Rescue Stations. Genetic diversity protection is specifically addressed, including monitoring changes in genetic diversity of specific species and selected groups (e.g. insects or fungi), supporting gene banks, and protecting wild relatives of crops or species potentially useful for food and agriculture. Action Objective 3.1 unifies the approach of state administration in species protection, with measures to make species protection records available to all nature conservation authorities through ISOP by 2027, prepare methodological guidance following legislative amendments, and adapt damage administration processes.
Germany		The NBS 2030 addresses species recovery through its Action area 1 on protection of species. The National Species Recovery Programme, run by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, comprises federal programmes for marine and terrestrial species, drawing up species action plans as a specialist basis. The programme's goal is to ensure that the conservation status of local and supraregional populations improves rather than deteriorates. Funding comes from federal funds supplemented by compensation payments from operators of wind turbines and power lines. Genetic diversity of domestic species is addressed through the Red List of native livestock breeds. The Federal Office for Agriculture and Food determines endangerment status every two years based on annual population monitoring, in collaboration with the Scientific Advisory Board on Animal Genetic Resources, as mandated by the 2019 Animal Breeding Act. According to October 2024 categorisations, 59 of 83 native breeds of horses, donkeys, cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats (71%) are classed as threatened. Federal and state support for breeding and keeping threatened breeds is available under funding area 4 of the Joint Task for the Improvement of Agricultural Structure and Coastal Protection. The Red Lists of threatened animals, plants, and fungi, published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation using standardised methodology since 2006, provide the scientific evaluation basis. Some 14,000 insect taxa occurring in Germany have been assessed. The threat analysis includes a short-term population trend (10–25 years) to which the target for reversal by 2030 specifically refers. The biotope network (Target 2.3) is framed as preserving genetic diversity and facilitating species migration under climate change. The agricultural landscapes section notes the importance of broad genetic diversity among livestock and crops for food security, particularly climate-resilient breeds and varieties.
Denmark		Denmark has registered approximately 35,000 indigenous or imported species. The Danish Red List (2023) includes 13,898 assessed species of mushrooms, animals, and plants; 41.3 per cent of assessed species are considered red-listed and in danger of extinction. A strategy for the management of endangered and red-listed species was published in 2023. It identifies that indigenous species are generally threatened by habitat fragmentation, climate change, environmental pollution, and invasive species. The strategy focuses on six areas: 1) opportunities for a dialogue forum with experts and stakeholders; 2) the need to revise the conservation status of individual species; 3) the possibility of giving greater consideration to dwelling places and habitats in environmental assessments; 4) the possibility of increasing data collection with public assistance; 5) the possibility of a joint-disciplinary biodiversity platform for stakeholders; and 6) the updating of an action plan for invasive species. Ninety-two wildlife reserves have been established where human activities such as hunting are restricted. Management and action plans have been drawn up for otters, beavers, dormice, guinea pigs, spotted seals, and grey seals, using EU nature protection directives as a basis. The government will intensify efforts to combat wildlife crime through a legislative proposal with three measures: rules stipulating that serious wildlife crime shall be a particularly aggravating circumstance in sentencing; fixed fines for wildlife crime; and increased use of the option of revoking hunting licences. Internationally, Denmark re-entered the IUCN in 2020 as a strategic partner and donor, granting the organisation DKK 80 million by the end of 2024.
Egypt		The NBSAP presents a detailed action plan for gazelle recovery as a threatened species, treating it as a worked example of species-focused conservation. Steps include: field environmental surveys to determine gazelle numbers and distribution; threat analysis covering overhunting, overgrazing, and habitat loss; strengthened protection within Wadi El Gemal Reserve, Siwa Reserve, and other gazelle-holding reserves; tightened penalties against illegal hunting with enhanced security-agency involvement; establishment of safe ecological corridors between natural habitats; habitat rehabilitation through native-plant replanting and provision of permanent water sources; desertification control in desert gazelle habitats; community awareness campaigns and ecotourism incentives; continuous monitoring via remote sensing and thermal cameras; strengthened participation in CITES; cross-border cooperation with neighbouring countries for shared species; scientific and genetic research on gazelle populations; and promotion of sustainable ecotourism around gazelle observation with local employment creation. More broadly the NBSAP commits to establishing a national biodiversity monitoring and reporting system (Section 46) with measurable indicators for threatened-species rates, and to documenting species changes through a centralised national database. The conservation of threatened species is also addressed through the empowerment of local communities as early-detection agents and through the broader reserve network. Fossil-species studies are cited as informing current efforts to identify species threatened by comparable environmental pressures.
Eritrea	Target 3: By 2030 the extinction of known threatened or near threatened flora, fauna, crop landraces and livestock breeds has been prevented, and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has shown significant recovery trends.	Eritrea's National Target 3 commits to preventing the extinction of known threatened or near threatened flora, fauna, crop landraces, and livestock breeds by 2030, and to showing recovery trends for those most in decline. The total budget is USD 3,925,000. The NBSAP documents the conservation status of Eritrean biodiversity in detail: 7 plant, 6 bird, 1 mammal, 2 fish, and 1 sea turtle species are critically endangered; 8 plant, 11 bird, 3 mammal, 7 fish, 3 marine invertebrate, 1 turtle, and 1 halophyte species are endangered. Several large mammals have not been observed for many years, including the Nubian wild ass, Tora hartebeest, and giraffe; others like the African bush elephant, Eritrean Gazelle, and Nubian ibex exist only in small herds. Among crop landraces, 4 sorghum, 1 pearl millet, 2 wheat, and 1 barley varieties are listed as extinct, with additional varieties endangered or near threatened. The action plan establishes six objectives. Species management actions include regular biodiversity surveillance (Action 3.1.1, 2026-2030, USD 200,000), improving taxonomic knowledge (Action 3.1.2), preparing a national Red List per IUCN standards (Action 3.1.3, 2027-2028), and developing species-specific conservation plans for highly threatened species (Action 3.1.4, 2028-2030, USD 300,000). A legal notice or directive to protect threatened species is planned for 2028. For ex-situ conservation, the NBSAP plans to establish a National Centre for Wildlife Rehabilitation and Orphanage (Action 3.2.1, 2027-2029, USD 1,000,000) and a botanical garden for threatened native plants (Action 3.2.2, 2027-2029, USD 250,000). Genetic conservation work includes surveys on the status of domestic animal and crop genetic resources (Actions 3.2.4-3.2.5, 2026-2027), genetic characterization (Action 3.2.6, 2027-2029), and strengthening the Gene Bank laboratories and germplasm storage facilities at NARI (Action 3.3.5). NARI currently holds over 700 sorghum accessions and 2,800+ total crop accessions. Marine species conservation includes engaging fishing communities in sustainable practices to minimize bycatch (Action 3.4.1), establishing community-led megafauna conservation groups (Action 3.4.2), and regular megafauna monitoring (Action 3.4.3). A dedicated sea cucumber management strategy includes catch quotas and size limits, seasonal and area-based closures, and aquaculture initiatives (Actions 3.5.1-3.5.6).
Spain		The NBSAP commits to monitoring and improving the conservation status of species through a National System for biodiversity knowledge. This system is to include all taxonomic groups, with special attention to species in a critical situation, indicator species, species in the List of Wild Species under Special Protection Regime, and the Spanish Catalogue of Threatened Species. Monitoring of trends in common species, pollinating insects, and soil biodiversity is also planned. Improvements to monitoring of wild fauna populations are to be promoted, including large carnivores and threatened species. The NBSAP sets the objective that by 2030, no species or habitat type of Community interest will have an unknown conservation status. National atlases are to be updated within five years, including analysis of climate change impacts on species. For the marine environment, a specific monitoring programme is planned, including photo-identification of marine mammals, distance sampling for marine mammals and turtles, seabird monitoring, and a coordinated stranding monitoring network to identify causes of mortality of protected marine species. In urban settings, building rehabilitation is to promote criteria safeguarding refuge and nesting spaces for urban fauna, especially birds and bats. The NBSAP also calls for attention to genetic diversity through identification of mature forests and conservation seed mixes of native herbaceous species. Regarding CITES species, the NBSAP plans a state rescue centre for CITES specimens before 2025, to also serve as coordinating centre for the Network of CITES rescue centres, and work towards repatriation of seized live specimens or their incorporation into ex situ conservation programmes.
European Union		The strategy addresses species recovery through several complementary measures. Member States are requested to ensure no deterioration in conservation trends and status of all protected habitats and species by 2030, and to ensure that at least 30% of species and habitats not currently in favourable status reach that category or show a strong positive trend. The Commission and the European Environment Agency are to provide guidance on selecting and prioritising species and habitats. The decline in pollinators is to be reversed, supported by a review and possible strengthening of the EU Pollinators Initiative. By-catch of species threatened with extinction is to be eliminated or reduced to a level that allows full recovery; by-catch of other protected species is to be eliminated or minimised so as not to threaten their conservation status. The number of Red List species threatened by invasive alien species is to be decreased by 50%. On genetic diversity, the strategy calls for reversing the decline in genetic diversity, including by facilitating the use of traditional varieties of crops and breeds. The Commission is considering revision of marketing rules for traditional crop varieties and measures to facilitate registration of seed varieties for organic farming. At the global level, the EU advocates that the world should commit to no human-induced extinction of species, at minimum where avoidable.
Gabon	Limit human-wildlife conflicts, strengthen knowledge on threatened species and protect fauna and flora to prevent extinction	Gabon's National Target 4 aims to limit human-wildlife conflicts, strengthen knowledge on threatened species, and protect fauna and flora to prevent extinction. The responsible stakeholders are the Ministry of Water and Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Scientific Research, National Education, and NGOs. The NBSAP documents 188 trigger species across the 35 KBA sites, of which 139 are classified as threatened on the IUCN Red List and 31 are critically endangered. 67% of trigger species are plants. Gabon harbours significant populations of emblematic species: an estimated 95,000 elephants, 35,000 gorillas, and 64,000 chimpanzees. Ebola epidemics between 1994 and 2003 killed approximately 5,000 gorillas in the Minkébé region, contributing to the Western Lowland Gorilla's 2007 classification as Critically Endangered. To combat poaching, the NBSAP describes specialised anti-poaching units, modern surveillance equipment (GPS, drones, camera traps), collaboration with INTERPOL, dismantling of ivory and pangolin trafficking networks, public destruction of seized ivory, courts specialised in environmental crimes, and strict application of CITES. Decree No. 0040/PR/MEFPECCHF of 2 November 2023 updates the list of protected wildlife species. The strategy also proposes rehabilitation centres for wild fauna, seed banks for genetic diversity, and conservation nurseries for threatened forest species. Human-wildlife conflict, particularly with elephants, is identified as a major national challenge. A National Strategy and Action Plan for the Management of Human-Wildlife Conflict has been developed based on a participatory approach.
United Kingdom	The UK will ensure urgent management actions to halt human induced extinction of known threatened species and for the recovery and conservation of species, in particular threatened species, to significantly reduce extinction risk, as well as to maintain and restore the genetic diversity within and between populations of native, wild and domesticated species to maintain their adaptive potential, including through in situ and ex situ conservation and sustainable management practices, and effectively manage human-wildlife interactions to minimise humanwildlife conflict for co-existence.	The NBSAP sets UK target 4, committing to urgent management actions to halt human-induced extinction of known threatened species and for their recovery and conservation. The target addresses genetic diversity within and between populations of native, wild and domesticated species, including through in situ and ex situ conservation. It also commits to effectively managing human-wildlife interactions to minimise human-wildlife conflict for co-existence.
Equatorial Guinea	Establish and maintain regulated facilities and improve the management of protected areas for the conservation, management and sustainable use of wild fauna and flora species, with special emphasis on protected and/or threatened species, in order to minimise conflicts between humans and wildlife and promote coexistence.	National Target 4 commits to establish and maintain regulated facilities and strengthen the management of protected areas for the conservation and sustainable use of wild fauna and flora species, with emphasis on protected and/or threatened species, in order to minimise human–wildlife conflicts and promote coexistence. Implementation conditions include creating new conservation programmes, plans and projects for wild fauna and flora and strengthening existing ones in infrastructure, management, administration and research; designing and implementing strategic conservation plans for endangered species; and organising courses, seminars and workshops for training human resources. Alignment with global Target 4 is rated MEDIUM.
Hungary		The NBSAP identifies Objective 3 as improving the status of species in an unfavourable conservation status. The status assessment notes that species such as wolf, lynx, otter, birds of prey, owls, sturgeon species, medicinal leech, orchids, snowdrop, purple cyclamen, and spring pheasant's eye are present in Hungary and threatened by commercial activity. Six native fish species have completely disappeared from Hungarian waters. Twelve bumblebee species and 290 butterfly species are protected. The gene conservation strategy, approved by the Government in 2018 (Government Resolution 1049/2018), supports the conservation of genetic resources for five years. The National Centre for Biodiversity and Gene Conservation coordinates gene bank activities through the Plant Genetic Resources Institute at Tápiószele (17th largest gene bank in the world, nearly 133,000 gene bank samples) and the Institute for Farm Animal Conservation at Gödöllő. National park directorates maintain populations of Hungarian water buffalo, Hungarian grey cattle, Racka and other sheep breeds, and horse breeds. Restoration measures under Target 2.1–2.3 include reintroducing or translocating species characteristic of given habitat types, and strengthening populations of exploited but endangered fish species (sterlet, crucian carp, tench, and Volga pikeperch).
Indonesia	National Target 4 (TN 4): Protection and preservation of species and genetic diversity.	National Target 4 (TN 4): Protection and Preservation of Species and Genetic Diversity addresses species recovery and genetic diversity conservation. The NBSAP records 904 species classified for protection under Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number 106 of 2018, and 28 aquatic biota with Fully Protected status plus 13 with Limited Protection status designated by KKP Ministerial Decrees (including the Irian Arwana, Scleropages jardinii). Assessment of 20 priority aquatic species using the EPANJI tool in 2023 found 3 minimally managed, 11 optimally managed, and 6 sustainably managed. Indonesia's Red List Index declined from 0.85 in 1993 to 0.75 in 2020, with 15,336 recorded threatened species including 1,274 wild animals, 1,074 plants and 2 fungi; 200 animal species are Critically Endangered, 380 Endangered and 691 Vulnerable. The most threatened animal groups are Actinopterygii (250), mammals (222), anthozoa/corals (185), aves (169) and Chondrichthyes (127). TN 4 is measured by one indicator — Species Threat Status Index Value as a National Red List Index — with a 2020 baseline of 0.75 (IUCN global data pending national RLI development) and targets of 0.75 in 2025 and >=0.75 in 2030 and 2045. TN 4 is delivered through eight action groups: inventory and monitoring of target species populations and habitat suitability; management of human-wildlife and aquatic biota conflicts; protection of genetic diversity of targeted species; risk extinction assessment and monitoring of selected taxa for national and ecoregional priorities; conservation and restoration of genetic diversity in domesticated species; enhancing management of protected, conserved and utilised aquatic biodiversity; ex situ conservation; and maintenance/development of germplasm and livestock breeding units. Indonesia has initiated Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) and bio banking for Sumatran rhino, Javan bull, anoa, clouded leopard and Sumatran tiger. Plant genetic resource conservation is anchored in the national Bank Gen Pertanian at BBPSI Biogen, Bogor, holding 10,785 accessions; the Indonesian Center for Rice Instrument Standard Testing preserves 6,330 rice accessions and BBPSI Biogen holds 3,442 rice accessions. Lead entities are KLH/BPLH, Kemenhut, KKP, Kementan, BRIN, BIG, Kemenhub and local governments with private and non-state actors.
India	Ensure urgent management actions to halt human induced extinction of known threatened species, and for the recovery and conservation of species, in particular threatened species. Also, maintain and restore the genetic diversity within and between populations of native wild and domesticated species to maintain their adaptive potential through in situ and ex situ conservation and sustainable management practices and effectively manage human-wildlife interactions.	India's NBSAP commits to halting human-induced extinction and managing species through urgent management actions, maintaining and restoring genetic diversity within and between populations of native, wild, and domesticated species through in situ and ex situ conservation. The Red List Index serves as the headline indicator (A.3), with component indicators tracking the proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk of extinction and the number of plant and animal genetic resources secured in medium or long-term conservation facilities. The monitoring framework establishes fourteen national indicators spanning population trends of selected species (4.1); status and population trends of terrestrial and marine species in the Red Data Book (4.2); status of species included under the Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats scheme (4.3); development of the Conservation Data Book of Indian plant and animal species (4.4); trends in indigenous/domesticated animal breeds in situ (4.5); trends in populations of domestic breeds in situ (4.6); initiatives to conserve indigenous animal breeds (4.7); trends in animal genetic resources ex situ (4.8); trends in indigenous plant varieties in situ (4.9); trends in area under cultivation and production/yield of indigenous varieties (4.10); initiatives to conserve indigenous crop varieties and wild relatives (4.11); trends in germplasm accessions ex situ (4.12); trends in human-wildlife interaction management (4.13); and trends in species recovery (4.14). Lead agencies include the Wildlife Institute of India, Botanical Survey of India, Zoological Survey of India, ICFRE, National Tiger Conservation Authority, IUCN, and multiple ICAR national bureaux for plant, animal, fish, and microbial genetic resources.
Iran	Implement urgent management actions to halt the anthropogenic extinction of known threatened species and ensure their recovery and conservation. Reduce extinction risk, maintain genetic diversity within and between populations of native, wild, and domesticated species, and manage human-wildlife interactions to minimize conflict and promote coexistence.	Species recovery and extinction prevention are addressed across multiple sections. NT-1 commits to halting anthropogenic extinction of Iran's living species by 2030 and includes developing an integrated plan for de-extinction and restoration of endangered species, implementing captive breeding for the Persian Wild Ass and Persian Fallow Deer, protecting habitat corridors of charismatic species such as the Iranian leopard, and stabilising habitats of exclusive species in border mountains with IUCN support. A further sub-target within NT-3 calls for implementing urgent management actions to halt the anthropogenic extinction of known threatened species, reduce extinction risk, and maintain genetic diversity within and between populations of native, wild, and domesticated species, while managing human-wildlife interactions to minimise conflict and promote coexistence. The National Goal-A vision states that human-induced extinction of known threatened species is to be halted and that by 2050 the extinction rate and risk of all species are to be reduced tenfold. The genetic diversity section documents Iran's cataloguing of 54,509 species and describes genetic uniqueness across livestock breeds (over 120 million livestock units) and plant genera such as Astragalus (800 species), Cousinia (210), and Acantholimon (83).
Iceland	That by 2030, it shall be ensured through the necessary measures that the conservation status of organisms and their genetic diversity is good and that the utilisation of individual species and populations is sustainable.	The NBSAP addresses species recovery through Guiding Principle B3, committing to ensuring by 2030 that the conservation status of organisms and their genetic diversity is good and that utilisation of individual species and populations is sustainable. The policy notes that Iceland's species diversity is relatively low by international standards but that many populations are large, important and distinctive due to adaptation to unique conditions, with considerable genetic and ecological diversity within species. Specific attention is given to species harvested through hunting and fishing, requiring organised management based on regular monitoring. The policy calls for monitoring of key populations of wild organisms including soil organisms, regular publication of red list status information, and basing conservation and utilisation decisions on that status assessment. It also calls for revision and harmonisation of the legal framework on protection, conservation and sustainable hunting of wild birds and wild mammals, noting the unclear status of marine mammals in Icelandic legislation. The Agricultural Genetics Committee's national plan for 2024–2028 is referenced for the conservation of genetic diversity in Icelandic livestock breeds and crop plants. Eight species of vascular plants, four species of birds and one mammal have been classified as critically endangered according to the IUCN red list classification.
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030	Action-oriented target 2-2: Enhance conservation of endangered species through protection, breeding, and habitat management, and prevent new additions to the Red List.	The NBSAP commits under Action-oriented target 2-2 to recovery of threatened species through the Act on Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. As of the plan's adoption, the Japanese Red List identified 3,772 threatened species; 442 species were designated as Nationally Rare Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The government will expand Natural Habitat Conservation Areas and implement Protection and Reproduction Programs (currently 77), including captive breeding, reintroduction, and habitat management for species such as the Japanese crested ibis and Oriental white stork. Genetic diversity is addressed through ex situ conservation in botanical gardens, zoos, aquariums, gene banks, and seed banks coordinated across MOE, MAFF, and MEXT. Human–wildlife conflict is managed under the Act on the Protection and Control of Wild Birds and Mammals and Hunting Management, including the Designated Wildlife Management Programs targeting deer and wild boar (with population reduction goals), and measures to address damage from bears and monkeys.
Lebanon	NT 5: By 2030, the genetic diversity of 40% of native fauna and flora is conserved in-situ and ex-situ through sustainable management practices, to maintain their adaptive potential.	National Target 5 commits that by 2030 the genetic diversity of 40% of native fauna and flora is conserved in situ and ex situ through sustainable management practices to maintain their adaptive potential. The target is tracked through the Red List Index, an FAO SDG-aligned indicator on the proportion of local breeds classified as at risk of extinction, and Headline Indicator A.4 on the proportion of populations with an effective population size greater than 500. National Actions include identifying native species of high conservation value–including economically important species–in the updated national species inventory (NA 5.1); developing national conservation strategies and regulations for at least 100 native species of high conservation value, prioritising endemics (NA 5.2, tracked yearly against a 1998 baseline); and conducting monetary valuations for at least 30 native species of high conservation value (NA 5.3). A separate indicator under the Protected Areas target counts threatened species (IUCN criteria) for which conservation actions have been implemented, with methodology at early stage and reporting planned every two to three years.
Lesotho	By 2030, at least 20% of known threatened species have been prevented from extinction, their conservation status improved and sustained, and management of human-wildlife conflict improved	Lesotho's National Target 8 commits to preventing the extinction of at least 20% of known threatened species by 2030, improving their conservation status, and improving management of human-wildlife conflict. The total budget is USD 8,442,235. The baseline notes that species such as Merxmuellera spp. (Moseha) and Pelargonium sidoides (Khoara) are heavily harvested commercially, with issued harvest permits documenting 728.4 tonnes for P. sidoides and 3,756 tonnes for Rosa rubiginosa. H. hemerocallidea and D. anomala are noted as having declining populations due to over-exploitation. The IUCN Plant Red Data Listing was undertaken in 2002, and a Biodiversity Management Plan for P. sidoides has been developed by TRAFFIC. The Maloti Minnow (Pseudobarbus quathlambae), endemic and critically endangered, has an LHDA management plan and has been subject to a distribution survey. A captive breeding programme for the Bearded Vulture is in operation. Strategic Initiative 8.1 includes developing and implementing Biodiversity Management Plans for priority and threatened species — specifically naming Aloe polyphylla, Pelargonium sidoides, Merxmuellera spp., Bulbine narcissifolia, Dicoma anomala, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Maloti Minnow, and Bearded Vulture (USD 200,300, 2026/30). Other actions include establishing botanical gardens and gene banks for ex-situ conservation at national, district and local levels (USD 2,764,705), establishing zoological gardens including expanding Qacha's Nek Snake Park (USD 3,529,410), developing and updating policies and legislation including a climate change law (USD 411,765), and reviewing priority policies such as the Environment Policy, Range Management Policy, Climate Change Policy, and Water and Sanitation Policy (USD 300,765). The action plan also calls for enacting the Biodiversity, CITES, Biosafety, Soil and Water Conservation, Range Management, and Water Resources Management Bills by 2026/28 (USD 352,940).
Luxembourg		The NBSAP addresses species recovery through a system of Species and Habitats action plans, with priorities reviewed to identify the 30% of species and habitats of Community interest not currently in favourable conservation status that must enter favourable status or show a positive trend by 2030 (§16). For each priority action plan, coordination is assigned to designated experts under the MECDD and its administrations (§16). For pollinators and insects, a national plan for the preservation of pollinating insects guides regulatory and incentive-based actions to halt declines, including prohibiting insecticide use in areas important for pollinator conservation and establishing buffer zones (§17). The strategy targets the consistent implementation of the related action plan (§29). Open-habitat bird populations are addressed through a dedicated action plan to be adopted and implemented nationally. The farmland bird index is to reach 105% of 2010 values by 2026 and 110% by 2030 (§19, §29). For threatened plant species, a national strategy for plant conservation calls for: design and update of red lists for all plant groups by 2023; development of Species action plans for umbrella plant species; application of reintroduction measures; and development of in-situ/ex-situ conservation measures (§20). Luxembourg notes a particular responsibility for plant species with their largest continental population on its territory (§20). The species-level approach includes inventories and monitoring, with a biodiversity monitoring programme at species level covering pollinators, invasive alien species, and general biodiversity (§50). The Natural Environment Observatory is tasked with guiding the selection of species for action plans (§20). At the international level, Luxembourg commits to continued engagement in CITES, fighting for closure of ivory markets at European and global levels, and supporting the moratorium on commercial whaling (§66). The strategy also targets the European beaver as a keystone species for aquatic ecosystem restoration (§23).
Marshall Islands		Sub-target 1.4 addresses the use of field-derived biophysical evidence to guide species or ecosystem management decisions, delivered through EEZ biodiversity research, Reimaanlok Steps 1–3, 5, and 7. Headline indicators A.3 (Red List Index) and A.4 (Effective Population Size) are designated, with MIMRA and MoNRC as data leads. Indicator A.4 tracks the proportion of populations within species with an effective population size (Ne) greater than 500. The NISSAP identifies high-risk pathways for established species posing threats to native biodiversity, and addresses threats to unique RMI species through research and monitoring. MIMRA and partners are conducting surveys of nearshore and adjacent offshore ecosystems across remote atolls with National Geographic's Pristine Seas (building on the 2023 expedition to Bikar, Bokak, Bikini, and Rongerik) and mapping deep-sea biodiversity with the Ocean Exploration Trust aboard the E/V Nautilus. GoRMI is called upon to reconsider historical decisions not to join CITES and CMS with respect to current NBSAP targets on the trade of wild species (Action 20). The 7th National Report identified that no national Red List of Ecosystems assessment has been undertaken and that genetic diversity monitoring remains limited in scope and not yet structured for standardized CBD indicator reporting.
Malta	By 2030, genetic diversity of native species, as well as species used for food and feed and their wild relatives and landraces, is safeguarded for improved resilience of biodiversity and food security.	National Target 4 commits that by 2030, genetic diversity of native species, as well as species used for food and feed and their wild relatives and landraces, is safeguarded for improved resilience of biodiversity and food security. Action 4.1 establishes and implements measures for the protection of genetic resources. Action 4.2 uses ex situ conservation measures to safeguard the genetic diversity of endemic species, relevant protected species, species used for food and feed, and their wild relatives and landraces. Action 4.3 increases the number of inventoried genetic resources in databases. Action 4.4 develops and implements indicators and genetic methods for analysing and monitoring genetic variation in species of special concern for ecosystem services or conservation, supported by scientific research addressing knowledge gaps.
Malaysia	By 2030, targeted management actions are in place to enable the recovery of threatened species	Malaysia's NPBD Target 11 commits to "targeted management actions in place to enable the recovery of threatened species by 2030," delivered through five actions. Action 11.1 (science-led action) requires enhanced collaboration to monitor and share data on threatened species populations; conservation assessments to develop or update national lists; study of climate-change impacts on threatened species; formulation, updating, and implementation of science-based conservation action plans for the most threatened species; and updating of the National Red Data List for threatened plants and wildlife. Action 11.2 (metapopulation approach) commits to integrating management of wild and captive populations, science-based targeted translocations between populations to reduce inbreeding risk, and establishing new populations in viable habitats. Action 11.3 (ex-situ conservation) commits to strengthening standards for zoos, wildlife parks, and aquaria; enhancing collaborative conservation breeding programmes including artificial reproductive technologies; enhancing seed and germplasm gene banks; enhancing the Malaysian network of botanic gardens; expanding living collections of rare, threatened, and endangered plants; and conducting trials to bring horticultural or medicinal species into cultivation. A Key Indicator commits to 10 ex-situ conservation centres actively contributing to species rescue and recovery by 2030. Action 11.4 addresses human-wildlife conflict through collaborative adaptive-management strategies, outreach, and legislative review for safe and ethical human-wildlife interactions. Action 11.5 strengthens migratory-species conservation. Action 6.4 complements Target 11 by protecting genetic diversity of cultivated plants, farmed and domesticated animals, and their wild relatives, with a Key Indicator that by 2030 all gene and seed banks and in-situ farms are optimised. The executive summary notes approximately 306 mammal species, 742 birds, 242 amphibians, 567 reptiles, and 2,068 freshwater and marine fish, with roughly half of plant diversity facing various levels of threat. Named threatened species include the Malayan tiger, Indochinese leopard, clouded leopard, ~11,300 Bornean orangutans in East Malaysia, pangolins, sun bears, hornbills, gaharu, and the white-rumped shama.
Nigeria	By 2020, six (6) management plans are implemented for habitats of endemic and threatened plants and animals, including sites for migratory species.	National Goal 3 commits to conserving endemic and endangered species. The NBSAP addresses species recovery through two national targets. National Target 5 states: "By 2020, six (6) management plans are implemented for habitats of endemic and threatened plants and animals, including sites for migratory species." Actions include conducting an assessment of the conservation status of Nigeria's endemic and threatened species and publishing the results (Action 5.1, NPS); identifying priority sites requiring management action for endemic and threatened species (Action 5.2, NPS); identifying important sites for migratory species and their conservation needs (Action 5.3, NCF); and producing a strategy for conservation of high altitude habitats linked to Targets 2, 3, and 4 (Action 5.4, NCF). The monitoring matrix targets reports on 15 Ramsar sites used by migratory species (up from 11 in 2015) and 15 priority sites for endemic/threatened species (up from 7). National Target 7 addresses genetic diversity: "By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants, domesticated animals and their threatened wild relatives, including culturally valuable species, are documented, maintained and valorised in two key institutions in Nigeria." Actions include establishing a national centre for knowledge and sustainable use of biodiversity (Action 7.1, BDCP); in-situ conservation of wild relatives of cultivated plants and domesticated animals (Action 7.2, FRIN); establishing Nigeria's national gene bank for cultivated plants and domesticated animals (Action 7.3, NABDA); and establishing/rehabilitating Community Herbal Heritage Centres (Action 7.4, FDF). The monitoring target is 200 key plants and animals with documented genetic diversity. The briefing also references the WCS-brokered agreement between Nigeria and Cameroon to protect the Cross River gorilla habitat through strengthened law enforcement in Cross River and Takamanda National Parks.
Netherlands		The NBSAP addresses species recovery through a multi-layered framework spanning Red Lists, species-specific programmes, pollinator strategy, marine species protection plans, legal protections, and human-wildlife conflict management. National Red Lists are compiled for 20 species groups using IUCN criteria adapted to the Dutch situation, with 1950 as the base year to avoid shifting baselines and enable cross-country comparisons. The Red Lists are enshrined in the Environment and Planning Act and published in the Government Gazette, and provinces are obliged to actively take measures for Red List species. The aim is to update all Red Lists every 10 years. The National Pollinator Strategy (Nationale Bijenstrategie, 2018-2030), involving more than one hundred partners, targets a stable and/or positive trend in populations of wild bees and other pollinator species by 2030. A five-yearly evaluation concluded that many local and regional initiatives have been developed but that more efforts are needed to reverse the negative trend. Monitoring of bees and hoverflies will begin in 2025, partly to meet obligations under the Nature Restoration Regulation. Specific measures for threatened species include: successful reintroductions of otter (Lutra lutra) and beaver (Castor fiber), both now classified as 'Currently not threatened'; financial and staff support for the feasibility study into reintroduction of European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) in the Rhine; commissioned research on the European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) to achieve a sustainable self-sustaining population in Limburg, with the province managing arable land in a hamster-friendly manner; and provincial species policy for species such as the garden dormouse and Geoffroy's bat in Limburg and the parti-coloured bat in Utrecht. The Black-tailed Godwit Action Plan (Aanvalsplan Grutto) receives EUR 69.5 million during the Common Agricultural Policy 2023-2027 period. Additional protection methods including headstarting are being explored. The National Fish Migration Route Map addresses barrier removal for migratory fish under the Water Framework Directive. Under the North Sea Agreement, 12 species protection plans are being produced for the period 2023-2025, covering the most vulnerable species from offshore wind development, species needing general protection under international frameworks, and species key to nature restoration. Three new protection plans are underway: for northern gannet and black-legged kittiwake; for great black-backed gull and European herring gull; and for shellfish (Ostrea edulis, Modiolus modiolus, Mytilus edulis) and tubeworms. Existing plans cover sharks and rays (action plan 2022-2027), harbour porpoises (revised and tightened 2020, evaluated 2024), and seals (trilateral management plan 2023-2027 with Germany and Denmark). The Environment and Planning Act prohibits killing or disturbing wild animals and plants of European or nationally protected species. Exemptions require demonstrated need, absence of alternative solutions, and no harm to favourable conservation status. The Netherlands Enterprise Agency works on embedding species protection knowledge in spatial permitting, with particular focus on building-dwelling bat species affected by post-insulation. The Taskforce for nature-friendly insulation aims for every municipality to draw up and follow a species management plan. For onshore wind and high-voltage lines, a nature-inclusive approach seeks to make permitting faster and more predictable with fewer effects on bat and bird species. The National Wolf Approach (Landelijke Aanpak Wolven) addresses the wolf, established in the Netherlands since 2019, through livestock protection, information provision, and European cooperation. The approach acknowledges limitations on available space for large predators in a densely populated country.
Norway		The NBSAP presents species recovery primarily through the Follow-up Plan for Endangered Nature, a cross-sectoral collaboration between eight ministries initiated in response to White paper no. 14 (2015–2016) Nature for Life, to be completed by 2035. The plan prioritises 23 species and 16 habitat types based on costs, valuations and probable target attainment, and includes calculation of scope and costs of measures needed for target attainment. A directorate group chaired by the Norwegian Environment Agency coordinates implementation. Norway has designated 14 priority species under Sections 23–24 of the Nature Diversity Act (dwarf goose, black-tailed godwit subspecies Icelandica, red helleborine, Northern dragonhead, musk orchid, dwarf eelgrass, field locoweed, black vanilla orchid, sphagnum troendelagicum, heterodermia speciosa lichen, cicindela maritima, hermit beetle, chequered blue, Arctic fox) and 8 selected habitat types (hayfields, semi-natural bogs, hollow oaks, calcareous linden woods, calcareous lakes, coastal moorlands, open calcareous grasslands, olivine forests). Separate quality standards have been established for wild salmon (2013) and wild reindeer (2020); both are near-threatened on the 2021 Red List. Following the weakest recorded salmon returns, the Norwegian Environment Agency suspended salmon and sea trout fishing in 33 rivers from the Swedish border up to Trøndelag in June 2024, extended in July to Eastern Finnmark. 52 Norwegian rivers and 29 fjords have been classified as national salmon rivers/fjords; regulations on special protection will be ratified. White paper no. 18 (2023–2024) An improved state for wild reindeer addresses reindeer; an action plan for seabirds is being drawn up. A national seed bank at the Natural History Museum in Oslo, together with five other botanical gardens, will hold at least 75 per cent of Norway's threatened plant species, with at least 20 per cent available for re-establishment and restoration programmes, in collaboration with the Millennium Seed Bank. Genetic diversity in agriculture is conserved through sustainable use under the National Strategy for the Preservation and Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources; the Agricultural Agreement includes a grant scheme for preservation-worthy cattle. The Ministry of Climate and Environment has dedicated grant schemes for measures that safeguard endangered species and biotopes; the National Environment Programme 2023–2026 funds regional and local environmental grants for endangered species in agriculture. In the Box 5.3 Menu of Measures for forests, measure 14 addresses safeguarding endangered biodiversity and measure 11 acceleration of targeted protected forest areas; the Environment Agency and Agriculture Agency highlight increased numbers of prioritised species and selected habitats, increased biotope mapping in forests, and economic initiatives for endangered nature.
Paraguay		National Target 6 of the NBSAP operationalises species recovery through six indicators: number of MADES policy instruments promoting species protection (baseline 10, target 12 by 2030), compliance with a National Species Conservation Plan (from non-compliant to compliant), management effectiveness of protected areas (4% to 10%), a species threat reduction and restoration metric, number of MADES-implemented projects (0 to 8), and the Red List Index (baseline 0.48, target ≥0.48). Scheduled actions include reviewing and updating the Red List incorporating the Red List Index as a monitoring tool (2025–2027), publishing an updated list of endemic species (2025–2027), developing new policy instruments for protected, pollinator and endemic species (2026–2027), designing and implementing the National Species Conservation Plan (2026–2028), establishing regulatory mechanisms for independent rescuers and wildlife rescue centres (2026–2028), executing restoration and threat mitigation projects for key species (2026–2030), conducting population and distribution studies for at least 10 species including protected, pollinator and endemic ones (2026–2030), and strengthening management units such as breeding centres, native plant nurseries and native fish aquaculture systems (2026–2030). Law 5302/2014 declares the jaguar (Panthera onca) an endangered species and obliges MADES to formulate management plans and protocols for conflicts with livestock; Law 7145/2023 establishes National Jaguar Day. Jaguar densities in the Chaco are estimated at 0.44–1.6 individuals/100 km², with core areas in the Gran Chaco reduced by 33% (82,400 km²) between 1985 and 2013. Threatened-species counts are catalogued under Resolutions 2242/2006, 433/2019, 206/2020, 254/2019, 632/2017, 1563/09 and 512/2025 across invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, fish and plants. ANNEX 8 identifies 7 priority bird species for population and genetic studies including the hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), crowned eagle (Buteogallus coronatus) and bare-throated bellbird (Procnias nudicollis).
Rwanda	By 2030, enhance conservation measures to improve the conservation status of biodiversity, implement management actions to halt the extinction of threatened species and effectively manage human-wildlife conflict.	The NBSAP sets National Target 4 to enhance conservation measures to improve the conservation status of biodiversity, implement management actions to halt the extinction of threatened species, and effectively manage human-wildlife conflict by 2030. Headline indicators track the proportion of threatened species effectively conserved and the number of guidelines developed to protect genetic diversity and manage human-wildlife conflict. The baseline notes that while a list of threatened species exists, planning for protection is limited beyond main species — mountain gorilla, chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), and lion (Panthera leo). Other species, including fish and buffalo, are identified as threatened with extinction. There is no comprehensive study on human-wildlife conflict nationally, though a recent scientific study recorded 208 cases in Gishwati, 185 in Mukura, and 108 in Mutara (Eastern Savanna–Akagera) in a one-year period (Sun, Bariyanga and Wronski, 2025). Strategic actions include adopting best restoration practices prioritising native threatened species, undertaking National IUCN Red Listing under the 7th Report to the CBD, assessing the conservation status of all wetlands, developing strategies to reduce human-wildlife conflict through a holistic cross-sectoral approach, promoting biodiversity monitoring of threatened species and their habitats, and developing national guidelines for preservation of genetic resources in ex situ and in situ conservation. The agriculture sector plan includes conserving local animal and plant genetic resources (MINAGRI, 2025–2030). Past achievements include the recovery of grey crowned cranes (from 487 in 2017 to 1,066 in 2022), the mountain gorilla population increase, the reintroduction of 23 black rhinos and 11 lions into Akagera National Park, and increases in chimpanzee and golden monkey populations. The costing allocates USD 26 million.
Saudi Arabia	Reducing the level of threat to known species threatened with extinction and ensuring limitation of negative impacts on those species.	The NBSAP addresses species recovery through a national programme for releasing and reintroducing endangered wildlife, national Red Lists, a comprehensive genetic database programme, and a detailed national action plan. The National Centre for Wildlife operates a captive breeding and reintroduction programme with protocols for releasing species within their historical geographical distribution in protected areas, royal reserves, and major projects including NEOM and the Royal Commission for AlUla. The national Red List for mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds has been completed following IUCN criteria (2001) and regional guidance (2003). A management plan for the seven amphibian species in the Kingdom has been prepared. For genetic diversity conservation, a programme builds a comprehensive genetic database using DNA Barcoding technology covering all local wild species, alongside a complete genome sequencing programme for threatened species only. A comprehensive genomic assessment of Red Sea biodiversity has been conducted using environmental DNA from water and sediment samples. The national action plan for Target 4 sets specific timelines: updating national Red Lists (2026–2028); developing and implementing national action plans for priority threatened species including captive breeding and habitat protection (2028–2030); strengthening legal and regulatory frameworks against poaching, illegal hunting, illegal trade, and habitat encroachment (2027–2030); building enforcement capacities for customs officers, environmental police, and researchers (2026–2030); and developing a national monitoring framework for threatened species (2026–2030). Indicators include species with populations above 500 individuals, species with breeding programmes, and species for which genetic diversity is maintained.
Sudan	Ensure by 2030, that urgent management actions are taken to prevent the extinction of known threatened species, as well as to maintain and restore the genetic diversity within and between populations of native, wild and domesticated species, including cultivated plants and domesticated animals, and to improve and sustain their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, including through in-situ and ex-situ conservation practices, and effectively manage human wildlife interactions to minimize human-wildlife conflict for coexistence.	National Target 4 calls for urgent management actions to prevent extinction of known threatened species, maintain and restore genetic diversity within and between populations, and effectively manage human-wildlife interactions. The NBSAP sets component targets for species recovery across multiple sectors. For cultivated plant agrobiodiversity, the Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and Research Centre (APGRC) is tasked with initiating in-situ and on-farm conservation of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture through establishment of community gene banks (US$500,000, 2025–2030), and strengthening capacities for PGRFA conservation (US$1,000,000, 2025–2030). For forest biodiversity, the Forests National Corporation is to register 10% of proposed forests as reserved forests and reforest using mainly indigenous species such as Acacia senegal, Acacia nilotica, and Khaya senegalensis (US$14,000,000, 2025–2030); implement ex situ conservation for critical threatened forest species (US$5,000,000); and conduct gazette registration of identified biodiversity species reserves of forest trees (US$35,000). Training and capacity-building for community members involved in conservation activities is budgeted at US$1,000,000. Budget allocations under Goal A include US$2,630,000 for cultivated plants (8 actions), US$20,035,000 for forests (4 actions), US$15,400,000 for wildlife (7 actions), US$1,400,000 for marine (2 actions), US$1,650,000 for inland waters (3 actions), US$3,700,000 for insects and microorganisms (3 actions), and US$1,250,000 for biosafety aspects. The monitoring framework tracks threatened species, population sizes above 500, and indicators for human-wildlife conflict management.
Sweden		The NBSAP positions species protection around target 4 primarily through the Species Protection Ordinance (2007:845), which implements the EU Habitats and Birds Directives and is complemented by nationally assessed species protection. The Government has referred proposals to amend national species-protection rules so that prohibitions do not unnecessarily complicate activities while adapting protection based on species' needs (KN2025/01529). SEPA has been tasked with reviewing which species should be nationally protected (KN2025/01532), using criteria based inter alia on the Red List's threat categories; an interim report (KN2025/02172) has been issued and a partial report on proposals for nationally protected species has been referred (KN2026/00195). Targeted action programmes for threatened species are maintained in addition to the general regulatory framework. The protection of forests with high conservation values — including long-term conservation of primary and old-growth forests and the 140,000-hectare mountain-adjacent forest protection effort — is also framed as contributing to target 4. The strategy notes that many Swedish species have disappeared from individual counties and that several threatened species remain in small, disturbance-sensitive populations, particularly those dependent on long forest continuity. Nature credits (in the context of the European Commission's 2025 communication, COM/2025/374 final) are noted as potentially financing restoration and habitats for threatened species.
Slovenia	The status of habitat types and species, including genetic diversity, will be improved and/or conserved by 2030.	The NEAP 2020–2030 sets Overall National Goal A: "Improve the conservation status of species and their habitats." National Objective 1 states that the status of habitat types and species, including genetic diversity, will be improved and/or conserved by 2030. The Strategic Plan contains detailed measures: regular habitat type mapping in Natura 2000 sites and protected areas (1.1.1); including additional guidelines for habitat type protection in the agricultural rural development programme post-2020 (1.1.2); improving forest management for specialised Natura 2000 qualification habitat types (1.1.3); making a red list of threatened habitat types (1.2.1); and drafting action plans for the most endangered species groups (1.3.3). Table 1 includes updating the regulation on the red list of endangered species (Measure 3, by 2022), updating the regulation on ecologically important areas (Measure 4, by 2023), establishing active interdepartmental cooperation for wild pollinator protection within the EU pollinator strategy framework (Measure 24, by 2020), and implementing monitoring to determine the conservation level of all species important at the European level (Measure 28, ongoing). The plan also addresses genetic diversity through Measure 1.4, which commits to expanding breeding and use of local breeds of domestic animals and increasing surface area for growing local plant varieties. The biodiversity challenges section notes that biodiversity in Slovenia is declining despite conservation measures, largely due to habitat loss from non-sustainable spatial management, agricultural intensification, anthropogenic alteration of aquatic ecosystems, and the spread of invasive species.
Senegal	Reduce species extinction risks, protect genetic diversity and manage human-wildlife conflicts	The NBSAP defines national target (4) as reducing species extinction risks, protecting genetic diversity, and managing human-wildlife conflicts. The results framework prescribes four priority actions: strengthening surveillance resources (drones, pirogues, vehicles), establishing biological rest periods, epidemiological surveillance of zoonotic diseases, and human-wildlife conflict management. The strategy identifies specific species requiring protection across Territorial Hubs: elephants, chimpanzees, lions, African wild dogs, Derby elands, manatees, and vultures in the South-East; hippopotamuses, buffaloes, and sea turtles in the South; and threatened plant species including vène (African rosewood) and shea trees. The SWOT analysis notes successful reintroduction programmes for the Scimitar-horned Oryx and Derby Eland. Regarding genetic diversity, Senegal records 174 cultivated plant varieties across cereals, legumes, vegetables, and industrial crops. Many traditional varieties of cowpea, rice, Bambara groundnut, fonio, millet, and sorghum are identified as endangered due to drought and the introduction of improved varieties. The country maintains 10 bovine, 8 ovine, 5 caprine, 8 equine, and other domestic breeds, with a national gene bank for plant genetic resources. The NBSAP notes that introduction of foreign breeds constitutes a form of genetic pollution threatening local breeds.
Suriname	1.3 Suriname effectively protects endangered animal and plant species through coordinated management and monitoring systems and has the required technical and financial capacity for the enforcement of wildlife trade regulations.	National Target 1.3 commits Suriname to effectively protecting endangered animal and plant species through coordinated management and monitoring systems and to building the technical and financial capacity needed for enforcement of wildlife trade regulations. The narrative cites jaguar poaching, the drastic decline in Leatherback sea turtle nests over twenty years, and the fact that around half of the IUCN Red List species in Suriname are fish, and notes the legal framework for protecting endangered species is outdated. Actions evaluate and revise the Game Law, Forest Management Law and other regulations; assess pressures on biodiversity in indigenous and tribal community territories; assess threats to endangered and vulnerable species; assess impacts of the licensed wildlife trade; revise sanctions for poaching and illegal wildlife trade; and strengthen LBB/NB capacity and inter-agency cooperative structures for enforcement. Captive breeding feasibility for endangered or threatened wildlife is added in the M&E framework as progress indicator 10. Total Target 1.3 cost is $1,755,360.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page	Recovery of wildlife populations and threatened or endangered species, through the reduction of the main pressures and threats to biodiversity.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 4: recovery of wildlife populations and threatened or endangered species through the reduction of the main pressures and threats to biodiversity. Six conservation programmes currently protect species at risk, including sea turtles, cetaceans and felines. The NBSAP notes that more than 290 fauna species and 250 flora species are in danger, and commits to promoting additional conservation actions with greater private and financial sector participation. The indicator framework tracks the percentage of recovery of populations of prioritised key and threatened wild species, and the conservation status of key marine and coastal resource populations, especially those of commercial interest. The baseline references six species conservation programmes as of 2024 and notes the absence of threat data for marine species. The estimated cost for wildlife conservation and threat reduction — encompassing new species conservation programmes, recovery of key species populations, invasive species control, fire control and other measures — is $9,847,200.
Chad	NT12: By 2030, the extinction of known threatened species is prevented and their conservation status, in particular those in the most rapid decline, is improved and maintained.	The NBSAP sets National Objective 12 (NT12): by 2030, the extinction of known threatened species is prevented and their conservation status — particularly those in most rapid decline — is improved and maintained. The 2011–2020 reference notes increasing human activities around PAs and especially wetlands. The 2030 targets listed are: human–wildlife conflicts reduced by 50%; several conservation programmes and sub-programmes in place; and several species recovery plans. Measures include reducing and managing human–wildlife conflicts through a cross-sectoral approach; assessing the conservation status of all species and identifying those requiring targeted recovery measures; assessing extinction risk, population size and trends, distribution, threats and conservation potential; developing and implementing recovery plans (single species, multi-species, site-based, or threat-based); incorporating assisted colonisation for species most vulnerable to climate change impacts and securing climate corridors for natural movement; and supporting transboundary conservation programmes. Indicators include proportion of species populations affected by conflicts with humans (I1GT4), number of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in conservation centres (I2GT4), trends in management of human–wildlife coexistence (I3GT4), species ecological status index (I4GT4), and conservation status of CITES-listed species stabilised or improved (I5GT4). Assessment of the effectiveness of conservation measures (e.g. reintroduction success) and the number of partnerships between governments, NGOs and local communities for species conservation are included as national indicators.
Togo	Target 3 : Take urgent measures to halt human-induced extinction of known threatened species and ensure their recovery and conservation. Target 4 : Take measures to safeguard and/or restore genetic diversity within populations of indigenous, wild and domesticated species, and to promote genetic exchanges between these populations.	The NBSAP designates two national targets mapped to GBF Target 4. National Target 3 commits to taking urgent measures to halt human-induced extinction of known threatened species and ensure their recovery and conservation. National Target 4 commits to safeguarding and/or restoring genetic diversity within populations of indigenous, wild and domesticated species, and promoting genetic exchanges between these populations. The NBSAP documents 71 threatened species based on IUCN assessments: 15 Near Threatened, 36 Vulnerable, 13 Endangered, and 7 Critically Endangered across mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Species considered extinct in the wild in Togo include the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), cheetah, African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), and guitarfish (Pristis pristis and Pristis pectinata). The Van Beneden's colobus, Nubian flapshell turtle, and slender-snouted crocodile may also qualify, with no living specimens recorded in over 10 years. Species requiring urgent attention include the lion, leopard, white-thighed colobus, red-bellied monkey, bongo, sitatunga, roan antelope, West African manatee, Atlantic humpback dolphin, and several turtle species. The NBSAP also notes that species with Least Concern international status may be highly threatened nationally. Capacity building includes training on zoological park management and methods for assessing the conservation status of species at national level (50 million CFA each), and training in species introduction and reintroduction (60 million CFA).
Thailand	Target 3: Conserve and protect threatened and wild species, reduce human-wildlife conflict, and increase the efficiency of invasive alien species management.	National Target 3 under Strategy 1 commits Thailand to conserve and protect threatened and wild species, reduce human-wildlife conflict, and increase the efficiency of invasive alien species management. The recommended actions specifically address halting human-induced extinction and conserving the genetic diversity of native species. They include periodic assessment of the threat status for species in the national threatened species inventory; management focused on species recovery through reintroductions, recovery actions, and conservation of genetic resources within species; and application of both in-situ and ex-situ approaches, including on-farm conservation for domesticated species. The plan references the formulation and updating of Thailand Red Data, to be produced in 2025, as a mechanism for prioritising protection, restoration, and extinction prevention. Implementation measures (§92) assign conservation of wild, endemic, and threatened species to MNRE (DNP, RFD, ZPO, BGO, DMCR), with MOAC (DOF), MHESI (NRCT, NSM, NSTDA), RSPG, civil society, community organisations, and international organisations supporting, over 2023-2027. Measure 1.4 specifically covers conservation and protection of genetic diversity of plants, animals, and microorganisms used in agriculture, livestock, aquaculture, pets, and wild/native species of economic, social, cultural, and ecological value. The executive summary notes Target 3 aims to enhance conservation status of threatened species through appropriate protection and management measures.
Tunisia	By 2030, the list of wild species threatened with extinction is established and assessed according to IUCN criteria and species-specific conservation action plans are implemented	The NBSAP dedicates Objective A4 to safeguarding threatened species and preserving genetic diversity, linked explicitly to KM-GBF Target 4. The national target states: "By 2030, the list of wild species threatened with extinction is established and assessed according to IUCN criteria and species-specific conservation action plans are implemented." The strategy acknowledges that habitat fragmentation, changes in sociocultural behaviours, and population growth contribute to the rarefaction of wild species and abandonment of local domesticated species. A standardised national Red List was established by the MEDD in 2022 but covers only pteridophytes, gymnosperms, monocotyledons, and birds. The IUCN Red List has not been updated for Tunisia, and the ministerial decree listing rare species dates from 2006. Measure A4.1 addresses ex situ conservation, noting that the National Gene Bank, IRA Medenine, INRAT, INGREF, and other institutions conserve collections of variable size but lack resources. Actions include identifying funding to strengthen conservation infrastructure (A4.1.1) and strengthening human capacities (A4.1.2). Measure A4.2 aims to improve knowledge of threatened species through consolidating the national Red List and extending it to dicotyledons, herpetofauna, mammals, and chiroptera (A4.2.1), developing research programmes and rehabilitating habitats (A4.2.2), granting legal protection status (A4.2.3), and implementing Law No. 2024-17 of 22 February 2024 on CITES implementation (A4.2.4). Measure A4.3 encourages public/private partnerships for conservation, including establishing conservation areas for threatened species open to the public and involving local populations holding threatened domestic breeds and plant species. The gaps analysis identifies the need to strengthen regulations governing the protection of species threatened with extinction, and notes that scientific knowledge gaps exist for the threat status of dicotyledon species, mammals including Chiroptera, and herpetofauna.
Uganda		The NBSAP documents Uganda's species diversity: 405 mammal species, 177 reptiles, 119 amphibians, and approximately 1,000 bird species in wildlife conservation areas. Among large mammals, three local extinctions are recorded: Oryx, southern black rhino, and Derby's eland. Approximately 5,000 species of higher plants exist in Uganda, of which 70 are endemic (concentrated in western tropical forests), and 58 Ugandan taxa are listed on the IUCN Global Red Data List. The National Gene Bank conserves more than 5,000 accessions in active (5°C) and base (-20°C) collections, managed by the Plant Genetic Resources Centre (PGRC) under NARO. Fifteen farmer groups operate community seed banks across five regions. The National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Databank (NAGRC&DB), established under the Animal Breeding Act 2001, leads production of quality livestock genetics and farmer training. Threats to genetic resources include replacement of local crop varieties by commercial varieties, systematic breed substitution of indigenous livestock, genetic erosion from land-use change, and climate change. The NBSAP lists strategies under SO1 including identifying and implementing measures for protection of threatened and vulnerable species, and putting in place measures for protection of genetic diversity of cultivated plants and domesticated animals.
Viet Nam	Effectively conserve wild species, especially prioritized endangered, precious and rare species, as well as migratory species; prevent any further extinction of wild species; improve the population status of at least 10 prioritized endangered, precious and rare species; and collect and preserve at least 100,000 genetic resources of wild species, cultivars and livestock breeds	The NBSAP commits to preventing any further extinction of wild species and improving the population status of at least 10 prioritized endangered, precious, and rare species. It also targets collecting and preserving at least 100,000 genetic resources of wild species, cultivars, and livestock breeds. The Key Solutions section calls for developing scientific and technological solutions for captive breeding and rewilding, and for sustainable use of species and genetic resources. Monitoring indicators track the number of conservation breeding and rewilding programs (1 species by 2025, 3 by 2030), percentage of endangered species included in management plans and monitoring in protected areas (40% by 2025, 100% by 2030), and genetic resource collections (90,000 by 2025, at least 100,000 by 2030). The 2050 vision states that endangered species and precious and rare genetic resources will be "effectively restored and conserved."
Vanuatu	By 2030, Vanuatu will establish a national quantitative baseline to guide and monitor urgent management actions to halt human-induced extinctions and ensure the recovery of endemic, threatened, and endangered species. These efforts shall involve and expand the actions of Indigenous Peoples, local communities, provincial authorities, and the national government to maintain and restore populations of native, wild, and domesticated species.	The NBSAP commits to establishing a national quantitative baseline by 2030 to guide and monitor management actions to halt human-induced extinctions and ensure recovery of endemic, threatened, and endangered species. The biodiversity overview notes that some iconic species are declining in numbers, including giant clams (some species extinct) and the Namalau (Megapode), which is becoming very rare near urban areas. Species assessed under the IUCN Red List process fall into all categories including extinct, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, and highly threatened, with significant data gaps remaining. Provincial implementation plans include species-specific management actions: Torba will develop management plans for the Banks Flying Fox and develop adaptive strategies for the coconut crab reserve; Penama will conduct biodiversity baseline assessments and species-specific assessments for endemic species including Devil's palm (Neoveitchia brunnea), implement prawn harvesting size restrictions, and develop community by-laws for temporary bans on crab harvesting; Malampa will protect the Brown land crab (Cardisoma carnifex) with harvesting control measures and conduct biodiversity rapid assessments across all area councils. Target 4 is allocated 20 actions costing VUV 97,000,000.
Yemen	Take urgent measures to prevent extinction caused by human activities, natural factors, and climate changes for threatened species, and restore and conserve species to significantly reduce the risk of extinction. Additionally, preserve and restore genetic diversity within native, wild, and domesticated species communities. By 2030, list all endangered species under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and implement specific conservation measures to reduce the risk of extinction caused by human activities for priority threatened species or their trade.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 4, aligned to GBF Target 4, calling for urgent measures to prevent extinction caused by human activities, natural factors, and climate change for threatened species, and to restore and conserve species to significantly reduce extinction risk. The target includes preserving and restoring genetic diversity within native, wild, and domesticated species communities, and by 2030 listing all endangered species under CITES and implementing specific conservation measures. The strategy documents that seven mammal species are considered endangered, including three of four gazelle species. The Cheetah, Arabian Oryx, and Queen of Sheba's Gazelle are extinct in the wild. Four marine turtle species are recorded as endangered. Eight species (seven from Socotra) are included in the IUCN Red Data Book, with an additional 19 species considered endangered or rare at the national level. The strategy notes that time-series data on species populations is not available due to the decade-long armed conflict. There is also concern over genetic diversity: widespread loss of gene pools in crops, inadequacy of biosafety management for Living Modified Organisms, and inadequate ex-situ conservation of cultivated plant species due to insufficient seed banks, gene banks, herbarium, and botanical centers. Six strategic actions (ACT 1.23 through ACT 1.28) address this target: a national species survey to categorize all wildlife per the IUCN vulnerability index, comprehensive assessment of causes of threatened species decline, development of strategic conservation plans per species, development of financing strategies for species conservation and strengthening institutions against illegal hunting and trade, development of poverty alleviation programmes including pro-poor economic initiatives, and monitoring conservation efforts. The indicative budget for preventing extinction of threatened species is US$19.5 million.
Zambia	By 2022, the populations of threatened and endemic species and their protection status, has been improved and sustained.	The NBSAP commits to improving and sustaining the populations and protection status of threatened and endemic species by 2022 under National Target 11. The strategy includes species-specific population targets: the Kafue Lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis), endemic to Zambia, has a baseline population of approximately 30,000 with a target of 39,000 by 2020 (a 30% increase); the Black Rhino has a baseline population of 42 individuals with a target of 51 by 2020 (a 21% increase). Population baselines are to be established for 28 flagship species including the Shoebill, Wattled and Grey-crowned Cranes, Black-cheeked Lovebird, and Zambian Barbet, with protection strategies to be developed and implemented for all. The situation analysis identifies 242 mammal species with 24 threatened, and 757 bird species with 17 endangered, vulnerable, or near-threatened. Aerial surveys in the South Luangwa and Kafue landscapes (2002–2012) indicate elephants have begun recovering post-2000 after sharp declines from the 1960s to 1990s. However, eland, kudu, buffalo, wildebeest, and zebra show declining populations in the Kafue landscape. The endemic Kafue Lechwe population has fallen more than 50% in recent years due to dam-induced hydrological disruption. The strategy also addresses genetic diversity of cultivated plants, domesticated animals, and wild relatives under National Target 12.
Libya		The NBSAP documents threatened species across taxonomic groups but does not present a dedicated species recovery programme in the included sections. Thirteen mammal species are listed as globally threatened, including the critically endangered Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), Dama gazelle (Gazella dama), addax (Addax nasomaculatus), and two endemic gerbils (Gerbillus grobbeni, G. syrticus), plus one species extinct in the wild (Scimitar-horned oryx, Oryx dammah). Four reptile species are threatened, including the critically endangered Kleinmann's tortoise (Testudo kleinmanni). Forty-one bird species are threatened locally or globally, including the critically endangered slender-billed curlew (Numenius tenuirostris) and Balearic shearwater (Puffinus mauretanicus). Seven cetacean species are recorded in Libyan waters, but studies and monitoring are described as very limited. A female monk seal was caught in a fishing net near Ain El Ghazala marine reserve, and seals were observed in Farwa in 2021. The NBSAP states principles including that "exploitation of plant and animal wealth should be within the limits of the species' ability to reproduce and compensate, so that the matter does not reach the stage of depletion." Several newly declared reserves in December 2021 specifically target species conservation: sea turtle nesting sites, monk seal habitat, and tern breeding colonies.
Madagascar		Target 4 (Threatened species) is allocated USD 25,210,235 (3.68% of Programme 1). The supporting sub-sections identify priority actions including updating the national Red List (IUCN), mapping technical capacities and existing conservation initiatives, assessing species vulnerability to major threats (anthropogenic pressures, trafficking, climate change), identifying potential habitats serving as refuges, and establishing an integrated monitoring-evaluation system with a GIS database and digital platforms to centralise information on flora, fauna, habitats and projects. Capacity-building activities include training in taxonomy, monitoring and habitat management, genetic-diversity management, in situ and ex situ conservation plans, professionalisation of local communities and managers of care and rehabilitation infrastructure, and strengthening anti-trafficking efforts. The financing sub-section states that material, financial and technological resources must be mobilised to modernise ex situ conservation infrastructure, ensure long-term monitoring and strengthen the institutional framework, covering care infrastructure, recovery programmes, field-safeguarding actions and applied research projects. The State-of-biodiversity section reports that according to the IUCN Red List, Madagascar has 4,081 threatened species, including 3,097 plant species out of 5,139 assessed (547 CR, 1,559 EN, 991 VU) and 984 animal species out of 4,537 assessed (176 CR, 506 EN, 302 VU), with an additional 488 near-threatened species and 4,506 species of least concern.
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030		The NBSAP documents Mauritania's species diversity — 703 fish species (49 on the IUCN Red List), 6 sea turtle species including the green turtle (IUCN-listed), marine mammals including the monk seal (threatened with extinction), and multiple bird species on the IUCN Red List. The strategy states a commitment to protect threatened species in its preamble. The action plan includes a fishing quota monitoring and control system (B.3.1, tagged T4) by 2027, which relates to species management indirectly. However, the NBSAP does not contain a dedicated species recovery programme, genetic diversity conservation measures, or specific targets for halting human-induced extinction of threatened species.
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		The alignment analysis identifies 27% of the 160 ENBioMex actions as contributing directly to Target 4, making it one of the more heavily addressed targets. Axes 1 (Knowledge) and 2 (Conservation and restoration) contribute the most direct actions, while Axis 6 presents solely enabling actions. Specific action lines mapped include research on species (1.1.6), knowledge of the conservation status of species and populations (1.1.7), genetic research on species of particular interest (1.1.9), species conservation instruments (2.1.10), policies for genetic resource conservation (2.1.12), traditional practices for conservation (2.1.14), ex situ conservation mechanisms (2.2.1), and monitoring of species (1.4.6). The conclusions note that Target 4 is among the targets addressed by 24–27% of ENBioMex actions due to interaction with different productive sectors.
Namibia		Species conservation and recovery is framed under Strategic Goal 1 (Thematic Pillar 1.2) — conservation status, recovery and long-term viability of threatened, priority and ecologically important species, including maintenance of genetic diversity, reducing extinction risk, and ensuring harvested species such as fish are kept within biologically sustainable limits. Chapter 2 identifies priority species: black rhino (Diceros bicornis), African penguin, African wild dog, cheetah, lion, and several vulture, plant, seabird and shark taxa. Namibia supports one of the largest remaining free-ranging black rhino populations globally, including the only viable population of the south-western subspecies. A 2024 plant Red Listing identified eleven species as critically endangered, including Crassothonna opima, Euryops walterorum, Namibia ponderosa, Portulacaria armiana and Cheiridopsis brownii. NBSAP 3 recognises the need to strengthen Namibia's contributions to the IUCN Red List, particularly for underrepresented taxa (plants, freshwater species, reptiles, invertebrates). NBSAP 2 review reports targeted species conservation initiatives supporting stabilisation or recovery of elephants, rhinos and large carnivores through community game guards, integrated management plans and regulated wildlife utilisation, while noting continued pressures from poaching, habitat fragmentation and human–wildlife conflict. The briefing does not contain a dedicated Programme or National Target on species recovery within the Chapter 6 sections included; species considerations are embedded within ecosystem-mapping, PCA and restoration programmes (Programmes 1, 5 and 6), which address Red Listing, fisheries recovery and habitat protection for species.
Panama		The Nature Pledge states that Panama will "halt the loss of species and habitats." The NBSAP reports Wildlife Rescue and Relocation Plans among flagship projects, and references emblematic species such as humpback whales that migrate to Panamanian waters. However, the NBSAP does not set quantified species recovery targets, name specific threatened species for recovery programmes, or address genetic diversity conservation.
State of Palestine		Species recovery is addressed indirectly. The protected-areas section emphasises building knowledge of species (profiles) and threats, and notes the importance of IUCN Red Listing for area conservation, with red-listing of ecosystems also to be incorporated. It cites the need to identify hotspots and key species to direct limited resources for conservation, while recognising that it is impossible to protect all threatened species and that protecting whole ecosystems is preferable. The agrobiodiversity section commits to conserving crop genetic resources, especially relatives of Palestinian crops, either in their natural habitat or in gene banks and botanical gardens, and to encouraging domestication of selected wild plants (Bituminaria bituminosa, Medicago arborea cross, Lotus species, Cicer, Astragalus). The strategy lists the documented expansion of invasive alien species and the prevalence of illegal hunting (in Wadi Gaza, Wadi Al-Quff and elsewhere), Bedouin overgrazing in restricted areas, and Gaza fishing restrictions as direct pressures on species, but does not present a quantified species-recovery commitment.