Target 02: Ecosystem restoration

Generated: 2026-04-19T20:27:45Z

Landscape

Of 69 countries with Target 2 material, 62 explicitly address ecosystem restoration and 7 reference it within broader frameworks. The Kunming-Montreal 30% figure recurs across roughly a dozen plans, while many others set nationally-determined percentages ranging from 5% in Vanuatu to 20% in Egypt, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Lebanon, Tunisia, Chad, Vietnam and Yemen, and 10% in Bhutan, Rwanda and Sudan. Regional instruments do much of the structural work: the EU Nature Restoration Regulation organises implementation across member states from Austria to Sweden, while the Bonn Challenge and AFR100 supply hectare pledges across African and Latin American plans. Ecosystem priorities follow geography — peatlands and floodplains in northern Europe, mangroves along tropical coasts, rangelands in the Sahel, coral reefs in small island states. Several plans pair restoration figures with explicit climate framing, linking hectares and tonnes of CO₂.

Variation

Headline figures range from direct KMGBF transcription (China, India, the United Kingdom, Iran) to nationally-determined lower percentages: 5% in Vanuatu, 10% in Bhutan, Rwanda and Sudan, 15% in Eritrea, Nigeria and Tunisia, and 20% in Congo, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Lebanon, Chad, Vietnam and Yemen.

Countries differ in their unit of framing. Some commit to percentages of degraded area; others set absolute hectare pledges — 19 million hectares under Canada's Bonn Challenge, 74 million hectares under the Saudi Green Initiative, 4 million hectares under Madagascar's AFR100 commitment, 1 million hectares in Chile, 500,000 hectares in Mauritania, 100,000 hectares in Panama. A third group counts trees: Vietnam's one billion, the EU's three billion, Senegal's 80 million mangroves already planted.

Regional anchors recur as delivery vehicles. The EU Nature Restoration Regulation structures plans in Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden and Spain. The Bonn Challenge and AFR100 anchor Canada, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, Madagascar and Rwanda. Standalone national frameworks carry the weight in Chile (Law 21,600) and Japan (the Act on Promotion of Nature Restoration).

Ecosystem priorities cluster geographically. Peatland rewetting dominates in Germany, Sweden, Belarus and the Netherlands. Mangrove restoration appears across Congo, Cameroon, Egypt, Gabon and Senegal. Rangeland and steppe restoration is central in Lesotho, Namibia, Tunisia and Iran. Coral reefs anchor Egypt, Japan, the Marshall Islands and Saudi Arabia. Freshwater connectivity recurs through the Czech Republic, Luxembourg and the wider EU plan.

Timelines split between single-horizon 2030 targets and two-stage architectures. Argentina commits to a National Restoration Plan by 2026 then implementation by 2030. Luxembourg requires degradation halted by 2026, 30% restored by 2030. Germany pairs 2030 interim milestones with full coverage by 2050.

Financing framings vary sharply. Colombia concentrates 80.7% of its Action Plan budget — 61.7 trillion pesos of 76.5 trillion — on National Target 2, at a unit cost of 20 million pesos per hectare covering agreements, implementation, monitoring and maintenance for at least two years. China pairs the 30% restoration figure with specific cover percentages: by 2030 forest coverage shall reach approximately 25%, comprehensive grassland vegetation coverage shall reach approximately 60%, and at least 30% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine ecosystems shall be effectively restored.

A handful of plans scope restoration to national-specific contexts. The Marshall Islands' National Nuclear Commission Strategy acknowledges the nuclear legacy's impact on marine and terrestrial biodiversity — noting initial loss of up to 28 coral species in specific areas from 67 nuclear tests conducted between 1946 and 1958 — and supports restoration and environmental remediation. Iceland commits that by 2030 restoration of at least 30% of degraded ecosystems will have been initiated, against a baseline in which up to 70% of lowland wetland has been drained and natural birch woodland cover is approximately 1.5%.

Standouts

The European Union sets the densest freshwater and forestry figures in the set: "at least 25,000 km of rivers are to be restored into free-flowing rivers by 2030 through removal of primarily obsolete barriers and restoration of floodplains and wetlands," with "a roadmap for planting at least 3 billion additional trees by 2030 is to be included in a new EU Forest Strategy."

Canada addresses Target 2 principally through its Bonn Challenge pledge to bring at least 19 million hectares of degraded and deforested landscapes under restoration by 2030.

Saudi Arabia sets the largest absolute hectare figure in the set: "The Saudi Green Initiative sets a target to reclaim 74 million hectares of land and restore green spaces to enhance vegetation cover and restore degraded terrestrial ecosystems. The Riyadh Green Project targets planting more than 7.5 million trees across Riyadh by 2030, increasing the city's green spaces from 1.5% to 9.1%."

The Czech Republic translates the freshwater-connectivity approach into a concrete kilometre target: "Increase the length of free-flowing rivers by at least 200 km compared to 2020."

Germany pairs peatland protection with a quantified emissions figure. Target 9.4 "calls for all natural and near-natural peatlands to be protected by 2030 with at least 70% at good conservation status or with a secure development outlook" and "requires annual greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced by at least 5 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030 through peat soil conservation."

Luxembourg assembles a dense quantified package across ecosystem types, committing to "establishment of 500 km of riparian buffer strips by 2030 (350 km by 2026), improvement of 700 springs by 2030, renaturalisation of at least 20 km of free-flowing watercourses, and restoration of ecological continuity at 797 problematic technical structures," alongside "planting 1.7 million additional trees by 2030."

Lebanon is the sole plan in the set that scopes conflict-damaged territory explicitly: "By 2030, rehabilitation plans are implemented in at least 20% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and marine and coastal ecosystems (including areas affected by the 2024 war) so that these ecosystems can safeguard the sustained delivery of ecosystem services and enhance ecological integrity and connectivity."

Brazil introduces a distinctive unit of analysis. The target applies the 30% figure per biome by 2030 with "particular attention to tidal territories (maretórios) — are under effective restoration processes, encompassing representative samples of terrestrial, aquatic and coastal–marine ecosystems."

Argentina spells out a two-stage timeline verbatim: "By 2026, have a National Restoration Plan and a National Ecosystem Restoration Information System in place, so that before 2030 equitable restoration is effectively implemented in at least 30% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, coastal and marine ecosystem areas."

Vanuatu anchors the lower end of the quantitative range: "By 2030, all degraded areas are mapped, and at least 5% of degraded terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and 5% of degraded marine ecosystems are restored through effective participatory measures that fully respect the rights and knowledge of Indigenous Peoples and local communities."

Analysis

The 30% figure functions as a reference point rather than a universal commitment across the set. More than twenty plans set nationally-determined percentages below it, and the choice of denominator — priority degraded area, all degraded area, specific biomes — further shifts the underlying comparison.

Many countries route Target 2 through pre-existing instruments rather than new restoration plans. The Bonn Challenge, AFR100, the EU Nature Restoration Regulation, and national forest restoration laws recur as delivery vehicles, producing targets that predate the KMGBF and map onto prior hectare pledges already in train.

Quantified commitments across the set cluster around tree planting and forest landscape restoration. Marine, coastal and freshwater restoration appear more often as qualitative commitments, with fewer specific area or kilometre figures — exceptions being the EU's river target, the Czech Republic's 200 km figure, and Luxembourg's watercourse package.

A subset of plans introduces scoping terms specific to national context: tidal territories (maretórios) in Brazil, war-affected areas in Lebanon, rangeland and nomadic livelihoods in Iran, nuclear-legacy sites in the Marshall Islands. These framings do not alter headline figures, but they shift what counts as the object of restoration.

Per-country detail

Ordered by classification (explicitly_addresses → relevant_to → not_identified) then alphabetically by country name.

Country	National Target	Summary
Afghanistan	Afghanistan will restore degraded habitat in protected areas and in specific ecosystems as determined by remote sensing and verified by field surveys.	The NBSAP commits Afghanistan to restoring degraded habitat in protected areas and in specific ecosystems. Five actions are defined: reducing shrub harvest in protected areas (Action 2.1), reducing the impact of livestock grazing on grasslands in protected areas (Action 2.2), reducing land conversion to lalmi (rainfed cropland) and undertaking research on restoration or replacement of lalmi (Action 2.3), undertaking community tree planting (Action 2.4), and ensuring adequate water supply to a minimum of three sizable wetlands (Action 2.5). MAIL is responsible for all actions with NEPA and INGOs as cooperators. Indicators include shrub and grass cover monitored by remote sensing and field surveys, reporting on lalmi reduction, increase in forest cover, and reporting on water availability. The headline indicator is area under restoration. Portfolio #3 links restoration to sustainable land use, including community-based afforestation programs and banning conversion of seasonal wetlands to agriculture. Consultation workshops found 66.8% of respondents supported planting trees along rivers to reduce flooding and 63.8% supported planting trees on mountains to restore watersheds.
Argentina	By 2026, have a National Restoration Plan and a National Ecosystem Restoration Information System in place, so that before 2030 equitable restoration is effectively implemented in at least 30% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, coastal and marine ecosystem areas, with the aim of improving ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity.	National Target 2 commits to having a National Restoration Plan and a National Ecosystem Restoration Information System in place by 2026, so that before 2030, equitable restoration is effectively implemented in at least 30% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine ecosystem areas, aiming to improve ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity, and connectivity. The NBSAP includes a dedicated Ecological Restoration Component as one of its three fundamental documents. Three pathways for ecological restoration are defined: Pathway 1 addresses the baseline, information system, lessons learnt, and an ecological restoration plan; Pathway 2 focuses on political commitment, participation, and financing; Pathway 3 covers capacity-building and environmental training in restoration. A mapping exercise identified 422 restoration sites in Argentina, compiled through the National Ecological Restoration Network (Red Nacional de Restauración Ecológica), which comprises nine regional nodes. Data were contributed collaboratively through the Pampa Node of the REA and through CONADIBIO.
Austria		Chapter 3 of the strategy is dedicated to the restoration of ecosystems of particular importance for biodiversity and climate protection. The strategy frames its restoration targets as a contribution to the EU Nature Restoration Law under consultation and is guided by the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 (key restoration commitments No. 1 and 8). For mires, floodplains and water bodies (§3.1), baseline figures state that 68% of FFH mire habitats are in unfavourable-bad status and none is in favourable status; more than 300 internationally significant mire objects covering about 12,000 ha are identified as priority for restoration; priority need for action exists for about 18,000 ha of floodplains (with high restoration potential on 80,000 ha), about 6,000 river kilometres, and seven still waters totalling about 5,000 ha. Stated objectives include: hydrological restoration of damaged mires to achieve intact habitats and improved ecosystem services; restoration measures on a proportion of damaged mire FFH habitat area (defined by EU requirements) with a view to achieving a good local conservation grade; preservation of all floodplain areas depicted in the floodplain inventory in preparation; restoration measures for 30% of the area of priority-classified floodplains; restoration of 5,000 ha of degraded or lost floodplain as effective flood retention areas; implementation of the measures in the National River Basin Management Plan (NGP) to reach good ecological status or potential in priority remediation areas; and achievement of ecological longitudinal and lateral connectivity of aquatic habitats and linked terrestrial habitats over 1,000 km in length. Implementation instruments include the Austrian Mire Strategy 2030+ (Moorstrategie Österreich 2030+, BMLRT 2022) and the Floodplain Strategy for Austria 2030+ (Auenstrategie für Österreich 2030+, in preparation). For further habitats (§3.2), selected degraded habitats — including habitats of highly endangered species, dry grasslands and further special sites — are to be preserved or transferred to a state of lesser degradation through restoration projects, supported by a phased plan taking into account the expected EU requirements, spatial prioritisation (Umweltbundesamt 2021c), the protected-area network, wildlife corridors and other biotope connectivity systems such as the Green Belt (Grünes Band). Baselines note that FFH habitat types Pannonic salt steppes and heavy metal grasslands (Violion calaminariae) are critically endangered throughout Austria, and tufa-forming springs (Cratoneurion) and Pannonic steppe dry grasslands on loess (6250) are threatened with complete destruction.
Australia	Priority degraded areas (across terrestrial, inland water, coastal and marine ecosystems) are under effective restoration by 2030 to recover biodiversity and improve ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity.	Australia establishes a national target that priority degraded areas across terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine ecosystems are under effective restoration by 2030, to recover biodiversity and improve ecosystem functions, services, ecological integrity, and connectivity. The strategy states this target aligns with GBF Target 2. The NBSAP notes that ecosystem degradation in Australia is widespread, with at least 19 Australian ecosystems showing signs of collapse or near collapse spanning the entire continent. Restoration is framed as a critical complement to conservation, invasive species management, pollution reduction, and climate adaptation. Key considerations for prioritisation include cost-effectiveness, cultural values, level of threat, and identification of locations where restoration effort can make the greatest contribution. The strategy identifies the Nature Repair Market as a mechanism to facilitate collective investment for effective restoration. Progress measure 5F tracks the extent of effective restoration efforts underway in priority degraded areas across terrestrial, marine, coastal, and inland water areas.
Belgium	3.3 Ecosystems, their resilience and their services are maintained and enhanced by establishing, inter alia, a green infrastructure and restoring at least 15 % of degraded ecosystems	The NBSAP sets an explicit restoration target under operational objective 3.3: ecosystems, their resilience, and their services are to be maintained and enhanced by establishing green infrastructure and restoring at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems. The Strategy notes that Belgium is working with the European Commission on the common understanding and operationalisation of the terms 'restoration' and 'degradation' and the nature of the 15 per cent target. The baseline against which the target is assessed is the EU 2010 Biodiversity Baseline Study produced by the EEA. Restoration is regarded as a process rather than a binary description, allowing for different stages and for counting all significant efforts to improve abiotic and biotic conditions, including on completely transformed sites such as intensively farmed land. The Strategy states that evolving factors such as climate change will be taken into account when restoring ecosystems, and that adaptive management is recommended for dealing with slow-changing processes such as nitrogen deposition. Under Objective 3 more broadly, the rehabilitation of degraded habitats is to favour the protection of threatened and rare species and the re-establishment of species that had disappeared. Nature-oriented forestry is promoted in both public and private forests, with subsidies given in Flanders for afforestation of farmland and financial incentives in Wallonia contingent on meeting sustainable forest management criteria.
Burkina Faso		Ecosystem restoration is a central pillar of the NBSAP, forming part of Strategic Objective 1.1 (Improve in situ conservation and restoration of biological diversity) under Axis 1. The strategy sets quantified restoration targets in its logical framework: total area of degraded land restored in forest and agroforestry ecosystems is to increase from 26,119 ha (2023) to 154,000 ha by 2030, while the annual area of land and environments undergoing restoration (aquatic, forest, agroforestry, pastoral) is targeted to rise from 50,000 ha (2013 baseline) to 275,000 ha by 2030. Forest cover rate is targeted to increase from 22.72% (2020) to 30% by 2030. Over the period 2016–2023, achievements include 215,529.84 ha of degraded land recovered, 21,822.57 ha of assisted natural regeneration monitored, 21,877.65 ha of controlled clearing, 1,499.47 ha of enclosures, and 860.9 km of firebreaks created. In terms of water resources, 34 degraded dams were rehabilitated and 47 maintained, and surface water storage capacity increased from 5,030 million m³ in 2015 to 6,153.96 million m³ in 2023 (22.35% increase). For pastoral areas, 963,280 ha underwent development and 3,303 km of livestock tracks were developed. The strategy identifies four main actions under EO 1.1.1 for forest and wildlife: securing conservation areas including OECMs, developing conservation areas, promoting participatory management, and plant protection and conditioning. For animal and fisheries resources under EO 1.1.2, actions include securing and developing pastoral zones, preventing priority diseases and zoonoses, protecting and maintaining water bodies and wetlands, and restoring wetlands. Specific wetland restoration activities include rehabilitating degraded dams and development works on named water bodies (Lake Dem, Houet Stream, Ouagadougou dams nos. 1–3, Dori pond). The action plan for 2025–2027 allocates 142.54 billion FCFA (71.4% of total) to Axis 1, which covers conservation and restoration. Complementary national instruments include the National Strategy for Soil Restoration, Conservation and Recovery (SNRCRS) 2020–2024 and the National Green Economy Strategy (SNEV) 2019–2023. Territorial collectivities are expected to contribute through ecological restoration projects and reforestation programmes.
Benin		Ecosystem restoration is one of Benin's core strategic orientations. Strategic orientation 2 commits Benin to restoring at least 30% of degraded ecosystems by 2030, mobilising both active approaches (reforestation, assisted regeneration) and passive approaches (natural regeneration in protected areas), within a participatory territorial logic (§73). It also integrates nature-based solutions and links to land degradation neutrality targets. Programme 2 operationalises this through two specific objectives: SO2.1 on sustainable use of ecosystem services (including payment for ecosystem services if adopted) and SO2.2 on restoring degraded ecosystems. Actions include mapping and prioritising degraded ecosystems for restoration with maintenance plans, and implementing restoration campaigns for forests, gallery forests, mangroves, wetlands, and conservation areas (§81). The budgeted action plan allocates substantial resources over 2026–2030: 13,000 million FCFA for sustainable ecosystem services management, 6,000 million FCFA for PES approaches, 8,000 million FCFA for mapping/prioritisation, and 10,500 million FCFA for restoration campaigns (§89). The total for Programme 2 is 37,500 million FCFA. Performance indicators include area restored and maintained at 24 months by ecosystem type, survival rate at 12/24 months, change in pressures in intervention areas, number of verified restoration sites per year, and number of seedlings planted against a benchmark of over 31,787,065 seedlings during 2014–2016 (§82). The risk analysis identifies that restoration without maintenance is a recurring failure risk and that species and techniques must be adapted to climate stress (§133).
Brazil	Ensure that by 2030, at least 30 per cent of degraded and/or altered areas in each biome and within the coastal–marine system — with particular attention to tidal territories (maretórios) — are under effective restoration processes, encompassing representative samples of terrestrial, aquatic and coastal–marine ecosystems. This aims to secure ecological integrity; restore and enhance native biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services; increase landscape connectivity; and combat desertification. Restoration efforts should prioritise areas that provide critical ecosystem services while safeguarding the customs, traditions, beliefs and languages of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 2, committing to ensure that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of degraded and/or altered areas in each biome and within the coastal-marine system are under effective restoration processes. The target gives particular attention to tidal territories (maretórios) and requires encompassing representative samples of terrestrial, aquatic, and coastal-marine ecosystems. Restoration aims to secure ecological integrity, restore and enhance native biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services, increase landscape connectivity, and combat desertification. The target specifies that efforts should prioritise areas providing critical ecosystem services while safeguarding the customs, traditions, beliefs, and languages of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities. Synergies are identified with UNFCCC/Paris Agreement/NDC, UNCCD, SDGs 6.6/14.2/15.1/15.3, Ramsar Resolution VII.17, the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, and the Bonn Challenge. The NBSAP notes the preparation of the second phase of PLANAVEG (2025-2028), reaffirming a national commitment to restore 12 million hectares of native vegetation. The Native Vegetation Protection Law (Law No. 12,651 of 2012) defines Legal Reserves and Permanent Preservation Areas and establishes the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and Environmental Regularisation Programmes (PRAs), creating a framework for ecosystem restoration on rural properties.
Bhutan	By 2030, ensure at least 10% of degraded areas are brought under effective restoration	Bhutan's National Target 2 states: "By 2030, ensure at least 10% of degraded areas are brought under effective restoration," aligned with KMGBF Target 2. The rationale identifies infrastructure expansion and unsustainable land use as drivers of degradation. Two strategies are set out: strengthening institutional coordination through a multi-sectoral committee on restoration and rehabilitation, and ensuring degraded areas are brought under restoration. Actions include developing a guideline for restoration and rehabilitation of degraded areas including rangeland, conducting rangeland resource mapping, identifying and mapping degraded areas to establish baseline data, and implementing restoration or rehabilitation activities in at least 10% of degraded areas. The climate change target (National Target 8) also supports restoration through upscaling afforestation and reforestation programs and strengthening forest fire prevention measures.
Belarus	Restoration of at least 30 per cent of disturbed and inefficiently used ecological systems in order to improve the state of biological diversity and enhance ecosystem functions and services.	The strategy's objective 2 is explicitly mapped to KMGBF Target 2 and commits to the restoration of at least 30 per cent of disturbed and inefficiently used ecological systems in order to improve the state of biological diversity and enhance ecosystem functions and services. The National Action Plan specifies several quantified restoration activities for 2026–2030: ecological rehabilitation of degraded peatlands over an area of no less than 12,000 hectares (item 35); restoration and conservation of open meadow and wetland ecological systems most significant for rare and endangered species over an area of no less than 3,000 hectares (item 36); restoration of eutrophicated water bodies and watercourses including measures to reduce overgrowth with littoral-aquatic vegetation (item 37); updating of the peatland conservation strategy and distribution scheme (item 34); and transfer of low-productivity agricultural and degraded lands into the forest fund (item 39). The problems chapter provides context: mire area has decreased by 35 per cent over the past 50 years; the total area of surface water bodies and mires decreased by 11.1 per cent between 2015 and 2025; and 308,900 hectares of peatlands have been decommissioned from industrial exploitation.
Canada		Canada addresses Target 2 principally through its Bonn Challenge pledge to bring at least 19 million hectares of degraded and deforested landscapes under restoration by 2030, tracked by ECCC, NRCan, and PC using indicators from the IUCN Restoration Barometer. The Natural Climate Solutions Fund (ECCC, NRCan, AAFC) targets restoration of 1.32 million hectares by 2031, with components including NRCan's 2 Billion Trees program and ECCC's Nature Smart Climate Solutions Fund (wetlands, peatlands, grasslands). Since 1986, the North American Waterfowl Management Plan, to which ECCC contributes, has secured 9.5 million hectares and enhanced 1.7 million hectares of land in Canada. The Enhanced Nature Legacy (ECCC, DFO, PC) funds restoration of species at risk habitat and priority ecosystems. ECCC's Freshwater Action Plan aims to complete clean-up of 12 of 14 remaining Great Lakes Areas of Concern by 2030 and all 14 by 2038. DFO restores aquatic ecosystems through the Aquatic Ecosystems Restoration Fund and the Pacific Salmon Strategy Initiative, and is developing a national Framework to Identify Fish Habitat Restoration Priorities. PC's National Program for Ecological Corridors will support the identification and recognition of 4-6 ecological corridors. FPT governments implement the Resilient Agriculture Landscapes Program to support producers in maintaining and restoring grasslands and wetlands. The strategy notes that Canada lacks a national definition of 'degraded areas' and 'effective restoration', and commits to defining these terms, establishing baselines, assessing priority areas, and facilitating progress reporting.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	By 2030, effective restoration measures are taken and implemented on at least 30% of degraded areas of terrestrial ecosystems, inland waters and marine and coastal ecosystems, in order to restore their ecosystem functions and services and improve their ecological integrity and connectivity as well as their climate resilience, while contributing to the conservation of biodiversity and the well-being of the population.	Objective 2 targets the effective restoration of at least 30% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal-marine ecosystems by 2030. Restoration is anchored in the DRC's Bonn Challenge commitment to restore 8 million hectares and in estimates that ecosystem restoration could sequester 0.76 Gt CO₂. The NBSAP combines active approaches (reforestation, assisted regeneration) with passive approaches (natural regeneration, particularly in protected areas) and mainstreams sustainable practices in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Strategic Axis 2 of the NBSAP is dedicated to this objective.
Republic of the Congo	Target 2/2: By 2030 at the latest, restore at least 20% of degraded terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystem zones, with a view to improving biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services as well as ecological integrity and connectivity.	The NBSAP commits under National Target 2/2 to restore at least 20% of degraded terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystem zones by 2030, with a view to improving biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity. Result A1O2R2 contains five actions. A project for the protection of mangrove ecosystems and marine turtles in the Kouilou department (extended to Pointe-Noire in the logframe) is scheduled for 2025 with a budget of 400 million FCFA. The mangrove restoration project and restoration of other degraded ecosystems (2025, 3,000 million FCFA) is the largest single line item. An erosion control project (2026, 500 million FCFA), restoration of degraded zones using biological methods (2026, 100 million FCFA), and identification and mapping of priority restoration zones at national level — linked to Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and ecological corridors (2026, 400 million FCFA) — complete the package. Indicators include area of mangroves restored, percentage of degraded ecosystems restored, variation in the extent of inland water ecosystems, and number of eroded sites stabilised. The NBSAP describes mangrove restoration practices it intends to apply: semi-active restoration (direct planting of propagules), wildling transplantation, nursery sowing and passive restoration, together with key success factors (involvement of local communities, preliminary site studies, monitoring and maintenance, integrated approach). Ecological restoration methods are listed as restoration by nature, use of active restoration techniques, integration of modern technologies and participatory approaches. The section on planted forests notes their role in restoring areas degraded by deforestation or agricultural activities and in reconstituting ecological corridors. The Table 28 logframe header groups these actions under the outcome statement 'At least 5% of degraded ecosystems are conserved and restored', which sits below the 20% target.
Switzerland		The NBSAP addresses ecosystem restoration through several measures and review mandates linked to SBS Objective 2 (create an ecological infrastructure). Over the past ten years, 156 km of watercourses have been revitalised, mainly in agricultural and urbanised areas of the Plateau. The action plan notes that implementation of the Federal Act on the Protection of Waters regarding restoration is more advanced in watercourses than in lakes, where only a fraction of revitalisations concern lakeshores. Measure M2 (Biodiversity-rich lakes resilient to climate change) addresses the lake restoration gap. Review mandate E5, assigned to the Federal Roads Office (FEDRO), targets the 30% threshold for biodiversity-friendly green spaces within the national road perimeter. Biodiversity promotion areas already represent approximately 20% of total green spaces managed by FEDRO. By 2030, 90% of wildlife corridors are to be remediated or at the project study phase, and neophyte control is to be strengthened. Review mandate E6, assigned to the Federal Office of Transport (FOT), sets a 30% target for green spaces within station perimeters to be developed and maintained sustainably for biodiversity. A remediation programme for wildlife corridors crossing railways is planned for 2024–2025, with budgeting by 2026 and implementation from 2029–2032. From 2029, the FOT will have georeferenced data on green spaces and biodiversity hotspots for 33 infrastructure managers.
Côte d'Ivoire	By 2020 at the latest, priority ecosystems and habitats are restored and preserved.	The NBSAP dedicates Objective 3 of Strategic Orientation 1 to restoring and preserving priority ecosystems and habitats by 2020. It identifies sites outside the parks-and-reserves network that harbour priority species, perform important ecological functions, or provide services to populations, and notes that these sites lack a specific legal status. Operational objectives call for classifying priority sites on the basis of consensual criteria and granting them legal visibility, restoring habitats that can be reconstituted, implementing specific management mechanisms to achieve a favourable state of conservation, involving populations in management, and establishing ecological monitoring systems. Separately, the strategy identifies degraded protected areas — specifically Marahoué National Park, Mount Péko National Park, and the Abokouamékro wildlife reserve — as priorities for restoration following socio-political crisis and management insufficiencies. For mining, the NBSAP notes that legislation prescribes site restoration after mine closure but that compliance remains a concern, and calls for strengthened enforcement, guidelines, and trained monitoring personnel. The strategy also calls for identifying and restoring ecosystems that generate resources and jobs, noting that destruction of mangrove spawning grounds affects coastal fishing and non-timber forest product use by disadvantaged populations.
Chile	I.8: By 2030, 1 million hectares will have been incorporated into the landscape restoration process within the framework of the National Landscape Restoration Plan. I.9: By 2030, 30% of the areas that have been declared degraded in accordance with the regulations of Law 21.600 (SBAP) will have initiated their ecological restoration process, coordinating execution with other conservation instruments of the SBAP Law or others that are pertinent.	The NBSAP assigns two national targets to ecosystem restoration. Target I.8 commits to incorporating 1 million hectares into the landscape restoration process by 2030, within the framework of the National Landscape Restoration Plan. Target I.9 requires that by 2030, 30% of areas declared degraded under the regulations of Law 21,600 (the SBAP law) will have initiated their ecological restoration process, coordinating execution with other conservation instruments under the SBAP law or other pertinent instruments. The Long-Term Climate Strategy, approved in 2021, includes landscape-scale restoration among its six biodiversity objectives (§21). The Annex 3 instrument mapping (§62) links GBF Target 2 to the Climate Change Adaptation Plan for the Biodiversity Sector, the National Strategy on Climate Change and Associated Plant Resources, the National Landscape Restoration Plan, the Native Forest Recovery and Forestry Promotion Act, and the Ramsar Convention.
Cameroon	Restore by 2030 approximately 30% of degraded ecosystems in order to rehabilitate, maintain and enhance the contributions of nature to people, including functions and ecosystem services.	The NBSAP contains extensive restoration content spanning policy frameworks, ecosystem-specific initiatives, and a quantified action plan. Two national instruments provide the policy foundation. The Harmonised Plan for the Restoration of Degraded Lands and Forest Landscapes (PRTPFD, 2021) aims to reverse land degradation trends and restore degraded forest landscapes. The National Reforestation and Restoration Programme emphasises reconstituting forests across ecological zones, including targeted reforestation of threatened species, enrichment of degraded stands, and support for domestication of high-value forest species. The programme identifies community forests, village nurseries, private plantations, and reforestation perimeters as levers for ecosystem reconstitution. The state-of-biodiversity sections document active restoration initiatives across all six major ecosystem types. For marine and coastal ecosystems, the CAMERR project targets restoration of 1,000 hectares of mangroves. The AFR100 Programme commits to restoring millions of hectares of degraded forest landscapes. Mountain ecosystem initiatives include the Bamboutos Mountains Restoration Programme and complementary programmes in Manengouba, Mandara, and Mount Oku. For wooded tropical savannas, the Great Green Wall Initiative and Operation Green Sahel target restoration in the Sahelo-Sudanian corridor. Freshwater restoration is pursued through the VIVA-Logone and VIVA-Benoue projects, which include hydrological restoration of floodplains. Semi-arid zone restoration includes the Green Sahel Programme and the Sustainable Land and Forest Management Project. The action plan establishes Objective 5: "Restore by 2030 approximately 30% of degraded ecosystems in order to rehabilitate, maintain and enhance the contributions of nature to people, including functions and ecosystem services." Action 5.1 sets a quantified target: increase restored areas from a baseline of 1,663,120 ha to at least 3,618,830 ha (stated as 30% of estimated degraded land). Additional activities include revegetating and stabilising riverbanks (from approximately 450–600 km to 1,500 km) and equipping seed banks for improved production. Action 5.2 addresses securing restored areas, targeting 1,000,000 ha of restored areas secured by IPLCs (from approximately 300,000 ha) and increasing demarcation of security perimeters from approximately 15% to 45% of restored areas. Action 5.3 calls for establishing botanical gardens for ex-situ conservation of medicinal plants, proposing 10 gardens (1 national, 4 regional, 5 community or university).
China	By 2030, forest coverage shall reach approximately 25%, comprehensive grassland vegetation coverage shall reach approximately 60%, at least 30% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine ecosystems shall be effectively restored, and ecosystem quality, functions, and stability shall be significantly enhanced.	The NBSAP explicitly commits to restoring at least 30% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine ecosystems by 2030, directly mirroring the KMGBF target. Priority Action 8 provides the detailed framework, requiring completion of terrestrial and marine ecological zoning, identification of key areas for ecological restoration, and adherence to natural recovery as the primary approach. The strategy advances integrated conservation and systematic governance of mountains, waters, forests, farmland, lakes, grassland, and sand. Specific restoration measures include large-scale territorial greening campaigns, wetland and grassland ecological restoration, desertification control and rocky desertification management, and rest and recuperation for grasslands, forests, rivers, lakes, and wetlands. Near-natural engineering measures are specified for habitat restoration and ecological corridor construction to enhance habitat connectivity and expand suitable habitat ranges. For marine ecosystems, restoration focuses on estuaries, bays, coastal wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, and shoreline remediation. The 2030 strategic objectives include forest coverage reaching approximately 25%, comprehensive grassland vegetation coverage reaching approximately 60%, and the 30% restoration target. The NBSAP also requires regulation and effectiveness assessment of aquatic organism stock enhancement and release programmes, and incorporation of biodiversity into the performance evaluation system for ecological conservation and restoration projects. Urban ecosystem restoration is addressed separately under Priority Action 18, which calls for urban species habitat restoration, waterfront shoreline restoration, and ecological corridor construction in cities.
Colombia	National Target 2. Territories with ecosystem integrity and regenerative models.	The NBSAP addresses restoration through Commitment 2 (driving the transition of production models towards sustainability, the revaluation of biodiversity and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits) and National Target 2 (Territories with ecosystem integrity and regenerative models). Existing indicator coverage is reported by IDEAM in the Forest and Carbon Monitoring System (SMByC), aggregating ecological restoration, rehabilitation and recovery of degraded areas reported by the regional autonomous corporations; the Ministry of Environment operates an application for tracking initiatives and projects of the National Restoration Strategy. ANLA provides restoration data tied to environmental offsets from licenced projects, including mortality and recruitment rates as success measures. Degraded-soil maps and restoration priority portfolios have been produced by IGAC, the SINA research institutes and the Ministry of Environment. The costing chapter quantifies two headline indicators: areas undergoing restoration (ecological restoration, rehabilitation and recovery of degraded areas) at a unit cost of 20 million pesos per hectare covering agreements, socialisation, implementation, monitoring, maintenance and reporting for at least two years, yielding approximately 19 trillion pesos to reach 952,000 additional hectares by 2030; and areas undergoing productive reconversion at a unit cost of 14.2 million pesos per hectare (average of ANT 12 million pesos/ha 2023 and UPRA 2021 commercial value), yielding 42.6 trillion pesos for 3,000,000 additional hectares by 2030. National Target 2 accounts for 61.7 trillion pesos or 80.7% of the total estimated Action Plan budget of 76.5 trillion pesos. Restoration is also referenced in regional recommendations, including a dedicated fund for the restoration of strategic ecosystems affected by climate change such as páramos and dry forests.
Czechia		The Strategy redefines the framework for implementing the EU Nature Restoration Regulation, which aims to restore damaged ecosystems and adapt the European landscape to climate change impacts. The Strategy identifies restoration needs across multiple ecosystem types. For freshwater ecosystems, the priority is integrated watercourse management, restoration and protection of natural functions of watercourses and floodplains, and removal of transverse obstacles creating migration barriers. Revitalisation of wetlands, springs, and peat bogs is identified as important. Action Objective 1.2.4 commits to systematically removing unnecessary transverse and longitudinal obstacles on watercourses and constructing fish passes, with a target to increase the length of free-flowing rivers by at least 200 km compared to 2020. For non-forest habitats, the Strategy notes that species-rich meadows and pastures require regular management to prevent succession and loss of valuable habitats. In forest ecosystems, measures include increasing genetic, species, age, and spatial structure, leaving sufficient dead wood and habitat trees, and promoting alternative management methods such as non-clear-cutting methods, medium and low forests. Action measures 10.3.3 and 10.3.4 commit to securing funding for watercourse and floodplain restoration, wetland revitalisation, and implementation of the National Nature Restoration Plan from public sources.
Germany	By 2030, in accordance with the EU Nature Restoration Regulation, effective restoration measures are to be established on at least 20% of EU land areas and at least 20% of EU sea areas within the scope of that regulation. Germany will contribute to the achievement of those targets on an appropriate scale and also align that contribution with the goals and targets of the Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), which envisages restoration measures covering at least 30% of all degraded ecosystems by 2030. By 2050, restoration measures will cover all ecosystems in need of restoration.	The NBS 2030 dedicates Action area 3 to ecosystem restoration. Target 3.1 commits Germany to implementing effective restoration measures on at least 20% of EU land areas and at least 20% of EU sea areas by 2030 in accordance with the EU Nature Restoration Regulation, contributing on an appropriate scale and aligning with the GBF target of restoration measures covering at least 30% of all degraded ecosystems by 2030. By 2050, restoration measures are to cover all ecosystems in need of restoration. The strategy frames the EU Nature Restoration Regulation as a key instrument and references the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030), which Germany implements under the Federal Environment Ministry and the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Activities include a competition recognising representative restoration projects, regular public events, and a scientific advisory board. Peatland restoration receives detailed treatment. Target 9.4 calls for all natural and near-natural peatlands to be protected by 2030 with at least 70% at good conservation status or with a secure development outlook. By 2050, another 25% of currently drained peat soil areas are to be returned to a near-natural state through raised water levels and nature conservation measures. The National Peatland Protection Strategy (adopted November 2022) sets ten fields of action with 49 goals and 117 measures, centred on rewetting drained peatlands. It requires annual greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced by at least 5 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030 through peat soil conservation. For coasts and seas, Target 10.2 commits to implementing restoration measures in at least 20% of the area comprising the exclusive economic zone, Germany's territorial sea, and associated river basins by 2030, with coastal protection measures prioritising Nature-based Solutions.
Denmark		Denmark addresses ecosystem restoration through the EU Nature Restoration Law and a suite of domestic initiatives covering terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems. The Nature Restoration Law obliges EU member states to initiate recovery measures covering at least 20 per cent of EU land and sea areas by 2030, and all ecosystems needing recovery by 2050. The government will draw up a national recovery plan to implement the regulation's requirements. Marine restoration centres on the Maritime Strategy and Action Programme 2024, which lists more than 100 actions including the establishment of stone reefs. The government is implementing reef restoration at six locations in Øresund, Lillebælt, Kattegat, and Roskilde Fjord. Two national marine parks are being established in Lillebælt and Øresund. A marine nature fund has been allocated DKK 500 million for 2024-2030 (with up to DKK 350 million additional if sea wind tenders exceed revenue expectations), funded through the agreement on 6 GW of sea wind and the Bornholm Energy Island. On land, 15 approved national nature reserves are being implemented, with five further reserves decided under the Agreement on a Green Denmark. These reserves allow larger connected natural areas with no farming or forestry, untouched forest, recreated natural hydrology, and large grazing animals. The government will establish 75,000 hectares of untouched forest, with around 70,000 hectares in state forests and approximately 5,000 hectares on municipal and private land. Five existing national parks operate under ten broad objectives, and up to three additional national parks may be designated. Internationally, Denmark became a core contributor to the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration Fund in 2022, contributing DKK 70 million in 2022-2025, and provides DKK 200 million as a core contribution to the UN Environment Programme in the same period.
Egypt	By 2030, rehabilitate and restore 20% of degraded ecological areas and their natural values, ensure their connectivity and capacity to deliver ecosystem services, with priority focus on wetlands	The NBSAP sets a national target of rehabilitating and restoring 20% of degraded ecological areas by 2030, with priority focus on wetlands. It identifies coastal lakes — Lake Manzala, Lake Burullus, and Lake Edku — as prominent recent restoration sites where waste removal and water-quality improvement have been undertaken, and names Lake Bardawil and Wadi El-Rayan Reserve among target ecosystems. Coral reefs of the Red Sea are cited as ecosystems under restoration programmes that monitor reef health and limit unsustainable tourism, and Egypt is noted to participate in the regional "Green Belt" initiative against desertification. Implementation steps include: comprehensive environmental assessment to identify degraded areas (degraded agricultural land, desertified areas, climate-affected coastal areas); use of remote sensing and drones to monitor degradation; reforestation with drought- and desertification-resistant native species; strengthened protection of reserves such as Wadi El Rayan and Saint Catherine; rehabilitation of salinised and eroded soils through ecological remediation; wetland restoration at Lake Qarun and Lake Burullus; establishment of new marine protected areas with stricter enforcement for coral reefs; carbon-storing ecosystem restoration (forests and wetlands); international partnerships for knowledge transfer; local-community employment in vegetation and agricultural-land rehabilitation; and AI-driven analysis of satellite and drone data to prioritise restoration. Challenges cited are climate change, population growth, and funding continuity.
Eritrea	Target 1: By 2030, 15% of the degraded terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems, and particularly those that provide essential services to livelihoods and well-being of people, are under restoration or rehabilitation through appropriate ecosystem restoration and management measures to enhance their resilience, integrity, structure and function; loss of natural habitats, degradation and fragmentation of ecosystems is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero.	Eritrea's National Target 1 commits to restoring or rehabilitating 15% of degraded terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems by 2030, with a total budget of USD 27,535,000. The target states that loss of natural habitats, degradation, and fragmentation of ecosystems is to be "at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero." The NBSAP establishes a multi-pronged restoration strategy organized around eight objectives. For terrestrial ecosystems, the NBSAP calls for developing and approving a National Ecosystem Restoration Plan (Action 1.1.3, 2026, USD 100,000) and implementing restoration and rehabilitation projects (Action 1.1.5, 2027-2030, USD 300,000). Forest rehabilitation measures include encouraging planting of multi-purpose, drought-resistant indigenous trees (Action 1.2.2, 2026-2030, USD 5,000,000), expanding areas under closures for natural regeneration in selected hotspots (Action 1.2.4), and improving natural forest management (Action 1.2.5). Over 400,000 hectares of land are already under community-managed closures. For marine and coastal ecosystems, the NBSAP plans to map and identify key coral reef, seagrass, and mangrove areas (Action 1.6.1, 2027-2028, USD 150,000), initiate coral reef restoration programmes (Action 1.6.2, 2028), and implement mangrove rehabilitation projects (Action 1.6.3, 2028-2030). Progress since 2015 includes a 13% increase in mangrove cover along the Eritrean coast, with planted mangroves in the Dahlak Archipelago reaching heights of 1.6-3.62 metres and becoming habitat for marine invertebrates, fish, and birds. Community-level capacity building includes disseminating energy-efficient stoves (152,165 distributed up to 2017), expanding renewable energy access, promoting biogas at household level (targeting 1,000 households), and strengthening sustainable land management practices. The NBSAP also addresses enforcement, including reviewing penalties for illegal tree cutting under Proclamation 155/2006 and operationalizing a Legal Unit within the Forestry and Wildlife Authority.
Spain		The NBSAP commits to ecological restoration within the framework of the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan and the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. Restoration actions focus especially on ecosystems in general and particularly wetland ecosystems (including peatlands), mature forests, grasslands, and seagrass meadows, as well as the promotion of connectivity and green infrastructure. The Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, in collaboration with the Autonomous Communities, is to adopt a National Restoration Plan in application of the future EU Nature Restoration Regulation, with objectives, actions, and a timetable. In 2023, the NBSAP calls for advancing in the quantification of the state of degradation of ecosystems and the identification of priority areas for improvement. Restoration work also continues through hydrological-forestry restoration actions and restoration of burnt areas, with an emphasis on evolving towards a holistic vision of multifunctional system recovery. For wetlands specifically, the period 1991–2017 saw restoration projects recovering a minimum of 18,000 hectares. The new Strategic Wetlands Plan to 2030 provides the framework for further recovery. In urban settings, grants for urban greening are planned to restore ecosystems and reduce habitat fragmentation, and the Biodiversity Foundation is to launch specific calls for renaturalisation of urban environments.
European Union	Legally binding EU nature restoration targets to be proposed in 2021, subject to an impact assessment. By 2030, significant areas of degraded and carbon-rich ecosystems are restored; habitats and species show no deterioration in conservation trends and status; and at least 30% reach favourable conservation status or at least show a positive trend.	Ecosystem restoration is a centrepiece of the strategy, anchored by the EU Nature Restoration Plan. The Commission commits to proposing legally binding EU nature restoration targets in 2021, subject to an impact assessment, to restore degraded ecosystems — particularly those with high carbon capture and storage potential and those that prevent and reduce the impact of natural disasters. By 2030, significant areas of degraded and carbon-rich ecosystems are to be restored; habitats and species are to show no deterioration in conservation trends and status; and at least 30% of species and habitats not currently in favourable status are to reach that category or show a strong positive trend. The plan spans multiple ecosystem types. For agricultural land, at least 10% of area is to be under high-diversity landscape features and at least 25% under organic farming. For forests, a roadmap for planting at least 3 billion additional trees by 2030 is to be included in a new EU Forest Strategy. For freshwater ecosystems, at least 25,000 km of rivers are to be restored into free-flowing rivers by 2030 through removal of primarily obsolete barriers and restoration of floodplains and wetlands. Marine ecosystems are to achieve good environmental status through the EU Common Fisheries Policy, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, and a new action plan to conserve fisheries resources. Soil restoration is addressed through a revision of the EU Soil Thematic Strategy and a Zero Pollution Action Plan.
Gabon	Map all degraded ecosystems and restore 30% of priority habitats	Gabon's National Target 2 commits to mapping all degraded ecosystems and restoring 30% of priority habitats. By 2028, the NBSAP calls for identifying and mapping all degraded ecosystems across forest, savannah, soils, mangrove, freshwater, and marine categories. Restoration is to be carried out at the national scale in collaboration with key stakeholders, with capacity-strengthening to support implementation. Mangrove restoration programmes have been initiated at priority sites including Mondah Bay, Komo Estuary, and the Ogooué Delta, as well as coastal lagoons degraded by urbanisation. Restoration methods include replanting of mangrove propagules, hydrological rehabilitation to restore tidal flows, removal of waste and pollution sources, and protection of restored areas. Local communities are trained in restoration techniques, with local mangrove management committees and compatible income-generating activities (oyster farming, ecotourism) developed alongside. The CDN2 (2020) also includes the development of a reforestation and degraded ecosystem restoration programme. The zero deforestation initiative provides for restoration of degraded areas to compensate for any forest loss.
United Kingdom	The UK will ensure that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and marine and coastal ecosystems are under effective restoration, in order to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity.	The NBSAP sets UK target 2, committing to ensure that by 2030 at least 30 per cent of areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and marine and coastal ecosystems are under effective restoration. The stated purpose is to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity.
Equatorial Guinea	Ensure that by 2030 at least 20% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine ecosystem areas are under effective restoration, in order to improve biodiversity, ecosystem functions, services, and ecological integrity and connectivity.	National Target 2 of the ENPADIB 2025–2030 commits to ensure that by 2030 at least 20% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine ecosystem areas are under effective restoration — a figure below the global Target 2 threshold of 30%. A separate National Target 11 commits to restore degraded ecosystems in terrestrial, coastal, marine and fluvial domains through ecosystem-based approaches and nature-based solutions. Implementation conditions include updating of sectoral legal frameworks (Environment, Water and Coasts, Forest Use and Management, Fisheries, Hydrocarbons, Mining), diagnostic studies of degraded ecosystems, national ownership of the SEPAL project and its extension to coastal and marine ecosystems, accession to the Abidjan Convention on marine and coastal areas of West and Central Africa, accession to the Bamako Convention on hazardous waste movement, and preparation of a National Strategy for the Restoration of Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems. Priority restoration areas identified are degraded forest ecosystems, coastal ecosystems and estuaries (including mangroves), aquatic ecosystems and watersheds, and native species of conservation interest. Degree of alignment with global Target 2 is rated MEDIUM.
Hungary		The NBSAP sets quantified restoration targets under Objective 2 for three major ecosystem types: at least 34,000 hectares of wetlands, at least 35,000 hectares of permanent grasslands, and at least 135,000 hectares of forest ecosystems. For the 2014–2020 period, habitat restoration and long-term management interventions were carried out on approximately 117,000 hectares using EU funds (ERDF, LIFE), affecting 6% of Natura 2000 sites and approximately 14% of protected areas of national importance. Wetland restoration measures include water retention infrastructure, dismantling artificial embankments, creating new wetlands, grassland buffer zones, and controlling invasive species and big game. Grassland restoration involves nature-friendly management practices, water balance investments, succession control, restoring derelict enclaves, establishing buffer zones, and reintroducing or translocating characteristic species. Forest restoration includes management plans for conservation asset management, site-specific restoration of degraded steppic woods, water balance investments, and promoting enriched forest structures among private forest managers.
Indonesia	National Target 2 (TN 2): Enhancing restoration, rehabilitation, and reclamation.	Strategy 1.2 (Restoration of Degraded Ecosystem) and National Target 2 (TN 2): Enhancing Restoration, Rehabilitation, and Reclamation cover terrestrial, inland water, coastal and marine restoration. The NBSAP reports that critical land in 2022 covered almost 7 percent of Indonesia's land area (58 percent inside and 42 percent outside forest areas), a 9 percent decrease from 2018; the Seagrass Ecosystem Health Index (IKEL) stood at 0.66 in 2021 (moderate); and about 30 percent of coral reefs had cover in good or very good categories. TN 2 is measured by a single indicator — annual area of ecosystem restoration, rehabilitation, and reclamation — with a 2020 baseline of 579,297 hectares/year, a 2023 achievement of 481,917 hectares/year, and targets of 500,000 in 2025, 550,000 in 2030, and 600,000 in 2045, aggregated across forests and land, peat, mangroves, and post-mining areas. The National Wetland Management Strategy sets mangrove rehabilitation targets through 2045, and coral reef rehabilitation activities are distributed across multiple sites. TN 2 is delivered through four action groups: increasing restoration of degraded terrestrial, inland water, coastal and small island, and marine ecosystems; and increasing the effectiveness of that restoration. Implementation is led by KLH/BPLH, Kemenhut, KKP, Kementan, Kemen ESDM, Kemen PU, Kemenhub, and provincial and regency/municipal governments with private sector and non-state actor support. Restoration is also linked to Indonesia's FOLU Net Sink 2030 commitment to reach Net Zero Emission in the forestry and land sector by 2030, with Nature-based Solutions (NbS) and Ecosystem-based Approaches (EbA) including reforestation, wetland restoration and regenerative agriculture.
India	Ensure that by 2030, at least the prioritized 30 per cent areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and marine and coastal ecosystems are under effective restoration, in order to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity.	India's NBSAP commits to ensuring that by 2030, at least 30 per cent of prioritised areas of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and marine and coastal ecosystems are under effective restoration, to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, ecological integrity and connectivity. The headline indicator is area under restoration (indicator 2.1), with land degradation (SDG indicator 15.3.1) as a component indicator and Proportion of Key Biodiversity Areas in favourable condition as a complementary indicator. The monitoring framework tracks nine national indicators: trends in forest cover (2.1), trends in aquatic ecosystems (2.2), trends in mangrove cover and coastal area management (2.3), trends in river water quality in stretches of high concern (2.4), trends in afforestation and restoration (2.5), trends in combating desertification (2.6), trends in natural fertility maintenance in agricultural lands (2.7), extent of abandoned shifting cultivation areas (2.8), and extent of restoration of degraded wetlands (2.9). Lead agencies include the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Forest Survey of India, Forest Research Institute, National Mission for Clean Ganga, and State Wetland Authorities, among others.
Iran	Ensure that by 2030, at least 30% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, marine, and coastal ecosystems in Iran are under effective restoration, enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem functions, services, ecological integrity, and connectivity.	The NBSAP commits to ensuring that by 2030, at least 30 per cent of degraded terrestrial, inland water, marine, and coastal ecosystems in Iran are under effective restoration, enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem functions, services, ecological integrity, and connectivity. This commitment appears within NT-1 and directly mirrors KMGBF Target 2's 30 per cent restoration goal. The mission statement also identifies protection and restoration of Iran's natural ecosystems as a guiding principle. Ten specific restoration actions are listed, emphasising community-based approaches: incorporating traditional land management and sustainable grazing practices; involving pastoralists and nomadic tribes in decision-making; rehabilitating degraded grazing lands crucial to nomadic livelihoods; establishing community-based monitoring systems for restoration projects; and enhancing climate change resilience through targeted restoration in vulnerable regions. Both national and international funding are to be allocated for community-based restoration, with local communities involved in decision-making.
Iceland	That by 2030, the restoration of at least 30% of those ecosystems that have been degraded shall have been initiated.	The NBSAP sets a national target that by 2030, restoration of at least 30% of degraded ecosystems will have commenced. The policy identifies terrestrial ecosystems as the primary focus, specifically heathlands, wetlands and birch woodlands, noting that up to 70% of wetland in the Icelandic lowlands has been drained for agricultural purposes and natural birch woodland cover is only about 1.5% following deforestation traceable to the settlement period. The Land og líf (Land and Life) land reclamation plan and national forestry plan to 2031 is cited as containing clear targets for restoration, with an accompanying action plan defining and scheduling various actions on the restoration of terrestrial ecosystems including wetlands and birch woodlands. The policy notes less experience with restoration of freshwater, marine and coastal ecosystems and calls for identifying the necessary issues and opportunities in those domains. The Soil Conservation Service and Forestry Service (Land og skógur) is identified as the principal implementing body for terrestrial ecosystem restoration, carrying out research and monitoring in cooperation with the Agricultural University of Iceland, the Icelandic Institute of Natural History, the Environment Agency of Iceland and natural history institutions. For freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems, the Environment and Energy Agency manages projects under the river basin management plan.
Japan — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030	Action-oriented target 1-3: Implement restoration of degraded ecosystems through nature restoration efforts under the Act on Promotion of Nature Restoration and other measures.	The NBSAP commits under Action-oriented target 1-3 to restore damaged ecosystems, including forests, grasslands, wetlands, rivers, tidal flats, seagrass/seaweed beds, and coral reefs. Implementation builds on the Act on Promotion of Nature Restoration (Nature Restoration Law) and its Nature Restoration Overall Plans, which are developed by regional councils bringing together local governments, NGOs, experts, and residents. Specific restoration pathways include forest thinning and conversion of plantations to mixed forests, restoration of abandoned agricultural land, re-wetting of peatlands, opening of closed river channels to restore fish passage, and planting of seagrass and seaweed beds. Coral reef restoration is pursued under the Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reef Ecosystems in Japan 2022-2030. The government will expand the number of Nature Restoration Overall Plans and the cumulative area under restoration.
Lebanon	NT 2: By 2030, rehabilitation plans are implemented in at least 20% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and marine and coastal ecosystems (including areas affected by the 2024 war) so that these ecosystems can safeguard the sustained delivery of ecosystem services and enhance ecological integrity and connectivity.	National Target 2 commits that by 2030 rehabilitation plans are implemented in at least 20% of degraded terrestrial, inland water and marine and coastal ecosystems–explicitly including areas affected by the 2024 war–so that these ecosystems can safeguard the sustained delivery of ecosystem services and enhance ecological integrity and connectivity. The target is tracked through Headline Indicator 2.1 (Surface Area Under Restoration, in hectares, reported through the FAO FERM registry every three years with a 2011–2020 baseline) and a national Degraded Land indicator aligned to SDG 15.3.1. National Actions include preparing a national inventory of degraded sites by type and location including war-affected areas (NA 2.1), developing a prioritization scheme based on socio-environmental criteria (NA 2.2), developing technical rehabilitation guidelines with legally binding status (NA 2.3), developing or updating rehabilitation plans aligned with those guidelines (NA 2.4), producing a national master plan for rehabilitation building on existing quarry and dumpsite plans with separate terrestrial and marine streams (NA 2.5), designating pilot sites (NA 2.6) and undertaking pilot rehabilitation in at least one of each site type–dumpsites, degraded forest, rangeland, riverbed, wetlands, old terraces, submarine canyons, vermetid reefs, seagrass meadows, ports, artificial lakes, dam sites, sea-filled coastal areas and aquaculture sites (NA 2.7). A separate incentive line commits to tax credits or financial incentives for companies and individuals participating in ecosystem restoration and sustainable forest management.
Lesotho	By 2030, 30% of degraded terrestrial ecosystems, especially wetlands and rangelands restored	Lesotho's National Target 2 commits to restoring 30% of degraded terrestrial ecosystems by 2030, with particular emphasis on wetlands and rangelands. The action plan under Strategic Initiative 2.1 includes five actions with a total budget of USD 51,235,291, making it the most heavily resourced national target. Key actions include assessing ecosystem degradation status and producing ecosystem condition and vulnerability maps (USD 1,058,823, 2027/2029); developing and implementing a national programme for rehabilitation and restoration of degraded ecosystems (USD 35,294,117, 2026/2030); strengthening rangeland management through grazing associations, grazing plans, rangeland inventories and bylaws (USD 1,647,058); developing and implementing Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) initiatives (USD 11,764,705); and establishing community eco-tourism and sustainable livelihood programmes including biotrade initiatives (USD 1,470,588). The NBSAP II review notes that land rehabilitation activities have been continuously undertaken using the ICM compendium as a guiding tool, that the Range Management Policy is being revised, and that wetland protection exists in some places such as Mokema.
Luxembourg		Ecosystem restoration is the central pillar of Luxembourg's NBSAP. The strategy commits to a national restoration plan covering protected areas and the wider territory, targeting the improvement of conservation status of habitats and species, the strengthening of ecosystem resilience, and the restoration of ecological connectivity (§13). The strategy sets two binding national milestones: (a) halt any degradation of 100% of habitats and species of Community interest currently in unfavourable conservation status by 2026, and (b) restore the favourable conservation status of at least 30% of habitats and/or species not currently in favourable status by 2030, or at least show a significantly positive trend (§15). Restoration objectives are quantified per habitat type in Annex D, with creation and improvement targets for 2026 and 2030 across dozens of habitat categories including grasslands, wetlands, forests, watercourses, standing waters, and rocky habitats (§73). Freshwater restoration measures include establishment of 500 km of riparian buffer strips by 2030 (350 km by 2026), improvement of 700 springs by 2030, renaturalisation of at least 20 km of free-flowing watercourses, and restoration of ecological continuity at 797 problematic technical structures (§23, §31). Luxembourg will re-examine water abstraction and embankment permits to achieve good ecological status for all surface waters and groundwater by 2027 (§23). For agricultural land, the strategy targets 12% of agricultural area as high-biodiversity landscape features managed without fertilisers or pesticides, and 13,000 ha under biodiversity contracts (§24, §32). The farmland bird index is to reach 105% of 2010 values by 2026 and 110% by 2030 (§29). Forest ecosystem measures include maintaining 35% forest cover, limiting timber harvests in public broadleaf forests to 80% of increment (60% in climax broadleaf stands), planting 1.7 million additional trees by 2030, and designating 10,000 ha of forest reserves by 2030 with 3,000 ha as integral forest reserves (§25, §33, §12). Two-thirds of eligible forest area is to be managed under 'Klimabonusbësch' contracts by 2030 (§25). Sensitive grassland ecosystems are addressed through a national strategy for their preservation and restoration, with targets including 6,000 ha of sensitive grasslands classified within ZPIN by 2030 (§18, §12). The national plan for pollinator preservation targets halting declines of insects and pollinators through habitat management, pesticide restrictions, and buffer zones (§17). Ecological connectivity restoration targets the construction of six major wildlife-crossing structures by 2026, restoration of connectivity at 20 sensitive forest network points, and restoration of ecological continuity at 400 aquatic network structures by 2026 (797 by 2030) (§22, §30).
Marshall Islands		The NBSAP designates sub-target 1.2 for active ecological restoration of degraded ecosystems, delivered primarily through Reimaanlok Steps 3–6. Headline indicator 2.1 (Area Under Restoration) tracks progress, with RMI EPA as data lead. Restoration encompasses restoring converted areas back to natural states, improving the ecological integrity of degraded natural areas, and rehabilitating converted and degraded areas such as degraded agricultural lands. Several actions address restoration directly. The National Nuclear Commission Strategy acknowledges the nuclear legacy's impact on marine and terrestrial biodiversity—noting initial loss of up to 28 coral species in specific areas from 67 nuclear tests conducted between 1946 and 1958—and supports restoration and environmental remediation. The NAP prioritizes nature alongside engineered infrastructure for shoreline protection. The Forest Action Plan includes coastal reinforcement and climate resilience through restoring and managing coastal and mangrove forests. The MICS and partners are implementing a TNC/SPREP Coastal Restoration project on Bikirin Island, Majuro Atoll (Action 116b), and a Scaling-up Identification, Protection, and Local Management of Climate-resistant Coral Reefs project (Action 120), including establishing a Laura Community 'Super Reef' Marine Protected Area. Action 5.v calls for advancing the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation by supporting ecosystem restoration and invasive species control efforts.
Mauritania — National Biodiversity Strategy 2022–2030		The NBSAP includes restoration commitments across terrestrial and mining ecosystems. Action B.1.3 commits to launching reforestation and ecological restoration programmes in areas of high biodiversity importance and sensitivity, targeting 500,000 hectares reforested or restored by 2030. Action B.1.5 calls for rehabilitating soils and ecosystems in former mining sites, targeting 1,000 hectares restored across at least 10 different sites by 2030. Action B.3.2 proposes measures for sustainable use of forest products by developing nature-based solutions and valorising ecosystem services, with 10 projects in 5 different Wilayas by 2030. The review of the 2011-2020 strategy notes that earlier restoration efforts included firebreaks, reforestation, and seeding of degraded lands, though these remained limited in large-scale impact.
Malta	By 2030, degraded ecosystems, in particular those with potential for climate change adaptation and mitigation, are under restoration or rehabilitation to ensure their integrity, structure, function, and connectivity.	National Target 3 commits that by 2030, degraded ecosystems, in particular those with potential for climate change adaptation and mitigation, are under restoration or rehabilitation to ensure their integrity, structure, function, and connectivity. Action 3.1 requires that priority areas of degraded terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems are identified by 2025, with relevant restoration and rehabilitation projects then implemented, with specific focus on ecosystems most vulnerable to climate change and those with the highest climate mitigation potential. Action 3.2 commits to strengthening collaboration with nurseries and botanic gardens to ensure sufficient native plant stocks free from pests and diseases for restoration, forestation, and green infrastructure initiatives.
Malaysia	By 2030, threatened natural ecosystems are sustainably managed and degraded ecosystems are restored	Malaysia's NPBD Target 9 states: "By 2030, threatened natural ecosystems are sustainably managed and degraded ecosystems are restored." Action 9.2 commits the country to identify and prioritise sites for restoration, including ecological corridors and natural ecosystems degraded by anthropogenic or natural stresses, and to ensure these areas are protected; to facilitate restoration using science-based methodologies appropriate to site-specific conditions; to require that the total costs of mitigation and restoration be borne by the parties responsible for degradation; to prioritise collaborative approaches enabling IPLCs, NGOs, and the private sector to participate in restoration projects; and to build synergies across national restoration initiatives. A Key Indicator sets a quantified target: by 2030, at least 200,000 hectares of degraded sites are being actively restored. Action 9.3 addresses ecosystem resilience through landscape-ecology research, incorporation of spatial resilience factors into planning, and monitoring of landscape and seascape changes including climate-change impacts. The Ministry in charge of biodiversity and forestry is the lead agency, with MBC, JPSM, FRIM, state focal points, and state biodiversity agencies, CSOs/NGOs, and the private sector as partners.
Namibia		Ecosystem restoration is addressed through two dedicated programmes under Strategic Goal 1 (Thematic Pillar 1.1). Programme 4 targets degraded terrestrial ecosystems, rangelands and forest landscapes, covering land degradation, bush encroachment, dryland ecosystem recovery, forest landscape restoration and rehabilitation of mining areas. It builds on the National Strategy for Sustainable Management of Bush Resources (2022) and the Namibia Rangeland Policy and Strategy (2012), and is implemented in and around state forests, protected areas, communal conservancies and community forests, including buffer zones and wildlife corridors. Bush encroachment interventions apply site-specific ecological thresholds, integrate sustainable bush utilisation, and coordinate with grazing, fire and hydrological management. Mining is identified as a major threat and the NBSAP notes that no policy currently guides restoration of previously mined areas, leading to a committed action to develop a cross-sectoral national restoration and rehabilitation policy. Programme 5 addresses degraded freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems, prioritising catchment-scale interventions, protection of wetlands and riparian zones, and the creation of a network of community fisheries reserves along perennial rivers. Marine restoration is precautionary, emphasising natural recovery supported by spatial protection, ecosystem-based fisheries management and removal of threats such as plastic pollution and marine debris. Transboundary coordination operates through river basin commissions, the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) framework and the Transboundary Fisheries Framework for the Okavango River Basin (developed in 2023).
Nigeria	By 2020, up to 15% of the areas of degraded ecosystems in Nigeria are under programmes for restoration and sustainable management.	National Target 4 states: "By 2020, up to 15% of the areas of degraded ecosystems in Nigeria are under programmes for restoration and sustainable management." The strategy and action plan details eight actions under this target, all assigned to the 2016–2020 timeframe. The NBSAP calls for establishing a National Forest and Vegetation Recovery Programme including mangroves and other coastal areas (Action 4.1, FDF), reviewing and strengthening the National Forest Policy to improve efficiency while promoting conservation and restoration (Action 4.2, FDF), resuscitating the National Forest Development Committee and Forest Utilization Centres (Action 4.3, FDF), developing a national strategy for conservation of agricultural biodiversity and promotion of agroforestry (Action 4.4, FDF), establishing a National Rivers and Wetlands Rehabilitation Programme linked to pollution reduction under Target 8 (Action 4.5, FDF), supporting implementation of the Great Green Wall Sahara Programme (Action 4.6, DDA), promoting alternative livelihoods for communities in protected and ecosystem restoration areas (Action 4.7, FDF), and developing community-based sustainable energy-efficient production facilities such as biogas and solar energy around protected and ecosystem restoration areas (Action 4.8, Renewable Energy Unit/ECN).
Netherlands		The NBSAP presents ecosystem restoration as a prerequisite for offering economic developments a sustainable perspective, and devotes the largest section of any action target to the topic. The government commits EUR 2.8 billion through the Nature Programme (Programma Natuur) over 2021-2030 for nature restoration, with priority given to combating imminent deterioration in and around nitrogen-sensitive Natura 2000 areas. An additional EUR 500 million is intended from 2026 onwards for further restoration measures. Under the Nature Pact of 2013, approximately EUR 415 million per year (85% national, 15% provincial) funds BHD and Water Framework Directive objectives. The Birds and Habitats Directives (BHD) form the core EU instruments. In achieving BHD objectives, the focus is on robust nature restoration addressing multiple pressures: where quality is stable, it is maintained; where things are going poorly, restoration is pursued. Nature objective analyses indicate on an area-specific basis what is going well and where bottlenecks remain. All provinces, Rijkswaterstaat, and Defence delivered the first nature objective analyses for nitrogen-sensitive Natura 2000 areas in April 2023. At the end of 2024, agreements were made to broaden subsequent analyses to all pressures and both nitrogen-sensitive and non-nitrogen-sensitive Natura 2000 areas. A BHD Nature Monitoring Improvement Programme is expanding the monitoring system to provide insight at the area level. Nitrogen policy is undergoing a change of course: the government continues to work on structural nitrogen emission reductions but shifts from a deposition-based to an emissions-based approach. The Nitrogen Reduction and Nature Improvement Programme (PSN) includes both source measures and nature restoration measures, elaborated through landscape-ecological system analyses (LESAs) guided by the Ecological Authority. The Forest Strategy identifies revitalisation of degraded forest as a main objective. Provinces are to draw up revitalisation plans indicating where restoration is needed; the national strategy does not quantify the revitalisation target in hectares. Forest management is to focus primarily on biodiversity, climate adaptation, and climate mitigation. For marine ecosystems, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive requires a marine strategy revised every six years. Good environmental status has been achieved only for the descriptor on contaminants in fishery products; for all other descriptors, good environmental status is not yet within reach across North Sea countries. The Programmatic Approach to Large Waters (PAGW) targets a future-proof system of large waters by 2050, with 23 development projects in plan studies to be constructed by 2033. A next tranche of projects is expected before 2030. For the Wadden Sea, extra efforts proceed through five tracks: PAGW system interventions, the Wadden Sea Authority improving management, Natura 2000 management plans for conservation objectives, a Policy Framework for Wadden Sea Nature (BNW) to reduce cumulative pressures on ecology, and trilateral cooperation with Germany and Denmark. The BNW is in its Analysis phase (ending Q3 2025), followed by scenario development from Q4 2024 through Q4 2025. Basic nature quality (Basiskwaliteit Natuur) integrates nature into the living, working, and residential environment by combining primary land-use functions with how common species use the space, including through different management of existing green spaces and verges. The 'Ik wil eerlijke zuivel' initiative brings dairy farmers near Natura 2000 areas into sustainable balance through chain collaboration and fair milk pricing. The Nature Restoration Regulation (NRR) adds obligations for terrestrial, coastal, freshwater, marine, urban, agricultural, and forest ecosystems, plus rivers and pollinators. Member States must submit a Nature Plan by 1 September 2027 with concrete measures for the period to 2030 and a strategic outlook to 2050. Wildfire management receives EUR 70 million over 2024-2029 for nature management, knowledge development, risk communication, and emergency infrastructure. The Infrastructure Domain of the Nature-Inclusive Agenda 2.0 targets biodiversity recovery by 2030 and positive biodiversity impact from infrastructure projects from 2030, aiming to make ecological management the norm across the 8% of Netherlands land occupied by infrastructure, including complete phasing out of pesticide use on verges, dykes, and substations.
Norway		The NBSAP documents two large completed restoration projects as reference points. Restoration of the former Hjerkinn firing range ran from 2005 to 2020 and returned 5.2 km² of nature, with 12.2 km² equivalent gain in high-quality summer habitat for wild reindeer and estimated 54,500 tonnes of carbon storage in restored willow moor and bog/wetlands; over 130 km² was incorporated into Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park in 2018. The Svea and Lunckefjell mine restoration on Svalbard was completed after six years, moving approximately 2 million m³ of mass, demolishing 42,000 m² of buildings and restoring nearly 30 km of road, completed ahead of schedule and NOK 900 million below budget; much of the restored area was incorporated into Van Mijenfjorden National Park. Restoration is framed as contributing to both biodiversity and climate measures. The Government references water system restoration (reopening streams, restoring meanders, contact with flood plains), peatland restoration, and restoration of blue forests internationally. The national pollinator strategy (2018) and action plan for wild pollinating insects (2021–2028) provide for safeguarding and increasing continuous biotopes for pollinators.
Panama	By 2035, the national target is to restore and conserve 100,000 hectares of strategic terrestrial and marine ecosystems, prioritising at least 25% of degraded lands with greater emphasis on key areas for biodiversity, priority watersheds for water and food security, buffer zones, mangroves, lands with a forestry vocation, agricultural lands and biological corridors.	Ecosystem restoration is a central commitment of Panama's Pact with Nature. The NBSAP commits to restoring 100,000 hectares of strategic terrestrial and marine ecosystems by 2035, prioritising at least 25% of degraded lands with emphasis on key areas for biodiversity, priority watersheds for water and food security, buffer zones, mangroves, lands with a forestry vocation, agricultural lands and biological corridors. At least 50% of the restored area is to be achieved by 2030. The strategy specifies Nature-based Solutions approaches, participatory ecological restoration, agroforestry and silvopastoral systems, and reforestation with native species. Since 2018, more than 18,000 hectares of forests and mangroves have been restored through public-private and community partnerships. Degraded agricultural lands and pasturelands have been rehabilitated through conservation agriculture and regenerative livestock practices. The restoration target is linked to achieving at least 1 million tonnes of CO2e absorbed or reduced in the LULUCF sector and improving sustainable productivity by 20% in key productive landscapes.
Paraguay		The NBSAP incorporates ecosystem restoration as a core component of its protected areas and connectivity sectoral line, setting a target to restore 10% of degraded areas by 2030 to recover ecological functionality, taking the National Strategy for Land Degradation Neutrality and the National Forest Restoration Policy as reference. The Itaipu Preserva programme, led by Itaipú Binacional, is restoring the 1,524 km reservoir protection strip through native-species plantations, nursery management and restoration trials in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest, including a 10.69-hectare plot in Puerto Indio (Mbaracayú) initiated in 2015. The National Forestry Institute (INFONA) leads the National Forest Restoration Policy and the National Forest Restoration Plan (PNRF), manages nurseries and a forest germplasm bank, and runs the National Programme for the Restoration of Protective Forests along Watercourses. The PROEZA Project integrates restoration through agroforestry systems, reforestation of protective forests and sustainable landscape-scale plantations in the Eastern Region. Pollinator restoration is pursued through the regional PoliLAC initiative (2024–2028), coordinated in buffer zones of the Mbaracayú Forest Natural Reserve, San Rafael National Park and the Chaco Biosphere Reserve.
Rwanda	By 2030, increase the area of degraded lands, and inland water (Wetlands, lakes and rivers), and areas critical for ecosystem services, under restoration by at least 10%.	The NBSAP sets National Target 2 to increase the area of degraded lands and inland water under restoration by at least 10% by 2030. The baseline from the Climate, Environment and Natural Resources Sector Strategic Plan (2024–2029) is 332,861 ha, with a target to increase to 600,000 ha by 2029. Component indicators track restoration of degraded wetland ecosystems, natural forests and reserves, and lakes and rivers with high biodiversity importance. Strategic actions include developing a single long-term management strategy for wetlands, remnant forests, and other ecosystems; identifying and restoring degraded land using native species including protected wetlands outside protected areas; fostering ecosystem rehabilitation through community-developed ecosystem-based adaptation approaches; establishing private sector partnership programs for biodiversity conservation; strengthening wetland management through sustainable eco-parks; and restoring degraded landscapes through erosion control, agroforestry, afforestation, assisted natural regeneration, and savannah/shrubs restoration. The forestry sector plan targets increasing landscape restoration by at least 300,000 ha using nature-based solutions including agroforestry, progressive and radical terraces, silvopastoralism, riverbank protection, and gully reclamation (led by RFA and MINAGRI, 2025–2028). Rwanda already achieved 30.4% forest cover by 2020 and restored over 700,000 hectares of degraded land under the Bonn Challenge. Key past achievements include the Gishwati-Mukura landscape restoration, Rugezi wetland rehabilitation, Nyandungu Urban Wetland restoration, and Nyabarongo/Rweru-Mugesera wetland restoration. Multiple funding sources support this target, including GEF-8 projects for ecosystem restoration in the Nyungwe-Ruhango Corridor and a World Bank chimpanzee conservation and ecosystem restoration project. The costing allocates USD 167 million — the largest single-target allocation.
Saudi Arabia		The Saudi Green Initiative sets a target to reclaim 74 million hectares of land and restore green spaces to enhance vegetation cover and restore degraded terrestrial ecosystems. The Riyadh Green Project targets planting more than 7.5 million trees across Riyadh by 2030, increasing the city's green spaces from 1.5% to 9.1%. At the regional level, the Middle East Green Initiative aims to plant 50 billion trees and reclaim 200 million hectares of degraded land across the region. For marine and coastal restoration, available indicators confirm an increase in mangrove forest areas along the Red Sea coast by approximately 30%. Extensive studies have assessed mangrove forests' capacity to absorb and store carbon, extended to other blue carbon mechanisms in both the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. The Red Sea Research Centre at KAUST undertakes research to support conservation, protection, and restoration of coral reef ecosystems. In 2022, the National Centre for Wildlife removed more than 60 tonnes of debris and marine waste from 6 vital environmental sites. The national action plan under Target 8 includes implementing national plans and programmes for restoration and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems affected by agricultural and fisheries activities, with a timeline of 2026–2030.
Sudan	Ensure that, by 2030, at least 10% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, coastal and marine ecosystems in Sudan that provide essential services, including services related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods, wellbeing and climate, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable.	National Target 2 commits Sudan to ensuring that by 2030 at least 10% of degraded terrestrial, inland water, coastal and marine ecosystems that provide essential services are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable. The NBSAP includes specific restoration actions across multiple components. For forests, the Forests National Corporation is to conduct assessment studies to identify degraded forest areas and prioritize sites for restoration (US$300,000, 2025–2030). Budget allocations under Goal A for Target 2 include US$575,000 for rangeland (2 actions), US$900,000 for marine biodiversity (2 actions), and US$570,000 for inland waters and wetlands (3 actions). The monitoring framework uses 'area under restoration' as the headline indicator, with progress measured against 10% restoration targets for terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine degraded ecosystems, using RS, GIS, survey, and random ground truth as means of verification, with a total monitoring cost of US$185,000 across the three ecosystem categories.
Sweden		The NBSAP positions Sweden's implementation of target 2 primarily through the EU Nature Restoration Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2024/1991), which requires at least 20 per cent of the EU's terrestrial, freshwater and marine areas to be restored by 2030 and all ecosystems needing restoration to be restored by 2050. A national restoration plan is being prepared by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency together with the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Swedish Forest Agency, Swedish Board of Agriculture and National Board of Housing, Building and Planning; SEPA is to report the assignment on 27 February 2026, with a draft plan submitted to the Commission by September 2026 and completed within one year thereafter. The 2026 budget allocates 65 million SEK on appropriation 1:3 Measures for Valuable Nature (estimated 80 million SEK for 2027 and 95 million SEK for 2028) and 3 million SEK to SEPA's administrative appropriation (planned at 3 million SEK per year until 2030). A further 100 million SEK per year for 2027–2030 is proposed for aquatic restoration, with additional environmental-monitoring investments of 6.5 million SEK (terrestrial) and 7.5 million SEK (aquatic) in 2026, rising to 12.5 million SEK in each environment in 2027. Restoration of meadows and pastures is prioritized: appropriation 1:3 was reinforced by 30 million SEK for 2025, with 40 and 50 million SEK for 2026 and 2027 respectively. Wetland restoration through re-wetting of drained organic soils is a prioritized area, supported by a permanent investment of 200 million SEK per year (from 2023) plus additional investments of 155 million SEK (2024), 235 million SEK (2025) and 375 million SEK per year for 2026–2030, together with 50 million SEK per year 2026–2030 for county administrative boards' review of wetland measures and a new investment in re-wetting abandoned agricultural land starting at 50 million SEK (2026), 100 million SEK (2027) and 150 million SEK (2028). In 2024 approximately 3,540 hectares of wetlands were established and restored, including about 1,500 hectares of established and hydrologically restored wetland on peatland. The Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management has been assigned to strengthen restoration and nature-based solutions in marine and limnic environments.
Senegal		The NBSAP groups GBF Target 2 with Targets 1 and 3 under "Protection and restoration of natural capital." Senegal reports a community-based restoration dynamic that includes enclosures, assisted natural regeneration, and mass plantations — more than 80 million mangrove trees have been planted in Casamance and Sine-Saloum. The results framework prescribes reforestation and area enclosure as priority actions under national target (8) on climate resilience, with area treated as the key indicator. Nature-based solutions for coastal erosion are a separate priority action, measured by coastal length treated or number of NbS projects implemented. Hub-specific restoration priorities include: active landscape restoration through reforestation and recovery of salinised lands in the Central Hub; protection and restoration of gallery forests in the North-East and South-East Hubs; soil regeneration and rehabilitation of degraded forests in the Louga-Diourbel Hub; and mangrove regeneration as bulwarks against coastal erosion and salt intrusion in the South. The NDC 3.0 (2025–2034) supports reforestation and restoration across all scenarios, with forest fruit trees and mangroves dominating reforestation objectives. Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) features in the NDC 3.0 agricultural component.
Suriname	1.2 Suriname has initiated ecological restoration and rehabilitation of degraded, polluted or depleted terrestrial, marine and aquatic ecosystems using evidence-based procedures, norms and national guidelines	Restoration and rehabilitation are described as concepts that are 'fairly new to Suriname and not yet widely or structurally applied', and the NBSAP frames Target 1.2 as anticipatory — focused on preparing systematic procedures and sectoral policies for restoration, with particular attention to highly destructive activities such as gold mining. The baseline notes that there are no legal or policy requirements for restoration following harmful activities and no public-led pilots. Actions establish national procedures, develop scientific protocols for specific cases (mining, polluted and depleted ecosystems), incorporate restoration into land-, sea- and aquatic sectoral policies, finalize the draft Mining Law for responsible practices and rehabilitation, and initiate restoration of prioritized areas, ecosystems or species. Total pathway-level cost for Target 1.2 is $2,570,022.
El Salvador — NBSAP Country Page	Effective restoration of at least 49,740 hectares in Ramsar Sites, Biosphere Reserves and agroecosystems.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 2: effective restoration of at least 49,740 hectares in Ramsar Sites, Biosphere Reserves and agroecosystems by 2030. A companion formulation states the ecological condition of at least 10% of terrestrial and aquatic (continental and marine) ecosystems and prioritised agroecosystems will be improved through effective restoration processes and rehabilitation of ecological connectivity and ecosystem services. Of the 497,403 hectares in Ramsar Sites and Biosphere Reserves, the NBSAP states that 85% requires restoration. The three key territories identified include the El Imposible – Barra de Santiago Conservation Area, the Jaltepeque Complex Ramsar Site, and the Apaneca-Ilamatepec Biosphere Reserve. Previous investment of more than 2.3 million euros through the Green Development Fund programme restored and protected more than 11,000 hectares of forests, benefiting over 2,500 people. The indicator framework tracks the percentage of area under effective restoration in prioritised ecosystems and hectares restored in connectivity areas in accordance with MSPA methodology. The baseline references 497,403.82 hectares across Ramsar Sites, Marine and Biosphere Reserves as of 2024. The estimated financing need for restoration is $175,028,975, covering reforestation, mangrove restoration, and recovery of coral reefs and seagrass beds. Fifteen percent of the country's lands are noted as severely degraded, and between 1990 and 2018 forest cover declined by 6.1% while agricultural area increased by 6.2%. The NBSAP identifies broadleaf forest and shade-grown coffee forest as the strata with the greatest biodiversity, and mangrove soil as the main carbon reservoir.
Chad	NT15: By 2030, the resilience of ecosystems and the contribution of biological diversity to carbon stocks are improved, through conservation measures and restoration, including the restoration of at least 20% of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation to it, as well as combating desertification.	The NBSAP links Global Target 2 primarily to National Objective 15 (NT15), which states that, by 2030, the resilience of ecosystems and the contribution of biological diversity to carbon stocks are improved, through conservation measures and restoration, including the restoration of at least 20% of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification. The monitoring table identifies the 2011–2020 reference as a degradation rate estimated at 2.5% per year and sets the 2030 target at 30% of degraded areas restored and the degradation rate reduced to 1.5% per year. Measures include management and land-use plans for classified forests; sustainable management of natural forests; awareness-raising within the Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) process; protection of the manatee in Lakes Léré and Tréné; a National Forest Seeds Project; creation of community gene banks for cultivated plants and their wild relatives; creation of ex situ conservation units; integration of conservation objectives into national and local policies; establishment of connected ecological networks for habitat continuity; development of wildlife farming; promotion of zoological gardens; and beekeeping in all favourable zones. Indicators are the percentage of degraded or converted ecosystems undergoing restoration (I1GT2), the degradation rate (I2GT2), and tree cover loss (I3GT2).
Togo	Target 15 : Restore priority degraded terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem areas, notably areas of high ecological importance or having value for local communities	The NBSAP designates National Target 15 under Strategic Objective 2 (Restore degraded ecosystems), mapped to GBF Target 2. This target commits to restoring priority degraded terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem areas, notably those of high ecological importance or having value for local communities. Ecosystem restoration is articulated as a guiding principle of the strategy, described as playing an essential role in achieving global objectives for maintaining life on earth and contributing to the 2030 Agenda. Among the State-funded projects contributing to restoration, the NBSAP identifies the National Reforestation Project Phase 2 (PNR2) and the Sustainable Land and Ecosystem Management (GDTE) programme. The NBSAP does not specify a percentage restoration target equivalent to the GBF's 30% benchmark.
Thailand	Target 2: Conserve, restore, and expand protected areas, increase other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) to enhance ecosystem integrity and connectivity.	National Target 2 under Strategy 1 commits Thailand to conserve, restore, and expand protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) to enhance ecosystem integrity and connectivity. The target description states that at least 30 percent of degraded terrestrial, inland water, and coastal ecosystems will be effectively conserved, protected, and restored, with progress made by 2027 and completion by 2030. Recommended action 6 defines restoration as the active, serious, and urgent process of managing the recovery of degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems, to be conducted continuously and monitored for long-term effectiveness, aiming to increase the area and integrity of natural ecosystems and to restore ecosystem services to a natural state. The implementation table under §85 assigns measure 3, 'Promote the restoration of all types of degraded ecosystems, including terrestrial, inland waters, marine, and coastal areas,' to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (DNP, RFD, DMCR, DWR) with supporting agencies including BEDO, educational institutions, civil society, community organisations, and the private sector, over 2023-2027. Activities include assessment of degraded and land-use-changed areas from development projects, continuous restoration activities focused on critical ecosystems, and support to relevant sectors to enhance ecosystem integrity and connectivity. One of the Target 2 target values is 'At least 30% of degraded natural habitats are restored.'
Tunisia	By 2030, at least 15% of terrestrial, inland water, marine and coastal ecosystems are restored and managed effectively	The NBSAP devotes Objective A2 to restoring degraded lands with a national target: "By 2030, at least 15% of terrestrial, inland water, marine and coastal ecosystems are restored and managed effectively." This falls below the global 30% target. Restoration is addressed across three ecosystem types. For wetlands, the strategy notes Tunisia has one of the highest wetland area-to-territory ratios in the Mediterranean, with 34 of 42 Ramsar wetland types present. These are degraded by urbanisation, agricultural expansion, aquaculture infrastructure, pollution, and climate change. Actions include inventorying and assessing wetland degradation (A2.1.1), estimating wetland ecosystem services (A2.1.2, noting total economic value has only been calculated for Lake Ichkeul), developing management plans (A2.1.3), and establishing a national framework for restoration priorities (A2.1.4). The National Strategy for Wetlands in Tunisia (2024), developed by the General Directorate of Forests, supports these actions. For steppe and arid zones, rangelands cover approximately 3,878,000 ha and are degraded by land clearing, expansion of agriculture, and overgrazing. Alfa steppe area has decreased from 1,112,000 ha in 1895 to approximately 552,000 ha in 2000. Actions include integrating rangeland restoration into Regional Planning and Development Projects (A2.2.1), restoring Alfa steppes through enclosure and rational management (A2.2.2), and strengthening integrated restoration actions for rural territories (A2.2.3). The 3rd Strategy for Development and Conservation of Agricultural Land identifies priority restoration zones covering 2,717,508 ha (17.5% of the territory). For marine habitats, the strategy identifies Posidonia seagrass beds, coralligenous biocoenosis, vermetid platforms, and Neogoniolithon reefs as key habitats requiring restoration. Actions include strengthening monitoring for Posidonia and coralligenous habitats (A2.3.1), inventorying degraded marine habitats (A2.3.2), developing monitoring programmes (A2.3.3), and restoring marine habitats through artificial reefs and biological rest periods (A2.3.4).
Viet Nam	Restore at least 20% of degraded natural ecosystems	The NBSAP sets a specific objective to restore at least 20% of degraded natural ecosystems by 2030, with an interim target of 10% by 2025 tracked through monitoring indicator 8. The strategy calls for developing guidelines and directives for restoring natural ecosystems to support biodiversity conservation, disaster prevention, climate change adaptation, and sustainable development. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development is tasked with implementing the "Planting One Billion Trees in the period of 2021–2025" project, linked explicitly to the goal of restoring natural forest ecosystems. National forest cover is to be maintained at 42–43%.
Vanuatu	By 2030, all degraded areas are mapped, and at least 5% of degraded terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and 5% of degraded marine ecosystems are restored through effective participatory measures that fully respect the rights and knowledge of Indigenous Peoples and local communities.	The NBSAP sets a national target of mapping all degraded areas and restoring at least 5% of degraded terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and 5% of degraded marine ecosystems by 2030, through participatory measures that respect the rights and knowledge of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. Provincial plans detail restoration activities across all six provinces: Torba commits to reforestation of coastal and inland areas and coral restoration in damaged reefs; Sanma plans reforestation in degraded land, coastal rehabilitation in CCAs/MPAs, coral replanting, and establishment of nursery hubs and agroforestry; Penama will establish mechanisms for reforestation and sustainable forest management, procure quarry mini-crushers to supplement sand mining, and establish forestry nurseries; Shefa plans replanting of mangroves, vetiver grass, and pandanus across multiple area councils; and Tafea includes quarry mini-crushers, reforestation, and agroforestry farming. Target 2 is allocated 11 actions costing VUV 187,000,000 at national level.
Yemen	By 2030, restore 20% of degraded ecosystems on land and inland waters, coastal marine environments, wetlands, mangroves, and forests. By 2050, effectively restore all degraded ecosystems to enhance their capacity to provide ecosystem services that support the livelihoods of local communities and the national economy.	The NBSAP establishes National Target 2, aligned to GBF Target 2, committing to restore 20% of degraded ecosystems on land and inland waters, coastal marine environments, wetlands, mangroves, and forests by 2030, with a 2050 goal to effectively restore all degraded ecosystems. Pathway 1, Outcome 1.1 focuses on well-restored functioning ecosystems supported by effective PA management. Output 1 addresses restoration of degraded ecosystems through plantation of native species and controlling invasive species programmes, aiming to return ecosystems to near-original state. Nine strategic actions (ACT 1.1 through ACT 1.9) detail the implementation sequence: national mapping and assessment of degraded ecosystems, development of restoration and implementation plans, identification of pro-poor economic community livelihood initiatives (including alternative energy, livestock feed from invasive species such as prosopis, apiculture, aquaculture), establishment of community collaboration structures, development of a resource mobilization/financing strategy, community training on restoration, undertaking restoration programmes, implementing pro-poor livelihoods, and monitoring and evaluation. Additionally, Output 2.7 on climate-resilient ecosystems calls for restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems (wetlands, mangroves, forests, and terraces) to increase carbon absorption capacity. The indicative budget for Pathway 1 (urgent conservation and restoration) is US$165.43 million, with an additional US$72.51 million allocated for climate-resilient ecosystems.
Libya		The NBSAP documents degradation across multiple ecosystem types but does not, in the included sections, commit to a quantified restoration target. Rangeland vegetation cover has changed qualitatively and quantitatively over four decades due to overgrazing, drought, land conversion, and fires. The region can support approximately 2.5 million grazing animals, but actual numbers have risen to nearly 7.5 million. Coastal and marine habitats face degradation from urban expansion, sewage discharge, oil pollution, and illegal fishing, with erosion on Farwa Island exceeding 10 metres over four years. The threats table rates overgrazing, logging for land conversion, and drought as high-severity threats to both forest and non-forest areas. The first theme of the action plan, which may have contained ecosystem restoration commitments, was not included in the briefing.
Madagascar		Target 2 (Restoration of degraded ecosystems) is allocated USD 22,179,962 (3.24% of Programme 1). The supporting sub-sections describe a monitoring and accounting system for restoration actions that assesses costs, benefits and intervention impact, with field-based data and participatory evaluations informing strategic decisions, and integration of information into national and regional systems to ensure traceability and regular reporting. Capacity-building focuses on technical skills for applying restoration measures (including climate-change considerations), mobilisation of local communities using a gender approach, management of inputs and nurseries, action-research and scientific monitoring. Sustainable financing is required for acquisition of inputs, prevention of pressures (fires, invasive species, trafficking) and consolidation of partnerships. The State-of-biodiversity section reports that Madagascar has committed under AFR100 (Bonn Challenge, Agenda 2063) to restore at least 4 million hectares by 2030, with approximately 1.5 million hectares already undergoing restoration according to AFR100 country statistics (2025); between 2015 and 2025 forest cover declined from about 13.68 million to 9.92 million hectares (a loss of 27%, or nearly 3.8 million hectares).
Mexico — Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad de México (ENBioMex)		The alignment analysis identifies restoration as addressed by Axes 2, 4, and 1, which together account for the greatest direct contribution (15, 7, and 5 actions respectively, totalling 16.5% of all ENBioMex actions). An additional 44.4% of ENBioMex actions contribute in an enabling capacity, with Axis 2 standing out considerably. Axis 5 has no direct contribution actions for this target. ENBioMex line of action 2.3 (Restoration of degraded ecosystems) is identified as one of the lines contributing most to the KM-GBF overall. Specific restoration-related actions mapped include national restoration policy (2.3.1), ecosystem rehabilitation and restoration (2.3.2), aquatic ecosystem restoration (2.3.3), soil recovery (2.3.4), restoration of urban and peri-urban areas (2.3.5), restoration with adaptive management (2.3.6), restoration programmes and instruments (2.3.7), and germplasm banks (2.3.8). Research for ecosystem restoration and rehabilitation (1.1.5) also contributes directly.
State of Palestine	By 2022, the efficiency of environmental ecosystems to provide ecological services has raised mainly for the adaptation to climate change and for combating desertification and the proportion of carbon uptake has increased by 50 % through preservation, conservation and the rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems (EQA Target 8, 6th National Report).	Restoration appears in the NBSAP as a component of broader ecosystem and agricultural-resilience commitments rather than as a standalone restoration target. The internal EQA Target 8 (reported in the 6th National Report) commits that "by 2022, the efficiency of environmental ecosystems to provide ecological services has raised mainly for the adaptation to climate change and for combating desertification and the proportion of carbon uptake has increased by 50 % through preservation, conservation and the rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems." The protected-areas section commits to increasing forested areas from 4% (Ministry of Agriculture figure) to 6% by 2050, alongside better management of forests in protected areas. The gender-mainstreaming recommendations identify engaging women in environmental restoration initiatives such as rangeland rehabilitation and reforestation using multiple-use trees including olives and date palms.
Slovenia		The NEAP 2020–2030 does not set a comprehensive ecosystem restoration target comparable to restoring 30% of degraded ecosystems. Restoration-related content is distributed across narrower commitments. The programme commits to rehabilitating areas excessively polluted in the past, including continuing rehabilitation of the Celje Basin, completing rehabilitation of the Mežica Valley by 2022, establishing records of excessively polluted locations in 2020, and initiating rehabilitation of at least a third of recorded polluted locations. The rehabilitation measures table (Table 6) assigns these to MOP/ARSO with timelines from 2020 onwards. The Strategic Plan includes Measure 3.6.1 on restoring ecosystems affected by invasive non-native species. Measure 1.2 commits to identifying habitat types in Natura 2000 areas that need to be improved or re-established and determining the most suitable areas for this. The NNPP measures (Table 1, Measure 21) commit to carrying out restorations of valuable natural features where possible and justified, focusing on sites where non-complex restoration measures may have a positive impact.
Uganda		Strategic Objective 1 is mapped to KMGBF Target 2 in Table 22, and the NBSAP's Vision 2040 linkage table references re-forestation, afforestation, tree planting, green agriculture practices, and restoration of wetlands, hilltops and other fragile ecosystems. Between 2017 and 2021, over 5,588 hectares of invasive alien species were cleared from wildlife protected areas, with wildlife returning to restored areas. The NBSAP also notes the 2018 government initiative to gazette Uganda's wetlands as protected areas. However, no specific national restoration target (such as a percentage of degraded ecosystems to be restored) or dedicated restoration programme is described in the included sections.
Zambia	By 2025, Zambia takes deliberate actions to protect critical ecosystems of the Zambezi, Kafue, Chambeshi, Bangweulu and Luangwa watersheds.	The NBSAP's vision states that "by 2025, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used." The strategy references Aichi Target 15, which calls for restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, but does not set a specific national restoration target with a quantified area or percentage. Restoration-related activities appear under several national targets: National Target 15 commits to protecting critical ecosystems of the Zambezi, Kafue, Chambeshi, Bangweulu, and Luangwa watersheds by 2025; National Target 7 addresses management of areas under agriculture, aquaculture, and forestry to ensure conservation of biodiversity; and the strategy identifies REDD+ as relevant to forest restoration and enhancement of carbon stocks. Habitat restoration is identified as a critical requirement for the Kafue river system in the area-specific priority needs section.