Target 03: Protected areas (30x30)

Generated: 2026-04-19T20:27:47Z

Landscape

Sixty-nine countries carry a Target 3 extraction, and sixty-six address area-based conservation directly; the remaining three fold it into adjacent targets. The 30x30 formulation is nearly universal as a reference point, but the headline figure fractures once countries translate it into national arithmetic. Protected-area systems lean on three instruments almost everywhere — legally gazetted protected areas, OECMs, and recognition of Indigenous, community, or customary-governed territories — though OECM operationalisation ranges from named, certified mechanisms to frameworks still being drafted. Baselines span from 0.0% marine coverage in Palestine and roughly 1% of national territory in Mauritania to above 30% in Panama's marine waters, Gabon's marine EEZ, Luxembourg's land area, and Bhutan's terrestrial estate. Most plans pair area coverage with at least one qualitative dimension — management effectiveness, connectivity, representativeness, or community governance.

Variation

The headline percentage splits three ways. Roughly half the set adopts 30% for both realms: Australia, the United Kingdom, India, Iran, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Vanuatu, Thailand, Malta, Chile, and China among them. A substantial minority sets lower national figures — Afghanistan at 10%, Rwanda at 11%, Sudan at 15%, Belgium and Lesotho at 17%, the Czech Republic at 23%, Malaysia at 20% terrestrial and 10% marine, Paraguay at 20%, Togo at 20%, Yemen at 20%, the Republic of the Congo at 20%, Vietnam at 9% terrestrial and 3–5% marine, and Tunisia at a 4-percentage-point increase. A smaller group sets figures above 30%: Brazil reserves 80% for the Amazon biome, Namibia commits to 50% terrestrial, Panama to 40% terrestrial and 60% marine by 2035, and Bhutan already holds 52% under its protected-area network.

Two countries explicitly reframe the 30% figure itself. Switzerland's NBSAP states that Target 3 has a global scope and does not entail a commitment by States Parties to designate 30% on their own territory; each Party contributes according to its specificities, priorities, and possibilities. Sweden's plan records that, within the EU Biodiversity Strategy, Council conclusions emphasized this is a target to be achieved collectively by member states, with each member state participating while taking into account national circumstances. The Netherlands sets approximately 27% of land by 2030 without escalating to 30%.

OECM maturity varies sharply. Japan has operationalised them as Nationally Certified Sustainably Managed Natural Sites; Norway expects 4.5 percentage points of its 30% land target to come through OECMs; Canada recognises 241 terrestrial OECMs covering 91,461 km² and 60 marine OECMs covering 318,517 km². Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, Namibia, Colombia, Paraguay, and Palestine report frameworks still under development.

Governance of Indigenous, community, and customary areas divides into two registers. Some plans foreground specific instruments that count toward the target: the Marshall Islands' Reimaanlok Protected Areas Network with its five-tier conservation classification including the traditional mo; Vanuatu's kastom and tabu areas; the Democratic Republic of the Congo's ICCAs within the national 30x30 strategy; Côte d'Ivoire's 6,702 sacred forests covering 36,434 hectares; Iran's pastoralist and nomadic lands; and the Republic of the Congo's explicit legal recognition of APACs and AMCEZs with WDPA reporting. Others acknowledge rights without naming a corresponding conservation instrument.

Marine-versus-terrestrial asymmetry runs through the set. Indonesia's 30x45 initiative sets the 30 percent marine target for 2045, with an interim 2030 marine target of 10 percent. Iceland reports that for marine areas, the current proportion is barely 2% and 0.07% has been confirmed as protected areas by international agreements. Cameroon caps its marine target at 20%, Vietnam at 3–5%. Several countries sit in the opposite position: Panama at 54.7% marine, Gabon at 26.2%, Brazil at approximately 25% following the 2018 federal expansion, Saudi Arabia at 16.3% after phase one.

Strict-protection subtiers appear in a narrower band. Germany, the EU, and Luxembourg commit to 10% strict protection; Denmark targets 10% strictly protected at sea by 2030; the Czech Republic sets 6%; Luxembourg sets an interim 7.5% by 2026. Many plans make no strict-protection commitment.

Financing architecture shows similar range. Madagascar's FAPBM, Canada's Project Finance for Permanence initiatives, Senegal's proposed Trust Fund for Protected Areas, Luxembourg's three special funds, and Sweden's 2026 allocation of more than 1.7 billion SEK are named instruments; elsewhere, aggregate budgets appear without a named vehicle.

Standouts

Brazil sets the highest arithmetic figure in the set. Its National Target 3 commits to "Conserve and effectively manage, by 2030, at least 80 per cent of the Amazon biome and 30 per cent of each other biome, including their inland waters, as well as 30 per cent of the coastal and marine system." The scope of instruments that count toward this system is unusually wide: "the National Conservation Units System (SNUC), Indigenous lands, Quilombola territories, territories of other traditional peoples and local communities, permanent preservation areas, legal reserves and portions of environmentally differentiated settlements with native vegetation."

Panama commits to "Ensure 40% of terrestrial territory and 60% of marine and continental water space have effective management, participatory monitoring and ecological connectivity" by 2035, and to "Lead the creation of the first High Seas Marine Protected Area covering 10 million square kilometres in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor."

Namibia sets the highest terrestrial figure: "50 per cent of terrestrial, 30 per cent of inland water, and 20 per cent of marine and coastal ecosystems are conserved through protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures."

Switzerland sits at the other end of the rhetorical spectrum. The NBSAP "notes that Target 3 has a global scope and does not entail a commitment by States Parties to designate 30% on their own territory; each Party contributes according to its specificities, priorities, and possibilities."

Afghanistan anchors the low end of the headline figures: "Afghanistan will ensure that at least 10% of the country is in protected areas or other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs)."

Canada foregrounds Indigenous-led delivery as financing architecture: "Through the Indigenous-led Area-Based Conservation (ILABC) program and its Target 1 Challenge precursor, $202M has been provided to 94 recipients since 2019-2020. Four Project Finance for Permanence (PFP) initiatives totaling $800M of federal funding are expected to support additional protected and conserved areas."

The Democratic Republic of the Congo supplies the concrete arithmetic of its expansion gap: "Current PA coverage stands at 14.94% of national territory; reaching 30% implies designating an additional 351,000 km². The NBSAP anchors this in the Green Corridor Kivu-Kinshasa (Decree 25/01, January 2025) and in the national 30x30 strategy."

Madagascar records a dated governance event: "On 19 August 2025 the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development (MEDD) signed 51 new management delegation contracts with 20 protected area managers, ending a more than seven-year period without signed contracts."

Japan gives the OECM mechanism its operational form: "Terrestrial coverage was 20.5% and marine coverage 13.3% at adoption, spanning National Parks, Quasi-National Parks, Prefectural Natural Parks, Wilderness Areas, Nature Conservation Areas, Wildlife Protection Areas, and Protected Water Surfaces. The gap will be filled through expansion of protected areas and through certification of Nationally Certified Sustainably Managed Natural Sites (Japan's OECM mechanism)."

Vanuatu shows the marine-ahead, terrestrial-behind inversion: "a Marine Spatial Plan designating marine conservation areas covering about 28% of Vanuatu's total EEZ (approximately 240,000 ha)."

Palestine states the sharpest numeric gap in the set: "terrestrial protected-area coverage in Palestine is 516.8 km² (8.4%), with national reporting showing 8.3% (504 km²); marine coverage is 0.0 km² (0.0%)."

Iceland is candid about the marine distance: "For marine areas, the current proportion is barely 2% and only 0.07% has been confirmed as protected areas by international agreements."

Norway lays out the arithmetic by which OECMs close its distance to 30%: "Norway has classified approximately 25.7 per cent of its land area, including Svalbard and Jan Mayen, as protected. Ongoing processes (forest protection and protection of smaller lowland areas with valuable biodiversity) could increase this by approximately 2 percentage points, and an additional 4.5 percentage points could be achieved through other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) subject to adjustments."

Luxembourg records the smallest remaining distance to 30%: "As of the strategy's publication, 27.8% of Luxembourg's territory is designated as protected areas of Community interest (Natura 2000) and/or national interest (ZPIN), requiring at least an additional 2.2% to reach 30%."

Mauritania reports the opposite end of that distance: "Mauritania's protected area coverage is markedly insufficient, with only two national parks — Banc d'Arguin and Diawling — covering approximately 1% of the national territory, well below the 17% Aichi target and further from the 30% advocated by the Kunming-Montreal Framework."

Analysis

The 30x30 formulation travels more reliably as a label than as a figure. A large share of NBSAPs invoke Target 3 explicitly while adopting sub-30 national percentages, typically with a stated rationale — capacity, land tenure, density, governability — and in two cases (Switzerland, Sweden) an explicit reframing of the 30% figure as global or collective rather than national.

OECMs carry substantial arithmetical weight near the frontier. Norway, Japan, Indonesia, and the Marshall Islands rely on named OECM instruments to close or complete their coverage; elsewhere — Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Colombia, Paraguay, Palestine — the OECM framework itself is still being drafted. The same KMGBF indicator is therefore being fed by instruments at very different stages of legal maturity.

Indigenous, community, and customary governance appears in two distinct registers across the set: as a rights-recognition principle, and as a concrete conservation instrument counted toward the target. The second register is populated by specific named mechanisms — kastom and tabu areas in Vanuatu, the five-tier Reimaanlok network in the Marshall Islands, community-management areas in Indonesia, sacred forests in Côte d'Ivoire and the Republic of the Congo, ICCAs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Quilombola territories in Brazil.

Marine 30% is the sharper gap. Several countries with mature terrestrial systems report marine coverage in low single digits and either defer the marine target, split it into phased timelines, or extend the horizon beyond 2030: Iceland at 2%, Indonesia's 30x45 framing, Vietnam at 3–5%, Cameroon capping the marine figure at 20%, Norway deferring its marine target pending OECM assessment.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Afghanistan	Afghanistan will ensure that at least 10% of the country is in protected areas or other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs). Ensure that sustainable use in protected areas and OECMs is consistent with conservation outcomes.	The NBSAP sets a national target of at least 10% of the country in protected areas or OECMs, with sustainable use consistent with conservation outcomes. Afghanistan currently has nine protected areas declared by NEPA totaling approximately 27,275 km² (4.2% of the country). Only Band-e-Amir National Park (613 km², IUCN Class II, Presidential Decree) and Wakhan National Park (10,950 km², IUCN Class II, Ministerial Council Approval) meet most of the official criteria including establishment in consultation with communities, justification, clear boundaries, management, and legal establishment. None of the nine current protected areas have been formally gazetted. Action 3.1 calls for creating additional areas under protection totaling at least 65,000 km². Action 3.2 calls for developing and/or updating management plans. Action 3.3 calls for evaluating existing management plans for management effectiveness. Action 3.4 calls for effectively protecting and managing all protected areas. Action 3.5 calls for revising the national protected area system plan with updated priorities for new protected areas and OECMs. Zonation analysis has identified high-priority areas for new PAs. Portfolio #1 includes developing criteria, guidelines, and legislation for OECMs, and Portfolio #2 calls for approving and piloting a limited number of OECMs.
Argentina	By 2030, at least 30% of terrestrial and inland water areas and of marine and coastal areas, especially those of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are conserved and effectively managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation and restoration measures, including, where appropriate, indigenous and traditional territories.	National Target 3 commits to conserving at least 30% of terrestrial and inland water areas, and of marine and coastal areas, by 2030, especially those of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services. These are to be conserved through ecologically representative, well-connected, and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation and restoration measures, including, where appropriate, indigenous and traditional territories. The strategy details a typology of conservation areas to be incorporated into conservation corridor design (Objective 1.3.A.1): legally protected areas under national and provincial jurisdiction (including National Parks, Natural Monuments, National Reserves, Strict Nature Reserves, inter-jurisdictional marine parks, Defence Nature Reserves, and Private Nature Reserves); areas designated under Law 26,331 Category I (Red) zones; and priority areas for legal protection. For the Federal System of Protected Areas (SiFAP), objectives include: advancing protection coverage with priority given to ecoregions with fewest protected areas, least coverage, and greatest endemism and threatened species presence (1.3.B.1); improving management to achieve 50% of protected areas being effectively managed, with equitable cost-benefit distribution for neighbouring communities (1.3.B.2); achieving financing for adequate management of at least 50% of existing and future PAs (1.3.B.3); and integrating 30% of PAs into broader landscapes with a further 40% in process of integration through conservation corridors (1.3.B.4d). Five bills for a Minimum Standards Law for Protected Areas were submitted from 2016 to the present, but all lost parliamentary status. The NBSAP identifies the need to update and enact such legislation to establish SiFAP as a coordinating body with the structure, capacities, and resources necessary for national PA policy. The compiled AIBs baseline shows that approximately 85% of AIB surfaces in the Patagonian Forests ecoregion are under some form of protection, while less than 10% of AIB surfaces in the Espinal, Pampa, Humid Chaco, and Campos and Malezales ecoregions are protected. The NBSAP discusses the potential adoption of IUCN Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) criteria as a next step for standardising AIB identification.
Australia	Protect and conserve at least 30% of Australia's terrestrial and inland water areas, and marine and coastal areas by 2030, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, ensuring protected and conserved areas are ecologically representative, well connected and effectively managed, recognising and respecting the rights of First Nations peoples.	Australia establishes a national target to protect and conserve at least 30% of its terrestrial and inland water areas, and marine and coastal areas by 2030, ensuring these are ecologically representative, well connected, and effectively managed while recognising and respecting the rights of First Nations peoples. The strategy states this target aligns with GBF Target 3. The NBSAP frames 30% protection as the minimum required to maintain a healthy and sustainably managed environment, citing research that managing 30% of the world's land optimally located for conservation will help improve the conservation status of over 80% of Earth's plants and animals. Achieving the target requires collaborative action from the Australian Government, state and territory governments, the private sector, and non-government stakeholders. Mechanisms include enhancing the representativeness, extent, connectivity, and condition of government- and non-government-managed protected areas, conserved areas, conservation reserves, Indigenous Protected Areas, and marine protected areas. The strategy also references a 30x30 Roadmap, Australia's Strategy for the National Reserve System, and Australia's National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas. Six progress measures under Objective 5 track extent, representativeness, connectivity, and condition of protected and conserved areas.
Belgium	3.1 At least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas [...] are conserved through the development of effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and are integrated into the wider landscapes	The NBSAP sets quantified targets for both terrestrial and marine protected areas. Operational objective 3.1 commits to conserving at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative, and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs). The Natura 2000 network covered 12.77 per cent of Belgian terrestrial territory at the time of writing, with additional surfaces conserved through OECMs such as agri-environment measures, late mowing of road banks, and sustainable forest management measures. The Strategy describes 17 per cent as an ambitious yet realistic target. Operational objective 3.2 commits to conserving at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas. The Natura 2000 network covers 35.85 per cent of the Belgian Part of the North Sea, and Marine Protected Areas have been established with a Royal Decree forbidding certain human activities. Marine Spatial Planning includes fishery measures to reduce bottom-fishing effects in approximately 8 per cent of Belgian Waters (25 per cent of the Special Area of Conservation Vlaamse Banken). A programme of measures under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive was in preparation for submission to the European Commission in 2015, intended to achieve Good Environmental Status by 2020. The ecological network concept underpins the protected area system, composed of core areas connected by buffer and corridor zones. Zones under OECMs form part of this network.
Burkina Faso		The NBSAP addresses protected areas and OECMs as core components of in situ conservation under Axis 1. As of 2020, 1,350 conservation areas had been identified with a total surface area of 4,367,552.12 ha, representing 15.93% of the national territory. The rate of territory coverage by classified areas is targeted to rise from 14.35% (2024) to 14.45% by 2030 — a marginal increase. Between 2016 and 2023, 18 classified areas were registered, 31 cleared of illegal occupation, 285 new conservation areas created, and 302 local authorities supported in conservation area creation or management. The proportion of registered classified areas rose from 1.3% (2016) to 23.68% (2023), and cleared classified areas from 0% to 40.79%. Ten sites were inscribed on the Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance. The NBSAP defines OECMs in alignment with CBD Decision 14/8 (COP 11, 2018), specifying that in the national context they comprise forests of territorial collectivities, individual/community plantations, village forests, village areas of hunting interest, groves, and sacred woodlands. The logical framework records a cumulative OECM area of 106,822.65 ha (2017 baseline), though the 2030 target is not specified. The proportion of OECMs with a management plan stands at 0% (2024), with a target yet to be set. The strategy notes that many OECMs have not yet been listed as biodiversity conservation sites and that formally recognised OECMs lack management plans. High human pressure on classified areas, insufficient control and surveillance infrastructure, and weak legal protection of conservation areas are identified as shortcomings. Four main actions are planned under EO 1.1.1: securing conservation areas (legal and physical security through classification, registration, patrols, drone surveillance, forest post construction, and clearing anthropised classified forests), developing conservation areas including OECMs, promoting participatory management of conservation areas, and plant protection. Additional indicators target increasing the proportion of classified forest areas under management from 30.04% to 40%, wildlife area surfaces under management from 21.69% to 30%, and registered classified areas from 21.05% to 50% by 2030.
Benin	Establish and strengthen terrestrial conservation areas (sacred forests, sites of biodiversity interest, in situ and ex situ conservation botanical gardens, urban forests, community forests, ranches) as well as marine, aquatic and coastal ecosystems to preserve biodiversity.	The NBSAP addresses protected areas through Programme 4 and the monitoring framework. The diagnosis identifies very high anthropogenic pressures on classified forests—estimated at an average of 90% on approximately 95% of classified forests—while pressures remain below 50% on parks such as W Park, which benefits from strong biodiversity protection (§28). Programme 4 (SO4.1) aims to strengthen and/or create conservation areas and mechanisms, with co-management and surveillance, budgeted at 15,500 million FCFA over 2026–2030 (§91). Performance indicators include the percentage of protected areas with management plans and monitoring tools, the pressure index per conservation unit, and a target of at least 80% of protected areas with participatory management plans (§86). The monitoring framework records current benchmarks: a Ramsar site area of 1,974,005 ha, over 3,000 sacred forests covering 18,360 ha (0.16% of territory), and marine protected area coverage of 1% (§86). National objectives 4 and 17 in the indicator tables address conservation areas and protection of sensitive ecosystems and ecological corridors, with headline indicators including coverage of protected areas and OECMs, PAME, and the Protection and Connectivity Index (ProtConn) (§127). The NBSAP 2011-2020 evaluation notes that progress was more tangible where institutional frameworks combined clear mandates, secured funding, and operational accountability, citing Pendjari National Park as an example of improved surveillance capacities and wildlife conservation (§38).
Brazil	Conserve and effectively manage, by 2030, at least 80 per cent of the Amazon biome and 30 per cent of each other biome, including their inland waters, as well as 30 per cent of the coastal and marine system, with particular attention to maretórios—especially within Priority Areas for the Conservation, Sustainable Use and Benefit-sharing of Brazil's Biodiversity, in areas of importance for sociobiodiversity, and in areas crucial for maintaining ecosystem functions and services. This will be achieved through the expansion, demarcation and territorial regularisation, management and monitoring of an ecologically representative, well-connected, equitably governed system of protected areas integrated into broader terrestrial, marine and oceanic landscapes. This system encompasses the National Conservation Units System (SNUC), Indigenous lands, Quilombola territories, territories of other traditional peoples and local communities, permanent preservation areas, legal reserves and portions of environmentally differentiated settlements with native vegetation, as well as other effective area-based conservation measures, recognising nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches for ecosystem conservation and management.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 3 with an ambition that exceeds the global 30x30 framework. Brazil commits to conserving and effectively managing by 2030 at least 80 per cent of the Amazon biome and 30 per cent of each other biome, including inland waters, as well as 30 per cent of the coastal and marine system, with particular attention to maretórios. Conservation is to focus especially within Priority Areas for the Conservation, Sustainable Use and Benefit-sharing of Brazil's Biodiversity, areas of importance for sociobiodiversity, and areas crucial for maintaining ecosystem functions and services. The conservation system described is notably expansive, encompassing the National Conservation Units System (SNUC), Indigenous lands, Quilombola territories, territories of other traditional peoples and local communities, permanent preservation areas, legal reserves, and portions of environmentally differentiated settlements with native vegetation, as well as other effective area-based conservation measures. The target recognises nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based approaches. The NBSAP notes that marine protected areas increased from approximately 1.5 per cent to 25 per cent of marine territory through the creation and expansion of four major federal marine protected areas (Decrees Nos. 9,312 and 9,313 of 19 March 2018). In 2023, 277 thousand hectares were designated as Conservation Units and approximately 818 thousand hectares as Indigenous Lands. Synergies are cited with SDGs 6.6, 11.4, 14.5, and 15.4, the World Heritage Convention, and the Ramsar Convention.
Belarus	Development of the system of SPNAs and natural areas subject to special protection, intended for the conservation of natural ecological systems, biological and landscape diversity, and for ensuring the continuity of habitat for fauna (SPNA area by 2030 — 9.4 per cent; SPNA area by 2035 — 9.6 per cent; area of territories subject to special protection by 2030 — 22 per cent).	The strategy's objective 3 is explicitly mapped to KMGBF Target 3 and commits to developing the system of specially protected natural areas (SPNAs) and natural areas subject to special protection. The strategy sets area targets: SPNA area of 9.4 per cent of national territory by 2030, 9.6 per cent by 2035, and area of territories subject to special protection of 22 per cent by 2030. As of 1 January 2025, the SPNA system comprises 1,355 sites totalling 19,055,000 hectares (9.2 per cent of territory): 1 nature reserve (86,400 ha), 4 national parks (393,400 ha), 374 sanctuaries (1,412,800 ha), and 969 natural monuments (13,000 ha). The National Ecological Network comprises 93 elements (cores, corridors, buffer zones) totalling 3.37 million hectares (16.2 per cent). The National Action Plan contains an extensive set of SPNA-related measures for 2026–2030, including: implementation of the scheme for rational placement of SPNAs of national significance (item 18, target of no less than 7.2 per cent national SPNAs); regional schemes for local SPNAs (item 19, no less than 2.2 per cent); creation of an open geoinformation database of SPNAs (item 20); identification of typical and rare landscapes and biotopes (item 21); development, updating, and implementation of SPNA management plans (items 22–25); development of wetland management plans (items 26–27); standards for permissible loads on SPNAs (items 32–33); and preparation of the National Strategy for SPNA Development for 2030–2045 (item 31).
Canada		Canada adopts the KMGBF 30x30 target and reports progress from less than 1% of conserved ocean area in 2015 to 14.7% (842,828 km²) as of December 2023, and 13.7% (1,368,065 km²) of terrestrial conservation. Canada directly manages 37 national parks, 10 national park reserves, one national urban park, 57 National Wildlife Areas, 92 Migratory Bird Sanctuaries, 14 Oceans Act Marine Protected Areas, three National Marine Conservation Areas, two marine parks, one marine NWA, and 60 marine OECMs. Parks Canada is working to establish 10 new National Parks, 10 National Marine Conservation Areas, four freshwater National Marine Conservation Areas, and designate up to six National Urban Parks by 2026 (and 15 by 2030). Terrestrial OECMs numbered 241 as of 2023, covering 91,461 km² (about one-quarter of progress since 2015); 60 marine OECMs cover 318,517 km². Through the Indigenous-led Area-Based Conservation (ILABC) program and its Target 1 Challenge precursor, $202M has been provided to 94 recipients since 2019-2020. Four Project Finance for Permanence (PFP) initiatives totaling $800M of federal funding are expected to support additional protected and conserved areas and durable financing for Indigenous-led management, including the Qikiqtani Inuit Association Agreement in Principle and the Northwest Territories PFP Framework Agreement. Three Nature Agreements have been signed: Canada-Yukon, Canada-Nova Scotia, and the Tripartite Framework Agreement between Canada, British Columbia, and the First Nations Leadership Council. Indigenous-led sites include Edehzhie (14,218 km²), Thaidene Nëné (14,070 km²), and Kitaskino Nuwenëné Wildland Provincial Park (3,145 km²). ECCC supports private conservation through the Natural Heritage Conservation Program and the Ecological Gifts Program, with partners conserving over 2,400 km² in NHCP's first four years.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	By 2030, at least 30% of terrestrial areas, inland waters, as well as marine and coastal areas, in particular key biodiversity areas, are conserved and managed effectively, notably through a network of ecologically representative, connected and equitably governed protected areas endowed with the necessary means, as well as other effective area-based conservation measures, including and integrating management of the areas concerned within broader landscapes, the recognition and securing of traditional areas and territories of indigenous and community heritage, as well as the sustainable use of biological resources, which respects and promotes the rights of Indigenous Pygmy Peoples and local communities.	Objective 3 commits the DRC to conserving at least 30% of terrestrial, inland water and coastal-marine areas by 2030 through ecologically representative, connected and equitably governed protected areas (PAs) and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs). Current PA coverage stands at 14.94% of national territory; reaching 30% implies designating an additional 351,000 km². The NBSAP anchors this in the Green Corridor Kivu-Kinshasa (Decree 25/01, January 2025) and in the national 30x30 strategy. Governance emphasises recognition of Indigenous and community conserved areas (ICCAs). The estimated budget is USD 25 million.
Republic of the Congo	Target 3/3: By 2030 at the latest, conserve at least 20% of terrestrial and inland water areas and marine and coastal zones, including zones of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, through representative ecological networks well connected to protected areas, and effectively managed through other measures of relevant area-based conservation, and ensure the necessary means are created to this end, while recognising indigenous and traditional territories, where applicable, and integrating the areas concerned into broader terrestrial and marine landscapes and oceans, integrated into the overall terrestrial and marine landscape.	Under National Target 3/3, the NBSAP commits to conserve at least 20% of terrestrial and inland water areas and marine and coastal zones by 2030, including areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, through representative networks of protected areas effectively managed and connected, and through other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs/AMCEZ), while recognising indigenous and traditional territories. The current baseline is 19 protected areas covering 4,622,798 ha, or approximately 13.52% of the national territory (source: ACFAP 2024), comprising five National Parks (Odzala-Kokoua, Conkouati-Douli, Ntokou-Pikounda, Nouabalé-Ndoki, Ogooué-Lékéti), three Wildlife Reserves (Tsoulou, Mont Fouari, Nyanga Nord), three Wildlife Sanctuaries (Lesio-Louna, Lossi, Tchimpounga), two Hunting Estates (Mont Mavoumbou, Nyanga Sud), two Community Marine Reserves (Baie de Loango, Mvassa), one Hunting Reserve (Léfini), one Biosphere Reserve (Dimonika) and Lac-Télé Community Reserve plus Patte d'Oie Reserve. Only one protected area — Odzala-Kokoua National Park — has a management plan. Transboundary landscapes include the Sangha Trinational (TNS), the Dja-Odzala-Minkébé Trinational (TRIDOM), the Mayumba-Conkouati Binational (PTMC) and the Lac Télé-Lac Tumba Binational (LTLT). Result A1O3R3 contains twenty actions spanning 2025–2029 and totalling approximately 2.1 billion FCFA from government sources: increase in protected area coverage (500 million FCFA); improvement of protected area management (100); consideration of OECMs (100); transformation of Community Development Series (SDC) into community forests by 2025 (500); creation of community forests in other village territories by 2026 (20); completion of the Messok-Dja protected area creation process by 2029 (100); mapping of priority zones for expansion drawing on KBAs, peatlands, mangroves and ecological corridors (50); legal recognition of ICCAs (APAC) and OECMs (AMCEZ) with reporting to the World Database on Protected Areas (50); development of co-management agreements between the State, private sector and CLPA (10); integration of FPIC (CLIP) into all decision-making processes by 2028 (10); implementation of the fisheries management plan; Master Plan for at least 20x20 (150); framework for expansion of terrestrial protected and conserved zones (20); strategic 10–20 year marine spatial planning plan (100); securing biodiversity and carbon sinks of peatlands (200); awareness-raising among local populations (50); identification and official recognition of sacred forests (100); continuation of implementing texts for laws on CLPA rights (200); creation of budget lines for protected area management (15); FPIC consultations with riparian populations (15); promotion of transboundary protected area management (15). The National Strategy for Sustainable Financing of Protected Areas (NSSFPA/SNFDAP) sets a vision that by 2024 all protected areas would have at least one sustainable financing mechanism, and is structured around improving legal/policy frameworks, optimising existing mechanisms, establishing innovative financial mechanisms, instituting revenue generation, institutionalisation and promotion.
Switzerland		The NBSAP devotes a detailed annex to the categories of areas contributing to GBF Target 3. The Federal Council has defined a list replacing Annex 3 of the 2012 Swiss Biodiversity Strategy, distinguishing between protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), and between definitively admitted, provisionally admitted, and candidate categories. Protected areas definitively admitted include the Swiss National Park, core zones of national and periurban nature parks, biotopes of national importance (alluvial zones, batrachian breeding sites, mires, dry grasslands and pastures), waterfowl and migratory bird reserves of international or national importance, federal wildlife reserves, forest reserves, UNESCO World Heritage sites, and core areas of UNESCO biosphere reserves. Provisionally admitted protected areas include biotopes of regional and local importance, and cantonal wildlife and bird reserves, both subject to geodata provision by 2030 for definitive admission from 2031. OECMs definitively admitted include mire landscapes of national importance and transition zones of national and periurban nature parks. Provisionally admitted OECMs include wildlife corridors of supra-regional importance, priority sites for dry grasslands and pastures, third-party nature reserves, ageing islands in forests, revitalised watercourse stretches and lakeshores, and biodiversity promotion areas of high ecological value (BPAs). All provisionally admitted categories must provide geodata to the Confederation by 2030. Candidate OECMs requiring further clarification include trophic buffer zones of biotopes of national importance, sites under the Federal Act on Fishing, water space reserves, Emerald sites, Ramsar sites, quiet zones for wildlife, and sites certified by the Nature & Economy Foundation. The NBSAP notes that Target 3 has a global scope and does not entail a commitment by States Parties to designate 30% on their own territory; each Party contributes according to its specificities, priorities, and possibilities.
Côte d'Ivoire	By 2020, 100% of ecosystems and habitats are represented within a viable network of protected areas. By 2020, 100% of protected areas are managed effectively.	Protected areas form a central pillar of the NBSAP. The strategy describes an existing network comprising 231 classified forests (4,198,000 ha), 8 national parks (1,732,100 ha), 6 nature reserves (339,630 ha), and 16 botanical reserves (198,418 ha). Six Ramsar sites are designated: the Sassandra-Dagbego complex, Fresco-Port Gauthier wetland, Grand Bassam wetland, Ehotilé Islands National Park, Nganda Nganda classified forest, and Azagny National Park. Objective 8 of Strategic Orientation 3 commits to representing 100% of ecosystems and habitats within a viable protected areas network by 2020. To this end, the NBSAP identifies the absence of marine protected areas as a gap and reports that a CBD-criteria-based assessment has selected sites for marine PA establishment, notably at Ehotilé Islands, Jacqueville, Grand-Lahou, Sassandra, and Blieron. The strategy also proposes incorporating 6,702 sacred forests (totalling 36,434 ha) into the conservation network, noting their appreciable habitat conservation and species richness, with governance mechanisms leaving management to ritual leaders whilst enabling administrative monitoring. The creation of private protected areas is encouraged through the Voluntary Nature Reserve (RNV) mechanism established under Law No. 2002-102 of 11 February 2002, with implementing regulations still needed. Objective 9 commits to effective management of 100% of protected areas by 2020, with operational measures including: creation of ecological corridors (the Marahoué-Taï corridor for elephants and Banco-Azagny corridor for primates are identified as urgent), restoration of degraded protected areas, integration into local development plans, strengthened management capacities including funding through the protected areas foundation, and adaptation strategies for climate change and tourism impacts.
Chile	I.1: By 2030, at least 30% of terrestrial, marine-coastal and inland water areas, ecologically representative of the country's biodiversity and important for maintaining the contributions of nature to people, are protected and conserved through protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures. I.2: By 2030, 100% of the State's protected areas within the National System of Protected Areas have management plans in the process of development or approved and/or in implementation; and 10% of the national terrestrial territory (including inland waters) has effective management. I.3: By 2026, between 14,000 and 17,000 hectares of wetlands will have been recognised as protected Urban Wetlands throughout the national territory, since the approval of Law 21.202 on Urban Wetlands, for their incorporation as ecological infrastructure in territorial planning instruments.	The NBSAP devotes three national targets to protected areas and conservation. Target I.1 commits to protecting and conserving at least 30% of terrestrial, marine-coastal and inland water areas that are ecologically representative and important for maintaining nature's contributions to people, through protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures. Target I.2 requires that by 2030, 100% of state protected areas within the National System of Protected Areas have management plans in development, approved, or in implementation, and that 10% of national terrestrial territory (including inland waters) has effective management. Effective management is defined as requiring a Consultative Council, an approved Management Plan, adequate park rangers, and at least one monitoring system. Target I.3 calls for recognition of between 14,000 and 17,000 hectares of wetlands as protected Urban Wetlands by 2026, under Law 21,202, for incorporation as ecological infrastructure in territorial planning instruments. The OECD Environmental Performance Review of 2024 (§15) notes that 42% of the Exclusive Economic Zone and 22% of terrestrial area are already protected, positioning Chile on a path toward the 30x30 objective. The creation of SBAP under Law 21,600 in 2023 establishes a specialised service for biodiversity conservation (§16), with management and administration of the National System of Protected Areas commencing in March 2027. The Annex 3 instrument mapping (§62) links GBF Target 3 to RECOGE Plans, the National Wetland Protection Plan, the National Protected Areas Action Policy, Nationally Determined Contributions, the Escazu Agreement, and the Ramsar Convention.
Cameroon	Conserve and sustainably manage approximately 30% of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems and 20% of marine ecosystems through the preservation of the existing protected area network and the promotion of other effective area-based conservation measures.	The NBSAP devotes Objective 1 of the action plan to protected areas and area-based conservation, with the stated aim to "conserve and sustainably manage approximately 30% of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems and 20% of marine ecosystems through the preservation of the existing protected area network and the promotion of other effective area-based conservation measures." The current baseline is stated as 10.99% terrestrial and 11.43% marine coverage (WDPA data), with targets of 30% for land and coasts and 20% for marine areas. The NBSAP identifies 13 protected areas whose classification is in progress, of which at least 10 are targeted for effective classification, adding approximately 17,000 to 23,000 km2. Specific area targets are set: terrestrial PA area is to increase from 51,088 km2 (or approximately 62,166 km2 per WDPA) to 139,457.69 km2, and marine PA area from 1,737 km2 to 3,039.37 km2. Action 1 (strengthening management effectiveness) includes assessing all PAs using PAME tools (IMET/METT/RAPPAM), with a target of 100% of PAs assessed (from 31 PAs or approximately 25% at baseline), plus one annual consolidated national report. The NBSAP targets cataloguing at least 50 good practices (at least 5 per major ecosystem type). Surveillance is to be strengthened by doubling the ecoguard force from approximately 1,500 to 3,000 and improving the ratio from 1.36 to 2 ecoguards per 5,000 ha. Action 2 addresses OECMs (Autres Mesures de Conservation Efficace par Zone). The NBSAP targets at least 8 validated classification criteria, 13 OECM consultations over 2025-2030, development and adoption of a national OECM guide, an inventory of at least 50 potential OECMs covering at least 3 million hectares (approximately 30,000 km2), and official creation of at least 15 OECMs with validated management plans. The target is approximately 5% of national territory under OECM coverage. Community mangrove forests are specifically targeted, with a goal of approximately 5 officially created (from 1 at Manoka), covering 3,000 ha (from 2,816 ha). Action 3 focuses on Ramsar and UNESCO sites. The NBSAP targets development of management plans for all 7 Ramsar sites (from 3), classification of at least 2 new Ramsar sites covering approximately 200,000 ha, and at least 1 new UNESCO site. The identification and mapping of potential sites targets approximately 8 Ramsar sites (from 5) and 10–12 UNESCO sites. Cameroon currently has 7 Ramsar sites covering more than 1.2 million hectares and 2 UNESCO World Heritage sites (Dja Wildlife Reserve and Sangha Trinational).
China	By 2030, at least 30% of terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine areas shall be effectively conserved and managed (the '30 by 30 target'), natural protected areas shall account for approximately 18% of the national terrestrial territory, the conservation rate for nationally key protected terrestrial wild animal species and terrestrial wild plant species shall each reach approximately 80%, and the quality and stability of marine ecosystems shall be significantly enhanced.	The NBSAP explicitly commits to the 30x30 target: at least 30% of terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine areas shall be effectively conserved and managed by 2030. Priority Action 9 details the construction of a protected natural areas system with national parks as the mainstay, nature reserves as the foundation, and nature parks as supplements. The first batch of five national parks has already been established (Sanjiangyuan, Giant Panda, Northeast China Tiger and Leopard, Hainan Tropical Rainforest, Wuyishan), effectively protecting 90% of terrestrial ecosystem types, 65% of higher plant communities, and 74% of nationally key protected terrestrial wild animal and plant species. The strategy specifies that natural protected areas shall account for approximately 18% of national terrestrial territory by 2030 (and over 18% by 2035), with the remainder of the 30% target to be achieved partly through Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs). China commits to researching and proposing the scientific connotation of OECMs suited to China's conditions, formulating recognition standards, promoting standardisation, and carrying out pilot demonstrations of terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine OECMs. For species-level in-situ conservation, the NBSAP calls for delineating approximately 650 important habitats for wild animals and establishing approximately 300 in-situ conservation sites for rare and endangered wild plants outside nature reserves during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. The conservation rate for nationally key protected terrestrial wild animal and plant species shall each reach approximately 80% by 2030. Ecological conservation red line areas are to comprise no less than 30% of terrestrial territory and no less than 150,000 square kilometres of marine area.
Colombia		The NBSAP reports that coverage of protected areas, ecosystem and species representativeness, connectivity, integrity and management effectiveness are tracked through the Single National Registry of Protected Areas (Runap — Registro Único Nacional de Áreas Protegidas), administered by National Natural Parks of Colombia (PNNC) as part of the National System of Protected Areas (Sinap — Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas). Some regional autonomous corporations report progress on protected-area declaration processes, and regional protected-area systems (SIRAPs — Sistemas Regionales de Áreas Protegidas) have indicators at regional scales. The ICAU platform (Urban Environmental Quality Indicators) tracks urban conservation measures, and development of indicators for OECMs (Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures) has begun. Indigenous information systems compile data on conservation and biodiversity in their territories. Target 3 is listed as one of the 23 KMGBF Targets against which the 191 national-level actions and Commitments are aligned. Institutional arrangements for reporting on the coverage of protected areas and OECMs by 2030 rely on data from Regional Autonomous Corporations, PNN, MinAmbiente, non-governmental organisations, local communities, civil society, Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, and companies.
Czechia		The Strategy directly references the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework 30% protected area target and the EU Biodiversity Strategy. Protected areas are understood to include Natura 2000 sites, specially protected areas (ZCHÚ), and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) as defined by the IUCN, which may include approved forest management plans with a positive opinion from the nature conservation authority. The EU objective of 10% strict protection is addressed, defined as areas where natural processes, natural dynamics, and spontaneous development of ecosystems are protected, permitting only limited and well-regulated activities. Areas where management is carried out exclusively for the benefit of preserving protected features also comply with the strict protection regime. Action Objective 2.1 commits to at least 23% of the country's territory protected through protected areas (ZCHÚ, Natura 2000, and contractually protected areas without overlaps) by 2030, and at least 6% under strict conservation measures by 2030. The Action Plan includes measures to prepare proposals for new protected landscape areas, renew founding documentation of existing protected areas, optimise the Natura 2000 network, ensure planning documentation and adaptive management cycles, and prepare principles for addressing overtourism in protected areas. Action Objective 2.2 commits to consolidating and expanding state ownership of land in protected areas and their buffer zones, including completing transfers from the State Land Office to AOPK ČR and national park administrations.
Germany	By 2030, the protected areas in Germany will be effectively managed and Germany will work in line with the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and the Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) to reach 30% protected areas (on land and at sea) and to protect them effectively. The aim is for one third of those areas to be under strict protection.	Action area 2 of the NBS 2030 is devoted to protected areas, connectivity, and wilderness. Target 2.1 states that by 2030, Germany's protected areas will be effectively managed and Germany will work in line with the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and the GBF to reach 30% protected areas on land and at sea, with one third of those areas under strict protection. The strategy emphasises continuing to develop the quality of existing protected areas rather than solely expanding coverage. Target 2.2 addresses Natura 2000, requiring that by 2030, conservation trends and status of all Habitats Directive and Birds Directive species and habitats will no longer be deteriorating, and at least 30% of species and habitats that did not have favourable status in the 2019 reports will have a favourable status or show an improving trend. Currently, fewer than one in three habitat types listed in the Habitats Directive are at favourable conservation status. Target 2.3 sets a goal of establishing a functioning cross-regional biotope network on at least 15% of Germany's land area by 2030, secured through legal protection, planning decisions, or long-term contractual agreements per section 21(4) of the Federal Nature Conservation Act. The network covers all terrestrial ecosystems including settlements and is intended to preserve genetic diversity and facilitate species migration under climate change, contributing to the European Defragmentation Map. Target 2.4 provides for nature flourishing in large wilderness areas on at least 2% of Germany's territory by 2030. Currently approximately 0.6% of land is secured as large wilderness areas. Some 3.1% of Germany's forests have been permanently set aside for natural forest development. The strategy notes that in densely populated Germany, the potential for large-scale wilderness areas of more than 1,000 hectares is constrained, so smaller areas will also contribute. Indicators in Annex I include: total area of nature conservation areas and national parks, proportion of area under protection, proportion under strict protection, conservation status of Habitats Directive habitats and species, area proportion of the functional biotope network, and increase in wilderness areas. Several sub-indicators are still to be developed.
Denmark		Denmark reports specific protected area figures for both land and sea. The government has reported to the EU a provisional contribution of 15 per cent protected land area and 29 per cent protected sea area, of which 4 per cent is strictly protected. These reported areas consist of areas protected under the Danish Nature Conservation Act, protected areas, designated Natura 2000 areas, and designated marine strategy areas. In a first phase, Denmark will add more marine areas, including areas decided in the Maritime Spatial Plan agreement and a marine bird protection area designated in September 2023. The tripartite Agreement on a Green Denmark sets an objective to make at least 20 per cent of Denmark's land area protected nature. At sea, the Agreement on a Maritime Spatial Plan commits to protection of more than 30 per cent of the marine area, with strictly protected areas increasing to 10 per cent by 2030. In the strictly protected areas, all commercial fishing is prohibited, and in other protected areas, certain types of fishing are prohibited where incompatible with the nature and species requiring protection. Protected area instruments include 15 approved national nature reserves (with five further under the Agreement on a Green Denmark), five existing national parks (with up to three more to be designated), and 75,000 hectares of untouched forest. Internationally, Denmark supports the new Global Biodiversity Framework Fund with DKK 100 million, which can implement projects toward the 30 per cent protected land and sea target.
Egypt		The NBSAP sets out measures to implement the 30% land and water protection target by expanding the current network of nature reserves to include coral reefs along the Red Sea coast, deserts, coastal lakes, mountainous areas, and geopark areas. Scientific and environmental tools are to be used to identify new sites for protection. Each reserve is required to develop a comprehensive integrated management plan that incorporates biodiversity conservation, community involvement in decision-making, and increased financial income. The strategy emphasises training reserve staff in natural resource management, wildlife monitoring, and environmental conflict resolution, and it identifies Burullus Lake Reserve as a priority wetland site for climate-change-adapted protection. The NBSAP explicitly addresses Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) as a trend in reserve management, alongside the IUCN Green List, joint management and governance, citizen science, transboundary reserves, and the inclusion of areas beyond national jurisdiction (referencing the BBNJ agreement). The Nature Reserves Programme is organised along four work axes: direct planning/selection/establishment/management measures; governance, partnership, equity, and benefit-sharing; enabling activities; and metrics, assessment, and monitoring. Proposed activities include updating reserve network systems, establishing more reserves, assessing marine reserve biodiversity, completing a vulnerability assessment of the network, preparing ecosystem maps, documenting traditional knowledge of reserve inhabitants, preparing economic plans, implementing remediation and restoration programmes, expanding management-effectiveness assessment, and controlling invasive species. The NBSAP names the greatest challenge to achieving the 30x30 target as "the failure of some entities to understand that declaring protected areas is not against sustainable development activities," and commits to removing barriers to network expansion.
Eritrea	Target 2: By 2030, the conservation of selected biodiversity hotspots through area-based conservation methods is strengthened and at least four terrestrial and marine, coastal and island areas, accounting for 10% of the land and territorial waters of Eritrea are gazetted as legally protected areas; preparation will also be under way to establish four others as protected areas.	Eritrea's National Target 2 commits to gazetting at least four terrestrial and marine protected areas accounting for 10% of the country's land and territorial waters by 2030, with preparation under way to establish four additional protected areas. The total budget for this target is USD 6,260,000. The NBSAP notes that certain areas were previously designated as protected areas informally, without legal gazetting. A recent directive issued by the MoLWE now defines what a protected area is and sets out establishment procedures for terrestrial, marine, and community protected areas. Under the directive, FWA is responsible for terrestrial protected areas, MoMR for marine, island and coastal protected areas, and local communities for community protected areas. The action plan includes establishing at least four gazetted protected areas by 2026-2027 (Action 2.1.1, USD 400,000), establishing management bodies (Action 2.1.2, 2026), developing a plan for declaring 10% of terrestrial and marine areas as protected (Action 2.1.3, 2027-2028), and developing management plans and governance structures for all declared protected areas (Action 2.1.4, 2027-2028). The NBSAP also plans to identify and prioritize additional areas for future protected area or OECM designation (Action 2.1.5, 2029-2030) and to develop standards for evaluating management effectiveness (Action 2.1.6, 2028). Capacity building actions include identifying resource requirements (Action 2.2.1, 2026) and developing institutional capacity to design, implement and manage protected areas (Action 2.2.2, 2026-2028, USD 300,000). Community engagement measures include awareness campaigns, benefit-sharing mechanisms, conflict resolution involving NUEW and NUEYS, and compensation and alternative livelihoods for communities whose land is placed under protection (Action 2.3.4, 2027-2030, USD 5,000,000).
Spain	Have a complete and ecologically representative network of protected areas, effectively managed and well connected in ecological terms, through the territorial fabric, in which natural ecological processes are fully carried out and where natural habitats, geological heritage and wild species enjoy a favourable conservation status.	The NBSAP states as a general objective having a complete and ecologically representative network of protected areas, effectively managed and well connected, where habitats, geological heritage, and wild species enjoy favourable conservation status. For the marine environment, new marine protected areas are to be designated until achieving protection of 30% of marine surface by 2030. Between end of 2023 and beginning of 2024, 8 new Natura 2000 Network marine protected areas are to be declared, with analysis on the sufficiency of the marine Natura 2000 Network to result in further designations, jointly achieving protection of at least 18% of Spanish marine waters by 2024. Following the EU 2030 Biodiversity Strategy, new strictly protected areas are to be identified or designated, or protection regimes in existing areas reviewed, to contribute to 10% strict protection of EU surface in both terrestrial and marine environments by 2030. Priority ecosystems for strict protection include primary and mature forests (to be identified by 2025), wetlands including peatlands, grasslands, and seagrass meadows. Effective management measures include: revision of Management Guidelines for Natura 2000 areas by 2023; completion of designating terrestrial Special Areas of Conservation by 2023; review of objectives and measures of 100% of these areas by 2028; 75% of Natura 2000 areas regularly evaluating effectiveness of adopted measures by 2025, reaching 100% by 2030. Before 2025, new management plans are to be approved for 58 marine Natura 2000 areas and the Mediterranean Cetacean Migration Corridor. By 2030, 100% of Spanish natural systems in Law 30/2014 are to be represented in the National Parks Network. The NBSAP also commits to Spain contributing to the future Trans-European Nature Network. For Biosphere Reserves, by 2030 new reserves must include connectivity mechanisms in their Management Plans, and at least 50% of existing ones must be modified to include connectivity.
European Union	Legally protect a minimum of 30% of the EU's land area and 30% of the EU's sea area and integrate ecological corridors, as part of a true Trans-European Nature Network. Strictly protect at least a third of the EU's protected areas, including all remaining EU primary and old-growth forests. Effectively manage all protected areas, defining clear conservation objectives and measures, and monitoring them appropriately.	Protected area expansion is a core pillar of the strategy. The EU commits to legally protecting a minimum of 30% of land area and 30% of sea area by 2030, representing an additional 4% for land and 19% for sea compared to current levels. Within this, at least one third of protected areas — 10% of EU land and 10% of EU sea — are to be strictly protected. All remaining EU primary and old-growth forests are to be strictly protected, along with significant areas of other carbon-rich ecosystems such as peatlands, grasslands, wetlands, mangroves, and seagrass meadows. The strategy envisages a coherent Trans-European Nature Network, with ecological corridors to prevent genetic isolation and allow for species migration. New designations are to complete the Natura 2000 network or fall under national protection schemes. All protected areas are to have clearly defined conservation objectives and measures. Every Member State is to do its fair share based on objective ecological criteria, with particular focus on the outermost regions given their high biodiversity value. Internationally, the EU seeks to broker designation of three Marine Protected Areas in the Southern Ocean and supports a legally binding agreement on marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction.
Gabon	Conserve 30% of lands, waters, and seas	Gabon's National Target 3 commits to conserving 30% of lands, waters, and seas. The NBSAP sets a target of increasing terrestrial protected areas by 8% and marine protected areas by 4% by 2030. The existing terrestrial protected area network comprises 13 national parks covering 11% (approximately 30,000 km²) of national territory, created in 2002. As of the NBSAP, 21% of terrestrial ecosystems are under protection, with actions underway to reach 30%. For marine areas, the Gabon Bleu project launched in 2017 established 20 marine protected areas (9 marine parks totalling 1,731 km² and 11 aquatic reserves totalling 51,028 km²), covering 26.2% of marine waters — described as the largest marine conservation initiative in Africa. A further 2% of marine coverage is needed to reach 30%. Beyond the existing network, the NBSAP identifies 35 Key Biodiversity Areas (26 terrestrial, 5 mixed, 4 marine), of which 16 currently lack formal protection status. Planned extensions include identification of new KBAs, creation of buffer zones around existing protected areas, establishment of community reserves managed by local populations, and enlargement of national parks to include under-represented ecosystems. An indicator requires at least 2 legislative texts to be adopted.
United Kingdom	The UK will ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas, and of marine and coastal areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are effectively conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, recognising indigenous and traditional territories, where applicable, and integrated into wider landscapes, seascapes and the ocean, while ensuring that any sustainable use, where appropriate in such areas, is fully consistent with conservation outcomes, recognising and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, including over their traditional territories.	The NBSAP sets UK target 3, committing to ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas, and of marine and coastal areas, are effectively conserved and managed. The target specifies these should be ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, integrated into wider landscapes, seascapes and the ocean. The target includes a caveat that any sustainable use within such areas must be fully consistent with conservation outcomes. A footnote reiterates the UK's position on indigenous peoples under the CBD.
Equatorial Guinea	Implement and expand the National System of Protected Areas (SNAP) in marine areas by 2030, strengthening the conservation of key ecosystems (mangroves, wetlands and sensitive marine areas) and promoting the sustainable use of associated natural resources.	National Target 3 commits to implement and expand the National System of Protected Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, SNAP) in marine areas by 2030, strengthening conservation of key ecosystems (mangroves, wetlands and sensitive marine areas) and promoting the sustainable use of associated natural resources. The briefing reports that the SNAP already covers 30.1% of the national territory (619,156 ha terrestrial — 22.1%, and 2,530,211 ha maritime — 8.1%, totalling 3,149,367 ha), distributed across 16 sites covering IUCN categories I–V, including five national parks (Pico Basilé, Monte Alén 200,000 ha, Altos de Nsork 72,190 ha, Río Campo 78,349 ha, Djibloho 65,158 ha), two scientific reserves, two natural monuments, five nature reserves and two marine protected landscapes (South of Bioko Island 1,719,000 ha maritime; West of Corisco Island 683,356 ha maritime). Equatorial Guinea also holds one UNESCO-declared Biosphere Reserve (Bioko Island, including a 26,452-ha maritime strip). Implementation conditions include participatory preparation, validation, publication and implementation of the SNAP with public, private and local community participation; preparation of management plans for marine protected areas; integration into marine and coastal spatial planning; and recognition of customary rights of local and indigenous communities. The country states that implementation of the SNAP is already underway. Degree of alignment is rated MEDIUM–HIGH.
Hungary		As of 2021, 22.6% of Hungary's territory is under legal protection: 9.1% as nationally important protected areas, 21.39% as Natura 2000 network (1.99 million hectares), and 0.45% as locally important protected areas. Strictly protected areas account for 1.28% of the country's territory. The NBSAP commits under Target 1.1 to increasing the size of areas under protection through an inventory of sites suitable for achieving the EU target, in consultation with stakeholders and based on European Commission guidelines. On management effectiveness, conservation objectives are defined for all Natura 2000 sites in Standard Data Forms, with non-binding management plans for 89% (470 of 525) of sites. Of the 322 nationally important protected areas established by individual legal regulations, around 200 have legally promulgated management plans. Target 1.3 commits to promulgating conservation management plans for protected areas with existing documentation, preparing plans for those without, and preparing management plans for all Natura 2000 sites with site-specific objectives and measures. The Hortobágy National Park has a promulgated zoning classification, with draft classifications for other national parks under consultation. Six UNESCO biosphere reserves have been designated, including the Five-country Mura-Drava-Danube Transboundary Biosphere Reserve approved in 2021. Fifty-six forest reserves have been designated on 12,776 hectares.
Indonesia	National Target 3 (TN 3): Protection and effective management of protected areas and high biodiversity value areas in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.	National Target 3 (TN 3): Protection and Effective Management of Protected Areas and High Biodiversity Value Areas in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems is the NBSAP's designated mapping to KMGBF Target 3. Indonesia reports 51.14 million hectares of terrestrial conservation in 2023 (26.85 percent of land area), comprising Protected Forest Areas (15.38 percent) and KSA/KPA/Hunting Parks (11.47 percent). Marine protected areas based on KSA, KPA and conservation areas for marine, coastal areas and small islands reached 29.20 million hectares or about 8.96 percent of national marine area by 2023. Management effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas averaged 63.35 percent across 97.01 percent of units assessed (METT index), and 49.5 percent of protected marine, coastal and small islands areas were effectively managed under the EVIKA score. TN 3 is measured by three indicators: extent of protected areas including terrestrial Preservation Areas (51.67 Mha baseline → 53.86 Mha in 2030 → 57.14 Mha in 2045); percentage of marine protected and preservation areas (7.40 percent baseline → 10.00 percent in 2030 → 30.00 percent in 2045); and number of terrestrial and marine protected area units effectively managed (133 in 2020 → 345 in 2030 → 663 in 2045). The 30x45 initiative expands the blue economy marine protected area target to 30 percent or 97.5 million hectares of the total water area by 2045. TN 3 is delivered through six action groups: designation of national terrestrial protected areas and establishment of wildlife corridors; designation of marine, coastal and small island conservation areas; development of preservation areas within production landscapes; allocation of community-management areas under traditional, customary and local community governance systems that contribute to biodiversity conservation (aligned with the OECM framework); and enhancement of management effectiveness. Implementation is led by KLH/BPLH, Kemenhut, KKP, ATR/BPN, Kemen ESDM, Kementan and local governments with private and non-state actors.
India	Ensure and enable that by 2030, at least 30 per cent of terrestrial, inland waters, and coastal and marine areas, especially areas of importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are effectively conserved through well-connected, representative, ecologically protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs). Also, integrate conservation into wider landscapes/seascapes while respecting the rights of Local Communities (LCs), including tribal areas wherever applicable and ensure that sustainable use is legal and consistent with conservation outcomes.	India's NBSAP commits to conserving at least 30 per cent of terrestrial, inland waters, and coastal and marine areas through well-connected, representative, ecologically protected areas and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs), while respecting the rights of Local Communities and integrating conservation into wider landscapes and seascapes. The headline indicator is coverage of protected areas and OECMs (3.1), with the Protected Area Representativeness and Connectedness (PARC-Connectedness) index as a component indicator and the proportion of KBAs in favourable condition and the number of protected areas that have completed a Site-level Assessment of Governance and Equity as complementary indicators. The monitoring framework specifies eleven national indicators: trends in PA coverage under four legal categories — National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Reserve, and Community Reserve (3.1); trends in OECMs (3.2); trends in Important Bird Areas (3.3); trends in Biodiversity Heritage Sites (3.4); trends in wetlands brought under integrated management (3.5); trends in forest cover in four canopy density categories (3.6); trends in agrobiodiversity and threat status (3.7); trends in coastal and marine conservation extent (3.8); trends in extending protection to highly sensitive coastal ESAs (3.9); trends in approved master plans/ESZs around protected areas (3.10); and trends in approved management plans for PAs, BHSs, and OECMs (3.11). Lead agencies include Wildlife Division MoEFCC, Wildlife Institute of India, National Biodiversity Authority, State Biodiversity Boards, and Forest Survey of India, monitored on a 2-year cycle.
Iran	Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30% of Iran's terrestrial and inland water areas, and marine and coastal areas, especially those crucial for biodiversity and ecosystem functions, are effectively conserved and managed. This should be done through ecologically representative, well-connected, and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures.	NT-3 commits to ensuring that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of Iran's terrestrial and inland water areas, and marine and coastal areas, are effectively conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected, and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs). The strategy specifies achieving this target by designating non-hunting prohibited areas and desirable natural areas near current protected areas based on the IUCN Matrix, and by establishing Urban Protected Areas (UPAs) and Private Protected Areas (PPAs) to create an ecological network. As of 2024, Iran manages 309 protected sites totalling approximately 189,693 km², including 32 national parks, 56 wildlife refuges, 40 national natural monuments, 181 protected areas, 13 UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, and 1 UNESCO Geopark, all under the Department of Environment. The NBSAP recognises pastoralists' and nomadic tribes' lands as often harbouring high biodiversity and requires their inclusion within the conservation target. A community-based approach is specified for expanding PAs and OECMs, with capacity-building programmes on conservation practices and biodiversity monitoring for pastoralists and nomadic tribes.
Iceland	That by 2030, 30% of land, freshwater and marine areas shall be designated as organised protected areas in favour of biological diversity with effective management.	The NBSAP commits to designating 30% of Iceland's land, freshwater, coastal and marine areas as protected areas with effective management by 2030. The policy acknowledges that for terrestrial areas, the 30% target is within reach, though the contribution of existing protected areas to biodiversity conservation requires better analysis and many important areas still lack protection. For marine areas, the current proportion is barely 2% and only 0.07% has been confirmed as protected areas by international agreements, making this a major challenge. The policy calls for both traditional protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) at sea. A 2024 government working group report on marine protected areas is referenced as setting out proposals on how to work towards the 30% target, and the policy states these proposals remain in full effect. The Environment Agency of Iceland (Náttúruverndarstofnun) manages the administration and oversight of designated areas, while the Icelandic Institute of Natural History (Náttúrufræðistofnun) has a statutory role in nominating areas and assessing their conservation value. For marine area-based conservation through fisheries management, the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries bears responsibility, relying on advice from the Marine and Freshwater Research Institute (Hafrannsóknastofnun).
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030	Action-oriented target 1-2: Conserve at least 30% of terrestrial and inland water areas as well as coastal and marine areas by 2030 through protected areas and OECMs.	Action-oriented target 1-1 commits Japan to conserve at least 30% of terrestrial and inland water areas and 30% of coastal and marine areas by 2030 (the 30by30 target). Terrestrial coverage was 20.5% and marine coverage 13.3% at adoption, spanning National Parks, Quasi-National Parks, Prefectural Natural Parks, Wilderness Areas, Nature Conservation Areas, Wildlife Protection Areas, and Protected Water Surfaces. The gap will be filled through expansion of protected areas and through certification of Nationally Certified Sustainably Managed Natural Sites (Japan's OECM mechanism), which recognize privately- and community-managed areas (including company forests, shrine forests, satoyama, and water-source forests) that deliver biodiversity outcomes. Management effectiveness will be reinforced through a management effectiveness evaluation system in natural parks, improved ranger capacity, and integrated management plans. The system builds in connectivity between sites and representativeness across ecosystem types.
Lebanon	NT 3: By 2030, at least 30% of natural terrestrial and inland water areas, and marine and coastal areas–especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity–are conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected, and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, while recognizing and respecting the rights of local communities, including over their traditional territories.	National Target 3 commits that by 2030 at least 30% of natural terrestrial and inland water areas, and marine and coastal areas–especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity–are conserved and managed through ecologically representative, well-connected and equitably governed systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), while recognising and respecting the rights of local communities including over their traditional territories. The NBSAP adopts Headline Indicator 3.1 on PA and OECM coverage (drawn from the World Database on Protected Areas with UNEP-WCMC coordination), plus component indicators including the Protected Connected (ProtConn) indicator, the Protected Area Connectedness Index, the Species Protection Index and the number of Lebanese sites on the IUCN Green List (baseline 2018). National Actions commit to developing clear and standardised criteria for identifying natural and semi-natural areas of high biodiversity importance and high ecological value for PA and OECM designation (NA 3.1); identifying and mapping those areas to produce a tool for selecting new PAs and OECMs (NA 3.2, referencing the MoE's 2012 Marine Protected Area Strategy, the 2016 Key Biodiversity report and SDATL as baselines); enforcing Nature Reserve regulations and increasing fines for illegal harvesting or extraction (NA 3.3); engaging local communities and stakeholders so their rights, opinions and knowledge are integrated into the classification process (NA 3.4); and developing or updating management plans for all existing Nature Reserves, incorporating biodiversity conservation, community engagement and sustainable-use strategies through NR committees and the MoE (NA 3.5). Application of the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT), recruitment and training of management teams, and coverage of threatened species under conservation actions are separately tracked. Funding sources named include national budgets, UNDP, UNEP, GEF, World Bank, the EU, public-private partnerships and NGO and research grants.
Lesotho	By 2030 at least 17% of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems that are of particularly importance for biodiversity conserved through ecosystem-based approaches and integrated into wider landscape	Lesotho's National Target 7 commits to conserving at least 17% of terrestrial ecosystems of particular importance for biodiversity through ecosystem-based approaches by 2030, falling below the GBF's 30% benchmark. The total budget is USD 18,157,038. The baseline describes five formally protected areas: Sehlabathebe National Park (6,500 ha, UNESCO World Heritage Site and part of the Maloti-Drakensberg Park transboundary site), Tšehlanyane National Park (5,600 ha), Bokong Nature Reserve (1,970 ha), Liphofung Cave and Cultural Heritage Site (6 ha), and Letša-la-Letsie (434 ha, Ramsar site). Tšehlanyane and Bokong have jointly been designated as the Matšeng Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO MAB). The action plan spans four strategic initiatives. Strategic Initiative 7.1 focuses on strengthening PA management: assessing biodiversity status in the five PAs (USD 823,530), developing/reviewing management plans (USD 352,941), capacitating PA staff on fire-fighting and core PA management (USD 176,470), installing biodiversity planning and monitoring systems including fire station monitoring and environmental surveillance equipment (USD 1,294,118), and implementing the MDTP Spatial Assessment to identify and gazette new protected areas (USD 1,176,470). Strategic Initiative 7.2 addresses conservation potential: upgrading PA infrastructure including hiking trails and buildings (USD 2,058,823), a re-introduction plan for locally extinct wildlife (USD 3,323,530), and facilitating biodiversity stewardship programmes on privately-owned and military land (USD 470,588). Strategic Initiative 7.3 establishes law enforcement collaboration: joint plans to combat biodiversity crime, a national database and reporting system on wildlife crimes led by LMPS (USD 1,176,470), and enhanced security and intelligence on protected areas led by LDF and NSS (USD 882,353). Strategic Initiative 7.4 addresses conservation outside formal PAs: documenting traditional and contemporary approaches to conservation including IKS profiling (USD 1,000,000), national biodiversity and environmental assessments including IUCN Red Data Listing (USD 2,176,450), environmental management plans for wetlands, rangelands and aquatic systems (USD 194,118), establishing community-based conservation areas such as Maboella and eco-parks (USD 1,588,235), and establishing community-based organisations on biodiversity conservation with inclusion of marginalised groups (USD 992,352).
Luxembourg	Provide legal protection for a minimum of 30% of the national territory's surface area, taking into account ecological corridors with a view to establishing a genuine coherent and resilient trans-European nature network	Luxembourg's NBSAP devotes its first major chapter to the protected area network and explicitly aligns with the 30% terrestrial protection target. As of the strategy's publication, 27.8% of Luxembourg's territory is designated as protected areas of Community interest (Natura 2000) and/or national interest (ZPIN), requiring at least an additional 2.2% to reach 30% (§9). The strategy sets an intermediate target of 29% classified by 2026, with the full 30% by 2030 (§12). Strict protection is to cover at least one third of protected areas, equivalent to 10% of the national territory. Currently 4.2% is strictly protected as IPZs (Zones de protection intégrale). The strategy targets 7.5% by 2026 (§12). Strict protection prioritises old-growth forests, large forest massifs, carbon-rich ecosystems including marshes, peatlands and wetlands, and sensitive species-rich grasslands (§10). Specific strict protection targets include: 10,000 ha of forest reserves by 2030 (including 3,000 ha integral forest reserves), 5,000 ha of protected areas for open habitats of high biological value by 2030, 6,000 ha of sensitive grasslands within ZPIN by 2030, 12 ZPIN for watercourse restoration, and 20 ZPIN serving as ecological corridors by 2030 (§12). All protected areas are to be subject to clear conservation objectives and framed by management plans accessible to the public. Management plans for Natura 2000 zones already exist; the same approach is to be extended to all IPZs (§11). Implementation targets for 2026 include at least 50% of operational objectives of management plans completed and at least 66% of priority measures implemented (§12). The Nature and Forestry Administration (ANF) is responsible for ensuring implementation of and compliance with management plans (§11). Governance is structured through eight Natura 2000 Steering Committees (COPILs) at regional level, each with a dedicated facilitator-manager, bringing together local and regional stakeholders (§41). A priority list of sites for IPZ declaration is included in annexes B1 and B2 (§10). Financing is to draw on three special funds (environmental protection, water management, climate and energy) with 30% of the climate and energy fund budget allocated to ecosystem restoration and nature-based solutions (§53). Land acquisition targets 40% of land within protected areas and 70% of land within core zones (§55).
Libya		The NBSAP describes an expanding protected area system. Libya's first nature reserve was declared in 1978, and by 2010 the country had 11 nature reserves covering approximately 0.16% of national territory. In December 2021, the Minister of Environment declared a substantial expansion through Decision No. 272, designating approximately 20 new coastal and marine protected areas including Papyrus Bay, Gulf of Bomba, Ain al-Zayana, Sabkha Sultan, and the beaches of West Sirte, among others. These sites protect sea turtle nesting habitat, Mediterranean monk seal presence, seagrass beds (Posidonia), tern breeding colonies, and migratory bird stopovers. Decision No. 273 (December 2021) declared six inland wetland sites as Ramsar-type reserves, including Lake Gabaroun, Lakes of Wau Al Namous, Lake Bazima, Lake Al-Maflaa, Um Al Maa Lake, and Ain al-Dhaban in Ghadames — designated for protection of biological and historical diversity and as Man and Biosphere Reserves. Decision No. 277 (December 2021) declared two internal wildlife protection sites: Wadi Qara'a Zaid in Wadi Al Shati (for Dorcas gazelle habitat) and Wadi al-Naga in Derna (mountain forests with mammals and birds of prey). Al-Kuf National Park, established in 1978 in the Jabal al-Akhdar area, covers 8,000 hectares and is described as the only area of natural forest between the Gulf of Gabes and the park. It features endemic plants including shammari and natural forests of juniper, carob, and oak, along with dolphins near beaches and loggerhead sea turtle nesting sites. A preliminary list of 24 marine and coastal sites for conservation has been compiled, with features documented including Posidonia herbarium extent, fish nursery function, seabird breeding sites, turtle nesting density, and monk seal habitat suitability. The institutional framework includes a series of decrees: Decree No. 11 of 1990 establishing the Technical Committee for Wildlife, Decree No. 326 of 1998 transferring protected area management to the Shaabiyat, and Decree No. 205 of 2001 establishing the Public Authority for Animal Resources with technical supervision of parks and reserves. The NBSAP notes that environmental legislation including Law No. 15 of 2003 and Law No. 5 of 1982 addresses wildlife, vegetation, and marine protection, but requires updating.
Madagascar		Target 3 (Protected areas and conservation sites) is the largest Programme 1 commitment, with estimated requirements of USD 529,739,546 (77.41% of Programme 1 and the single largest target in the entire NBSAP). The NBSAP states that the country has committed, through several initiatives, to increasing to at least 30% the share of its territory dedicated to conservation areas, whilst ensuring the participation of all stakeholders, in particular local communities. The briefing reports that protected area coverage today totals 7,240,192 ha (4,388,047 ha terrestrial, 207 ha marine and 2,851,938 ha mixed, of which 807,285 ha marine and 2,044,652 ha terrestrial). Management transfers under the TGRN framework (GELOSE and GCF) cover 2,179,615 ha, and Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs) extend over 1,024,352 ha. Terrestrial KBA assessments have identified more than 200 critical sites representing 3,493,433 ha outside protected areas and management transfers; LARIN marine KBA assessments have identified 3,205,161 ha of marine KBAs outside MPAs, management transfers and LMMAs, with official confirmation in 2025 of Madagascar's first marine KBA in the Grand Sud. Other candidate sites (Nosy Be-Tsimipaika, Baie d'Antongil, Nosy Boraha) are undergoing validation. On 19 August 2025 the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development (MEDD) signed 51 new management delegation contracts with 20 protected area managers, ending a more than seven-year period without signed contracts. The new contracts incorporate technologies for monitoring and combating illicit trafficking and fires, and a social approach strengthening local community participation. The Foundation for Protected Areas and Biodiversity of Madagascar (FAPBM) provides long-term sustainable funding, originally for Madagascar National Parks (MNP) and progressively for the entire system. Capacity-building for Target 3 focuses on upskilling managers, local authorities and partners in advanced monitoring technologies and information systems to improve ecological connectivity.
Marshall Islands	Effective management of marine waters that includes at least 30% of nearshore waters in Type 2 and/or Type 3 conservation areas, with fisheries management also between and around areas; AND effective management of 30% of land areas that includes at least 20% in Type 2 and/or Type 3 conservation areas (sub-targets 1.3).	Protected area coverage is the most extensively developed target in the NBSAP, anchored by the Reimaanlok conservation framework and the Protected Areas Network (PAN). As of early 2026, PAN coverage stands at 34 percent for nearshore marine areas and 19 percent for terrestrial areas, with 20 completed management plans across 18 atolls. The 2026 additions will result in 90 percent of rural communities having spatial management plans with PAN coverage. The NBSAP sub-target 1.3 calls for effective management of marine waters that includes at least 30% of nearshore waters in Type 2 and/or Type 3 conservation areas, with fisheries management also between and around areas, AND effective management of 30% of land areas that includes at least 20% in Type 2 and/or Type 3 conservation areas. This aligns with both the KMGBF 30x30 goal and the Micronesia Challenge commitment to effectively conserve 50 percent of marine and 30 percent of terrestrial resources by 2030. The PAN employs a five-tier conservation area classification from Type 3 (highest protection, total restriction, IUCN Ia) through Type 2 (high protection, very low-level subsistence, IUCN Ib), Type 5 (national sanctuary), Type 1 (subsistence only, IUCN VI), to Type 4 (traditional mo, customary authority, IUCN VI). Conservation area types 1, 4, and 5 are recognized as OECMs for CBD reporting. Effective management is defined as management that maintains or improves atoll ecosystems, sustains artisanal and subsistence use, and protects areas of natural and cultural heritage through publicly developed, legitimately recognized management plans with long-term biological and socioeconomic monitoring. Four national indicators track PAN coverage: Types 1–5 (OECM-inclusive) for nearshore marine and terrestrial areas, and Types 2–3 (high protection) for nearshore marine and terrestrial areas. Headline indicator 3.1 (Protected Area and OECM) covers overall protected area and OECM coverage. MIMRA and MoNRC are the data leads.
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030		The NBSAP acknowledges that Mauritania's protected area coverage is markedly insufficient, with only two national parks — Banc d'Arguin and Diawling — covering approximately 1% of the national territory, well below the 17% Aichi target and further from the 30% advocated by the Kunming-Montreal Framework. Recommendations from the lessons-learnt review call for creating new protected areas and extending existing ones, particularly in under-represented ecosystems such as Saharan and eastern wetlands, and extending protection of Ramsar sites to other critical wetlands. The action plan commits to creating 5 new protected area zones for forest areas by 2030 (B.1.1) and identifying and classifying 5 new marine protected areas by 2035 (B.1.2). The strategy does not specify a percentage target for protected area coverage, and the combined new designations would remain well below the 30% global benchmark given the 1% baseline.
Malta	By 2030, 30% of Maltese land and 30% of the Maltese Fisheries Management Zone (FMZ) are legally protected and form part of the comprehensive and ecologically representative National Ecological Network. As part of this effort, the management of Natura 2000 sites is strengthened.	National Target 1 commits that by 2030, 30% of Maltese land and 30% of the Maltese Fisheries Management Zone (FMZ) are legally protected and form part of a comprehensive and ecologically representative National Ecological Network. As part of this effort, the management of Natura 2000 sites is to be strengthened. Action 1.1 requires that by 2025 a plan is developed to ensure the declaration of 30% of Maltese land and 30% of the Maltese FMZ as protected areas by 2030. Action 1.3 commits to adequate site management under a range of governance types for all Natura 2000 sites, supported through systems for training and information sharing.
Malaysia	By 2030, at least 20% of terrestrial areas and inland waters, and 10% of coastal and marine areas are conserved through an effectively managed and ecologically representative system of protected areas and OECMs	Malaysia's NPBD Target 8 commits that "by 2030, at least 20% of terrestrial areas and inland waters, and 10% of coastal and marine areas are conserved through an effectively managed and ecologically representative system of protected areas and OECMs." This percentage falls short of the KMGBF 30% headline but is the country's stated national target. The policy notes Malaysia has 53 gazetted Marine Protected Areas and that approximately 54.58% of the country's land area remains forested (including national parks, Stateland Forest, Permanent Reserved Forest, and wildlife sanctuaries). Target 8 is delivered through five actions: 8.1 strengthen and streamline protected-area governance across the distinct frameworks of Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak (applying transparency, accountability, equity, and inclusiveness); 8.2 enhance management effectiveness; 8.3 expand extent and ecological representativeness, with emphasis on under-represented ecosystems such as limestone hills, peat swamp forests, and seagrass beds, and on prime habitats for endangered species, ecological corridors, and migratory pathways; 8.4 identify, recognise, and legally support OECMs (adopting a national definition aligned with international standards, and developing policy/regulatory frameworks for Community Conserved Areas); and 8.5 increase areas of global importance for biodiversity conservation. Target 10 supplements the protected-area system with ecological-corridor actions (Central Forest Spine Masterplan, Heart of Borneo, Coral Triangle Initiative, and marine corridors), with a key indicator: by 2030, 10 primary corridors under the CFS initiative are actively protected and managed, and a 10% increase in protected areas within the Heart of Borneo. The Ministry in charge of biodiversity and forestry is the lead, with JPSM, DWNP, DOF, state focal points, and state protected-area agencies as partners.
Namibia	50 per cent of terrestrial, 30 per cent of inland water, and 20 per cent of marine and coastal ecosystems are conserved through protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures.	NBSAP 3 sets a national 30x30-aligned spatial target — 50 per cent of terrestrial, 30 per cent of inland water, and 20 per cent of marine and coastal ecosystems conserved — and structures delivery through Programme 6 (expansion and consolidation of protected and conservation areas) and Programme 7 (OECMs). Existing coverage provides the baseline: by 2026, over 43 per cent of Namibia's land is under some form of conservation management, with 86 registered communal conservancies covering more than 166,000 km² involving approximately 244,000 people. The marine protected area network comprises the Namibian Islands' Marine Protected Area (NIMPA) at approximately 9,500 km², covering about 1.7 per cent of Namibia's marine waters; six further marine areas have been recognised as Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs). Programme 6 emphasises expansion in underrepresented savanna and woodland ecosystems, extending NIMPA northward to Cape Fria, developing a network of community-led freshwater fisheries reserves, and declaring EBSAs as PCAs or OECMs. Programme 7 finalises and operationalises a national OECM framework (currently in draft) and the legal clarification of CBNRM areas versus the protected-area definition in Namibian legislation, and proposes declaration of the 200 m isobath as an OECM and incentives for private landowners on commercial farmland to register OECMs. Implementation relies on the Nature Conservation Ordinance 4 of 1975 as amended, the Forest Act 12 of 2001, the Inland Fisheries Resources Act of 2003, and the draft OECM framework. Sustainable financing, including biodiversity credits and finance for permanence (endowment funds), is identified for long-term PCA management.
Nigeria	By 2020, at least 10% of Nigeria's national territory is sustainably managed in conservation areas at varied levels of authority, with representation of all ecosystem types.	The NBSAP notes that only 6% of Nigeria's land area is protected. National Goal 3 commits to making adequate representation of all ecosystems a national priority in setting up conservation areas. National Target 6 states: "By 2020, at least 10% of Nigeria's national territory is sustainably managed in conservation areas at varied levels of authority, with representation of all ecosystem types." Actions under this target include identifying sites for new or expanded conservation areas from surveys under Targets 3, 4, and 5 (Action 6.1, NPS, 2016–2020); upgrading the status of forest reserves, game reserves, and sanctuaries to National Parks including marine ecosystems (Action 6.2, NPS, 2016–2020); implementing the Conservation Strategy for Biodiversity in the Niger Delta (Action 6.3, Ministry of Niger Delta, 2016–2020); assessing biodiversity resources in designated new National Parks (Action 6.4, NPS, 2015–2020); preparing and implementing management plans for designated new National Parks (Action 6.5, NPS, 2015–2020); documenting indigenous and local communities' conservation areas and strengthening their land management plans (Action 6.6, FDF, 2015–2020); and implementing the full statutory parameters of Nigeria's National Parks to enhance the level of biodiversity protection (Action 6.7, NPS, 2015–2020). The monitoring matrix sets an additional target of 30% of conservation areas assessed as sustainably and effectively managed by 2020, and sets a target of 10 new National Parks established by 2020 with representation of each ecosystem type (7 ecosystem types represented, up from 6 in 2015).
Netherlands		The NBSAP states that with the implementation of existing policy, including the expansion of the National Nature Network (Natuurnetwerk Nederland), approximately 26% of Dutch land and inland waters will be protected by 2030. When nature areas outside Natura 2000 and the Nature Network Netherlands are included, this percentage rises to over 27%. For the sea, protected areas under the Birds and Habitats Directives and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive result in a protection percentage of approximately 30% of the sea surface by 2030. The Natura 2000 network provides the core protected area framework. Provinces also designate National Nature Network areas for the protection of European and nationally protected species and Red List species. The government commits to recalibrating the Natura 2000 areas in favour of a core structure of robust nature areas. The aim is to strengthen area-specific nature, with robust nature areas on land and water and a solid basic quality for a healthy living environment and vital agriculture. The MSFD provides for the designation of additional protected areas (MSFD areas) at sea. The Nature Restoration Regulation describes restoration targets relevant to protected area objectives, and the Nature Plan due by 1 September 2027 will further define the Netherlands' efforts on this target. The dedicated action target 3 section in the NBSAP is brief, consisting primarily of a cross-reference to the Nature Restoration Regulation. The quantitative commitments on protected area percentages appear in the executive summary rather than in a separate detailed section.
Norway	Norway should have a conservation target for land areas of at least 30 per cent by 2030.	Norway has classified approximately 25.7 per cent of its land area, including Svalbard and Jan Mayen, as protected. Ongoing processes (forest protection and protection of smaller lowland areas with valuable biodiversity) could increase this by approximately 2 percentage points, and an additional 4.5 percentage points could be achieved through other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) subject to adjustments. On this basis, the Government states that Norway should have a conservation target for land areas of at least 30 per cent by 2030. For marine areas, 4.2 per cent of sea areas under Norwegian jurisdiction are protected; in mainland territorial waters 4.5 per cent (6,503 km²) have been protected under the Nature Diversity Act. Norway will consider the modalities of a national target for protection and OECMs for sea areas following assessment of which areas qualify as OECMs. Candidate OECM instruments on land include key biotopes in forestry (which grew from 1,037 km² in 2020 to 1,080 km² in 2022, approximately 0.9 per cent of forest area), national wild reindeer zones, protected water systems, selected agricultural landscapes, selected habitat types, areas under the Oslo-region natural areas act, zoning-plan areas designated for nature conservation, and protected cultural environments. In just under 30 per cent of land-based protected areas, conservation values were assessed as endangered (2017 management authority assessments); overgrowth, alien species, disruption, technical interventions and wear are the main threats. Management of existing protected areas will be strengthened through the Naturoppdrag digital platform, integration of conservation targets, new visitor centres, strengthened national park and protected area boards, more funding and new positions based at local hubs, and strengthening of the Norwegian Wild Reindeer Foundation. Sami consultation is a standard element of all protection processes.
Panama		Panama commits to protecting 40% of its terrestrial territory and 60% of its seas by 2035, exceeding the global 30x30 target in both dimensions. Marine protected area coverage already stands at 54.7%, achieved nine years ahead of the 30x30 deadline. The country currently has more than 122 terrestrial and marine protected areas. By 2027, the NBSAP commits to driving the valuation, revitalisation and full consolidation of the national system of national parks and protected areas under the highest international standards. The National Protected Areas System (SINAP) is to be strengthened through ranger training, inter-institutional cooperation and satellite environmental monitoring. The strategy also commits to consolidating at least three biological corridors in Azuero, Coclé and Veraguas to promote ecological connectivity. Panama further commits to leading the creation of the first High Seas Marine Protected Area covering 10 million square kilometres to safeguard the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor.
State of Palestine		The NBSAP reports that, as of May 2021, terrestrial protected-area coverage in Palestine is 516.8 km² (8.4%), with national reporting showing 8.3% (504 km²); marine coverage is 0.0 km² (0.0%). Only 9% of the land is protected in theory, and even less in practice. The strategy describes Palestine as currently engaged in developing a network of protected areas and adjusting management plans to meet the National Spatial Plan, and notes that some areas — including Wadi Al-Zarqa Al-Ulwi and Wadi Al-Quff — could be developed as biosphere reserves under UNESCO's Man and Biosphere programme. Other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) are to be developed via this NBSAP. A 17-point work programme drawn from a recent IUCN/EQA/CEPF protected-area report sets out commitments including: increasing sovereignty to give Palestine access to manage its nature reserves; controlling fires through indigenous tree planting; using buffer zones around protected areas; building capacity (including a new Masters programme in Biodiversity and Sustainability at Bethlehem University); using the Plant Micro-Reserve model; producing a new vegetation map; producing a more refined Protected Area Network with a re-evaluation in 2030; re-evaluating KBAs using global criteria; increasing forested areas from 4% to 6% by 2050; controlling invasive alien species in the network; applying IUCN Red Listing; integrating PAN into spatial planning; and uploading PAN data to the CBD website. The strategy commits to working towards the 60% target for management effectiveness for the protected-area network by 2030 (per COP Decision X/31).
Paraguay	Paraguay proposes to protect at least 20% of the national territory through protected wild areas, OECM and ICCA, and to restore 10% of degraded areas to recover their ecological functionality.	The NBSAP sets a national territorial conservation target of at least 20% by 2030, to be achieved through the National System of Protected Wilderness Areas (SINASIP), Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) and Territories and Areas Conserved by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (ICCAs). The NBSAP explicitly states that although the GBF global objective is 30% by 2030, Paraguay adopts a progressive approach at 20%, citing governability and economic sustainability considerations. As of December 2024, SINASIP registers 128 Protected Wilderness Areas covering approximately 6,081,867 hectares or 15% of the national territory: 54 publicly owned (39.33% of area), 71 privately owned (8.36%), one autonomous and two national biosphere reserves (52.29%). Management effectiveness is reported for 30 ASP (4% of national ASP area), with a 2030 target to raise effectiveness to 10% (indicator 6.3). Fifty-two of 128 ASP have management plans (40.3%). MADES held a workshop in October 2024 to analyse the incorporation of the OECM figure into the national framework, noting it requires clear management and protection mechanisms distinct from formal protected areas. The sectoral line prioritises ecological representativeness, functional connectivity, consolidation of SINASIP and recognition of OECMs and ICCAs.
Rwanda	By 2030, conserve and effectively manage at least 11% of terrestrial and inland water areas through ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and in a manner that respects local communities.	The NBSAP sets National Target 3 to conserve and effectively manage at least 11% of terrestrial and inland water areas through ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas by 2030, in a manner that respects local communities. The current baseline is 9.1% protected area coverage (Rwanda Wildlife Conservation Masterplan 2025–2050). The target increase is based on estimates from planned and ongoing flagship projects including the Volcanoes Community Resilience Project, Ibanda Makera, Kibirizi-Muyira, Nyandungu, Congo Nile Divide, RUDPII, and LDCF 4. Strategic actions include sustaining existing protected areas with a focus on biodiversity hotspots and critical ecosystems, promoting sustainable practices within and around protected areas with full and effective participation of local communities, maintaining restored ecosystems under protection for long-term sustainability, and empowering local communities to sustainably manage land and inland water through community-based conservation approaches. Past achievements include the operationalisation of Gishwati-Mukura National Park and its designation as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 2020, increased wildlife populations in Akagera and Volcanoes National Parks, and the reintroduction of lions and rhinoceroses to Akagera. The revenue-sharing scheme allocates 10% of pooled tourism revenue from national parks to surrounding communities; in 2024, the Tourism Revenue Sharing Program funded 105 community projects totalling over RWF 3.27 billion. The legal framework includes the Law No 001/2023 governing national parks and nature reserves and a Ministerial Order determining the size and management of buffer zones. The costing allocates USD 5.2 million. Rwanda's 11% target is below the KMGBF's 30% global target, reflecting the country's high population density and land-use constraints.
Saudi Arabia		The NBSAP commits to protecting 30% of total terrestrial and marine areas by 2030, aligning directly with the Global Biodiversity Framework's 30x30 target. This commitment is embedded in the Saudi Green Initiative and Vision 2030. The protected areas system comprises three pillars: 12 protected areas managed by the National Centre for Wildlife (approximately 54,863.6 km², or 2.5% of total area, including 7 terrestrial, 4 marine, and 1 mixed area); 8 royal nature reserves covering approximately 14.4% of the Kingdom's total area, established under Royal Order No. A/219 (2018) and overseen by the Royal Reserves Council chaired by the Crown Prince; and 5 protected areas under the Royal Commission for AlUla (approximately 12,575 km², 0.63% of total area). A two-phase roadmap has been adopted. The first phase, concluding at the end of 2025, raised terrestrial protected area coverage from 4.56% (2016) to 18.1% and marine/coastal coverage from 3.76% to 16.3%. The second phase targets 30% coverage for both terrestrial and marine areas by end of 2030. In 2021, the National Centre for Wildlife updated the protected areas system plan, including updating the ecosystem map, restructuring the plan with international specialists, incorporating all declared areas including OECMs, and aligning with royal reserves and partner reserves. Protected areas are managed through a zoning system with three zones: core natural zone, sustainable use zone, and regulated use zone, each with carrying capacity assessments. The Kingdom has achieved multiple international designations: Uruq Bani Ma'arid as the first natural World Heritage Site in Saudi Arabia; three reserves registered under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme; Farasan Islands on the Ramsar Wetlands List; and five reserves on the IUCN Green List.
Sudan	Ensure by 2030, that at least 15 per cent of terrestrial, inland water and coastal and marine areas in Sudan, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably, while ensuring that any sustainable use, where appropriate in such areas, is fully consistent with conservation outcomes, and recognizing and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, including over their traditional territories.	National Target 3 commits Sudan to conserving at least 15% of terrestrial, inland water and coastal and marine areas by 2030 through effectively and equitably managed protected areas. The NBSAP documents Sudan's existing protected area network: nine national parks (seven terrestrial, two marine — Sanganeb and Dongunab in the Red Sea), game reserves including Toker (1939) and Al Sabaloga (1946), one game sanctuary at Arkwawit–Sinkat, and two bird sanctuaries. Key terrestrial parks include Dinder (1935) in low-rainfall savannah, Radom (1982) in high-rainfall savannah, and three arid-zone parks (Wadi Hawer 2002, Al Gazalla 2015, Jebel Hasania 2003). Budget allocations under Goal A for Target 3 actions are substantial: US$35,100,000 for wildlife biodiversity (5 actions), US$6,200,000 for inland waters and wetlands (3 actions), and US$500,000 for marine biodiversity (2 actions). Under Goal D, additional allocations include US$1,000,000 for wildlife and US$1,500,000 for marine. The monitoring framework tracks coverage of protected areas against 15% targets for terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine areas separately, using RS, GIS, and ground truth verification.
Sweden		The NBSAP states that Sweden contributes to the political commitments within the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the EU Biodiversity Strategy that at least 30 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas, and of marine and coastal areas, shall be protected by 2030, of which at least one-third strictly protected. The Government notes that for the EU Biodiversity Strategy, Council conclusions emphasized this is a target to be achieved collectively by member states, with each member state participating while taking into account national circumstances. Implementation is pursued through continued formal protection and the development of other effective area-based conservation measures (OECM). As of 31 December 2024, 15.3 per cent of Sweden's total area was formally protected (SCB MI 41 Report 2025:01), with approximately 9 per cent strictly protected and approximately 6.5 per cent other forms of protection (SOU 2025:21). SEPA reported to the EEA in May 2025 that 15.3 per cent of Sweden's land area consists of formally protected areas and OECM (voluntary set-asides), with nearly 154,000 hectares in 700 new areas (200 of which were voluntary set-asides) reported compared with the previous year — a 1.7 percentage-point increase. Reported area has increased 60 per cent compared with 2020. For forest land, 27.1 per cent was exempted from forestry for timber production in 2024 (SCB MI 41 Report 2025:02), though differences in exemption forms caution against aggregation. The Government invests 500 million SEK per year during 2024–2026 to compensate landowners for the establishment of nature reserves, and 40 million SEK in 2023 for faster compensation to voluntary forest protection. For 2026 more than 1.7 billion SEK is allocated mainly for formal protection of forests with high conservation values, and 100 million SEK per year is estimated from 2027 for compensation related to species-protection restrictions. Nämdö Archipelago National Park was established as Sweden's first marine national park in the Baltic Sea (Govt Bill 2024/25:142). On 11 December 2025 the Government designated twelve new Birds Directive areas covering 175,000 hectares. The SEPA is also working toward approximately 140,000 hectares of high-conservation-value mountain-adjacent forest receiving formal protection, and has received approximately 21,500 hectares of productive forest from Sveaskog as replacement land. In the marine context, the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management estimates that Sweden protects about 15 per cent of the ocean and 27 per cent of inland waters in 2024, though no strictly protected aquatic areas have yet been formally designated; prior estimates suggested existing protected areas with fisheries regulations could be categorized as strictly protected covering approximately 8 per cent of the North Sea and 0.8 per cent of the Baltic Proper. Through the Marine Environment Government Bill, Sweden has committed to expand and strengthen protection of marine areas toward 30 per cent protected with one-third (10 per cent) strictly protected by 2030, aligned with EU, Helcom, Ospar and the Framework. A general prohibition on bottom trawling in marine protected areas within the trawl limit enters into force on 1 July 2026, with limited exceptions. Over 2014–2024, 230 nature reserves were established to protect lake and watercourse values; in 2024 more than one million hectares of inland waters were protected, largely Natura 2000. 22 per cent of open wetlands are formally protected, with 25 nature reserves created or expanded in 2024. SEPA is tasked with developing OECM reporting, including unexploited mountains, forest impediments, voluntary set-asides in forestry, agreements with authorities, and meadows and pastures with environmental compensation. Management of protected areas is the subject of chapter 8 of the strategy: the government objective is that protected areas, including OECMs, shall by 2030 have fit-for-purpose management; appropriation 1:3 for management is 1,352 MSEK (2025), with 1,803 MSEK proposed for 2026 and 1,896 MSEK for 2027.
Slovenia		Protected areas cover 14% of the territory of Slovenia. The country has 49 broader protected areas (1 national park, 3 regional parks, 45 landscape parks; 8 with managers) and 1,335 narrower protected areas (1 integral natural reserve, 56 natural reserves, 1,164 natural monuments and 114 monuments of designed landscape; 96 with managers). The NEAP 2020–2030 notes that the earlier NEAP 2005–2012 goal of protected areas reaching 10% of Slovenia's surface was not achieved, though in the interim the 14% threshold has been surpassed. Table 1 (Measures 12–14) sets out measures to establish new protected areas: identifying priority areas by 2020 taking into account stakeholder interests (Measure 12), establishing new protected areas to increase the share by at least 2% of Slovenia's territory by 2030 (Measure 13), and supporting municipal protected areas on an ongoing basis (Measure 14). Measure 10 commits to drafting new proposed areas with international protection statuses, with entries for at least three new areas in the register by 2030. The Strategic Plan's National Objective 9 states that by 2030, existing Natura 2000 areas and protected areas will be maintained through effective management and a well-integrated system.
Senegal	Increase the total area of protected areas to reach 30% of the territory, including marine and coastal zones	The NBSAP sets a national target to increase the total area of protected areas to reach 30% of the territory, including marine and coastal zones. This builds on a reported baseline of approximately 36% of national territory already under some form of protection. The Marine Protected Area (MPA) network has expanded nearly sevenfold in a decade, rising from 0.72% to 4.9% of coverage, and nine new classified forests have been created. The institutional architecture for protected area management involves three directorates: the Directorate of National Parks (DPN), managing six national parks and five reserves as the CBD focal point; the Directorate of Water, Forests, Hunting and Soil Conservation (DEFCCS), administering classified forests covering more than 2 million hectares; and the Directorate of Community Marine Protected Areas (DAMCP), managing 17 MPAs totalling more than 400,000 hectares under shared governance. A Trust Fund for Protected Areas is proposed to guarantee sustainable, stable and autonomous financing. The results framework specifies two priority actions: extension and consolidation of the protected areas network at terrestrial, coastal and high-seas levels (indicator: number of new sites or area classified), and implementation of recovery plans for threatened species (indicator: number of species concerned). The removal of Niokolo-Koba National Park from the World Heritage in Danger list in July 2024 is cited as evidence of improving conservation outcomes.
Suriname	1.1 Terrestrial, marine and wetland protected areas in Suriname comprise 30% of the total area and are effectively managed, including in the EEZ, covering unique and vulnerable ecosystems in all parts of the country	Suriname's existing protected-area estate consists of 11 nature reserves (11.5% of national surface area), 2 nature parks (0.09%) and 4 Multiple Use Management Areas in the brackish-freshwater coastal zone (1.5%); the M&E baseline records protected areas as 13% of total surface area, with no marine protected areas currently designated. National Target 1.1 commits the country to expanding terrestrial, marine and wetland protected areas to comprise 30% of the total area, including in the EEZ, covering unique and vulnerable ecosystems in all parts of the country. Actions include identifying ecosystems and species in critical need of protection, evaluating co-management models with rights- and stakeholders (with consideration to gender and ITP communities), revising and re-submitting the draft Nature Management Law (2018), establishing new terrestrial and marine protected areas by law, updating the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan, updating PA management plans, and strengthening human, technical and financial capacity of LBB/NB (Min. GBB – NB). Total Target 1.1 cost is $2,303,580.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page	By 2030, El Salvador will have consolidated its Natural Protected Areas System (SANP), strengthening participatory management in at least 50% of the Protected Natural Areas (PNAs), guaranteeing the representation of all sectors and actors of society, including women, men, young people, local communities and indigenous peoples.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 3: consolidation of the Natural Protected Areas System (SANP) with participatory management strengthened in at least 50% of Protected Natural Areas (PNAs) by 2030. As of 2024, the SANP comprises 210 PNAs covering 80,837.05 hectares (37,211.60 terrestrial and 43,625.45 marine), equivalent to 2% of the national territory. Since 2019, more than 39 new PNAs have been declared. Of these, 92% are state-owned, 2% municipal (La Libertad, Sonsonate, San Salvador), and 6% privately owned (Cabañas, Chalatenango, La Paz, Usulután). Eight Ramsar Sites encompass 228,719.80 hectares and three UNESCO Biosphere Reserves cover 268,684.02 hectares. Together with PNAs, these areas protect at least 27% of the national territory. The NBSAP acknowledges that territorial expansion of PNAs is limited, and prioritises improving and consolidating participatory management in at least 50% of the 210 declared PNAs. This includes updating Management Plans, including those for Ramsar Sites, in collaboration with women, men, young people, local communities and indigenous peoples. Participatory mechanisms include Local Advisory Committees (COAL), Local Ramsar Committees, and Local Sustainable Use Plans (PLAS). The estimated financing need for effective conservation in PNAs, including elaboration and updating of Management Plans and surveillance infrastructure, is $79,223,500.
Chad	NT11: By 2030, at least 30% of terrestrial and inland water areas, including areas that are particularly important for biological diversity and the services provided by ecosystems, are conserved through ecologically representative and well-connected networks of effectively and equitably managed protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider terrestrial and aquatic landscape.	The NBSAP establishes National Objective 11 (NT11) stating that, by 2030, at least 30% of terrestrial and inland water areas, including areas particularly important for biological diversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through ecologically representative and well-connected networks of effectively and equitably managed protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), integrated into the wider terrestrial and aquatic landscape. The baseline is 18 protected areas totaling 14,217,530 ha, or 12% of the national territory — comprising five National Parks (Zakouma 305,000 ha; Manda 114,000 ha; Sena Oura 73,520 ha; Siniaka Minia 464,300 ha; Goz Beïda), six wildlife reserves (including Ouadi Rimé Ouadi Achim 8,000,000 ha; Barh Salamat 2,095,010 ha; Fada Archei 211,000 ha; Binder Léré 135,000 ha; Mandelia 138,000 ha; Aboutelfane 110,000 ha), one biosphere reserve, eight hunting domains, one community pilot hunting domain, and ten classified forests. The 2030 target is that 30% of the national area is covered by protected areas. The NBSAP notes that Chad's once-proud wildlife diversity has progressively collapsed since the 1980s, reaching the most critical threshold in Central Africa, attributed primarily to widespread poaching. Measures include ensuring representativeness and connectivity of PA networks; maximising the value of internationally recognised sites (biosphere reserves, Ramsar sites, World Heritage sites); effective and equitable governance of all PAs and other important sites; site-level governance and equity assessment (SAGE); and monitoring and evaluating PA success in species conservation. Indicators include PA coverage (I1GT3), coverage of key biodiversity areas (I2GT3), PA management effectiveness (I3GT3), downgrading/downsizing/loss of legal protection (PADDD, I4GT3), and a species protection index (I5GT3). Stated assumptions and risks include community conflicts and the presence of refugees and displaced persons around PAs.
Togo	Target 2 : Increase the total area of protected areas, nature reserves and community forests to reach at least 20% of the terrestrial territory, including marine and coastal zones, particularly in areas of high importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services. Target 16 : Restore ecological connectivity between protected areas and other conservation zones, in particular essential biological corridors for the movement of species populations.	The NBSAP designates two national targets mapped to GBF Target 3. National Target 2 commits to increasing the total area of protected areas, nature reserves, and community forests to reach at least 20% of terrestrial territory, including marine and coastal zones, particularly in areas of high importance for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services. National Target 16 commits to restoring ecological connectivity between protected areas and other conservation zones, in particular essential biological corridors for the movement of species populations. Togo's existing PA system, classified between 1938 and 1958, covers approximately 793,000 hectares and comprises 3 national parks (Fazao-Malfakassa at 192,000 ha, Oti-Kéran, and Togodo South), 1 habitat and species management reserve (Doung), 4 natural resource management areas, 7 fauna reserves, and 68 classified forests. The National Office for Protected Areas (ONAP), created by Decree No. 2023-112/PR of 27 October 2023, is assigned responsibility for sustainable management of protected areas and promotion of participatory management. The diagnostic analysis notes the absence of a marine protected area as a weakness. The capacity building plan includes training on KBA identification approaches (20 million CFA), anti-poaching and PA surveillance technologies (50 million CFA), procedures for establishing private and community PAs (150 million CFA), marine and coastal biodiversity inventory (60 million CFA), and transboundary biodiversity management strategies (30 million CFA), with partners including IUCN, WWF, EU, and RAMPAO.
Thailand	Target 2: Conserve, restore, and expand protected areas, increase other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) to enhance ecosystem integrity and connectivity.	The National Biodiversity Action Plan commits under Strategy 1 to a protected-area expansion that meets the KMGBF 30x30 threshold. The Target 2 target values state: 'At least 23% of the country's terrestrial area and 15% of marine area are designated as protected areas and OECMs' with progress by 2027, and 'By 2030, at least 30% of both terrestrial and marine areas are designated as protected areas and OECMs.' The Executive Summary reiterates the 30 percent by 2030 goal for Strategy 1. The target description recognises three categories of area-based conservation: legally protected areas defined by Thai law and aligned with IUCN classification; OECMs — geographically defined areas outside protected areas governed to achieve long-term in-situ biodiversity outcomes; and conservation areas utilised by indigenous peoples and local communities, with decisions on such areas required to recognise their rights. Recommended actions include expanding protected areas and OECMs, prioritising areas of high species richness, habitats for threatened, rare, endemic and endangered species, threatened habitats, and areas important for ecosystem services; connecting protected areas and OECMs into networks via corridors to enhance biodiversity protection and response to climate risk; and ensuring participation of all sectors and stakeholders in management and governance. The implementation table assigns designation and management to MNRE (DNP, RFD, DMCR, ONEP) and MOAC (DOF), with community organisations as co-responsible and MSDHS, NHRC, OPM (ONLB), civil society, educational institutions, and international organisations as supporting agencies across 2023-2027. Measure 2.1 — developing criteria and mechanisms for establishing OECMs — is dated to 2025.
Tunisia	Increase the area of protected areas by 4% by 2030	The NBSAP dedicates Objective A3 to effectively developing and managing protected areas, linked explicitly to KM-GBF Target 3. The national target is: "Increase the area of protected areas by 4% by 2030," well below the global 30x30 target. Tunisia has 44 terrestrial protected areas: 17 national parks (approximately 541,105 ha) and 27 nature reserves (92,279 ha), covering 7% of the territory. These are defined by the Forestry Code of 1988 and correspond to IUCN categories II and I.a. Additionally, there are 4 Wildlife Reserves, 42 Ramsar wetlands, and 46 Important Bird Areas needing reclassification. All terrestrial protected areas are managed by the General Directorate of Forests (DGF) under the Ministry of Agriculture. Currently, only 8 terrestrial protected areas have management plans. The creation of new terrestrial protected areas practically stopped after 2010 due to political circumstances and legal constraints related to land tenure. For marine and coastal protected areas, Tunisia has 18 sites with a marine component (15 Ramsar sites, 3 SPAMIs), and 4 MCPAs in the final phase of creation (Kneiss islands, Galite Archipelago, Kuriat islands, Zembra and Zembretta). MCPAs covered 1.02% of national waters in 2019. These areas are managed by APAL under the Ministry of the Environment. The strategy proposes five measures: assessing management effectiveness of existing terrestrial PAs (A3.1), developing management plans for PAs without them (A3.2), integrating biodiversity-rich zones into the network (A3.3) including biosphere reserves and sensitive wetland/steppe zones, strengthening the MCPA network (A3.4), and mobilising territories and building capacities for MCPA management (A3.5). The creation of a national body for terrestrial protected areas is proposed. The gaps analysis identifies the need to fill legal vacuums concerning fragile spaces such as oases, mountains, botanical gardens, and landscapes, and to recategorise terrestrial protected spaces according to IUCN categories.
Uganda		The NBSAP provides a detailed inventory of Uganda's protected area system. Out of a total surface area of 241,551 sq. km, 25,981.57 sq. km (10%) is gazetted as wildlife conservation areas, 24% as forest reserves, and 13% is wetlands. The system comprises 10 National Parks, 12 Wildlife Reserves, 10 wildlife sanctuaries, 5 community wildlife areas, 506 central forest reserves, and 191 local forest reserves. Bwindi Impenetrable and Rwenzori Mountains National Parks are inscribed as World Heritage Sites; Queen Elizabeth and Mount Elgon National Parks are UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserves. Uganda has 12 Ramsar sites. The NBSAP notes that if all wetlands are gazetted and considered protected areas, as proposed by Cabinet Decision of 16-04-2014 (Minute 114, CT2014), the area of terrestrial and inland water ecosystems conserved would increase to approximately 28% (about 3% of wetlands already lie within wildlife and forest protected areas). The strategy calls for maintaining vegetation remnants and corridors across public and private lands. An estimated 50% of Uganda's wildlife resources remain outside designated protected areas, mostly on privately owned land. Conservation trust funds are identified as a mechanism to finance protected area integrity. Encroachment is identified as a threat, with over 300,000 illegal settlements reported in Central Forest Reserves by 2008, and agricultural encroachment occurring in national parks and wetlands.
Viet Nam	The area of terrestrial protected areas aims to reach 9% of the national land area; the area of marine and coastal regions to be conserved reaches 3-5% of the country's natural marine area; 70% of protected areas and natural heritage sites are evaluated for the effectiveness of management; internationally recognized natural areas: 15 wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 14 biosphere reserves, and 15 ASEAN heritage parks	The NBSAP sets specific quantified targets for expanding the protected area system: terrestrial protected areas are to reach 9% of national land area by 2030 (7.7% by 2025), and marine and coastal conservation areas are to reach 3–5% of the country's natural marine area (1.5–2% by 2025). The strategy aims for 70% of protected areas and natural heritage sites to be evaluated for management effectiveness (30% by 2025). It also sets targets for internationally recognized areas: 15 Ramsar sites, 14 biosphere reserves, and 15 ASEAN heritage parks by 2030, with interim milestones. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is tasked with developing management standards for protected areas and natural heritage sites and implementing a management effectiveness evaluation program. While these targets fall below the global 30x30 ambition, they represent specific national commitments with monitoring indicators.
Vanuatu	By 2030, at least 30% of Vanuatu's terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine areas, particularly key biodiversity areas, species habitats, areas of kastom importance, and other sites providing critical ecosystem services, are conserved through protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures. Such conservation shall recognise and respect the rights, knowledge, and needs of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, while enabling sustainable livelihoods in traditional tabus, community conservation areas, kastom forest conservation areas, marine protected areas, and marine reserves.	The NBSAP sets a target of conserving at least 30% of Vanuatu's terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine areas by 2030 through protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), with explicit recognition of kastom governance systems. The baseline reported in the NBSAP notes 52 terrestrial protected areas covering about 52,000 ha (4.2% of total land area), 19 formally registered Community Conservation Areas covering 51,000 ha of land and sea, approximately 24,000 ha of coastal and marine areas under some form of protected status, and a Marine Spatial Plan designating marine conservation areas covering about 28% of Vanuatu's total EEZ (approximately 240,000 ha). The EPC Act [CAP 283] currently recognises only CCAs as formal conservation areas, and a review is underway to also recognise taboo areas and OECMs. Principle 6 calls for a 'comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative system of protected and conserved areas.' Provincial plans detail extensive new protected area establishment: Torba plans to protect and manage key MPAs (approximately 19 across the province), incorporate Ridge-to-Reef approaches, and protect breeding grounds for aquatic and marine life; Sanma will formally register CCAs in Wusi and Linduri and develop/review CCA management plans for up to 19 CCAs; Penama plans to establish 300m protection buffers on MPAs, improve management of existing MPAs, manage existing CCAs, and protect the Loltong mangrove; Malampa will establish new CCAs in at least six locations and new MPAs including the Farun Marine Tabu Eria and Maskeylene MPAs; Tafea will formally register the Keasi traditional conservation area, establish the Lamasak CCA, establish an MPA in West Tanna, and protect the Tatafu mountain forest on Futuna. Target 3 is allocated 11 actions costing VUV 64,550,000 at national level.
Yemen	By 2030, 20% of biodiversity-rich ecosystems should be conserved and managed under effective and interconnected terrestrial and marine protected areas with joint management systems, where local communities play an active role in conserving and managing existing protected areas.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 3, aligned to GBF Target 3, committing that by 2030, 20% of biodiversity-rich ecosystems should be conserved and managed under effective and interconnected terrestrial and marine protected areas with joint management systems, where local communities play an active role in conserving and managing existing protected areas. The strategy notes that Yemen's protected areas currently occupy only 0.77% of the country's land area, with a Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) of 0.55 for PAs against a national BII of 0.87, indicating that PAs are not operated and managed effectively. Pathway 1 emphasizes the need to expand PAs by identifying ecologically sensitive ecosystems and declaring them as protected areas, alongside improving PA management through strengthened institutional capacity and enhanced community participation via co-management strategies. The strategy specifies both in-situ conservation (habitat restoration, recovery programmes for threatened species, on-farm agricultural biodiversity conservation, genetic reserve conservation) and ex-situ conservation (seed storage, pollen conservation, captive breeding). The indicative budget for preventing extinction of threatened species (which overlaps with PA expansion) is US$19.5 million.
Zambia	By 2020, Zambia's Protected Area (PA) network is rationalized to achieve representativeness and ecological connectivity at landscape level.	The NBSAP provides detailed coverage of Zambia's protected area system and commits to rationalizing it for representativeness and ecological connectivity. Zambia's statutory protected area network comprises 480 Forest Reserves (175 National Forests and 305 Local Forests, combined area of 74,361 km²), 20 National Parks covering 63,630 km² (8.5% of total land area), and 36 Game Management Areas covering approximately 167,557 km² (22% of the country). Additionally, there are 59 Botanical Reserves for in-situ conservation of plant genetic resources. Management effectiveness was assessed using the METTPAZ tool across 19 National Parks, with results ranging from very high (none achieved) to very low (Lavushi Manda, Isangano, West Lunga, Mweru-Wa-Ntipa). South Luangwa rated highest. All sampled GMAs in the Luangwa and Kafue ecosystems have been encroached by human settlements and agriculture. The strategy sets targets for sustainable management of different PA categories: at least 56% of national and local forest reserves, at least 50% of forest area under open areas, at least 80% of forest area under concessions, at least 80% of forest area under national parks, and at least 60% of forest area under GMAs to be sustainably managed. National Target 10 calls for rationalizing the PA network by 2020 to achieve representativeness and ecological connectivity at landscape level. The strategy also calls for regularizing forest management plans for National Parks to ensure habitat connectivity and climate resilience, and for rezoning GMAs to identify and protect wildlife refuges while accounting for existing land uses.
Austria		The sections included in this briefing do not contain an explicit 30x30 area-based coverage commitment. References to protected areas appear as cross-cutting elements: the strategy identifies the securing of open spaces in wilderness areas and national parks to allow evolutionary processes to occur as part of genetic-diversity conservation; it foresees networking of protected areas and habitats to improve connectivity, also to enable climate-induced species migration; and it provides for tourism visitor management within and outside protected areas, establishment of quiet zones, and expansion of mountain and nature wardens (Berg- und Naturwacht). Medium-term habitat-restoration measures are to take into account the protected-area network, wildlife corridors and other biotope connectivity systems (e.g. the Green Belt / Grünes Band) to ensure connectivity of national and European areas. The Federation is identified as active in the establishment and maintenance of national parks, and the Biodiversity Fund (Biodiversitätsfonds) supports implementation of the Austrian Biodiversity Strategy including the operation of national parks.
Bhutan		The NBSAP does not contain a standalone national target for the 30x30 protected area goal. However, National Target 1 ("plan and manage all areas to reduce biodiversity loss") is aligned with both KMGBF Targets 1 and 3 in the Annexure. The rationale for National Target 1 notes that Bhutan's Protected Area Network already covers over 52% of the country's total land area. Actions under National Target 1 include updating and developing management plans for protected areas and OECMs, implementing those plans, and assessing management effectiveness using METT+. The conservation history section notes the establishment of the first protected area (Manas Wildlife Sanctuary) in 1966, the constitutional mandate to maintain at least 60% forest cover in perpetuity, and the 2018 launch of Bhutan for Life (BFL), Asia's first Project Finance for Permanence initiative to secure long-term funding for protected areas. Three Ramsar sites (Gangtey-Phobji, Khotokha, and Bumdeling) collectively cover approximately 1,225 hectares.
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		Although no keyword-matched section has a dedicated heading for Target 3, the conclusions identify it as having 76% of the 160 ENBioMex actions contributing to its fulfilment — the second-highest share among all targets. The Annex 3 action-level mapping shows extensive direct contributions from Axis 2 actions, including protected area and PA systems (2.1.1), policies for in situ conservation (2.1.2), in situ conservation tools (2.1.3), in situ conservation tools in coastal-marine zones (2.1.4), ecological connectivity (2.1.7), eco-hydrological connectivity (2.1.8), conservation in urban and peri-urban areas (2.1.9), and conservation plans for threat reduction (2.1.13). The document does not cite a specific national 30% area target or quantified commitments for expansion of protected areas.